Green-Essential-English-Reader-6-Final-2078-PDF

2 Reading Why Does the Sun Follow You? Have you ever noticed that when you are in a car, or a bus, travelling on a straight road, the Sun appears to move right along with you? While telephone poles and trees close to the road whiz past in the blink of an eye, the Sun is always visible throughout the journey. No matter how fast Daddy drives, you just cannot leave the Sun behind. Strangely enough, the trees nearer the road disappear from your range of vision more quickly than the trees further off. Why is this so? Our eyes have a certain ‘range’ of vision. You can see things only within that range. For instance, you cannot see objects behind your head. This field of vision widens out from the point where you are. Objects further away are visible for a longer period, even as your car whizzes by. Essential English Reader Book 6 151

Field of vision To understand what the range of vision is, draw a triangle as in the picture and name the corners A, B and C, such that the distance between A and B is equal to the distance between A and C. The point A indicates your position. Now draw a line DE in the triangle, parallel to BC, such that ADE forms a smaller triangle ‘within’ ABC. A DE BC Look at the triangle. You will see that BC is longer than DE. This means that your field of vision at any point on the line BC is wider than what you can see on any point on the line DE. This means that your line of vision widens as the distance from your eyes (point A) increases. As a result, objects further away from you stay longer in your field of vision since the range is larger than nearby objects. And very distant objects appear to be in the same position for a long time. The Sun is 149,597,870 kilometres away from the Earth. That is a huge distance, so it seems to stay in the same place, in relation to your car, no matter how fast you travel. The only thing that travels fast enough to make the Sun appear to move in the sky is the Earth itself. If you consider a point on the 152 Essential English Reader Book 6

equator, the Earth rotates on its axis at a speed slightly more than 1,600 kilometres per hour. The equator is an imaginary circle on the surface of the Earth which is at an equal distance from the poles and divides the Earth into two parts – the northern and southern hemispheres. However, the Earth is huge, and despite rotating at such an incredible speed, it takes 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds to complete one full rotation. On an average, the Earth takes 24 hours to make one complete rotation and as it moves on its axis, the Sun appears to move along the horizon – rising from the East, moving overhead and finally setting on the West. The length of one day is averaged over the period of a year. By Rama Kumaraswamy Thoopal 3 Vocabulary 1. Match the words on the left with their meaning on the right. noticed an imaginary circle around the Earth strangely an imaginary line around which an object spins equator saw, felt rotate surprisingly axis half of the sphere, Earth hemisphere very fast, rapid (here) incredible to spin, turn, or revolve; go round Essential English Reader Book 6 153

2. When you add ‘dis’ in front of ‘appear’, you get disappear. Do the same with: agree believe close continue count cover honest obey obedient respect Discuss the meaning of each word and try using them in your own sentences. 3. Telephone is a compound word having ‘tele’ and ‘phone’ as its parts. Add ‘tele’ in front of: cast film gram graph scope vision Discuss the meaning of each word you make and use them in your own sentences. 4. When we combine ‘over’ and ‘head’ we get the word ‘overhead’. Combine the following pairs to get new words: over come .................................................. over crowded .................................................. over flow .................................................. over load .................................................. over seas .................................................. over stay .................................................. over take .................................................. over time .................................................. over use .................................................. over weight .................................................. 154 Essential English Reader Book 6

5. Use the following words in sentences of your own: a. noticed .............................................................................. b. strangely .............................................................................. c. equator .............................................................................. d. rotate .............................................................................. e. axis .............................................................................. f. hemisphere .............................................................................. g. incredible .............................................................................. 4 Comprehension 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct words: a. The Sun is always ....................... throughout the journey. b. Our eyes have a certain ....................... of vision. c. The trees nearer to the road ....................... more quickly. d. The field of vision ....................... out from the point where you are. e. ....................... objects appear to be in the same position for a long time. 2. Answer the following questions. a. Why can we not leave the Sun behind? b. What does ‘range of vision’ mean? c. Why can we not see objects behind our head? d. What happens to your line of vision as the distance from your eyes increases? Essential English Reader Book 6 155

e. Why do objects further away from you stay in your field of vision longer? f. What is the only thing that travels fast enough to make the Sun appear to move? g. What does equator mean? h. How long does it take for the Earth to complete one full rotation on its axis? 3. Discuss these questions and answer. a. Why do distant objects appear to be in the same position for a long time? b. The earth moves at an incredible speed of over 1,600 kilometers per hour. But we never see or feel it moving. Why is this so? 5 Grammar may/might/must 1. Read the part of a letter below and answer the questions. Dear Mom, I am having a nice time here at the hostel. Remember how afraid I was at the beginning! Food is good and rooms are nice and warm. We can play and watch TV in the evening. We are not allowed to watch horror movies though. We must study hard. During exams, teachers make us revise notes. They don’t let us play even for an hour! Of course, we have to make our own beds! They let us go out once a fortnight. 156 Essential English Reader Book 6

a. Who do you think is the writer of this letter? b. What can he do at the hostel? c. What is he not allowed to do at the hostel? Permission : can, may, allowed to To give somebody permission to do something, we often use ‘can’, ‘may’ and ‘allowed to’ e.g: Can I smoke in here? Yes, you can/may. Are we allowed to smoke in here? Sometimes we use ‘let’ to give permission. e.g: They let us go out once a fortnight. Obligation : must, have to, not allowed to We use must or have to to express obligation to do things. e.g: We must study hard. We have to make our own beds. ‘Not allowed to’ is used to express obligation not to do things. e.g.: We aren’t allowed to watch horror movies. Sometimes we use ‘make’ to express obligation. e.g.: They make us revise notes. 2. A policeman is telling you what these road signs mean. What does he say? a. You can’t go this way. You aren’t allowed to go this way. Essential English Reader Book 6 157

3. Make sentences expressing permission and obligation for each of the following situations. a. You are at the library. b. You are in the park. c. You are in the zoo. d. You are in the classroom. 4. Fill in the blanks with affirmative or negative forms of must or have to & has to. a. It’s raining outside. Tim ....................... take his umbrella. b. I can give you my car, so you ....................... buy a new one. c. They ....................... be in a hurry, because they have got more than enough time. d. You ....................... stop at the red light. e. Tomorrow is Sunday. You ....................... get up very early. f. Mrs. Parks can’t see very well. She ....................... wear glasses. g. You ....................... return them. They are too small for you. h. I am broke, I ....................... borrow some money to buy a car. i. You ....................... stop smoking. It is very harmful. j. Mr. Dickson is travelling abroad this summer, so he ....................... get his passport soon. 158 Essential English Reader Book 6

6 Listening Listen to the words and write them down. Listen to the record carefully and fill in the blanks. a. The Sun is the source of our heat, light and .............. allergy energy inner zeal b. It is .............., bigger than we could imagine. nervous innermost enormous c. It’s .............. how much the Sun burns. unthinkable unbelievable unimaginable d. It’s a .............. ball of exploding gas. joint giant great e. Few space .............. can get close to it. crafts ships probes f. The sun fries anything and everything to a .............., in an instant. cinder center sunder Essential English Reader Book 6 159

Listen to the text again and mark the sentences True or False: a. We wouldn’t exist without the Sun. b. The Sun is the biggest star in the universe. c. The Sun will die out when all its gas is finished. d. Scientists know everything about the Sun. e. We shouldn’t spend too much time in the Sun. 7 Speaking Work in pairs or groups and collect details about the sun and the earth. Then present the information in front of the class. 8 Time for writing Write a few sentences about the Earth. Use the following points: • Unique planet in the solar system • Only planet that has water and supports life • Goes round the Sun • Floats in space on a tilt that is called axis • This tilt creates unique weather conditions on the earth • Rotates on its axis at an incredible speed of over 1600 km per hour • Takes 24 hours to make one complete rotation round its axis • This causes day and night • Covered in layers of air known as the atmosphere • Oceans cover more than 70 percent of Earth surface • Earth makes our life possible, so we need to take care of the Earth 160 Essential English Reader Book 6

The Earth ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... Essential English Reader Book 6 161

Unit Mama 16 1 Lead-in Read the opening paragraph of the story “Mama.” Mama taught us how to draw, my sisters and me. She taught us how to draw little things like boxes and houses and love knots, and she showed us how to make rag dolls, and even some funny– looking dolls out of corncobs. And Mama really knew how to tell a story. She could make it sound as if it had really happened. She would have us sitting in chairs around her, and she’d read to us and tell us stories and recite poems. Pretty poems. And sad poems, too, sometimes. This is how the young narrator remembers her mother. Think about it and write a similar paragraph recalling special memory of your mother, aunt, or grandmother. Draw her picture if you like to. 162 Essential English Reader Book 6

2 Reading Mama Mama taught us how to draw, my sisters and me. She taught us how to draw little things like boxes and houses and love knots, and she showed us how to make rag dolls, and even some funny– looking dolls out of corncobs. And Mama really knew how to tell a story. She could make it sound as if it had really happened. She would have us sitting in chairs around her, and she’d read to us and tell us stories and recite poems. Pretty poems. And sad poems, too, sometimes. One poem was about a little girl who was sick and dying. She kept on saying to her mother, “Put my little shoes away, put my little shoes away.” She knew she wouldn’t need her shoes anymore. We heard that poem so many times, but it always seemed so real and so sad, the way Mama recited it. Mama loved to read. Sometimes she would get so wrapped up in a book, she’d stay awake all night long, reading. One morning I came in the kitchen while Mama was cooking breakfast, and she was shaking her head and saying, “Umph, umph, umph.” Then she said, “I’ll follow you to the end of the world and die like a dog at your feet.” I didn’t know what in the world Mama was talking about, so I said, “What you say, Mama?” She said, “Oh, it’s just something I read.” That night she told Papa about it. She said it was the most romantic thing. “I’ll follow you to the end of the world and die like a dog at your feet.” Papa broke out with a great big laugh. He said, “It sounds like foolishness to me.” I liked being near Mama. When she cooked, I would sit in a chair Essential English Reader Book 6 163

right near the stove and put my feet up on the wood-box and just talk and talk about all the different things I had been doing all day. And I especially liked being near her whenever I was scared. I was scared to death of thunderstorms. One house that we lived in had a little knothole in the wall, and every time the lightning would flash, it looked like it was coming right through that hole. And the thunder was so loud. Mama would say, “The Lord’s doing His work now, so you all go somewhere and be quiet.” My sisters might go somewhere else, but not me. I would sit right there up under Mama until the storm was over. One night the Ku Klux Klan burned a wooden cross on Sugar Hill, and that was one of my really scared times. I was playing on the porch when I saw the cross. I couldn’t see the wood, all I could see was those yellow, quivering flames in the shape of a cross, and I ran. I ran in the house to find my mama. I wanted to crawl up in her lap, under her apron, but I sat on the floor as close to her as I could get. I felt safe there, close to Mama. Mama worked as a cook and waitress at Stokes’ Café, down near the Parmele train station. She had to be at work early in the morning to fix breakfast for the people who would be coming in or going out on the trains. Afternoons, Mama would come home, and around four 164 Essential English Reader Book 6

or five o’clock she had to go back and work until all the passengers and trainmen from the different trains had gone. Even when Mama had been reading all night, she didn’t have any trouble getting up early. And she made us get up, too, before she left for work. In the summer when school was out, we’d watch her out the window and as soon as she got to the corner, we’d get back in those beds and go to sleep. Even my sister Roland, who usually obeyed Mama. When we finally did get up, we had to rush around to get our work done in time. We had to get breakfast, make beds, and sweep floors. The whole house had to be clean. Roland had to comb Mabel’s hair, and I had to comb Lillie Mae’s, and everybody had better be dressed and tidy by the time Mama got home. I used to visit Mama sometimes at the café and drink a soda pop or something. I had to use the side door. The front door was for whites only, and they sat down at little tables to be served. Blacks used the side door and had to sit at a counter where we could only get snacks. Mama would always be glad to see me when I went to visit her. But one day her face looked strange, like it was going to break up in a lot of little pieces. She didn’t smile when she saw me, and I knew something bad had happened. All day long I wondered what was wrong with my Mama, and when she got home, she told us. She said there was this man who came in the café every day and the minute he sat down at the table, he wanted to be served. He called Mama woman, but he pronounced it “umman”. He’d say, “Umman! Bring me a cup of coffee!” “Umman! Bring me a piece of pie!” Mama didn’t want to say anything to the man that might make her lose her job. She had been holding it all in, and that’s what had made her face look so strange. Essential English Reader Book 6 165

One day, though, Mama got so upset she told the man, “Don’t call to me umman! If you don’t know how to talk to me, I can’t wait on you!” He never called her that again, but he didn’t call her Mrs. Jones, either. He called my Mama Pattie. By Elosie Greenfield and Lessie Jones Little 3 Vocabulary 1. Match the following words and their meanings. romantic to read aloud, specially poems, passages fix quivering lost in thought soda pop get wrapped up the central core of a maize pie something beautiful and full of love corncob a hole in a lumber; a hole one can peep through porch knothole an American secret society who hated people of colour Ku Klux Klan an enclosed space in the front of a house, recite specially at the entrance shaking; trembling make arrangement for something like fixing a dinner any sweetened cold drinks like Coke or Pepsi a type of pastry with a crust and filling on it 2. How do you address your mother? How many synonyms of mama do you know? 166 Essential English Reader Book 6

4 Comprehension 1. Choose the correct answer. a. Mama “could make it sound as if it has really happened” means— i. Mama told stories that really happened. ii. Mama was a very good story teller. iii. Mama knew all the good stories. iv. Mama enjoyed telling stories. b. One morning the narrator heard Mama say “I’ll follow you to the end of the world and die like a dog at your feet.” She was— i. Murmuring a line from a story that she had just read. ii. Telling Papa how much she loved him. iii. Promising to go on travelling around the world. iv. Hoping that her dog would die at her feet. c. The narrator is most scared when— i. she was alone at home. ii. she saw the thunder through the knothole. iii. there was a thunderstorm. iv. Mama asked her to go somewhere. d. The narrator always entered the restaurant through the side door because— i. she was just a kid and her Mama did not want others to see her. ii. she was a black child and blacks were not allowed to enter through the main door. iii. there was a soda machine at the corner of the side door. iv. Mama did not like the narrator to visit her at the restaurant. Essential English Reader Book 6 167

f. One day Mama was upset because— i. a customer did not like her food. ii. a customer disrespected her by calling her “umman”. iii. a man would come in the café every day. iv. she was tired of working at the café. 2. Answer the following questions. a. What are some special things the narrator recalls Mama doing? b. What story does Mama often tell? c. How does the narrator react to Mama’s story of a little girl? d. What bothers Mama at her work in the café? e. Why do you think the narrator was scared when she saw Ku Klux Klan burn a wooden cross? f. The narrator says that the front of the café was only for the whites? What does it mean? g. Why would the man always call Mama “umman”? 3. Reflect, discuss, and share. Get into small groups and discuss the following questions. Then, share your views with the class. a. In the story, Mama got very upset with a man who kept calling her “umman,” instead of calling her by her name. Why do you think she is upset? Do you get mad when people call you “kid” instead of calling you by your name? Why or why not? b. The story mentions the incident of KKK burning a wooden cross. What does this tell us about the American society at that time? c. The story mentions how blacks were discriminated by whites. What kinds of discrimination do you see in our own society? Is it good to discriminate? 168 Essential English Reader Book 6

5 Grammar past The simple past tense expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, or several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action. Form of simple past tense Positive Negative Question I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak? For irregular verbs, use the past form. For regular verbs, just add “ed”. Use of simple past tense action in the past taking place once, never or several times Example: He visited his parents every weekend. actions in the past taking place one after the other Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down. action in the past taking place in the middle of another action Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang. if sentences type II (If I talked, ...) Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you. Signal words of simple past tense yesterday, two minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday Essential English Reader Book 6 169

1. Put the sentences into simple past tense. a. We move house. ................................................................................................... b. They catch the ball. ................................................................................................... c. He crosses the street. ................................................................................................... d. They do not sell furniture. ................................................................................................... e. Does she practise her English? ................................................................................................... 2. Rearrange the words to make meaningful sentences in simple past tense. a. Janet / the bus / miss ................................................................................................... b. she / her room / tidy ................................................................................................... c. not / Rupert / the number / dial ................................................................................................... d. she / a friend / phone ................................................................................................... e. not / Andy / the ball / pass ................................................................................................... 170 Essential English Reader Book 6

6 Listening 1. Listen to the record. Choose the correct answer. a. The teacher is mainly talking about— i. ants and their food habits ii. a special type of ant iii. an increase in the population of ants iv. how plants are invaded by the leafcutter ants b. The leafcutter ants are similar to humans because— i. like humans they live in communities ii. like humans they care for each other iii. like humans they follow their leader iv. like humans they grow their own food c. The most amazing thing about the leafcutter ants is that— i. they can carry leaves larger than themselves. ii. they make their own garden. iii. they are poisonous. iv. they store food for hard times. d. The leafcutter ants use leaves to— i. eat as food. ii. grow fungi. iii. make nests. iv. lay eggs. e. The experiment revealed that the leafcutter ants— i. are stronger than other ants. ii. they grow bigger as they get older. iii. all the leafcutter ants have the same strength. iv. their strength varies individually. Essential English Reader Book 6 171

f. The super leafcutter ants can— i. eat twice the weight of their bodies. ii. lift 100 times more than their weight. iv. can grow a lot of fungi. v. can fly to a distance of 100 feet. 7 Speaking Talk about your mother in the class. 8 Time for writing Read the following paragraph. Mama really knew how to tell a story. She could make it sound as if it had really happened. She would have us sitting in chairs around her, and she’d read to us and tell us stories and recite poems. Pretty poems. And sad poems, too, sometimes. In the example above, the narrator is recalling past memories of her mother. She uses “would + verb” to talk about her mother’s past habits. We also use “used to” to talk about past habits. We use “would” to talk about regular activities in the past. Think of a person with whom you were very close. Then, write a similar paragraph recalling memories of her or him. Use “would . . “ and “used to” to describe past activities you did with the person. Example: I remember flying kites with my brother. We used to ............. We would walk down the road ............. 172 Essential English Reader Book 6

Unit Uncle Tom 17 1 Lead-in A. Learning new words You are going to read a story about slavery. Can you match the words related to slavery with their meanings? slave an act of making the slaves free slavery to make someone a slave slaver someone who belongs by law to another person slave trade a system of owning people as slaves enslave laws defining the state of slaves abolition a large farm where slaves worked abolitionist in the past, someone who sold slaves plantation not born as a slave free-born business of selling and buying slaves slave codes someone who works for the freedom of slaves B. Learning new structures Read and learn. a. In the past, people used to keep slaves. Now a days, keeping slaves is a crime. b. In the past, people used to sell and buy human beings. Now a days, selling and buying human beings is a crime. Essential English Reader Book 6 173

We use “used to” to talk about past actions or things which are no longer in existence. We also use “used to” to talk about past habits which we no longer have. 1. Rewrite the sentences below using “used to”: a. She was an astronaut but she isn’t one now. b. In the past, people travelled to America by ship. c. They had six cars, but now they have only one. d. Did she have blond hair when she was a child? e. Did you get good marks when you were younger? 2. Write sentences based on the verb in the brackets. Use “used to”. a. (have long hair) ......................................................... b. (go swimming) ......................................................... c. (watch cartoons) ......................................................... d. (be quieter) ......................................................... e. (cry a lot) ......................................................... 3. Write five sentences telling what you used to do when you were a child. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 174 Essential English Reader Book 6

C. Pre-reading activity Can you believe that in the past selling and buying of human beings existed in many societies? In Nepal slavery was abolished during the reign of Rana Prime Minister Chandra Samsher. But many believe that it still continues in various forms such as child labour and bonded labour. What do you think of such practices? Discuss with your teacher and friends. 2 Reading Uncle Tom “Well children, what story shall I tell you this evening?” asked Grandfather. “A story of long ago, please,” replied Laura, who liked to hear about far-off times. “Not too long ago, please,” said Paul, who liked better to hear things which happen today. Grandfather lit his pipe, and pulled his chair near the fire. “Then I shall tell you a story of quite long ago, but not very long ago,” he began, “It is a story of America.” “Good,” said Paul. “I like to hear about other lands.” Then Grandfather began his story. “Well, at one time there were many black slaves in America. These slaves had to work very hard on the farms and in cotton fields. Very often their masters were cruel people. They used to whip the poor black people to make them work harder.” Essential English Reader Book 6 175

“But sometimes the masters were kind, and then the slaves were happy to work for them. The slave in this story had a kind master.” “What was the slave’s name?” asked Laura. “He was called Uncle Tom,” said Grandfather. “He lived with his wife and family in a pretty hut made of logs. Everybody called it ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” “In summer times, roses grew so thick over the cabin that the logs could hardly be seen. In front of the hut was a neat garden, which was full of flowers and fruit.” “It must have been a very pretty cabin,” said Laura. “Indeed it was. And Uncle Tom and his family were very happy to be there, for his master trusted him and treated him well.” “Then one day, Uncle Tom had sad news. His master had become very poor, and he had to sell Uncle Tom in order to get money.” “I have never heard of people being bought or sold,” said Laura. “I should have run away rather than be sold like a horse or a sheep,” said Paul. Grandfather shook his head and said, “I am afraid that you would soon have been caught, Paul you see, slaves had heavy iron chains on their feet,” “Oh, how cruel,” agreed grandfather. “Uncle Tom’s new master was a slave merchant; he made a great deal of money by buying and selling slaves. “He had to take Tom and some other slaves to another part of the land to sell them. In those days there were no trains, so they had to go on a steam boat; for days and days they sailed down a wide river. “Uncle Tom’s new master knew that Tom would not run away, so he allowed him to go about the boat in freedom, with no chains in his feet. 176 Essential English Reader Book 6

“Often Tom would sit up on the great bundles of cotton, and watch the lands through which they passed. Sometimes he would read Bible, for he was very fond of its stories. Often he would sit and think. Perhaps you can guess what his thoughts were. “On the same boat there happened to be a little girl named Eva. She used to run all over the boat; people said that she was like a sunbeam or a summer breeze. “Eva felt very sorry for the slaves whom she saw on the boat. Quite often she came among them and talked to them. She had her hands full of candy, nuts, and oranges, which she gave to the poor black people. “One day Eva sat near Uncle Tom. Uncle Tom was cutting little baskets out of cherry-stones, drawing funny faces on nut-shells, and making whistles out of small pieces of stick.” After a while he spoke to Eva. “What is the little missy’s name?’ he asked. “Eva,” said the little one, “and what is your name?” “My name’s Tom,” he said.” “The little children used to call me Uncle Tom at my old home.” “Then I too shall call you Uncle Tom, because I like you,’ said Eva. “Where are you going, Uncle Tom?” “I don’t know, Miss Eva.” “You don’t know!” said Eva in surprise. “You must know where you are going!” “No, I only know that I am going to a slave market to be sold to some new master. I cannot say who he is.” Essential English Reader Book 6 177

“I shall ask my papa to buy you then,’ said Eva. “If he buys you, you will have good times with us.” “Thank you, my little lady,” Tom said. “Soon after the boat stopped for a short time while the boatmen hauled up a load of wood. Tom helped them in their work. Eva and her father stood at the boat-tail, talking and looking on.” “When all the wood had been hauled or bound, the boat set off again down the river. It started with sudden jerk, so sudden that little Eva slipped over the side of the boat, and fell into the water. “Her father was going to dive in after his little daughter, who was in danger of being drowned, but he saw that someone else had been quicker. It was Uncle Tom. “Tom was a good swimmer, and before long he had the little girl in his strong grasp. Soon he brought her to the side of the boat, and both of them, dripping but not much the worse, were lifted safely on board.” “The next day Eva’s father, to show his thanks, bought Uncle Tom from the slave merchant. So, little Eva had her wish.” “Eva’s father made Tom his coachman, for the old slave knew all about horses. Soon Tom was his most trusted servant and he was very happy in his new home.” Grandfather stood up, and lit his pipe again. “Well, children” he said. “did that story please you?” “It was splendid,” said Paul. “Is it all of it?” “No, that’s not all” said Grandfather. “When you are older, you will read the whole story in a book called UNCLE TOM’S CABIN. I am sure that you will like it.” “We shall,” said the children together. Adopted from Harriest Becheer Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. 178 Essential English Reader Book 6

3 Vocabulary A. Match the words with their meanings. 1. cabin to sink in water (and die) 2. slave boss 3. master hold 4. sunbeam miss 5. missy a hut, a small room 6. set off to start on a journey 7. drown a person forced to work without getting any pay for the work done 8. grasp light of the sun B. In this word search, find fifteen hidden words, all connected with money matters. The words are horizontal, vertical, or diagonal. ACB P R I CECT TOUDR E Z YVA R I DRCOS T E X ENP F RG F HQA CHEQUE B I L L EWUW I E N L T X I ACA S HAC F Y P G J S A L AR YM T E D I S COUNT Essential English Reader Book 6 179

a. .......................................... b. .......................................... c. .......................................... d. .......................................... e. .......................................... f. .......................................... g. .......................................... h. .......................................... i. .......................................... j. .......................................... k. .......................................... l. .......................................... m. .......................................... n. .......................................... o .......................................... C. Fill in the blanks with suitable words or phrases from the story. a. The masters used to .................. the poor black people to make them work harder. b. In front of the hut was a .................. garden, which was full of flowers and fruit. c. In those days there were no trains, so they had to go on a .................. for days and days they sailed down a wide river. d. Sometimes he would read .................., for he was very fond of its stories. e. Eva and her father stood at the .................., talking and looking on. D. In the sentence “The boat set off again down the river,” the word “set off” is a phrasal verb, made of a verb and a particle. The verb “set” is most often used word in English with many phrasal verbs that use “set” as the main word. Learn the meanings of some phrasal verbs. set something aside : to save or keep money or time for a particular use 180 Essential English Reader Book 6

set something back : to delay the progress set somebody down : to stop a vehicle to let the passenger get off set something down : to write something down on a paper as a record set forth : to start a journey set something out : to arrange or display things Now, make sentences of your own using the phrasal verbs listed above. 4 Comprehension 1. Give short answers to the following. a. How were black slaves treated by their masters? b. Are the children who listened to this story Americans? How do you know? c. Describe Uncle Tom’s Cabin. d. What was the sad news for Uncle Tom? e. Why could slaves not run away even though they were sold like a horse or a sheep? f. Why was Tom allowed to go about the boat in freedom with no chains in his feet? g. How did Tom spend time while on the boat? h. Why did Uncle Tom not know where he was going? i. What did Eva promise Tom? Essential English Reader Book 6 181

j. What happened to Eva on the boat? k. How did Tom save Eva’s life? l. What reward did he get for saving Eva’s life? 2. Think and answer. a. In the story, Eva’s father buys Tom and makes him his coachman to show his thanks. Do you think it was the right reward? What would you do if you were Eva’s father? 5 Grammar past Read and learn. S1: Peter Rabbit ate a lot of lettuce. S2: Peter Rabbit has eaten a lot of lettuce. Can you tell the difference between these two sentences? Sentence one uses simple past tense. Sentence two uses the present perfect tense. Both refer to an action that happened in the past. The first means that Peter ate lettuce at a specific time in the past. The second one suggests that he ate lettuce at an unknown time in the past. Use simple past to talk about a The present perfect is commonly finished action: used with “for” and “since” that I watched the movie last night. tell about the duration of time: He saw her leaving home this I have lived here for five years. morning. I have lived here since my childhood. 182 Essential English Reader Book 6

1. Choose the correct words or phrases. a. Peter ......................................................football yesterday. (played/ has played/ have played) b. They ..............................................the car. It looks new again. (painted/ has painted/ have painted) c. Last year we ............................ to Biratnagar. (went/ have gone/ has gone) d. I ................................my friends two days ago. (met/ have met/ am met) e. We ....................................Lumbini before. (never visited/ have never visited/ never have visited) 2. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the verb in the bracket. Dinesh has a shop in Biratnagar and now he ............................ (buy) another in Rangeli. Rangeli is only a few kilometers from Biratnagar, but Dinesh could not get a telephone for his new shop, so he ....................(buy) twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon ........................ (carry) the first message from Biratnagar to Rangeli. The bird ........................(cover) the distance in ten minutes. Up to now, Dinesh ................ (send) a great many requests for food supply and urgent messages from one shop to another. In this way, he .................. (begin) his own private communication service. Essential English Reader Book 6 183

6 Communicative skills A. Conversation: Talking to a stranger Pair up and enact the following conversation. A : It’s a nice day. B : Yes. It is a beautiful day. A : Do you live around here or are you a visitor? B : I am on vacation from India. A : That’s cool. Are you having a good time? B : Yes. There are many things to see and I’m taking a lot of pictures. Do you live in this city? A : Yeah. I’m here with my friends. We wanted to come to the park today. B : What’s a good place to visit in this city? A : I recommend you going to the Durbar Square. They have a lot of historic monuments, temples, and a nice museum. B. Fun Activity Interview your friend sitting next to you. Ask what she/he is allowed and not allowed to do at home. Then write a paragraph about your friend and read aloud to the class. C. Speaking:Rules and regulations 1. Name any three activities that you are not allowed to do in your school. 2. Name any four activities that are not allowed to be done in the exam hall. 3. Name any three activities that you are not allowed to do in a temple. 184 Essential English Reader Book 6

4. Look at the pictures and describe: Smoking is prohibited here. You are not allowed to smoke. Smoking is not allowed here. 7 Sounds of English Listen and practise: Vowel /Ø /. bored / hoard walk / talk door / hall cord / lord warm / store dorm / lore Repeat the sentences after your teacher. Mr. Foxy warned a bored lord standing at the door of a worn hall. The bored lord walked and walked and did not talk and went to the door of the worn hall leading to the dorm door. 8 Time for writing In 1863, Abraham Lincoln, the then President of America, put an end to the practice of buying and selling of human beings. But not everyone liked his idea. Some people argued for slavery. Write a paragraph for or against slavery and give reasons for your opinions. Essential English Reader Book 6 185

Unit 18 What is Civilization? 1 Lead-in A. Learning new words a. Shortly, we are going to read about “civilization.” Use a dictionary and learn a few words related to civilizations and their meanings. Economy farming trade hunting sustenance domesticating herding Civilization Places People river banks bands plains clans plateau tribes continent nomads city state pioneers valley ancestors 186 Essential English Reader Book 6

b. Now can you solve the following puzzle? All words are related to civilization. 1 Across 3. a group of 2 people of same race 5. a group of 3 families 6. people who 4 move from place to place 7. raising cattle 5 6 7 Down 1. a person who is first to do something 2. a number of animals kept, feeding and travelling together 4. a person of a family who lived long time ago Essential English Reader Book 6 187

B. Learning new structures Read and learn. I am going to tell you something about the early civilization. The dictionary will tell you that to civilize means to better, to refine, to replace savage habits by good ones. We use “be going to” and “will” to talk about future events. When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about the future, we use “will.” If we are making a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation, we use “be going to” Study a few more examples. The President will serve for four years. People like him. He is going to win another election. Complete the following sentences with “will” or “be going to.” a. The boss .......................... be very happy. b. Not a speck of cloud in the sky. It .......................... be another warm day. c. Look at the queue. We .......................... get in for hours. d. I’m sure you .......................... like her. e. Be careful! You .......................... spill your coffee. f. I’m certain he .......................... do a good job. g. The traffic is terrible. We .......................... miss our flight. C. Pre-reading activity You may have seen many people around who seem to like foreign, especially western, cultures more than their own. What do you think about them and what is your own opinion about it? Discuss it with your friends. 188 Essential English Reader Book 6

2 Lead-in What is Civilization? I am going to tell you something about the early civilization. Before I do so, we must try to form some idea of what civilization means. The dictionary will tell you that to civilize means to better, to refine, to replace savage habits by good ones. And it specially refers to society or group of people. The savage condition of people when men are little better than beasts is called barbarism. Civilization is the reverse of that. The further away we get from barbarism, the more civilized we are. But how can we find out if a person or a society is barbarous or civilized? Many people in Europe think that they are very civilized and people of Asia are quite barbarous. Is this because the people of Europe put on more clothes than the people of Asia and Africa? But putting a clothes depends on the climate. In a cold climate men put on more clothes than in a hot climate. Or, is it because a man with a gun is stronger than the man without a weapon and is therefore more civilized than him? Whether he is more civilized or not the man who is weak doesn’t dare to tell him that he is not or else he might get shot! You know that only a few decades ago there was a great war. Most of the countries of the world were in it, and every one of them was trying to kill as many people on the other side as possible. The Englishmen were trying their best to kill the Germans. And the Germans were killing the Essential English Reader Book 6 189

Englishmen. Millions of people were killed in this war and many thousands were maimed for life, some had no eyes left, others had no arms or legs. Do you think it was a very civilized or sensible thing for people to kill each other like this? If two men fight in the streets the policeman separates them and everybody thinks how silly they are. But how much sillier and more foolish is it for great countries to fight each other and kill thousands and millions? It is just like two savages fighting in the jungles. And if the savages are called barbarous, how much more barbarous are the countries that behave in that way? So if you look at this question in this way, you will say that the countries that fought and killed in the Great War - England, Germany, France, Italy and many others were not at all civilized. And yet you know that there were many fine things and many fine people in these countries. You will say that it is not easy to understand what civilization means, and you will be right. It is a very difficult question. Fine buildings, fine pictures and books and everything that is beautiful are certainly signs of civilization. But an even better sign is a fine man who is unselfish and works with others for the good of all. To work together is better than to work singly, and to work together for the common good is the best of all. - Jawaharlal Nehru 190 Essential English Reader Book 6

3 Vocabulary 1. Do the following activities. a. Like in other languages, in English we have different words with similar meaning. They are called synonyms. ‘Barbarous’ is similar to ‘uncivilized’. Check your dictionary and find out the synonyms of the following words. civilization, barbarism, savage, foolish, beautiful, certain ,unselfish, singly, together b. Similarly, a word that means the opposite of another is known as antonym. The words above have their antonyms too. ‘Civilization’ is the antonym of ‘barbarism’. Find the opposites or antonyms of the words given in question ‘a’. 2. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. beasts group of people climate sensible maimed a. People who are a little better than ............................ are barbarians. b. Civilization has nothing to do with ............................ c. A ............................ makes a society. d. There will be no war if people are ............................ e. The Germans who ............................ many Jews were not more civilized than Asians. Essential English Reader Book 6 191

4 Comprehension 1. Write “true” or “false” for the following statements. a. The writer believes that Europeans are more civilized than the Asians. b. Civilization is opposed to barbarism. c. Wars are symbols of civilization. d. According to the writer, fine buildings and fine pictures are signs of civilization. e. To be civilized is to work for the common good. 2. Answer the following questions. a. What does the word ‘civilized’ mean? b. How is civilization different from barbarism? c. Do you believe that a man with weapons is more civilized? d. Why is it not sensible to fight against each other? e. What makes a man barbarous? f. What are the good signs of civilized men? 3. Think and answer. a. In your opinion, what might be the reasons for countries to fight against each other? b. How do you know a person or a country is more civilized than others? 192 Essential English Reader Book 6

5 Grammar wh-question What ...........? Why..............? When...........? Where...........? How.............? Whose...........? We use the ‘wh-words’ to make information questions. Such information questions are used to ask for information. e.g. We are playing Holi. What are you doing? 1. Change the following questions into wh-questions. a. Are you writing a letter? What are you writing? b. Is she doing her homework? What .........................................................................................? c. Are we going to eat out tonight? Where .......................................................................................? d. Was she walking very fast? How........................................................................................... ? e. Did Gopal ask for some loan? Why ..........................................................................................? f. Are you a relative of the principal? What .........................................................................................? g. Were you talking to a thief? Who .........................................................................................? Essential English Reader Book 6 193

2. Ask any six questions about your friend using ‘wh- words’. e.g. How many members are there in your family? Who is the eldest child of your parents? a. .................................................................................................? b. .................................................................................................? c. .................................................................................................? d. .................................................................................................? e. .................................................................................................? f. .................................................................................................? 3. Complete the following questions with appropriate question words. a. ............................... is your math teacher? Mr. Dundee. b. ............................... is his cat? The blue one. c. ............................... is my backpack? In the living room. d. ............................... is Hannah doing? She is watching TV. e. ............................... is an engineer? Nora. f. ............................... color is the new bus? Red. g. ............................... is that? That is an old coin. h. ............................... are my shoes? In front of the door. i. ............................... is the the captain of the team? Julia. j. ............................... is the captain? She is at the gym. 194 Essential English Reader Book 6

6 Communicative skills Pair work Ask your friend When do you …? Your partner answers using in/at/on with correct time expressions. Take help of the cues given. Example: go to bed You : When do you go to bed? Partner : I usually go to bed at midnight. have lunch ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... visit friends ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... go on holiday ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... send cards ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... go jogging ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... give present ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... Essential English Reader Book 6 195

7 Sounds of English Listen and practise: Consonants /s/ and /z/. sip / zip sink / zinc loose / lose whistle / frizzle lotion / dozen bus / buzz boss / booze base / beige Repeat the sentences after your teacher. Who can be a boss when the boss boozes? and sinks in a zink drum? The boss needs to catch a bus and buzz away if he loses sense and frizzles out. 8 Time for writing Machu Picchu: this is the most famous Inca city which sits 7,000 ft above sea level on a rocky mountain slope just 70 miles from Cuzco (the Inca capital). According to many theories, the city may have been home to temples, palaces, observatories, and a vacation spot for the Inca ruling class. The reasons for the city being abandoned is unknown but theories range from wars, the city being condemned for some unfavuorable act, to epidemics. (from Birds of a Writer, a blog post by Sarah) Machu Picchu was the centre of ancient Inca civilization. Imagine that you recently visited Machu Picchu. Write a few paragraphs describing how you felt about the place. Begin as: 196 Essential English Reader Book 6

Recently, I visited a historical place called Machu Picchu. It is the most famous Inca City. ........................................................................................ ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... Essential English Reader Book 6 197