Green-Essential-English-Reader-6-Final-2078-PDF

But among all the hills and dense forests that rim the Valley, Phulchowki is still the major attraction. Emerging from the oak trees at Phulchowki’s summit (at 9,100 feet elevation), we find not only the traditional shrine but also a fine new building with a large, metal-framed microwave tower. Far below, glimmering in the northwest, lies Kathmandu City, and beyond, stretched against the blue northern sky, a vast panorama of snow peaks extend for some two hundred miles, sweeping through a 180- degree area from Annapurna to beyond Everest. A view from Phulchowki on a cloudless day is indeed one of the finest visual treats in the Himalayas. - Robert and Linda Fleming 3 Vocabulary 1. Match the words with their meanings. 1. boom covered in healthy grass and plants 2. rim material made by weaving cotton, silk, etc 3. shrine the circular edge of something 4. fabric an untidy pile of something 5. heap arrange the garden or houses in a special way 6. lay out strange or unusual and exciting 7. exotic sudden increase or growth 8. lush a place or temple where people come to worship 2. Read the meanings of these difficult words and use them in your own sentences. juxtaposition : putting people or things side by side incredible : impossible or very difficult to believe Essential English Reader Book 6 101

cookouts : meal or party when food is cooked over an open fire outdoors long-standing : something that has lasted for a long time biodegradable : that can be changed back to a harmless natural state outdoor enthusiast : one who is very interested to go or stay outdoors harbour : protect or preserve something from destruction drab : dull and boring subtropical : connected with regions that are near tropical parts of the world temperate : having a mild temperature without extremes of heat or cold glimmering : faint unsteady light sweep through : extending or covering a range of landscape panorama : a view of a wide area 3. Find words or phrases that describe the following. e.g. walnuts walnuts wild fields foothills tradition butterflies plants panorama scene enthusiast swallow tails beaks nights 4. In the text, there are some compound words like ‘long- standing’. List out all such compound words you find in the passage and use them in your own sentences. 102 Essential English Reader Book 6

5. Complete the following with the appropriate words given in the box below. inhabited sections cross-legged cookouts insight visual treats Botanical garden a. A drive to Godawari offers an excellent .............. into the rural scene. b. Godawari is best known for its .............. c. Large groups of school and college students appear for .............. d. At large picnic, participants usually sit .............. in a single line. e. The Godawari area includes the forested hill of Phulchowki that rises above the .............. f. A view from Phulchowki on a cloudless day is indeed one of the finest .............. in the Himalayas. 4 Comprehension 1. Answer the following questions in brief. a. Where is Godawari located? b. What do the writers find incredible about Kathmandu? c. What is Godawari best known for? d. What do students of schools and colleges visit Godawari especially for? Essential English Reader Book 6 103

e. Why is Godawari the most exciting place for naturalists? f. What adds more charm to Godawari in April and May? g. Who can enjoy more with the birds found in Godawari? h. What does ‘Phulchowki’ mean? i. How many species of plants are found in this area? j. What are the attractions of Phulchowki? k. Why is Godawari described as a natural garden? 2. Think and answer. a. Why do you think the farming in Kathmandu Valley is entirely done by human labour? b. Write a short paragraph on ‘Godawari as a picnic spot’. c. Why do you think there is an abundance of butterflies during April and May? d. What do the writers mean by ‘visual treats’? 5 Grammar should/must Read, learn, and practise. We must keep the planet clean. You should see a doctor. We ought to eat organic food. We use must/ ought to/ should to talk about necessity and obligation. “Must” expresses strong necessity whereas “should” and “ought to” express something like a piece of advice. 104 Essential English Reader Book 6

Examples: He must wait. (It’s an order.) You should tell the truth. (It’s advice.) I must find a job. (I really need some money.) You ought to apply for the job. (Just a suggestion) 1. Complete sentences using should or shouldn’t. a. People ........................eat green vegetables every day. b. You ............................ exercise 2-3 times a week. c. You ............................ eat junk or fast food a lot. d. You ..........................brush your teeth twice a day. e. We ........................eat a lot of salt and sugar. 2. Give advice using “should/ought to.” a. I have a toothache. ....................................................... b. My leg is broken. ......................................................... c. I’m bored. ..................................................................... d. I’m tired. ........................................................................... e. I want to improve English. .................................................... f. My friend is ill. ................................................................. g. I want to do well in the exam. ................................................ 3. Complete the sentences with “should” or “must.” a. You .......................... cross the road from the zebra crossing. b. We .................... look both ways before we cross the street. Essential English Reader Book 6 105

c. Drivers ..................stop at the red light. d. We ....................report crime to the police. e. You ....................vote in the election. f. People who are sick ....................stay home. g. Waiters ..........................be pleasant to customers. h. Students ......................work hard to succeed. 6 Communicative skills Listening 1. Listen to the recorded passage and match the words in column A with their meanings in column B. Column A Column B Holy sage Sacrifice summit Hermit to kill an animal and offer it to God Peak sacred 2. Listen to the record again and answer the following questions. a. How far is Mai Pokhari from Ilam Bazaar? b. How many ponds are there in Mai Pokhari area? c. What can travellers see on the way to Mai Pokhari? d. On which day of the year is a fair held at Mai Pokhari? 106 Essential English Reader Book 6

7 Sounds of English Read the conversation between Jerry and John in Lesson 9. Now fill in the table putting words under right sound. A single word may belong to more than one column. /s/ /z/ /∫/ /t∫/ yes village crashed chap 8 Time for writing Write a few paragraphs about a picnic you have recently had. Include the following points in your answer. Use since or for wherever necessary. the preparation the journey description of the place what you did there the food you ate the games you played, etc. Essential English Reader Book 6 107

Unit The Wind 11 1 Lead-in 1. Wind is the movement of air in a particular direction. It is given different names on the basis of its speed and where it occurs. Learn the words that define some types of wind. airstream a wind, especially one blowing high in the sky breeze a light wind easterly a wind that blows from the east gale a very strong wind gust a sudden strong wind monsoon a wind that causes a monsoon/rain tornado a very strong wind that goes quickly round in a circle or funnel wind a natural current of air that moves fast enough for you to feel it windstorm a period of bad weather when there is a lot of wind but no rain 2. When you hear the word ‘wind’ what comes to your mind? List all the things that suddenly begin to appear before your eyes. 3. Work in groups and list what the wind can do. 4. Have you ever thought what life would be like in absence of wind? Would we be able to live without wind/air? 108 Essential English Reader Book 6

2 Reading The Wind I saw you toss the kites on high And blow the birds about the sky; And all around I heard you pass, Like ladies’ skirts across the grass O wind, a-blowing all day long, O wind, that sings so loud a song! I saw the different things you did, But always you yourself you hid. I felt you push, I heard you call, I could not see yourself at all O wind, a-blowing all day long, O wind, that sings so loud a song! O you that are so strong and cold, O blower, are you young or old? Are you a beast of field and tree, Or just a stronger child than me? O wind, a-blowing all day long, O wind, that sings so loud a song! By Robert Louis Stevenson Essential English Reader Book 6 109

3 Vocabulary 1. Match the given words with their meanings below: blower to throw, to lift beast to move something by air toss a thing or device that blows blow an animal 2. When we add ‘er’ to the word ‘blow’, we get the word ‘blower’. Work in groups and make ten words by adding ‘er’ to words you know. 3. Similarly, when we add ‘er’ to strong, we get the word ‘stronger’. Can you make five new words in the same way? 4. Use the following words in your own sentences: a. toss ....................................................................................... b. blow ....................................................................................... c. blower ....................................................................................... d. beast ....................................................................................... 110 Essential English Reader Book 6

4 Comprehension 1. Write True or False. a. The wind blows the birds about the sky. b. The speaker sees the wind pass all around. c. The wind always hid from the speaker. d. The wind is strong and cold. e. The wind sings a song softly. 2. Answer the following questions. a. What did the speaker see? b. What did he hear? c. How did the air pass around? d. What are the things that the wind did? e. Could the speaker see the wind? f. What did he feel? g. What does the wind sing? 3. Sense the rhythm. a. Recite the poem and enjoy it. b. What are the words that rhyme with high? Add a few others on your own. c. List all the other rhyming pairs. Essential English Reader Book 6 111

5 Grammar articles An article is a word that is used to modify a noun. They point out or refer to nouns. A and an modify singular nouns. Use a when the noun begins with a consonant - a ball Use an when the noun begins with a consonant - an apple The modifies singular or plural nouns. It refers to a particular noun. Samuel kicked the ball. Samuel kicked the balls. 1. Write the article in each sentence and the noun it defines on the line. a. Thomas and Angie song a song to the class. .................... b. The squirrel ran across the park. .................... c. My little sister at an orange this morning. .................... d. Earth revolves around the Sun. .................... e. My teacher loves when I give her an apple. .................... 2. Complete each sentence using the appropriate article: a, an, or the. a. Zach’s dog, Ralph, loves to Chew on .................... bone at night. (a/an) b. My friends gave .................... bottle of water to the mail carrier. (the/an) c. Her grandmother knitted .................... blanker for their birthday. (an/a) 112 Essential English Reader Book 6

3. Complete the sentence with correct article. a an the a. ........................ plates are on the dining table. b. I want ........................ burger. c. There is ........................ orange on the table. d. ........................ students are welcoming the chief guest. 5. He is in ........................ rush. 6. I have got ........................ plan for that. 7. She is always smiling and kind to ........................ students. 8. A teacher is ........................ important person in everyone’s life. 9. He is ........................ best in this subject. 10. There was ........................ lot of fun while playing cricket. 4. Fill In which article best completes each sentence given below. I go to ........................ public school. (a, an, the) I go to a public school. a. I would love to tell you ........................ story. (a, an, the) b. Can you take me to ........................ doctor. (a, an, the) c. We will go to ........................ movies today. (a, an, the) d. I saw........................ elephant at the zoo. (a, an, the) e. Will you watch ........................ play with me? (a, an, the) f. I am going to ........................ after school event. (a, an, the) g. We saw ........................ exciting basketball game. (a, an, the) h. I saw ........................ cat in my backyard. (a, an, the) Essential English Reader Book 6 113

6 Communicative skills Read the conversation below and act it out. A : Can you see the wind? B : No, I can’t. But I can see the different things the wind does. A : Can you hear the wind moving? B : Yes, I can. A : How does it sound? B : It sounds like ladies’ skirts across the grass. But, it produces a loud sound. A : Can you feel the wind? B : Yes, I can. A : How does it feel? B : It either feels cold or hot. Look at the picture and describe in your own words. Tell your friends what the poet says about the wind in the poem. 114 Essential English Reader Book 6

7 Listening Listen to the record and do the exercises that follow: 1. Listen to the words and write them down. 2. Now choose the appropriate words from your list to fill in the blanks. a. Wind is air in ........................... b. It is produced by the ........................... heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. c. Two factors are necessary to specify wind: ........................... and direction. d. As the sun warms the Earth’s surface, the ........................... warms too. e. Warm air, which ........................... less than cold air, rises. f. Then cool air moves in and ........................... the rising warm air. g. This ........................... of air is what makes the wind blow. 2. Listen to the record again and answer the questions below. a. What is the wind produced by? b. What are the two factors necessary to specify the wind? c. What makes the wind blow? Essential English Reader Book 6 115

8 Time for writing Write a paragraph about the wind on the basis of the information you got in the poem. What does the poem tell you about the nature of wind? What does the wind do? Does the poet see the wind? What does he see? Does he feel the wind? Does he point out what exactly the wind is? What two guesses does he make about the wind? Begin like this: The poem gives us an idea about the nature of wind. We can see what it does and hear it pass by but ...................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... 116 Essential English Reader Book 6

Unit Mother to Son 12 1 Lead-in A. Learning new words Sometimes poets write indirectly. They use words and phrases to mean something unstated. The most common type of technique poets use for this is metaphor. In a metaphor, different things are compared. For example in the poem Mother to Son “living a life” is compared with climbing stairs. There are many other such metaphors in the poem. Read the poem quickly and write what is being compared with the following? a. crystal stairs : comfortable life b. stairs with tacks and splinters : ................................................... c. boards torn up : ................................................... d. reaching landings : ................................................... e. turning corners : ................................................... f. going into dark : ................................................... g. sitting on the steps : ................................................... h. turning back : ................................................... i. carpet on the floor : ................................................... j. bare floor : ................................................... k. having no light : ................................................... Essential English Reader Book 6 117

B. Learning new structures Read and learn. But all the time I’ve been climbing on. I have been reaching landings. I have been turning corners. In the poem Mother to Son, the poet uses Present Perfect Continuous tense to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. We use time duration with such sentences. For example “for an hour” not “at 11 o’clock” Study a few more examples: • They have been talking for the last hour. • She has been working at that company for three years. • What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? Write sentences in Present Perfect Continuous tense to pair with the following. Example: I have been learning to use a computer in my new job. That’s why my hands are dirty. a. I can’t see it anywhere. ............................................................................................................. b. That’s why her hair is wet. ............................................................................................................. c. Finally, I’ve fixed my car. ............................................................................................................. 118 Essential English Reader Book 6

C. Pre-reading activity Have you had any setback in your life, such as failing in exams, not getting what you wanted, not being able to make friends, losing a game you desperately wanted to win, etc? Recall such incidents if any and say a few things about how you felt then. 2 Reading Mother to Son Well, son, I’ll tell you Life for me hasn’t been a crystal stair. It’s had tacks in it. And splinters And boards torn up And places with no carpet on the floor— Bare. But all the time I’ve been climbing on And reaching landings And turning corners And sometimes going in a dark, Where there has been no light So boy, don’t you turn back. Don’t you sit down on the steps Cause you find it kind of hard. Don’t you fall now– For I’m still going, honey, I’m still climbing And life for me hasn’t been a crystal stair. -Langston Hughes Essential English Reader Book 6 119

3 Vocabulary 1. Match the words with their meanings. a. crystal small pieces of wood b. tacks where you land after climbing stairs c. splinters clear; transparent d. landings pastiche; with stitches B. The expression “turning corners” is an example of idiom. Learn a few idioms that have “corner” as the main word. round the corner : very near cut the corner : to go across the corner of an area and not around the dides of it. turn the corner : to pass a very important point or a difficult situation fight your corner : to defend your position tight corner : difficult situation Now make sentences of your own using the idioms listed above. 4 Comprehension A. On the basis of your reading of the poem, complete the following sentences. a. The mother says that her life has not been very comfortable and she has had ........................................................................ b. But, she never gave up trying to get greater heights although ..................................................................................................... c. She advises her son not to give up trying half-way through even if ...................................................................................... 120 Essential English Reader Book 6

d. She warns her son not to fall, for, in spite of hardships, she ..................................................................................................... B. Think and answer. a. Why do you think the mother is advising her son? What seems to be the problem that the son is undergoing? b. Can you state the main idea of the poem in one sentence? 5 Grammar negative 1. Make the positive sentences negatives. I am a student. I’m not a student a. This exercise is difficult. ..................................................................................................... b. We’re from Spain. ..................................................................................................... c. My grandmother’s name’s Adelaide. ..................................................................................................... d. The kids are in the garden. ..................................................................................................... e. You’re English. ..................................................................................................... f. My car is very expensive. ..................................................................................................... g. This is my student’s notebook. ..................................................................................................... Essential English Reader Book 6 121

h. These photographs are very nice. ..................................................................................................... i. Jerry is twenty-five years old. ..................................................................................................... j. I’m fine. ..................................................................................................... 2. Write don’t or doesn’t a. She ..................... do her homework. b We ..................... play computer games in the afternoon. c. You ..................... tidy your room every day d. My cats ..................... eat fish twice a day. e. My dog ..................... bark al strangers. f. I ..................... like apples. g. My puppy Isn’t loud. It ..................... run in the evening. h. They ..................... hale games. i. My friends .....................spend much time with me. j. Ann ..................... work as a painter 3. Choose the correct form. a. I don’t / doesn’t listen to rock. b. She don’t / doesn’t pay attention when I speak. c. He don’t/ doesn’t fry his eggs, but he boils them. d. They don’t / doesn’t make their beds. e. We don’t / doesn’t eat seafood. f. You don’t / doesn’t play the vicin. g. These boys don’t / doesn’t play soccer. h. The girls don’t/ doesn’t like singing. 122 Essential English Reader Book 6

6 Communicative skills A. Listening 1. Listen to the recorded conversation between Sophie and Saurav and choose the correct answers. a. Sophie is going to her evening/morning class. b. She is going to Shanghai/Beijing for two/three weeks. c. Sophie’s lesson starts at half past seven/six. d. She says she will send a postcard/letter to Saurav. 2. Listen to the conversation again and answer the following questions. a. Which language is Sophie learning? b. When is she going to Beijing? c. What time does Sophie’s lesson start? d. What does Saurav ask her to do? B. Creativity Following are some everyday science questions. Discuss among your friends and find their answers. a. Why does it rain? b. Why do tears come when you peel onions? c. Why do water supply pipes burst in winter? d. Why do we feel cold while we are suffering from fever? Essential English Reader Book 6 123

7 Sounds of English Listen and practise: Consonants /∫/ and /t∫/. shoe/ chew action / question wash / watch should / choose passion / picture push / switch Repeat the phrases after your teacher. delicious peaches she chaired on ocean adventure a cheap vacation future generations 8 Time for writing Suppose your younger brother or sister failed an exam. Write a short letter encouraging him or her to do better in the future. 124 Essential English Reader Book 6

Unit Amarsingh Thapa 13 1 Lead-in A. Learning new words Search the words listed in the box below. All words are related to war and battle. The War Words RA J POVNE X R X I B S S Q E U L E F DDDUQDANX GMT GOA E L P O J D T P C L J Z RK F CQLNC S TDB O F T C E RM EWO T M L Y Z R E O A K A E N E HWQ E WR Y L T AD K T C S CMA R CH B S O L D I E RM J R J X F O X F B Y YNXK B CNEUP Y UWM L Q P Z G L P T S I T A E J D I A Y F XWT F Y A F Z C F X I NT CQDOB E X F T H C G B J C XMDWR O B H Z T Z BH J YKCAT TAG VM P P D X O D OW J B B S V S E BATTLE BLOCKADE ATTACK DEFEAT FORT FIERCE GLORY HONOUR MARCH PEACE SOLDIER TREATY RETREAT Essential English Reader Book 6 125

2 Reading Amarsingh Thapa Amarsingh Thapa is one of the great heroes of our country. He was born in 1751 AD. He spent all his active life fighting for the country. Amarsingh desired neither money nor comfort. His only interest in life was to unite the country into a strong nation. He made great efforts to realize this goal. Amarsingh received care and guidance from Prithivi Narayan Shah as his father was killed in the battle for the Kathmandu (Nepal) Valley. King Prithivi Narayan had undertaken to educate and train the sons of his men and officers who died in battle. Amarsingh Thapa took an important role in all the battles fought west of Gorkha during the regency of Bahadur Shah. In the course of his westward march, Amarsingh conquered Garhwal along with Dehra Dun by defeating the king of Garhwal. Then he conquered one territory after another. Nepal’s boundary on the west reached the banks of the Satlaj River. Then he turned his attention towards Killa-Kangra. But he could not actually attack Killa-Kangra because he did not have enough fighters with him. Instead, he began to tighten a blockade around it by conquering most of the surrounding kingdoms. Just when Kangra was going to fall, Sikh troops under Ranjit Singh came to support Sansaar Chandra. A fierce battle was fought between the Sikhs and the Nepalese in front of Kangra fort. The soldiers inside the fort came out to join the Sikhs. At last Amarsingh retreated across the Satlaj. 126 Essential English Reader Book 6

After his retreat from Kangra, Amarsingh started consolidating his position in the newly won territories. In the meantime, war suddenly broke out between Nepal and the East India Company. He was against this war and had done his best for a peaceful agreement. But when he failed in his attempt he was forced to fight with the Company soldiers when they attacked him in the Simla hills. The Company troops attacked Nepal through the Simla hill states, Dehra Dun, Butwal and Bara-Parsa. They had made good preparations for the battle. Despite this, the British met with reverses on almost every front along a 700 mile frontier. However, the Company’s forces prevended reinforcements from reaching Amarsingh Thapa in the far west. Its forces captured Almoda and forced the Gorkhas to withdraw to the east of the river. Major-General David Ochterlony who led the Company soldiers against Amarsingh Thapa had seven thousand men under his command. Amarsingh had hardly three thousand soldiers. Yet, it took Ochterlony all his military skill to outwit Amarsingh and force back the Gorkhas. The Gorkhas suffered a heavy loss in the battle of Deuthal where Bhakti Thapa died. Amarsingh hesitated to surrender despite the fact that his force was reduced to less than five hundred men. At last he gave in, but it was only after he received news of the fall of Kumaun. Ochterlony allowed Amarsingh and his son Ranjore Singh to return to Kathmandu with all the honours of war. The defeat of the Gorkhas in Maulan broke the power of their defense against the British. Nepal started talks for peace at different places after May 1815. Shortly after Amarsingh returned to Kathmandu, a treaty was drafted at Sugauli and sent to the king for his final approval. The treaty proposed for the return of the territories won by Nepal. Amarsingh immediately expressed his Essential English Reader Book 6 127

strong disapproval. He said the treaty would hurt Nepal’s dignity. The presence of a man like Amarsingh put new courage into the hearts of the Nepalese. They once again gathered their strength to renew the fight. Upon Nepal’s refusal to accept the draft of the treaty proposed at Sugauli on December 2, 1815, Ochterlony launched a new military campaign against the Gorkhas. The British troops marched ahead successfully taking one fort after another. On 29 February they took the fort of Hariharpur on the way to Kathmandu. Ochterlony’s success posed a direct threat to the capital and Nepal accepted the draft as a treaty on 4 March 1816. During the second round of fighting, Amarsingh had been put in command of troops in Sindhuli Gadhi. He was sad to hear the news of the treaty surrendering in a few minutes the territories conquered by his toils, comprising of modern Kumaun, Garhwal and Simla. The sudden collapse of the glory he had created hurt him terribly. He decided to spend his last days in solitude and retired to the Himalaya in quest of solace. He did not long survive after the treaty of Sugauli. Early in 1816, he breathed his last at Gosainkunda in the lap of the Himalayas. 128 Essential English Reader Book 6

3 Vocabulary 1. Learn the meanings of these words and use them in your own sentences. extend : to make longer or bigger realize : to make one’s plan true upbringing : training and education during childhood leading : main, important regency : rule of a person in place of the King or Queen blockade : surround a place fort : a building for military defence consolidate : to become solid or strong frontier : border of a country reinforce : make something stronger by adding more outwit : to be more smart or clever than others ridge : a raised line where two sloping surfaces meet treaty : an official agreement made and signed between nations approval : acceptance toil : hard work solitude : state of being alone solace : comfort or relief 2. Match the following. to begin a. conquer to go back b. fierce defeat, win c. retreat opposition d. reverse great name or honour e. launch violent, cruel, angry f. glory Essential English Reader Book 6 129

3. Do the following activities. a. Look up the meanings of ‘fight’, ‘battle’ and ‘war’ and use the words in your own sentences. b. The word ‘territory’ has been used with different meanings in the passage. How many possible meanings can you suggest? c. Can you suggest a word used in the passage that has a similar meaning as ‘retreat’? 4. Idioms and phrases The following expressions have been used in the lesson. Learn their meanings. provide for : to give somebody the things they need in course of : going through a particular process along with : in addition to somebody or something break out : to start suddenly, specially war do one’s best : put every effort to get something done give in : surrender; admit one’s defeat breathe one’s last : to die Now use the expressions above in your own sentences. 130 Essential English Reader Book 6

4 Comprehension 1. Answer the following questions. a. Why is Amarsingh considered a national hero? b. What was Amarsingh’s only interest in life? c. Who looked after Amarsingh when he was a child? Why? d. Where was Nepal’s boundary on the west during Amarsingh’s time? e. Why was Amarsingh unable to conquer Killa-Kangra? f. What was Amarsingh doing when the war between Nepal and the East India Company broke out? g. Who was the commander of the Company soldiers? h. How did Ochterlony behave with Amarsingh Thapa? i. Why did Amarsingh disapprove of the Sugauli Treaty? j. When did Nepal accept the Sugauli Treaty? k. When and where did Amarsingh die? B. Think and answer. a. How did Prithivi Narayan Shah rule his kingdom? b. What do you think about Ochterlony’s behaviour to Amarsingh Thapa? c. Do you think Nepal was right in accepting the Sugauli Treaty? d. What is your opinion about Amarsingh Thapa after reading this lesson? Essential English Reader Book 6 131

5 Grammar because, as and since All because, as and since are used to express reason. However, they are used differently. And also we prefer one over the other in some cases. Because We use because to give the reason of something that is important for the listener. Because my brother didn’t keep his promise, I couldn’t go fishing. Because I woke up late, we missed the bus. Note When we want to emphasize the reason, we use the because clause at the end. Why are you crying? I am crying because we lost the game. We do not say as / since we lost the game. I will punish you because you lie to me. (the reason is stressed) As and Since Like because, we use as and since to give reason but with as and since, the reason should already be known by the listener. As we lost the final game, we couldn’t qualify for the semi-final. (that we lost the final game is not something new to the listener.) Since I was hungry, I wanted to eat something first. 132 Essential English Reader Book 6

1. Why do you think these people did what they did? Example : Meena didn’t go to school yesterday. Because she was sick. a. Mr. Shrestha sold his car. b. Pravin failed the exam. c. Naresh stopped smoking. d. Melina caught a cold. e. My sister started learning Japanese. 2. Join the sentences in Group A with the suitable reasons in Group B using ‘because’. Group A Group B I see them quite often. We were quite bored with eating at home. We didn’t hear the door We don’t use it very often. bell. I went to bed early. The view there was splendid. We have decided to sell They live in my our car. neighbourhood. We decided to go out to We didn’t want to wake eat. anybody up. They went for a walk by I was tired. the lake. We came in very quietly. We were asleep. Essential English Reader Book 6 133

3. Choose the correct word or phrase in brackets to fill the space. a. We stayed inside .................................. the storm. (because / because of) b. I wanted to stay longer .................................. I was really enjoying the party. (since / because of) c. Amanda stayed at home .................................. her illness. (as / due to) d. Her lateness was .................................. a terrible traffic jam. (due to / as) e. .................................. flights are cheaper in the winter, we decided to travel then. (since / owning to) f. .................................. she hated cats, she wasn’t happy when her husband bought three. (as / because of) g. John didn’t go to work .................................. his illness. (owing to / as) h. .................................. Lucy was very tired, she went to bed early. (because / due to) i. .................................. his late night, John missed his train. (because / owing to) j. Lucy was very unhappy, .................................. she missed James. (for / owing to) k. .................................. the terrible weather, we decided not to walk home. l. I was very happy with my present, .................................. it was exactly what I wanted. (as / owning to) m. Keiko ordered her meal without meat, ................................. she is a vegetarian. (due to / since) 134 Essential English Reader Book 6

6 Communicative skills A. Asking for and giving directions Look at some expressions we use to ask for and give directions. Asking for directions Giving directions Expressions How do I get to ...... ? Go straight on ...... Opposite How can I get to......? Turn left/ right into Near ...... street. Between Can you tell me the At the end of way to......? Go along/up/down On/at/around the ...... street. corner Where is......? Behind Take the first/second road on the left/right. In front of Pair work Student A asks for directions to get to the following places, using expressions listed in the table above. nearest library principal’s office nearest cinema hall your peer’s home post office police station Now, Student B gives directions to get to these places. 7 Sounds of English Listen and practise: Vowel / :/ afford/boar/almost ball/warn/lawn author/court/talk walk/thought/bought Essential English Reader Book 6 135

Repeat the sentences after your teacher. Augustus applauded the author's broad thoughts. The author took a piece of chalk and walked. The author saw a lawn and thought of playing ball there. 8 Time for writing We are going to write a short biography of a famous person. Follow the instructions as you write. 1. Think of someone you think is a hero. Name : .............................................................................. Date of birth : .............................................................................. Place of birth : .............................................................................. 2. Facts about the person: Education : .............................................................................. Training : .............................................................................. Job/profession : .............................................................................. 3. Important things this person did ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 4. What do you like about the person and the person’s work/ contribution? ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 136 Essential English Reader Book 6

5. What can you say about the person? Write a few words that describe this person? ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. Now, using the information/fact/opinion you have noted down above, write one or two paragraphs about the person, using complete sentences. My Hero ..................................... born in ............................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. Essential English Reader Book 6 137

Unit Letter to My Mother 14 1 Lead-in A. Learning new words Read and learn. We have moved from Greenwich. The bus suddenly moved. Let’s move the meeting for Wednesday. We were deeply moved by the story. She moved her queen. The opposition moved the bill. In English, the verb “move” has several meanings. Following are the meaning of the word “move” as used in the sentences above. Write the sentence next to the meaning. Meanings of “move” Sentences 1. To suggest something 1. formally to be discussed ................................................. 2. To cause somebody have 2. strong feelings, especially sadness or sympathy ................................................. 3. To change the position of a 3. piece in a game of Chess ................................................. 138 Essential English Reader Book 6

4. To change the place where 4. you live ................................................. 5. To change a position in a 5. way that can be seen or felt ................................................. 6. To change time to do 6. something ................................................. The verb “move” also frequently appears with commonly used phrasal verbs. Can you match the phrasal verbs with their meanings? You may consult your dictionary, if needed. a. move along 1. to leave your old home b. move in 2. to start moving or leaving c. move off 3. to start living with somebody in a house d. move on 4. to start doing or discussing something e. move out 5. to go to a new position B. Learning new structures Read and learn. We have been here three years now. I have moved from Greenwich and have a wooden shingled house in Cos Cob, [Connecticut, U.S.]. We have a garden in the back where we plant vegetables, and flowers in the front the way we used to when we were together. I have a pink dogwood tree that blooms in spring. It looks like the Hoa dai tree, but has no leaves, only flowers. In the passage above, the word “have” has been used five times. In the first two sentences, “have” appears as an auxiliary verb. In the last three sentences, it appears as a main verb. Study the use of “have” below. Essential English Reader Book 6 139

Main verb “have” Auxiliary verb “have” a. I have a new guitar. (present) a. They have had a nice time. b. I had a new guitar. (past) b. He has had a nice time. c. I don’t have a new guitar. c. They haven’t had a nice (negative) time. d. I did not have a new guitar. d. He hasn’t had a nice time. (negative) Decide whether the forms of “have” in the following sentences are auxiliary verbs or main verbs. 1. This old house has no central heating. 2. Do you have a glass of water? 3. I have had this computer for three years. 4. She has had her dog since 2005. 5. My parents had fish for dinner. 6. Did you have a shower this morning? 7. Look, the bus is coming. We have to hurry. 8. Has Mrs Thapa written the essay? Now complete the following sentences by using the right form of “have.” a. Jack ....................... fun at the party last Saturday. b. I’m sorry, but I ....................... to go now. c. Raju ....................... passed his driving test. d. Can we ....................... the bill, please? e. The match ....................... already started when we arrived. f. Do you ....................... a brother? 140 Essential English Reader Book 6

g. My father never ....................... time. h. Sangya ....................... been waiting for the bus for 20 minutes now. C. Pre-reading activity Why do you think people would want to leave their country, their family and friends and settle in a foreign country? Discuss the reasons that make people do this. Would you like to do this? Why or why not? 2 Reading Letter to My Mother Dear Mother, I do not know if you are receiving my letters, but I will keep writing to you as you are always in my mind. We have been here three years now. I have moved from Greenwich and have a wooden shingled house in Cos Cob, [Connecticut, U.S.]. We have a garden in the back where we plant vegetables, and flowers in the front the way we used to when we were together. I have a pink dogwood tree that blooms in spring. It looks like the Hoa dai tree, but has no leaves, only flowers. We worked for months to clear away the poison ivy, a plant that turns your skin red and makes you itch. Essential English Reader Book 6 141

We are near a beach, a school and a shopping centre. Green lawns go down to the streets and there are many cars and garages. I am even learning to drive. When we got our new house, people from the church came and took us to “Friendly’s” for ice cream. Americans celebrate with ice cream. They have so many kinds: red like watermelon, green for pistachio, orange sherbet like Buddha’s robes, mint chocolate chip. You buy it fast and take it away to eat. Our house is small, but a place to be together and discuss our daily life. At every meal we stare at the dishes you used to fix for us and think about you. We are sorry for you and for ourselves. If we work hard here, we have everything, but we fear you are hungry and cold and lonesome. Last week we made up a package of clothes. We all tried to figure out how thin you must be now. I do not know if you will ever receive that package wrapped with all our thoughts. I remember the last days when you encouraged us to leave the country and refused to go yourself. You said you were too old, did not want to leave and would be a burden to us. We realized now that you sacrificed yourself for our well-being. You have a new grandson born in the United States. Thanh looked beautiful at her wedding in a red velvet dress and white veil, a yellow turban in her dark hair. She carried the chrysanthemums you love. You always loved the fall in Hanoi. You liked the cold. We didn’t. We have just had the worst winter in a century, snow 142 Essential English Reader Book 6

piled everywhere. I must wear a heavy coat, boots, fur gloves, and a hat. I look like a ball running to the train station. I feel that if I fell down, I could never get up. Your grandson is three, in nursery school. He speaks English so well that we are sad. We made a rule. We must speak Vietnamese at home so that the children will not forget their mother tongue. We have made an altar to Father. We try to keep up our traditions so that we can look forward to the day when we can return to our country, although we do not know when that will be. Here we are materially well off, but spiritually deprived. We miss our country. Most of all we miss you. Should Buddha exist, we should keep praying to be reunited. Dear Mother, keep up your mind. Pray to Buddha silently. We will have a future and I hope it will be soon. We want to swim in our own pond, Clear or stinky, still it is ours. Your daughter Nga 3 Vocabulary 1. Match the words with their meanings. a. shingled autumn b. pistachio wealthy c. fall roofed with rectangular tiles d. altar a place of worship e. materially a small green edible nut f. well off regarding money Essential English Reader Book 6 143

B. A lot of English verbs are made of two parts–a verb and a preposition. Look at the pictures and then choose the correct parts from A and B to describe them. e.g. come on. 1234 5678 a. ........................................................... A B b. ........................................................... come through c. ........................................................... fill on d. ........................................................... hang in e. ........................................................... look on f. ........................................................... ring after g. ........................................................... put up h. ........................................................... ask for get in 3. Make a list of ten verbs that are made of two parts, a verb and a preposition. Taking help of your dictionary or your teacher, write their meanings. 144 Essential English Reader Book 6

4 Comprehension 1. Answer the following questions. a. Describe the writer’s new house she has recently moved in. b. How do Americans celebrate when they move into new places? c. Why does the writer think of her mother at meal times? d. What was the mother’s sacrifice? e. Why do they feel sad when the grandson speaks English? f. Why isn’t the writer happy even if she is well off? g. What religion does the writer’s family practise at home? h. What is the name of the writer’s home country? 2. Think and answer. a. Why does the writer feel spiritually deprived even though they have made an altar to Father? b. What are the differences between life in America and life back at home? 5 Grammar common noun Then are different types of noun such as common nouns, proper nouns and collective nouns. This work sheet will teach you about common nouns. Common nouns are the everyday names that we use for places and things. Some examples of common nouns are cup. duck, egg. bedroom and garage Common nouns are also used to describe people but this does not include their proper name. For example. ‘plumber’ and ‘waitress’ Essential English Reader Book 6 145

are common nouns be cause they are a general description for a person BUT the names ‘Sarah’ or ‘Tom are not common nouns (hey are in fact proper nouns and we shall meet them another time on a different worksheet) Here are some sentences with the common nouns underlined: My cat likes to play with string. I always look my bicycle in the garage. A plumber repaired our leaking tap. The girl and boy both wore a hat. 1. Try to label each of the common nouns in the following table by ticking the correct box. The first one has been done for you. A thing A place A person tree √ doctor table church shoe school village dentist frog teacher 146 Essential English Reader Book 6

2. Read the sentences below and highlight all of the common nouns that you find. The number at the end of the sentence shows you how many common nouns you should find. A common noun is a noun that names any person, place, or thing. It does not name a particular person, place, or thing, and does not need to be capitalized. Example: girl, school, company a. I loved staying at your house this week. (2) ................................................ ................................................ b. I am lucky to spend time with my friend! (2) ................................................ ................................................ c. We saw one alligator in the pond. (2) ................................................ ................................................ d. I enjoyed going to the park to play on the playground. (2) ................................................ ................................................ e. We ate good food all week, too. (2) ................................................ ................................................ f. In the future, I hope we can visit the aquarium to see the fish. (3) ................................................ ................................................ ................................................ g. I hope you had a great time. (1) ................................................ h. Please come visit my house soon. (1) ................................................ Essential English Reader Book 6 147

6 Communicative skills A. Conversation: What have you got? Enact the following conversation. Ramesh : Hello Hari, I haven’t seen you around these days. Where have you been? Hari : We’ve moved to a new house in the east side of the city. That’s why....... Ramesh : How’s your new home? Hari : It is very nice. It has a small garden at the front. We have a lot of seasonal flowers and a few evergreen trees. Ramesh : Have you moved to another school as well? Hari : Yeah. I go to a bigger school now. It has a large playground. We have our own locker room and a lot of stuff like that. Ramesh : Sounds exciting! Pair work Pair up with the friend sitting next to you. Have a similar conversation. You may talk about what you have got in your home/ school/ village. B. Creativity Taking help from the clues given, write a paragraph comparing what you used to do before joining school and what you do now. Then, share it to the class. getting up going out crying visiting zoos play with friends watch television etc. 148 Essential English Reader Book 6

7 Sounds of English Try pronouncing the words and phrases correctly. Underline the /Ø / sounds and circle the /¨ / sounds. caught cauldron birthday boring taunt birch whir curdle bought bourbon Bourke paucity 8 Time for writing Suppose you’re living away from your home and family. Write a letter to your mother telling her how you’re living. Essential English Reader Book 6 149

Unit Why Does the Sun Follow You? 15 1 Lead-in Get into small groups of 4-5 students and read the situation below. When you are travelling by bus, you see objects that are closer to the bus moving very fast but the objects that are far from the bus don’t seem to move. Discuss among friends and guess why things appear that way. Share your ideas with the class. 150 Essential English Reader Book 6