10 th Science Oswall Worksheet Solution

2. Tourism promotes various industries like (c) Tourism provides support to local handicrafts. handicraft industry, sculpture, sea-shell, regional handloom among others. Indian handicraft and (d) Foreign tourists visit India for medical tourism handloom in particular hold a special attraction for the Western tourists. Hospitality in the service and business tourism. sectors is benefited immensely by tourism. Also, transportation services reap the benefits of (e) H elps in the growth of national income and tourism. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. For example, tourism contributed integrity. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5 ` 14,000 crore rupees to the Indian exchequer in the year 2000 and generated employment for 15  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] million people directly engaged in the tourism industry. 4. Trade : The exchange of goods among people, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3 states and countries is referred to as trade. 3. (i) T ourism: \"The cultural, recreational and commercial visit to internal places is known as Importance : tourism.” (i) International trade of a country is an index to its (ii) (a) Foreign tourist‘s arrival in the country contributing ` 21,828 crore of foreign exchange. economic prosperity. (b) More than 15 million people are directly (ii) It is considered the economic barometer for a engaged in the tourism industry. country. (iii) As the resources are space-bound, no country can survive without international trade. (iv) Countries have trade relations with the major trading blocks. (v) Exchange of commodities and goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-147 Solutions (ii) Exchange of commodities and goods have been 1. (i) Trade between the two countries is called superseded by the exchange of information and international trade. knowledge. (ii) One of the features of international trade of India is (iii) India has emerged as a software giant at the information technology. 1½ + 1½ = 3 international level. 2. (i) The exchange of goods among people, states (iv) India is earning large foreign exchange through the and countries is referred to as trade. export of information technology. (ii) Trade between two countries is called international (v) Imports: The commodities imported to India trade. include petroleum crude and products, base metals, electronic items, machinery, etc. 1×5=5 (iii) When the value of exports exceeds the value of 4. (i) Trade between two countries is called imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade. international trade. It may take place through sea, (iv) When the value of imports exceeds the value of air or land routes. 1 exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of (ii) Advancement of international trade of a country is trade. ½+½+1+1 = 3 an index to its economic prosperity It is, therefore, 3. There has been a change in the nature of our considered the economic barometer for a country. 2 international trade: (iii) The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products, gems and jewellery, (i) Since, the share of agriculture and allied products, chemicals and related products, base metals, ores and minerals, chemicals and related products electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied has been increasing. product, etc. 2 S OLUT I ONS P-101

VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-148 Solutions port for the region. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b) 2. (A) - Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu) 11. public sector (B) - Silchar (Assam) 3. Option (b) is correct. 12. terrestrial 4. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 13. National Highways 6. Option (d) is correct. 7. Option (b) is correct. 14. Option (c) is correct. 8. To reduce the time and distance between the mega 15. The Indian Railways is now reorganized into 16 cites of India. zones. 9. Pipeline transport network. 10. To decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub 16. Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. 17. The Incorrect option is (b) : The balance of trade of a country is the addition of its export and import. Correct answer is : The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export and import. WORKSHEET-149 Solutions 9. Means of transport and communication. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 10. Roadways and Railways. 2. (A) - Chennai (B) - Deepest landlocked port 11. culture, heritage (C) - Kolkata (D) - Tidal port 12. The Central Board of Film Certification 3. Option (b) is correct. 4. Option (a) is correct. 13. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 6. Option (c) is correct. 14. Kochchi is the extreme south-western port. 7. Option (c) is correct. 8. It was set up as a subsidiary port to relieve growing 15. Digital India is an umbrella programme to prepare India for a knowledge based transformation. pressure on the Kolkata port. 16. The Incorrect option is (d) : The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.4 between Delhi and Amritsar. Correct answer is : The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No. 1 between Delhi and Amritsar.  P-102 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Solutions CHAPTER 6 - MAP WORK 1. WORKSHEET-150 2. Solutions WORKSHEET-151 1. 2. S OLUT I ONS P-103

WORKSHEET-152 Solutions 1. 2. P-104 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-153 Solutions 1. 2. S OLUT I ONS P-105

WORKSHEET-154 Solutions 1. 2. P-106 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-155 Solutions 1. 1. Noida 2. Gandhinagar 3. Mumbai 4. Pune 5. Hyderabad 6. Bengaluru 8. Thiruvananthapuram 7. Chennai 2. S OLUT I ONS P-107

1. Kandla 2. Mumbai 3. Marmagao 4. New Mangalore 5. Kochi 6. Tuticorin 7. Chennai 8. Vishakhapatnam 9. Paradip 10. Haldia WORKSHEET-156 Solutions 1. Zabelled and Located Places are : (A) Pcorodip- Major Support (B)  Noida- Software Technology Park (C) Salem- Iron and Steel Industry (D) Kalpakkam- Nuclear Power plant (E) Bhakra Nangal- Dam (F) Chhatrapati Shivaji- International Airport (Any four points) [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020] 2. Solutions WORKSHEET-157 1. Located and Labelled Places are : (Any Four) (i) Bokaro – Iron Steel Plant (ii) Gandhinagara – Software Technology Park (iii) Tarapur – Nuclear Power Plant (iv) Salal – Dam (v) Tuticorin – Sea Port 2. Located and Labelled Places are : (i) Raja Sansi – International Airport (ii) Bhadravati – Iron and Steel Plant (iii) Calcutta/Kolkata – Software Technology Park of West Bengal P-108 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-158 Solutions 1. Located and Labelled Places are : [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] (A) Salem – Iron and Steal Plant (B) Kandla – Major Sea Port [CBSE Marking Scheme 2017] (C) Hyderabad – Software Technology Part 2. Located and Labelled Places are : WORKSHEET-159 (A) Naraura – Nuclear Power Plant (B) Tuticorin – Major Sea Port (C) Hyderabad – Software Technology Part Solutions 1. As per the information provided, the features have been labelled in the map. (A) A cotton textile centre : Surat (B) Nuclear power plant : Narora (C) New Manglore seaport.  2. A s per the information provided, the features have been labelled in the map. (A) Iron-ore mine- Mayurbhanj. (B) Terminal station of North-South Corridor- Lucknow (C) Gandhinagar Software Technology Park S OLUT I ONS P-109

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SEUCNTIITON IBII DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL-II (Political Science) CHAPTER 1 - POWER SHARING TOPIC-1 Belgium and Sri Lanka and Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka WORKSHEET-160 Solutions (iv) Relations between Tamils and Sinhalese became strained. (Any three) 1. (i) Of the country’s total population, 59 percent (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1×3=3 lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch 3. (i) The leaders of the Sinhala community sought language. to secure dominance over government by virtue (ii) Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. of their majority. As a result, the democratically elected government adopted a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. 1 (iii) Remaining 1 percent of the Belgians speak German. (ii) In 1956, an Act was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. (iv) In the capital city Brussels, 80 percent people The governments followed preferential policies that speak French while 20 percent are Dutch speaking. (Any three) favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs. A new constitution stipulated (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1×3=3 that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. 2 2. Consequences of majoritarian policies adopted (iii) The distrust between the two communities i.e. by the Sri Lankan Government. Sinhala and Tamils turned into widespread conflict. It soon turned into a Civil War. As a result thousands (i) Tamils felt that the government was not sensitive of people of both the communities have been killed. about Tamil language and culture. Many families were forced to leave the country as refugees and many more lost their livelihoods. 2 (ii) They felt discriminated against in getting jobs (vii) The flourishing economy of Sri Lanka disappeared and education. and the conflict gave blow to the social, cultural and economic life of Sri Lanka. (iii) They felt the government was practicing religious discrimination. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 WORKSHEET-161 Solutions leaders was sensitive to their language and culture. 1. Sri Lankan Tamils felt alienated because : (i) Government adopted majoritarian measures to (v) As a result, the relations between the Sinhala and Tamil communities strained overtime and it soon establish Sinhala Supremacy. In 1956, an Act was turned into a Civil War. passed to recognise Sinhala as the only official (Any three) 1×3=3 language thus, disregarding Tamil. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) (ii) The governments followed preferential politics that favoured Sinhala applicants for university 2. The Belgian leaders recognised the existence of positions and government jobs. regional and cultural diversities: (iii) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster Buddhism. (i) They amended their Constitution four times (iv) Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major so as to work out an innovative arrangement political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala that would enable everyone to live together in peace and harmony, i.e., there was sharing of power between the Dutch and the French S OLUT I ONS P-111

both in the Central Government, State Detailed Answer : Government and Community Government. They followed a policy of accommodation. Comparison of the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size and cultural (ii) This helped to avoid civil strife and division of the aspects : country on linguistic lines. Belgium : Belgium is a small country in Europe. (iii) On the other hand, the Sinhalese who were in It shares borders with France, the Netherlands, majority in Sri Lanka as compared to the Tamils Germany and Luxembourg. The ethnic composition followed a policy of majoritarianism and adopted of this small country is very complex. Of the a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy country’s total population, 59 percent lives in the by passing an Act of 1956. Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 percent people live in the Wallonia region and These measures alienated the Tamils leading to civil speak French. Remaining one per cent of the strife between the two communities. 1×3=3 Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 percent 3. Comparison of Belgium and Sri Lanka : are Dutch speaking. The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This (i) Belgium is located in Europe, whereas Sri was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who got the benefit of economic development. Lanka is located in South Asia. Sri Lanka : Sri Lanka is an island nation, just a few (ii) Belgium has a population of little over one kilometres off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu. It has about two crore people. Like other nations crore, whereas Sri Lanka has population of in the South Asia region, Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are the Sinhala- two crores. speakers (74 percent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 percent). Among Tamils there are two subgroups. (iii) In Belgium, 59 percent people living in Tamil natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 percent). The rest, whose forefathers Flemish region speak Dutch language, 40 per came from India as plantation workers during colonial period, are called ‘Indian Tamils’. Most of cent people living in Wallonia region speak the Sinhala speaking people are Buddhists, while most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. There are French and remaining 1 percent Belgian about 7 percent Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. people speak German, whereas in Sri Lanka, 74 percent population is Sinhalese speakers and 18 per cent is Tamil speakers. (iv) In Belgium, French-speaking community is relatively rich and powerful and in Sri Lanka, Sinhalese-speaking people are Buddhist and powerful. (v) In Belgium, Dutch-speaking people are in numeric majority, whereas in Sri Lanka, Sinhalese-speaking population is in majority. (Any other relevant point) 1×5=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) WORKSHEET-162 Solutions 3. Sri Lanka became independent in 1948. It immediately adopted measures to impose Sinhala 1. Demands of the Tamils : supremacy. (i) Recognition of Tamil as an official language. (i) The Tamils felt alienated. No respect or recognition (ii) Equal opportunities for Tamils in government jobs was given to their language, culture and religion. and educational institutions. (iii) Provincial autonomy for Tamil dominated (ii) They began a struggle for equality in jobs, entry to provinces. 1×3=3 the university, recognition of their language and culture. 2. (i) In the capital city of Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutch speaking. (iii) Slowly the conflict changed into a demand for (ii) Among Tamils there are two sub-groups. Tamil regional autonomy. natives of the country are called ‘Sri Lankan Tamils’ (13 per cent). The rest, whose forefathers came (iv) The Tamils were grouped together in the north from India as plantation workers during colonial and east of Sri Lanka. period, are called ‘Indian Tamil’s. (iii) If we imagine Belgium’s position in the same context (v) Their demands were ignored, the conflict became as Sri Lanka then in that case, the Dutch community more severe and by the 1980s, their demands had could take advantage of its numeric majority and changed. force its will on the French and German-speaking population. 1+1+1=3 (vi) They wanted Tamil Eelam in the north and east. A civil war ensued, which killed thousands on both sides. P-112 S C I ENC E - X

TOPIC-2 Accommodation in Belgium and Forms of Power Sharing WORKSHEET-163 Solutions movements control or influence those in power. 1. (i) In a democracy, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are (Any other relevant point) responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. (Any five points to be explained) Similarly, although judges are appointed by the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 executive, they can check the functioning of Detailed Answer : executive, or laws made by the legislatures. This Emergence of the idea of power sharing : The idea arrangement is called a system of ‘checks and balances.’ of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political power. For a long time (ii) In a democracy, we find interest groups such as it was believed that all power of a government must traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and reside in one person or group of persons located industrial workers. They also will have a share in at one place. It was felt that if the power to decide government power, either through participation in is dispersed, it would not be possible to take quick governmental committees or bringing influence on decisions and to enforce them, but these notions the decision-making process. have changed with the emergence of democracy. One basic principle of democracy is that people are (iii) Power can be shared among governments at the source of all political power. In a democracy, different levels – a general government for the people rule themselves through institutions of self- entire country and governments at provincial or government. In a good democratic government, regional level. Such a general government for the due respect is given to diverse groups and views entire country is usually called federal government. that exist in a society. Everyone has a voice in the In India, we refer to it as the Central or Union shaping of public policies. Therefore, it follows that in a democracy, political power should be government. 1+1+1=3 distributed among as many citizens as possible. Different forms that have common arrangements 2. Idea of power sharing emerged : of power sharing : 1. The idea of power sharing has emerged (i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and in opposition to the notions of undivided judiciary. political power. (ii) Power can be shared among governments at Different forms having common arrangements of different levels – a general government for the Power Sharing : entire country and governments at the provincial 1. Power is shared among different organs of or regional level. government such as the legislature, executive (iii) Power may also be shared among different social and judiciary. groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. 2. Powers can be shared among governments at ‘Community Government’ in Belgium is a good different levels i.e., at national and provincial example of this arrangement. or regional levels. (iv) Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in 3. Power shared among different social groups the way political parties, pressure groups and such as religious and linguistic groups. 4. Power sharing arrangements in the way movements control or influence those in power. political parties, pressure groups and WORKSHEET-164 Solutions often leads to violence and political instabil- 1. Power sharing is desirable in democracy ity. because : (b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of po- (i) Prudential reasons : litical order. (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict (c) Imposing the will of the majority commu- between social groups. Since social conflict nity, over others may look like an attractive option in the short run, but in the long run it undermines the unity of the nation. S OLUT I ONS P-113

(ii) Moral reasons : (vi) There is a third kind of government called (a) Power sharing is the very spirit of democra- Community Government elected by the people cy. A democratic rule involves sharing power belonging to Dutch, French and German no with those affected by its exercise and who matter where they live. have to live with its effect. (Any five points to be explained) 5 (b) People have the right to be consulted on how (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) they are to be governed. (c) A legitimate government is one where citi- Detailed Answer : zens through participation, acquire a stake in The main elements of the power sharing model the system. 1½+1½=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) evolved in Belgium are : (i) Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch 2. Vertical division of power: Vertical division of power means sharing of power among and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the governments at different levels. Central Government. Some special laws require the support of the majority of members from each In India, there are three levels of the government: linguistic group. Thus, no single community can make decisions unilaterally. (i) For the entire country : Central Government/Union (ii) Many powers of the central government have been Government. given to State Governments of the two regions of the country. The State Governments are not (ii) At the provincial level : State Governments. subordinated to the Central Government. (iii) Brussels has a separate government in which (iii) At the local level (i.e., rural and urban) : Local both the communities have equal representation. self governments like panchayats and municipal The French-speaking people accepted equal councils. 1×3=3 representation in Brussels because the Dutch- speaking community has accepted equal 3. The accommodative experience of Belgium for representation in the Central Government. peace and harmony : (iv) Apart from the central and the state governments, there is a third kind of government called the (i) The path of accommodation was adopted in Community Government. Belgium. (v) The community government is elected by people belonging to one language community—Dutch, (ii) Dutch and French speaking ministers got equal French and German speaking. This government share in the Central Government. has the power regarding cultural, educational and language issues. (iii) Many powers of the Central Government have been given to State Government. WORKSHEET-165 (iv) The State Government was not subordinate to the Central Government. (v) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. Solutions (iii) Judiciary: The judiciary is concerned with the interpretation of the laws and has the power to 1. Power is shared between different organs of the punish those who commit crimes or break the laws. government such as legislature, executive and judiciary. The judiciary can also check the functioning of the executives. 1+2=3 This system of power sharing is referred to as a 2. system of ‘checks and balances’ because : S. No. Horizontal Vertical division (i) All three organs are placed at the same level of power. division of power of power (ii) The power distribution ensures that no organ enjoys unlimited powers. (i) Horizontal divi- In vertical division (iii) Each organ exercises a check on the others. Thus, sion of power is of power, power can there is a balance of power. an arrangement be shared among in which power governments at OR is shared among different levels, different organs like union, state Power is shared among different organs of of the govern- and local levels of government i.e., legislature, executive and judiciary. ment, such as the government, i.e., legislature, execu- it involves higher (i) Legislature: The legislature is concerned with tive and judiciary. and lower levels of passing the laws, controlling the finances of the state the government. and delivering on the matter of public importance. (ii) Executive: The executive machinery implements the policies of the government and executes the rules made by the legislative bodies. P-114 S C I ENC E - X

(ii) In horizontal divi- In vertical division (ii) It ensures that none of the organs can exercise sion of power, dif- of power, consti- unlimited power. Each organ checks the other. 3 ferent organs of tution clearly lays government exer- down the power 3. (i) Between 1970 and 1993 the Belgian leaders cise different pow- of different levels amended their constitution four times so as to work ers. This is a con- of the govern- out an arrangement that would enable everyone to cept of separation ment. live together within the same country, keeping in of powers. mind the existence of their regional differences and cultural diversities. (iii) Horizontal distri- There is no concept bution specifies the of checks and bal- (ii) Many powers of the Central Government have concept of checks ances, because pow- been given to State Governments of the two regions and balances in ers are clearly given of the country. The State Governments are not order to check the by the constitution subordinate to the Central Government. exercise of unlim- from the higher lev- ited powers of the el to the lower level. (iii) Apart from the Central and the State Government, organs. there is a third kind of government. This ‘Community Government’ is elected by people Advantages of horizontal distribution of power : belonging to one language community – Dutch, (i) It allows different organs of government placed at French and German-Speaking – no matter where they live. This government has the power regarding the same level to exercise different powers. cultural, educational and language related issues.  1+2+2=5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-166 Solutions 6. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c) to secure dominance over the government 2. Option (b) is correct. by virtue of their majority and thus, the 3. Option (c) is correct. democratically elected government adopted 4. Option (a) is correct. a series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy. It followed majoritarianism. 5. The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) secure dominance over government by virtue of 7. Netherlands 8. Option (a) is correct. their majority/ Sinhala became the only official 9. In Sri Lanka an Act was passed in 1956 to recognize language/ Sinhala applicants were preferred Sinhala as the only official language, disregarding Tamil. in university positions and government jobs/ 10. The Incorrect option is (a) : Belgium is a big country Buddhism was made state religion through a in North America. new constitution. (Any one) Correct answer is : Belgium is a small country in Europe. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) WORKSHEET-167 Solutions 5. Desirability of Power Sharing : 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c) (i) Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce 2. Option (c) is correct. the possibility of conflict between social groups. 3. Option (d) is correct. 4. Option (c) is correct. (ii) Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. (Any one) (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) S OLUT I ONS P-115

6. Community government in Belgium is elected by 9. Belgium is a small country in Europe and share people belonging to one language community - borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany Dutch, French or German. and Luxembourg. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 10. The Incorrect option is (c) : We call this as vertical distribution of powers 7. majority 8. Option (a) is correct. Correct answer is : We call this as horizontal distribution of powers. WORKSHEET-168 Solutions 7. Four times. 1. Option (a) is correct. 8. community government 2. Option (c) is correct. 9. Sinhalas, Tamils 3. Option (c) is correct. 10. self – governance 4. Option (a) is correct. 11. The state governments are not subordinate to the 5. Buddhism. 6. Dutch, Germans and French. central government. 12. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. CHAPTER 2 - FEDERALISM TOPIC-1 Federalism and India a Federal Country WORKSHEET-169 Solutions Detailed Answer : Concurrent List includes subjects of common 1. (a) Indian federalism is a threefold distribution interest to both the Union Government as well as based on three lists: the State Governments. (i) Union List on which centre make laws such as defence, currency, etc. (i) Example : Education, forest, trade unions, marriage, (ii) State List on which state make laws such as adoption and succession. police, trade, agriculture, etc. (ii) Both the Union as well as the State Governments (iii) Concurrent List on which both Centre and State can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this Legislates, such as education, marriage, etc. list. (b) Centre legislates on ‘residuary subjects. (iii) If their laws conflict with each other, the law made (c) The High Courts and the Supreme Court sort out by the Union Government will prevail. the dispute between centre and state. 3. (i) Subjects of national importance such as (Any other relevant point) [1 × 3 = 3] defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency are included in this  (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. 2. Concurrent List – Education , Forest, Marriage, (ii) State List contains subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, Adoption and Succession. (Any two) agriculture and irrigation. Both the union as well as the state governments (iii) Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this can make laws on the subjects mentioned in the list; if their laws conflict with each other, the law Concurrent List. If their laws conflict with each made by the union government will prevail. other, then the law made by the Union Government will prevail. 1+1+1=3  1+2=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) P-116 S C I ENC E - X

4. Key features of federalism : (iv) The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of (i) There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government. Such changes require the consent government. of both the levels of government. (v) Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution (ii) Different tiers of government govern the same and the powers of different levels of government. citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction The highest court acts as an umpire if disputes in specific matters of legislation, taxation and arise between different levels of government in the administration. exercise of their respective powers. Any five to be explained. 1×5=5 (iii) The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) of government are specified in the Constitution. WORKSHEET-170 Solutions banking, communications and currency. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the 1. Power sharing basic structure of Constitution : subjects mentioned in the Union List. (i) It is not easy to make changes to power sharing (ii) State List contains subjects of state and local arrangement. importance such as police, trade, commerce, (ii) Parliament can’t on its own change this agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments arrangement. alone can make laws relating to the subjects (iii) Any change to it has to be first passed by both the mentioned in the State List. This allows the Houses of Parliament, with at least 2/3rd majority. Constitution to avoid any conflict of power and (iv) Then it has to be ratified by legislatures of at least clear jurisdictions. half of the total States. (Any three points to be analyzed) 3 (iii) Concurrent List includes subjects of common  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments. Detailed Answer : 2. Amendment in Indian Constitution in 1992 – Sharing of power between states and the central (i) It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular government is the basic to the structure of the Constitution of India because, without this division elections of local government bodies. (ii) Seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes, of power it will be impossible to coexist in a diverse Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes. country like India. The states are significant parts of the union and the jurisdiction of both the state and (iii) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for union overlap in many areas, hence, it is important women. (iv) Creation of State Election Commission. to demarcate the boundaries, which are effectively (v) The state governments are required to share done by the Constitution of India. The Constitution clearly provides a two–fold distribution of legislative some powers and revenue with local government bodies. powers between the Union Government and the (Any other relevant point) State Governments. (i) Union List includes subjects of national importance  Any three points to be described. 1 × 3= 3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, Detailed Answer : S OLUT I ONS P-117

(Topper's Answer, 2018) 3. Type of Federation of India: (iv) States in the north-east have been given a special India comes under ‘Holding together federations' status as they have a large tribal population Features: with a distinct history and culture. (i) It decides to divide its power between the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1 + 4=5 constituent states and the national government. (ii) In this federation, the central government tends 5. Difference between ‘Coming Together Federation’ and ‘Holding Together Federation’: to be more powerful than the states. (iii) In this system, different constituent units of the (i) Coming Together Federations are formed when independent states come together to form a bigger federation have unequal powers. state and ‘Holding Together Federations’ are Any other relevant point. formed when a large country decides to divide itself  Any two features to be mentioned into sub-units. 1 × 2=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (ii) In ‘Coming Together Federations’ the State 4. India became a Union of States because it Governments are strong, whereas in ‘Holding consisted of both British–ruled territories as Together Federations’, the Central Government is well as many princely states. Some sub-political strong. units of India have a special status. (iii) In ‘Coming Together Federations’, all States (i) French and Portuguese–ruled territories were Governments have equal powers but in ‘Holding given the status of Union Territory. Together Federations, this may not be the case. (ii) Jammu & Kashmir joined India on a special (iv) Examples of Coming Together Federations—The condition. USA, Switzerland and Australia. (iii) Some units were too small to become Examples of Holding Together Federations — independent states. They were made Union Territories. India, Spain and Belgium. 5 WORKSHEET-171 Solutions (iii) SCs and STs have some seats reserved and do get 1. (i) Right to equality representation (ii) No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, (iv) Right to freedom of religion and cultural and region or religion educational rights (Any three) 1×3=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) P-118 S C I ENC E - X

2. (i) All states in the Indian Union do not have various constituent units of the country. Usually, a identical powers. For example, Jammu and Kashmir federation has two levels of government. One is the enjoys a special status and has its own constitution. government for the entire country that is usually (ii) Many provisions of the Indian Constitution do not responsible for a few subjects of common national apply here. interest and the other are governments at the level (iii) Indians who are not the permanent residents of of provinces or states that look after much of the day-to-day administering of their state. 2 Jammu and Kashmir cannot buy land or house there. (iii) Under the unitary system, either there is only (iv) Smaller units called Union Territories do not have the powers of a state. The Central Government has one level of government or the sub-units are special powers in running these areas. 1¼ × 4=5 subordinate to the Central Government. The Central Government can pass on orders to the 3. (i) The change that took place in Belgium in provincial or the local government. But in federal 1993 was that the regional governments were given constitutional powers that were no longer system, the Central Government cannot order the state government to do something. State dependent on the Central Government. Belgium government has powers of its own for which it is shifted from a unitary to a federal form of government. 1 not answerable to the Central Government. Both these governments are separately answerable to the (ii) Federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority and people. 2 WORKSHEET-172 Solutions (iii) By pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they increase their security. 1. (i) Mobilisation. (ii) Administrative knowledge of the people at all the Countries practising 'Coming Together Federation' are USA, Switzerland and Australia. levels. 1 × 3=3 (iii) Efficacy to solve all kinds of issues at respective (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) levels. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1×3=3 3. (i) The three-fold distribution of legislative powers : (a) Union List: Union list consists of 97 subjects. It Detailed Answer : includes subjects of national importance such as (i) Federalism has succeeded in India because of the defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, nature of the democratic politics of the country. communication and currency. This ensures the spirit of federalism, respect for (b) State List: State list consists of 66 subjects. It contains diversity and desire for living together. subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. (ii) There is a clear distribution of powers and revenue (c) Concurrent List: Concurrent list consists of 47 between the different levels of government. subjects It includes subjects of common interest to both the Central and State Government such as (iii) The Indian Constitution clearly allocates power to education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption different levels of government —the three lists of and succession. power. (ii) Union Government can make laws on the subjects which are not covered under these lists. The name (iv) The Supreme Court has been given the power to given to such subjects is residuary subjects. 3+2=5 solve federal disputes. 4. Challenges before 1990s : (i) Political scene was dominated by one party both at (v) There is a mutual trust and agreement between the the Centre and in the States. government at different levels. (Any three) (ii) As and when the ruling party at the state level was different from the parties that ruled at the Centre 2. Holding Together Federation : and tried to undermine the power of the States. (i) Large country decides to divide its power (iii) The Central Government would often misuse the Constitution to dismiss the State Governments, that between states and the centre. were controlled by rival parties. (ii) Central government tends to be more powerful. After 1990s : (iii) Constituent units of the federation have unequal (i) Now the Centre and the majority of State Governments belong to different political parties in power. the coalition. Countries practising ‘Holding Together (ii) A number of regional parties have become powerful and play a crucial role at the Centre and States. Federation’ are India, Spain and Belgium. (iii) The era of “coalition” government at the Centre has Coming Together Federation : inculcated respect for federal autonomy. 2½+2½=5 (i) Independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit. (ii) All the states have equal power and are strong. S OLUT I ONS P-119

WORKSHEET-173 Solutions matters such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. 1×3=3 1. Constitutional Provisions are necessary for the 3. Three-tier system means three levels of success of federalism but these are not sufficient. government. The Indian Constitution was The real success of federalism in India can be originally provided with a two-tier system of attributed to the nature of democratic politics in our government : country. This ensure that the spirit of federalism, (i) The Union Government or the Central Government. respect for diversity and desire for living together became shared ideals in our country. (ii) The State Governments. (iii) But, later a third-tier of federalism was added (i) The creation of linguistic states was the first and a in the form of Panchayats at the rural level and major test for democratic politics in our country. Municipalities at the urban level. Every level enjoys separate jurisdiction. 1 × 3=3 (ii) A second test for Indian federation is the language policy. 4. Differences: (iii) Restructuring the Centre-State relations is one more (i) Unitary government has only one level of way in which federalism has been strengthened in government, whereas a federal government has practice. two or more levels of government. 2. The three-fold distribution of legislative powers : (ii) In a unitary government, the sub-units are (i) Union List: Union list consists of 97 subjects. It subordinate to the centre, whereas in a federation, the central government cannot encroach on the includes subjects of national importance such as rights of state governments. defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communication and currency. (iii) In a unitary system, the centre can give orders to the (ii) State List: State list consists of 66 subjects. It contains sub-units which cannot happen in the federation. subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. A federation is preferred because : (iii) Concurrent List: Concurrent list consists of 47 subjects. It includes subjects of common interest to (i) It helps in making administration effective and both the Central and State Governments. It includes efficient. (ii) It helps to accommodate all diverse groups.3+2=5 TOPIC-2 Federalism in Practice and Decentralisation in India WORKSHEET-174 Solutions (iv) Decentralisation of Power: Power in India has been decentralised to the local government. The 1. Federalism has succeeded in India due to the local government includes Panchayats in villages nature of democratic policies in our country. and municipalities in urban areas. 1 + 4 = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) The policies adopted by India to ensure this success: 2. (i) Some States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand were created not on the basis of (i) Linguistic States: After independence, the language but to recognise differences based on boundaries of several old states were changed culture, ethnicity or geography. in order to create new states. The creation of linguistic states is the first and a major (ii) Our Constitution did not give the status of national test for democratic politics in our country. language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother (ii) Language Policy: The second test for the Indian tongue of only about 40 percent of Indians. So it is federation is the language policy. The Indian not considered as the national language of India. Constitution did not give the status of national (iii) When no single party gets a clear majority in the Lok language to any one of the language. Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties including several regional (iii) Centre-State Relations: Restructuring the centre- parties to form a government at the Centre and this is state relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. called a coalition government. 1+1+1=3 P-120 S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-175 Solutions The Constitution was amended in 1992 to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective. 1. Panchayati Raj is the best example of decentralisation of power. (ii) Provisions of the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 are : (i) People can get most of the problems solved at the (a) Now it is mandatory to hold regular elections local level. to local government bodies. (b) Seats are reserved for the elected bodies and (ii) People can think and plan for themselves. for the post of the executive heads of these (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1½ + 1½ = 3 2. Major steps were taken by Indian Government institutions for SCs, STs and OBCs. towards decentralization in 1992: (c) At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. (i) It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular (d) An independent institution called State Elec- elections to local government bodies. tion Commission has been created in each (ii) Reservation of seats in the elected bodies and state to conduct panchayat and municipal the executive heads of these institutions for the elections. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other (e) The state governments are required to share Backward Classes. some powers and revenue with local govern- (iii) Reservation of at least one-third of all positions ment bodies. (Any four) 1+4=5 for women. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (iv) Creation of an independent institution called the State Election Commission in each state to 4. Rural local government is known as Panchayati conduct panchayat and municipal elections. Raj. (i) Panchayati Raj Institution is rural-based. (v) The state governments are required to share (ii) Each village has Gram Panchayat. some powers and revenue with local government bodies. The nature of sharing varies from state to (iii) It has Panchs and a Sarpanch. (iv) He/She is directly elected by the adult population state. 1×3=3 living in the village. (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2018) (v) Panchayat works under the Gram Sabha. 3. (i) Decentralisation : When power is taken from (vi) All the voters meet at least twice or thrice in a year. the central and state governments and is given to (vii) Few gram panchayats form Panchayat Samiti or local government, it is called decentralisation. Block or Mandal. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) WORKSHEET-176 Solutions (ii) Most state governments have not transferred significant powers to local government. 1. Yes, it helps in the settlement of a large number of problems and issues at the local level. (iii) State governments do not provide adequate resources. (i) It provides a platform for the direct participation (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 2+3=5 of people in decision making. 3. (i) When power is taken away from the Central and (ii) In another way, decentralisation in the form of ‘local self government’ is the best way to realise State governments and given to local government, principles of democracy. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1½ + 1½ = 3 it is called decentralisation. 1 2. Impact of local self government on Indian (ii) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there democracy : are a large number of problems and issues which (i) Constitutional status for local government has helped to deepen democracy. are best settled at the local level. People have better (ii) It has increased women’s representation and knowledge of problems in their localities. They also voice in our democracy. have better ideas on where to spend money and Difficulties : (i) Gram Sabhas are not held regularly. how to manage things more efficiently. Besides, at the local level it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. 2 (iii) Rural local government is popularly known by the name Panchayati Raj. Each village, or a group of villages in some states, has a gram panchayat. This is S OLUT I ONS P-121

a council consisting of several ward members, often that ward or village. It is the decision-making body called panch, and a president or sarpanch. They are for the entire village. The panchayat works under directly elected by all the adult population living in the overall supervision of the gram sabha. 2 WORKSHEET-177 Solutions 3. The basic idea behind decentralisation : 1. Advantages of Decentralisation : (i) Large number of problems and issues are best settled at the local level because people have better (i) Sharing of power between centre and states and knowledge of their local problems. local government reduces conflicts. (ii) It helps in promoting direct participation. (ii) Large number of problems and issues can be best settled at the local level. People have better Structure of Rural Local Government : knowledge of problems in their localities. (i) Zila Parishad: All the mandals in a district together (iii) People have better knowledge of their own constitute the Zila Parishad. Most of the members problems. are elected and headed by a chairperson. (iv) They know better on where to spend money and (ii) Panchayat Samiti or Mandal or Block: The members how to manage things efficiently. of this body are elected by the entire panchayat members in that area. A few Gram Panchayats are (v) People at the local level will participate directly in grouped together to form this government body. decision making. (Any three) 1×3=3 2. Need for a local government : (iii) Gram Panchayat: A council consisting of several (i) There are a number of problems and issues that are ward members often called Panch. The president is best settled at the local level because people have a better knowledge of the problems in their localities. called Sarpanch. It is the decision-making body for the entire village. 2+3=5 (ii) The local people are aware of their needs and can 4. Gram Sabha : A body comprising of all adult prioritise. members of a village or a group of villages. (iii) It helps to initiate the process of direct decision- Functions of Gram Sabha : making. (i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat. (iv) It helps to inculcate the habit of democratic (ii) The Gram Sabha supervises the work of the village participation. panchayat. (v) Local government is the best way to realize one (iii) It approves the annual budget of the Panchayat. important principle of democracy, namely local (iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat. 1+4=5 self-government. 1×5=5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions (1(1mmaarrkkeeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-178 Solutions 8. The Supreme Court 1. (i)-(a), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b) 9. ‘holding together’ 2. A - U.S.A, Switzerland and Australia B - ‘Holding together’ federation 10. Option (a) is correct. 3. Option (d) is correct. 4. Option (b) is correct. 11. Major steps towards decentralization of power 5. Option (c) is correct. was taken through 73rd and 74th Constitutional 6. It was formed in 1954 to recommend creation of Amendments. states on the linguistic basis.  12. The Incorrect option is (d) : Local government – 6. Australia. Residuary powers Correct answer is : Union government – Residuary powers. P-122 S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-179 Solutions 7. Defence of the nation, foreign affairs ,banking, currency and communications. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 2. (A) - 61 Subjects 8. Federal government. (B) - Concurrent List 3. Option (b) is correct. 9. ‘regional political’ 4. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (d) is correct. 10. Option (c) is correct. 6. Option (a) is correct. 11. Federal structure promotes unity and integrity of the country. 12. The Incorrect option is (b) : At least one-third of all positions are reserved for men. Correct answer is : At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. WORKSHEET-180 Solutions 8. Pokharan. 9. The judiciary 1. Option (c) is correct. 10. 1st November, 1956 2. Option (d) is correct. 3. Option (b) is correct. 11. U.S.A, India and Australia are examples of ‘holding 4. Marriage ,education, forest, trade unions,adoption together’ federations. and succession. 12. Spain, Australia and Belgium are examples of 5. Official language of the country. ‘coming together’ federation. 6. Municipal Corporation. 7. 22 Languages. 13. Any changes in sharing of power has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two-third majority. CHAPTER 3 - GENDER, RELIGION TOPIC-1 Gender and Politics WORKSHEET-181 Solutions Detailed Answer : 1. Women still lag much behind men in India In our country, women still lag much behind men despite some improvements since Independence : despite some improvements since Independence. A lot has been done to bring women at par Women face disadvantages, discrimination and with men but still women face disadvantages, oppression in various ways : discriminations and oppression in various ways- (1) The literacy rate among women still less than (i) The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent men. as compared to 76 percent among men. (2) Lesser number of girl students go for higher studies. (ii) A smaller proportion of girl students go for higher (3) Women have unequal wages in some areas of studies. Even though girls perform equally as employment. compared to boys in school yet they drop out (4) Less representation of women in elected because parents prefer to spend their resources for bodies. their boys’ education rather than spending equally Any other relevant point. on their sons and daughters. (Any three points to be analyzed) (iii) The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3 an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. S OLUT I ONS P-123

(iv) The Equal Wages Act states that equal wages should (ii) On an average Indian woman works one hour be paid for equal work. However, in almost all areas more than an average man everyday. Yet much of of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and her work is not paid and therefore often not valued. fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work. (iii) In almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid lesser then (v) In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons men, even when both do exactly the same work. and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex selective abortion led to a 1+1+1=3 decline in child sex ratio. 4. Feminist Movement was a radical movement (vi) Women face harassment, exploitation and violence which demanded equality for women in on the domestic front. (Any three points) personal and family life also, apart from politics, society and educational field. 2. Indian society as male dominated society : The political demands of the Feminist (i) Literacy rate among women is low. Movements in India were : (ii) Proportion of women among the highly paid and (i) More women representatives in local government valued jobs is still very low. bodies. (iii) Skewed sex ratio. (ii) More political representation for women by having elected women representatives. Any other relevant point (iii) Reserving at least one-third of the seats in Lok (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3 Sabha and Legislative Assemblies for women. 3. (i) Inspite of doing well in their studies, Indian girls 2+3=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) drop out from their studies because parents prefer to spend their resources only on their sons. WORKSHEET-182 Solutions 3. The status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies is as follows : 1. (i) In Indian society, gender division tends to be understood as natural and unchangeable. It is (i) Central Legislature : Less than 10% of its total based on social expectations and stereotypes. members are women. (ii) This attitude leads to sexual division of labour (ii) State Legislature : Less than 5% of its total i.e., boys and girls are brought up to believe that members are women. the main responsibility of women is housework (iii) Panchayati Raj : One-third of the seats are and bringing up children whereas all the outside reserved for women. works are to be done by men. (iv) India is among the bottom group of nations in the (iii) The result of this division of labour is that though world in this aspect. the women constitute almost half the population, their role in public life is minimal. (v) Women’s organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one- (iv) Political expression and political mobilisation on third of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. this question helped to improve women’s role But the bill to this effect has not been passed. in public life. We now find women working as 1×5=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) scientists, doctors, engineers, teachers, etc. Now, with a lot of efforts, 33% seats are reserved for 4. (i) Women in different parts of the world organised women in local government bodies. and agitated for equal rights. 1 (ii) There were agitations in different countries for the extension of voting rights to women. These (Any other relevant point may be explained) agitations demanded enhancing the political (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 and legal status of women and improving their  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) educational and career opportunities. More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal 2. Definition: Agitations or movements demanding and family life as well. These movements are called enhancement in the political and legal status of women and improving their education and career feminist movements. 2 opportunities are called Feminist Movements. (iii) In our country, women still lag much behind men Main Objective: The main objective of the Feminist Movement is to attain equality among men and despite some improvement since Independence. women. 1½+1½=3 Ours is still a male-dominated, Patriarchal society. Women force disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways. 2 P-124 S C I ENC E - X

TOPIC-2 Religion, Communalism and Politics WORKSHEET-183 Solutions (iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the ground of religion. 1. Secularism is the foundation of our country – (v) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in (i) There is no official religion of India. the matters of religion in order to ensure equality. (ii) Our Constitution does not give special status to Any other relevant point any religion. (Any three points to be examined) 1 × 3 = 3 Detailed Answer : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] (Topper's Answer, 2018) 2. The religion in politics is not as dangerous as 3. His act is against the spirit of democracy as it seems to us. Ethical values of each religion the said politician is not working as per the can play a major role in politics. As a member Constitution. of any religious community, people should (i) It also exploits the social difference. express their political needs. The political leaders (ii) It may create social discard and may lead to social regulate the practice of religion so that there division. should be no discrimination and oppression. (iii) It is also a biased attitude and neglects the If all religions are treated equally then these political acts are correct in any way. principle of equality. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1×3=3 S OLUT I ONS P-125

4. Communalism can take various forms in emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring politics: the followers of one religion together in the political arena. (iv) The Constitution provides all individuals and (v) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly communities the freedom to profess, practice form of communal violence, riots and massacre. and propagate any religion or not to follow any (Any three to be explained) religion. Solutions provided by the Constitution : The makers of our Constitution were aware of (i) The routine beliefs involve religious prejudices, this challenge. That is why they chose the model stereotypes of religious communities and belief of a secular state. This choice was reflected in in the superiority of one’s religion over other several constitutional provisions like religions. (i) There is no official religion for the Indian state. (ii) The Constitution provides to all individuals and (ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for communities freedom to profess, practice and political dominance of one’s own religious propagate any religion, or not to follow any. community. (iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion. (iii) For those belonging to the majority community, (iv) At the same time, the Constitution allows the state this takes the form of majoritarian dominance. to intervene in the matters of religion in order to For those belonging to the minority community, ensure equality within religious communities. it can take the form of a desire to form a separate  (Any two to be explained ) political unit.  3+2=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (iv) Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, WORKSHEET-184 Solutions religions. He believed that politics must be guided 1. It is so because : by ethics drawn from religion. (i) India is a secular state, there is no official religion in (iii) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in our country. the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities. For example, it bans (ii) The Constitution provides freedom to all to profess, untouchability. 1+1+1=3 practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any. 4. (i) Communalism is a situation when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other (iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the religions. When the demands of one religious group ground of religion. 1×3=3 are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one 2. (i) Communal prejudices and propaganda need to religious group over the rest. be countered in everyday life. (ii) Religion based mobilisation needs to be countered (ii) Various forms of communalism in politics : in the arena of politics. 1½+1½=3 (a) The most common expression of communal- 3. (i) The extreme form of communalism leads to the ism is in everyday beliefs. (b) A communal mind often leads to a quest for belief that people belonging to different religions political dominance of one’s own religious cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. community. (c) Political mobilisation on religious lines is an- Either, one of them has to dominate the rest or they other frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious have to form different nations. leaders, emotional appeal and plain fear. (ii) Gandhiji used to say that religion can never be 2 + 3 = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) separated from politics. What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that is the basis of all WORKSHEET-185 Solutions over the rest, it is called communalism. 1. Communalism: When beliefs of one religion are Communalism is a hindrance in the functioning of presented as superior to those of other religions, our democracy as : when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is (i) Communalism leads to the belief that people used to establish domination of one religious group belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either, one of them has P-126 S C I ENC E - X

to dominate the rest or they have to form different (iii) State power may be used to establish the nations. domination of one religious group over another. (ii) Any attempt to bring all followers of one religion together in a context other than religion is bound to 2½+2½=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) suppress many voices within that community. 1+2=3 3. (i) The most common expression of communalism in everyday beliefs routinely involves religious 2. Beneficial: prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities (i) Influence of religion can make politics value based. and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over (ii) Religious communities can politically express other religions. 1 their needs and interests. (ii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political (iii) Political authorities can monitor and control dominance of ones’ own religious community for those belonging to majority community, this takes religious discrimination and oppression. the form of majoritarian dominance for those Problematic: belonging to the minority, it can take the form of a (i) Religion can become the base for the development desire to form a separate political unit. 2 of nationalist sentiments which can lead to (iii) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly conflicts. form of communal violence, riots and massacre. (ii) Political parties will try to make political gains by India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst putting one group against the other. communal riots at the time of the Partition. The post-Independence period has also seen large scale communal violence. 2 WORKSHEET-186 Solutions (ii) Creation of political parties: A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance 1. The religious differences are often expressed in of one’s own religious community. For those belonging to the majority community, this takes the field of politics, i.e.: the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take (i) Gandhian View: Gandhiji used to say that religion the form of a desire to form a separate political unit. can never be separated from politics, what he meant (iii) Political mobilisation: Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of by religion was not any particular religion like communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal and Hinduism or Islam, but moral values that infirm all plain fear in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. religions. He believed that politics must be guided (iv) Sometimes, communalism takes its most ugly by ethics drawn from religion. form of communal violence, riots and massacre. 1+4=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (ii) Human Rights View: Human right groups in our 3. Secularism means no special status is given to country have argued that most of the victims of any religion. It is just not an ideology of some parties or persons. communal riots in our country are people from (i) There is no official religion for the Indian states, religious minorities. They have demanded that the unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, or that of Islam in Pakistan. government take special steps to protect religious (ii) The Constitution provides freedom to all to minorities. protest, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any. (iii) Women’s Movement View: Women’s movement (iii) The Constitution prohibits discrimination on has agreed that family laws of all religions grounds of religion. discriminate against women. So they have (iv) The Constitution allows state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality demanded that government should change these within religious communities. For example, it bans untouchability. laws to make them more equitable. 1×3=3 1+4=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 2. Communalism : It means attempts to promote religious ideas between groups of people who are identified as different communities. Communalism can take various forms in politics : (i) Communalism in daily beliefs: The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, the stereotype of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it. S OLUT I ONS P-127

TOPIC-3 Caste and Politics WORKSHEET-187 Solutions (ii) Caste plays different kinds of roles in politics. In some situations, expression of caste differences in politics gives many disadvantaged communities the 1. Caste takes several forms : space to demand their share of power. In this sense, (i) When parties choose candidates in elections they keep in mind the caste composition. caste politics has helped peoples from Dalits and OBC castes to gain better access to decision making. (ii) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiments to muster (iii) The caste groups which had access to education under the old system have done very well in support. acquiring modern education as well. Those groups (iii) No parliamentary constituency in the country has the clear majority of one single that did not have access to education or were prohibited from acquiring it have obviously lagged caste, so every candidate and party needs to behind. 1+1+1=3 win the confidence of more than one caste and community. Any other relevant point to be explained 3. Decline of the caste system in India : (i) Efforts of social reformers like Phule, Gandhiji, (Any three) Ambedkar against caste system have helped to  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 1×3=3 promote a casteless society. Detailed Answer : (ii) Economic development has reduced the When parties choose candidates in elections, they emphasis on caste. (iii) Large scale urbanisation has diminished the keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate awareness of caste, as people rub shoulders in and nominate candidates from different castes so as buses, trains and offices. to muster necessary support to win elections. When (iv) Growth of literacy and education has helped to governments are formed, political parties usually decrease the belief in caste. ensure that representatives of different castes and (v) Occupational mobility is possible now and tribes find a place in it. children are not compelled to continue the (i) Political parties and candidates in elections profession of the family or father. make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. (vi) Weakening of the position of landlords in the Some political parties are known to favour some villages has led to decline of the rigid caste castes and are seen as their representatives. barriers in villages. (ii) Universal adult franchise and the principle of (vii) Constitutional provisions such as Right to one–person–one–vote compelled political leaders Equality of all before law have helped to prevent to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing discrimination legally. political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto (viii) Policy of reservation of seats in local self- treated as inferior and low. government bodies and legislatures as well in educational institutes have helped to uplift the 2. (i) In this system, hereditary occupational division political, social and economic position of lower was sanctioned by rituals. Members of the same castes. (Any five) 1×5=5 caste group were supposed to form a social  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) community that practiced the caste group and did not eat with members from the other caste groups. WORKSHEET-188 Solutions (iv) Growth of literacy and education. 1. Factors for breaking down of Caste System: (v) The Constitution of India prohibited any caste- (i) Social and economic development. based discrimination. (ii) Urbanization. (iii) Occupational mobility. (vi) Constitutional prohibition of untouchability. Any other relevant point Any three factors to be described. 1 × 3 = 3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) P-128 S C I ENC E - X

2. Influence of caste on politics : 4. (i) When partices choose candidates in elections, (i) While choosing candidates for election, political they keep in mind the caste composition of the parties consider the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different voters to win support. (ii) When the government is formed, political parties castes so as to muster necessary support to win take care that representative from different castes find a place in the government. elections. 1 (iii) Political parties make an appeal to the caste sentiments to win votes. (ii) No party wins votes of all the voters of a caste or (iv) Some political parties are known to favour some particular caste. community. When people say that a caste is a ‘vote (v) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote have compelled the political bank’ of one party, it usually means that a large leaders to bring caste sentiments into politics to muster support. proportion of the voters from that caste vote for that (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) 1×5=5 party. 2 (iii) Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters have more then one candidate from their caste while many voters may have no candidate from their caste. 2 WORKSHEET-189 Solutions the electorate in a particular constituency). Some voters have more than one candidate from their 1. Advantages of the political expression of caste caste while many voters have no candidates from differences are : their caste. (i) It gives disadvantaged groups the opportunity to (iv) The ruling party of the sitting MP or MLA demand a share in power and decision-making. frequently loses elections in our country. That could (ii) Many political parties take up the issue of ending not have happened if all castes or communities caste discrimination. were frozen in their political preferences. 5 (iii) Measures for uplifting the status of the backward castes will be undertaken. 1×3=3 5. Yes, I agree with the statement. Arguments : 2. Adverse effects of caste in politics in India : (i) Most people marry within their own caste or (i) Political parties try to use caste to gain votes. tribe. (ii) Untouchability has not ended despite provisions (ii) They promise to take care of the interests and demands of different castes. in the Constitution. (iii) Effects of centuries of advantages and (iii) It leads to conflicts and tensions among various caste groups. 1×3=3 disadvantages continue to be felt today. (iv) A large mass of low caste people still do not have 3. (i) Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within its neighbouring castes or sub- access to education. castes which were earlier excluded from it. (v) Caste is continued to be linked to economic (ii) Various caste groups are required to enter into a status. (Or any other relevant argument) coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation. Note : Marks will also be awarded, if somebody disagrees and gives suitable arguments. (iii) New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political area like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) 1×5=5 groups. 1×3=3 4. No, I do not agree with this statement. 6. Advantages: This is far from truth because : (i) It gives disadvantaged groups the opportunity to (i) No parliamentary constituency in the country demand a share in power and decision- making. has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every (ii) Many political parties take up the issue of ending candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win caste discrimination. elections. (iii) Measures for uplifting the status of the backward (ii) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say that a caste is a ‘vote castes will be undertaken. bank’ of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of the voters from the caste vote for the Disadvantages: party. (iii) Many political parties may put up candidates from (i) Caste-based politics diverts attention from main the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate issues such as poverty, corruption etc. (ii) Caste-based politics leads to tensions, conflicts and violence. 3+2=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014) S OLUT I ONS P-129

VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-190 Solutions 7. Panchayats and municipalities. 8. lack of legally imposed quotas or reservation policy 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c) 2. Option (b) is correct. at the central level. 3. Option (d) is correct. 9. India is a secular country 4. Option (c) is correct. 10. Option (a) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 11. In India, the proportion of women in legislature has 6. A person who believes in equal rights and been very low. opportunities for all human beings . 12. The Incorrect option is (d) : And women do all the work outside the home. Correct answer is : And men do all the work outside the home. WORKSHEET-191 Solutions 9. Option (b) is correct. 10. The Indian Constitution does not give a special 1. Option (b) is correct. 2. Option (d) is correct. status to any religion. 3. Option (c) is correct. 11. Patriarchy is a system that values men more and 4. Option (a) is correct. 5. Equality with men . gives them power over women. 6. Mahatma Gandhi. 12. The Incorrect option is (a) : Communal politics is 7. religion 8. violence based on the idea that caste is the principal basis of social community. Correct answer is : Communal politics is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. WORKSHEET-192 Solutions 6. untouchability 1. Option (b) is correct. 7. caste system 2. Option (a) is correct. 8. The literacy rate among women is only 54 percent 3. Option (c) is correct. as compared with 76 percent among men. 4. A ladder like formation in which all caste groups are 9. In many parts of xIndia, parents prefer to have sons placed from the highest to the lowest. and find ways to have the girl child aborted before 5. stereotypes she is born.  P-130 S C I ENC E - X

CHAPTER 4 - POLITICS PARTIES TOPIC-1 Politics Parties – An Introduction WORKSHEET-193 Solutions (ii) The government may be formed without any political party, but its utility will remain ever 1. Role of Political Parties : uncertain. Elected representatives will be (i) Parties contest elections. accountable to their constituency for what they do (ii) Parties put forward different policies and in the locality. But no one will be responsible for programmes. how the country will run. (iii) Parties are a necessary condition for a democracy (iii) Parties form and run the government. because they fulfill the needs that every (iv) Parties that lose in the election play the role of opposition. representative government has. 1+1+1=3 (v) Parties shape public opinion. 3. (i) To contest elections. (vi) Parties provide people access to government (ii) To form & run the government. machinery and welfare schemes. (iii) To work as opposition party. (iv) To shape public opinion. (Any other relevant point) [½ × 6 = 3] (v) To make people aware about Government [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Policies, welfare schemes etc. 2. (i) A party is known by which part it stands for, (vi) Any other relevant point to be explained. which policies it supports and whose interests it (Any five) upholds. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1×5=5 Detailed Answer : S OLUT I ONS P-131

(Topper's Answer, 2018) WORKSHEET-194 Solutions (iv) Providing people access to Govt. machinery and welfare schemes implemented by the Govt. 1. Three components of Political Party : 1. The leaders. (v) Decisive role in making laws. 2. The active members. 3. The followers. (Any other relevant point to be explained) 4. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be explained.) (Any five) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 Detailed Answer : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 5 The three components of political parties are : Detailed Answer : (i) Leaders : The leaders are those who take the major (i) They contest elections, by selecting their candidates. decisions of the party and their decisions are the supreme command for the party. (ii) They form the government and run the country. (ii) Active Members : Another component of political party are the active members who contest elections (iii) They shape public opinion. They launch movements for the party and are elected as representatives. for problems faced by the public. (iii) Followers : The last one are the followers who support a political party and in elections make their (iv) They provide people access to government party victorious. machinery and welfare schemes implemented by the government. 2. Functions of the ruling party : (i) To contest elections. (v) They play decisive role in making laws. (ii) Formation of Government. (iii) Shaping of public opinion. 3. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. Characteristics of a Political Party : (i) Contest elections. (ii) They have their own programmes , policies and ideology. (iii) Political parties play a decisive role in making laws. P-132 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iv) Political parties form and run governments. The above characteristics also show that political parties are necessary for a democracy. (v) Play important role of opposition. 4. “Political parties are a necessary condition for a (vi) Parties shape public opinion. democracy” because : (Any other relevant point to be explained) (i) Without political parties, democracies cannot exist. (Any four) 1+4=5 (ii) If we do not have political parties, in such a [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] situation every candidate in elections will be Detailed Answer : independent. “A political party is a group of people who come (iii) No one will be able to make any promises to the together to contest elections and hold power in people about any major policy changes. the government.” They agree on some policies and programmes for promoting national interest. Since, (iv) The government may be formed but its utility there can be different views on what is good for all, will remain uncertain. parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than the others. (v) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in their locality. Characteristics of a political party : (vi) But no one will be responsible for how the country will run. (i) Political parties contest elections and share power. (vii) The role of an opposition party in a democracy necessitates the existence of political parties. (ii) They agree on some policies and programmes for the society to promote collective good. (viii) As societies become large and complex, they also need some agencies to gather different (iii) If a political party is unable to win a majority, it views on various issues and to present these to makes an alliance with other parties to form a the government, that’s why, political parties are Coalition Government. needed. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (iv) Political parties try to persuade people that their  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] policies are better than others. WORKSHEET-195 Solutions Three components of a political party are : 1. Functions of opposition political parties : (i) The Leaders: A political party consists of leaders, 1. Those parties that lose in the elections play the who contest elections and if they win they, role of opposition to the parties in power. perform the administrative job. 2. Criticizing government for its failures or wrong (ii) The Active Members: They are the ones, who policies. climb a ladder from being the follower and become the assistant of the leaders to gain 3. Opposition parties mobilize opposition to the knowledge about politics. government. (iii) The Followers: They are simply the ardent 4. Shape public opinion. followers of the leaders and work under the able (Any three points to be explained) guidance of the active members. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2 + 3 = 5 Detailed Answer : 3. Functions of the Ruling Parties : Three functions of opposition political parties : (i) They play a major role in making laws for the (i) The main function of an opposition party is to force country. the ruling party or the party in power to function (ii) They form the government and run the country. properly and fulfill their promises made during the (iii) They recruit leaders, train them and then make electoral campaign. ministers to run the government. (ii) They are very important for any bill to pass or any Functions of the Opposition Parties : law to implement in the house of legislature. (i) They oppose the government by voicing different (iii) Because in a democracy such as India, a complete views. majority is not possible therefore, opposition parties (ii) They criticise the government for its failure and also hold power in certain areas and are equally important. wrong policies. (iii) They mobilise opposition to the government. 2½ + 2½ = 5 2. Political Party is a group of people who come 4. (i) In countries like U.S.A. members and supporters together to contest elections and hold power in the government. of a party choose its candidates. 1 (ii) In any party, the big policy decisions are taken by political executive, who comes from that political S OLUT I ONS P-133

party. Parties recruit their leaders, train them and (iii) The parties that lose in the elections play the role then make them ministers to run the government in of opposition to the parties in power, by voicing the way they want. This is how they form and run different views and criticising government for its their government. 2 failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government. 2 TOPIC-2 Type of Party Systems WORKSHEET-196 Solutions legislatures. But only the two main parties have a 1. Main features of two-party system : serious chance of winning majority of seats to form (i) Power usually changes between two parties, government. Such a party system is called two- several other parties may exist. party system. (ii) In such a system, people get a clear choice. (iii) The party that wins the majority forms the (iii) If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to government and the other sits in opposition. (iv) Strong opposition is good for democracy. power either on their own strength or in alliance (v) Prompt decisions are taken and implemented. with others, we call it a multi-party system. Thus in (vi) More development and less corruption. India, we have a multi-party system. 1+1+1=3 (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3. Bi-party system : 2. (i) We cannot consider one-party system as a good (i) In some countries, power usually changes between option because this is not a democratic option. Any democratic system must allow atleast two parties to the two main parties. It is also known as the two compete in elections and provide a fair chance for the competing parties to come to power. party system. (ii) In some countries, power usually changes between (ii) In this system, the government is formed by one main parties. Several other parties may exist, party and the other plays the role of opposition. contest elections and win a few seats in the national Merit—This system allows stability of government as no coalition is there. Demerit— In this system, only two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority seats to form the government. 5 WORKSHEET-197 Solutions 2. In the Multi-party system, three or more parties are in the competition to gain control of the government 1. Multi-party system: separately or in the coalition. When not any single If several parties compete for power and more party gain majority votes then several parties join and form a coalition government. Example- than two parties have a reasonable chance of India. Supporters of this system point out that it coming to power either on their own strength allows more points of view to be presented in the government. or in alliance with others, we call it a multi-party system. Merits : India adopted a multi-party system because: (i) There is social and geographical diversity in (i) This system allows a variety of interests and India. opinions to enjoy political representation. (ii) India is such a large country, which is not easily absorbed by two or three parties. (ii) People can make a choice between several candidates. (iii) The system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. Demerits : (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3 (i) No one party is likely to gain power alone. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Therefore, it leads to difficulty in formation of the government. P-134 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(ii) Leads to political instability and often appears to be (iii) Advantage of multi-party system :– very messy. 1+2+2=5 3. (i) More than 750 parties are registered with the This system allows a variety of interests and Election Commission of India. 1 opinions to enjoy political representation. (ii) In India there were three such major alliances in 2004 Disadvantage of multi-party system :– parliamentary elections - the National Democratic The multi-party system often appears very messy Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the and leads to political instability. 2 Left Front. 2 TOPIC-3 National and Regional Parties WORKSHEET-198 Solutions 3. (i) NCP espouses democracy, gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. 1. State parties seeking national level coalition : Before the general elections of 2014, in three (ii) CPI-M enjoys its strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the poor, general elections, no one national party was factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and able to secure on its own a majority in Lok intelligentsia. Sabha. With the result, the national parties were compelled to form alliances with state or regional (iii) CPI accepts parliamentary democracy as a means parties. Since 1996, nearly every one of the state of promoting the interests of the working class, parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one farmers and the poor. 1+1+1=3 or the other national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of 4. ‘Bharatiya Janata Party’ (BJP) gets inspiration federalism and democracy. from India’s ancient culture and values. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 Four important features : (i) Cultural nationalism or ‘Hindutva’ is an 2. A regional party is a party that is present in only some states. important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics. Conditions required for a party to be recognized as a regional political party are : (ii) The party wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India. (i) A party that secures at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a (iii) A uniform civil code for all people living in the state. country irrespective of religion and ban on religious conversions. (ii) Wins at least two seats in the Legislative Assembly. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 + 2 = 3 (iv) Its support base increased substantially in 1990s. 1 + 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] Solutions WORKSHEET-199 1. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. Its main Ideology of BJP : aim is that it seeks to represent and secure power for the Bahujan Samaj which includes (i) Wants full territorial and political integration of the dalits and adivasis, OBCs and religious Jammu and Kashmir with India. minorities. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 (ii) A uniform civil code for all people living in the 2. A political party is a group of people who come country irrespective of religion. together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies (iii) Cultural nationalism. (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3 and programmes for the society with a view to promote the collective good. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3. National political parties have units in the various states, they follow the same policies, programmes and strategy that is decided at the national level. S OLUT I ONS P-135

Conditions required : states and gains four seats in the lower house then (i) A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes that party is granted the status of the national party. in general elections of Lok Sabha or Assembly (ii) A regional party’s symbol can be changed and Elections in four states. repeated in another state. Conversely, the symbol (ii) Wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha. of a national party is permanent which cannot be repeated. 1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iii) A regional party influences a particular region or 4. Regional and National Parties : state. In contrast, a national party influences over The Election Commission gives regulation to entire country. the parties as regional and national party on the (iv) A regional party must win seats of at least two following basis : states. While, a national party must win seats in at (i) REGIONAL PARTY : least four states. (a) A party to secure at least six per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of (v) A regional party aims at promoting regional interest. a state and win at least two seats. On the other end, a national party aims at resolving (b) Example : Trinamool Congress, Shiv Sena, national and international issues. DMK etc. Examples of national parties- BJP, CPI(M), INC, (ii) NATIONAL PARTY : BSP, etc. (a) A party that secures at least six per cent of the Examples of regional parties- AAP, Shiv Sena, All total votes in Lok Sabha election or Assembly India Forward Bloc, etc. in four states and wins at least four seats in Lok Sabha. (Any three points along with examples) 3 (b) For example : BJP, Indian National Congress, etc. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 5. Importance of Regional Political Parties:- Over the last three decades, the number and Detailed Answer : strength of regional parties have expanded. This In India, political parties are recognized as regional made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse. No one national party is able and national parties in the following ways : to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. (i) A regional party refers to the party that obtains a As a result, the National Parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties since 1996. minimum of 6% of the total votes in State Assembly Nearly everyone of the state parties has got elections and acquires a minimum of two seats. an opportunity to be a part of one or the other On the contrary, if a party occupies 6% of the total National level coalition government. This has votes polled in the elections of the lower house of contributed to the strengthening of federalism Parliament or Legislative Assembly elections in four and democracy in our country. 5 (To be assessed as a whole)  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] WORKSHEET-200 Solutions 3. The difference between a state and a national 1. Jharkhand—JMM—Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, party can be identified as follows : its symbol is bow & arrow. (i) In a state party, the party members aim to Maharashtra—INC—Indian National Congress, highlight regional interests. On the other hand, its symbol is hand. a national party gives due importance to national interests. Odisha—BJD—Biju Janata Dal, its symbol is (ii) A state party can contest in elections only in a conch. 1×3=3 particular state, whereas a national party can [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] contest in elections all across the country. (iii) Example: BJP and Congress are national parties, 2. Tamil Nadu — AIADMK (All India Dravida whereas Akali Dal and Trinamool Congress are Munnetra Kazhagam), DMK. state-level parties. 1×3=3 Andhra Pradesh — Telugu Desam, Lok Satta Kerala — Kerala Congress (Joseph) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] Puducherry — AINRC (All India N. R. Congress) 4. Democracies that follow a federal system all over [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] ½ × 6 = 3 the world tend to have two kinds of political parties—Parties that are present in only one of the federal units and parties that are present in several or all units of the federation. P-136 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Those parties, which are countrywide parties, are state party. called national parties. (ii) A party that secures at least six per cent of the National and State Parties : total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly (i) A party that secures at least six per cent of the total elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party. votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognized as a 2+3 = 5 WORKSHEET-201 Solutions Regional Parties: (i) A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a State 1. The national political party, which espouses and wins at least two seats is recognised as a state secularism and welfare of weaker sections and party or regional party. minorities is the Indian National Congress. (ii) Regional parties have influence in about three Four features of this party are listed below : states. For example, DMK, Rashtriya Janata Dal, AIADMK, etc. 2½ + 2½ = 5 (i) Founded in 1885. 3. (i) The Election Commission treats all parties (ii) Dominated Indian politics, both at the national equally, it offers some special facilities to large and and state levels, for several decades after India’s established parties. 1 Independence. (ii) Parties those are given a unique symbol and only (iii) Ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol. Parties that get this privilege and 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its support declined. some other special facilities are ‘recognised’ by the (iv) A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its Election Commission for this purpose, these parties ideological orientation. 1+½×4=3 are called ‘recognised political parties’. 2 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (iii) The Election Commission has laid down detailed 2. National Parties: criteria of the proportion of votes and seats that a (i) A party that secures at least 6% of total votes in party must get in order to be a recognised party. A party that secures at least six per cent of the total Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha State and wins at least two seats in recognised as a is recognized as a national party. State Party. A Party that secures at least six per cent (ii) National parties have influence in more than three of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly states. For example: Congress, BJP, BSP, CPI-M, CPI elections in four States and wins at least four seats and NCP. in the Lok Sabha is recognized as a national party. 2 TOPIC-4 Challenges Faced By Political Parties and its Reforms Solutions WORKSHEET-202 1. Role of money and muscle power among (v) Democrats all over the world are worried political parties during elections – about the increasing role of rich people and big (i) Since parties are focussed only on winning companies in democratic politics. (Any three) 1×3=3 elections, they tend to use shortcuts to win (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) elections. (ii) They tend to nominate those candidates who 2. The three challenges faced by political parties have or can raise lots of money. in India are : (iii) Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have an influence on the (i) Lack of internal democracy. policies and decisions of the party. (iv) In some cases, parties support criminals who can (ii) Challenge of dynastic succession. win elections. (iii) Growing role of money and muscle power. S OLUT I ONS (iv) Often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] P-137

3. (i) According to the lack of democracy within 4. Situations which display a lack of internal parties, the power gets concentrated in one or few democracy within a political party – leaders at the top. They assume greater power to (i) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not make decisions in the name of the party. More than hold organisational meetings, and do not conduct loyalty to party principles and policies, personal internal elections regularly. loyalty to the leader becomes more important. (ii) Ordinary members of the party do not get (ii) The Labour Party and the Conservative Party are sufficient information on what happens inside the party. two political parties in Britain. They agree on more (iii) They do not have the means or the connections fundamental aspects but differ only in details on needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the how policies are to be framed and implemented. leaders assume greater power to make decisions (iii) In that case, those who happen to be the leaders in the name of the party. are in a position of unfair advantage to favour (iv) Since one or a few leaders exercise paramount people close to them or even their family members. power in the party, those who disagree with In many parties, the top positions are always the leadership find it difficult to continue in the controlled by members of one family. This is unfair party. to the other members of that party. This is also (v) More than loyalty to party principles and policies, bad for democracy, Since people who do not have personal loyalty to the leader becomes more adequate experience or popular support come to important. 1×5=5 occupy positions of power. 1+1+1=3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) WORKSHEET-203 Solutions 3. Effective measures to reform political parties are : 1. Efforts made by the legal organizations to (i) A law should be made to regulate the internal reform political parties in India : affairs of political parties. (i) To check defection, the Constitution was (ii) It should be made compulsory for political parties amended to prevent elected MLA’s and MPS’s to maintain a register of its members. from changing parties. (iii) It should be made mandatory for political parties (ii) The Supreme Court passed an order to reduce to give a minimum number of tickets, about 1/3rd the influence of money and criminal, by making it to its women candidates. mandatory to produce an affidavit giving details of the property and criminal cases pending (iv) There should be a quota for women in the against the candidate. decision making bodies of the party. (v) There should be state funding of elections. (iii) The Election Commission passed an order (vi) The government should give parties money to support their election expenses in kind making it necessary for political parties to hold of petrol, paper, telephone, etc., or in cash. their organisational elections and file their income tax returns. 1×3=3 (vii) Vote casting should be made compulsory in each election. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (viii) Data regarding castes and religions, OBCS, SCS, STS should not be utilized during election period 2. Dynastic succession is one of the most serious in any form. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 challenges before the political parties because : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] (i) Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning. 4. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism: It has focused on four areas in the working of (ii) There are few ways for an ordinary worker to rise political parties, need to face and overcome these challenges in order to remain effective to the top of a party. instruments of democracy. (iii) In many parties, the top positions are always Failure of political parties : (i) Lack of internal democracy within parties. controlled by members of one family. (ii) Dynastic succession. (iii) Growing role of money and muscle power in (iv) This practice is unfair to other members of that parties. party and is also bad for democracy. (iv) There is no meaningful choice to the voters. 1+4=5 (v) People who do not have adequate experience or  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] popular support come to occupy a position of power. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] P-138 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-204 Solutions (iii) The Election Commission passed an order making it necessary for political parties to hold 1. (i) Defection in politics means moving of a their organisational elections and file their person from one party to another party for income tax returns. some personal benefit. It means changing party (iv) The parties have started doing so but sometimes it allegiance from the party in which a person got is a mere formality. It is not clear if this step has led elected. to greater internal democracy in political parties. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1¼ × 4= 5 (ii) It happens when a legislature, after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins 3. (i) Lack of internal democracy: The first challenge in other party. is the lack of internal democracy within parties. The concentration of power in one or a few leaders (iii) The Constitution was amended to prevent at the top. elected MLA’s and MP’s from changing parties. (ii) Dynastic succession: Favour people close to them Now, the law says that if any MLA and MP or even their family members. In many parties, the changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the top positions are always controlled by members of legislature. one family. (iv) The new law has brought defection down and (iii) Money and muscle power: The third challenge is has made dissent even more difficult. about a growing role of money and muscle power (Any three) 1×3=3 in parties, especially during elections. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iv) Meaningful choice: The fourth challenge is that 2. (i) The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLA’s and MP’s from changing very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful parties. This was done because many elected representatives were indulging in defection in choice to the voters. 1¼ × 4 = 5 order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Now, if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or 4. There are various reasons for lack of democracy she will lose the seat in the legislature. within the political parties in India : (ii) The Supreme Court passed an order to (i) Concentration of power in one or a few leaders at reduce the influence of money and criminals. the top. Now, it is mandatory for every candidate who contests elections to file an affidavit giving (ii) Details of membership are not registered in the details of his property and criminal cases pending parties. against him. The new system has made a lot of information available to the public. But there is (iii) No organisational meetings. no system of a check if the information given by the candidates is true. (iv) No internal elections for membership within the party. (v) Top leaders have unanimous power of decision- making. 1×5=5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-205 Solutions 8. Because it is easy to absorb different social and geographical diversities in multi- party system. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (b) is correct. 9. supporters 3. Option (d) is correct. 10. welfare schemes 4. Option (a) is correct. 11. Political Party 5. Option (c) is correct. 12. Option (b) is correct. 6. To contest elections. 13. Parties put forward different policies and 7. Because one party system has no democratic option programmes and the voters choose from them. S OLUT I ONS P-139

14. More than 750 parties are registered with the that party can use that election symbol. Election Commission of India. Correct answer is : These parties are given a unique symbol–only the official candidates of that party 15. The Incorrect option is (d) : These parties are given can use that election symbol. an ordinary symbol–only the official candidates of WORKSHEET-206 Solutions 10. internal democracy 11. Option (b) is correct. 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 12. The multi-party system often appears very messy 2. Option (a) is correct. 3. Option (b) is correct. and leads to political instability. 4. Option (c) is correct. 13. Every party in the country has to register with the 5. Option (b) is correct. 6. China. Election Commission. 7. (i) Forward Bloc 14. The Incorrect option is (d) : A government is (ii) Trinamool Congress. 8. power, opposition expected to base its policies on the line taken by the 9. The Election Commission opposition party. Correct answer is : A government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.  CHAPTER 5 - OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY TOPIC-1 How do We Assess Democracy's Outcomes ? WORKSHEET-207 Solutions 3. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation 1. Relationship between democracy and development are : (i) Democracy gives importance to deliberation and Democracies are expected to produce public opinion. development. Development depends upon many factors, i.e., size of the population, global (ii) The democratic government will take more time to situation, cooperation from other countries, etc. follow procedures before arriving at a decision. In democracies, time is taken on discussion and reaching at a decision. So, it is slow, but it is not (iii) Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the unjust or inappropriate. 3 people and more effective. (iv) Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures. 2. (i) Democracy is better form of government because : (v) T ransparency as persons have the right and the means to examine the process of decision making. (a) It promotes equality among citizens (b) It improves the quality of decision-making. (vi) It follows procedures and is accountable to the people. (Any one) (ii) The democratic government takes more time (vii) The democratic government develops mechanisms to follow procedures before arriving at any for citizens to hold the government accountable. decision. But because it has followed procedures, its decisions may be both more acceptable to the (viii) Democratic government follows mechanisms people and more effective. for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think fit. (iii) As an economic outcome, we expect that democracies produce economic growth and (Any other relevant point) development, and reduce poverty and inequality. (Any five points to be explained) 1×5=5 1+1+1=3 [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] P-140 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-208 Solutions 4. Democracy is better form of government than other alternatives : 1. Democracy is considered to be successful when:- 1. Promotes equality among citizens. (i) The rulers elected by the people take all major 2. Enhances the dignity of the individual. decisions and not the rich and powerful. 3. Improves the quality of decision making. (ii) The elections offer a free choice and opportunity to the people. 4. Provides a method to resolve conflicts. (iii) The choice available to all the people is based on 5. Allows room to correct mistakes. political equality. 1×3=3 (Any other relevant point) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (Any five points to be discussed) 1×5=5  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 2. It is true some people think that democracy Detailed Answer : produces a less effective government because : (i) Non-democratic rulers do not have to bother Democracy is a better form of government when about deliberation in assemblies or worry about compared with any other form of government majorities and public opinion. because of the following reasons : (ii) They can be very quick and efficient in decision- (i) Democracy promotes equality among citizens. making and implementation. Every citizen of the country has equal rights before (iii) But democracy is based on the idea of deliberation the law. All individuals have equal weight in and negotiation. So, some delay is bound to take electing the representatives. place. (iv) Most democracies fall short of elections that (ii) Democracy enhances the dignity of the individual. provide a fair chance to everyone. By giving its citizens equal rights it enhances dignity (v) Democratic governments do not have a very good and freedom of the individual. Democracy gives record when it comes to sharing information with equal treatment and respect to women, deprived citizens. and discriminated castes in our society. (vi) Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of their (iii) Democracy improves the quality of decision- population. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 making. As there is open debate in major issues in  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] democracy thus, quality of decisions improves. 3. Merits of democracy are: (iv) Democracy provides a method to resolve conflicts. Democracy reduces the possibility of social tension (i) Democracy assures equality in every sphere of which leads to a peaceful social life. It allows room life like political, social and economic. to correct mistakes. (ii) It upholds basic individual liberties like freedom of speech, etc. (v) A democratic government is a legitimate government. (iii) Due obedience to laws. 1×3=3 Democracy gets the popular support of the people by holding regular, free and fair elections. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-209 Solutions (ii) The local governments take care of the issues pertaining to their regions. The Panchayati Raj system 1. Transparency is the most important feature of enables people to participate in governance. democracy : (iii) Freedom of press and media enables the people to (i) Democracy ensures that decision-making will be be well informed about the governmental activities. based on certain norms and procedures. (iv) In India, there are a large number of political parties (ii) So, a citizen who wants to know if a decision was with different bases. They compete with each taken through correct procedures can find this out. other to get public support. They participate in the democratic process. (iii) The citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making. This is known as (v) In India, an independent judiciary is very important transparency. 1×3=3 for the success of democracy. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 2. The factors which are responsible for the successful working of democracy in India are : 3. The outcomes one can reasonably expect of the democracy are : (i) In India, there is an autonomous Election Commission. Free and fair elections are held (i) In the political sphere—Right to vote, Right to periodically. The people elect their representatives contest elections. through the election procedure. S OLUT I ONS P-141

(ii) In the economic sphere—Minimised economic (ii) The democracies of the world claim and practice inequalities. (iii) In the social sphere—Equal protection to women, some kind of democratic politics, they have formal SCs, STs and OBCs.  1×3=3 constitutions, they hold elections, they have 4. (i) Imagine a government that may take decisions parties and they guarantee rights of citizens while very fast. But it may take decisions that are not these features are common to most of them, but accepted by the people and may, therefore, face these democracies are very much different from problems. each other in terms of their social situations, their (ii) In contrast, the democratic government will take economic achievements and their cultures. What more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision. may be achieved or not achieved under each of (iii) However, because it has followed procedures, its these democracies will be very different. 2 decisions may be more acceptable to the people (iii) The first step towards thinking carefully about and more effective. So, the cost of time that the outcomes of democracy is to recognize that democracy pays is perhaps worth it. 5  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] democracy is just a form of government. It can only 5. (i) When we talk to people around us, most of them create conditions for achieving something. The support democracy against other alternatives, such as citizens have to take advantage of those conditions rule by a monarch or military or religious leaders. 1 and achieve those goals. 2 TOPIC-2 Political Outcomes WORKSHEET-210 Solutions (ii) It may be slow, less efficient and not very responsive and clean, but it is people’s government. 1. (i) Right to the citizens to choose their leaders and (iii) There is overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world. People of South Asia, keep a check on them. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan and Nepal (ii) If required people can participate in decision- have no doubt about the suitability of democracy making either directly or through indirectly or through representatives. for their own country. (iii) It produces an accountable, responsive and (iv) People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them. Democracy’s ability to generate its own legitimate government. 1×3=3 support makes it more legitimate. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 2. Democratic governments in practice are 4. (i) For measuring democracy on the basis of expected outcome, we would look for the following accountable because : practices and institutions : (i) It is right to expect democracy to form a Regular, free and fair elections; open public debate government that follows procedures and is accountable to the people. on major policies and legislations; and citizens’ right to information about the government and its (ii) It is also expected that the democratic government functioning. 1 develops mechanisms for citizens to take part in decision making whenever they think it as fit. (ii) Democracies have had greater success in setting up regular and free elections and in setting up (iii) The democratic government is accountable to the conditions for open public debate. But most people. If it ignores the will of the people, they will not elect their ruler in the next general election. democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to everyone and in subjecting every (iv) The procedures and decision-making process decision to public debate. 2 should be transparent for democratic government to be accountable to the people. (iii) The reason is that democratic government is legitimate government. It may be slow, less (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] government. That is why there is an overwhelming 3. (i) A democratic government is called a legitimate support for the idea of democracy all over the government because it is people’s own government. world. 2 P-142 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-211 Solutions 5. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is the most positive feature. 1. Most of political parties are dependent on money given by big business houses. That’s why, the poor (Any other relevant point) and middle classes do not agree to participate (Any five points to be discussed) 1×5=5 in electoral process. Hence, a majority of people [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] keep away from politics and have little voice in Detailed Answer : Importance of democratic government as an politics. 3 accountable and legitimate government can be 2. A democracy produces an accountable, understood from the following points : responsive and legitimate government as : (i) Democracy produces an accountable government. Accountable government is the one, whose every (i) People have the right to choose their rulers and action is justified. We often find in democratic have control over the rulers. government that the rulers are elected by the people. A government comes in power due to (ii) Whenever possible and necessary, they should the majority of the public having voted for it. The participate in decision-making on issues that government is apprehensive that the same public affect them all. may not vote it to power next time if it does not fulfil their expectations. These elected representatives (iii) Democracy produces a government, which is constitute the government and participate in the accountable to the citizens. decision-making process on behalf of the people. Also the people (citizens) have the right and (iv) Democracy is based on the idea of liberation and means for examining the process .This is known negotiation. as transparency and is very essential for proper governance in the country. (v) Decision-making is based on norms and procedures and its transparency. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (ii) Democracy produces responsible government. A 3. A democratic government has to be responsive to democracy carries with it certain important liberal ideals of governance. They include, regular free the needs of its citizens. and fair elections, public debate on major policies (i) Through pressure groups, and public protests, the and legislations, openness of information regarding major government policies and legislation and democratic government can check the popularity corruption free government. All these factors of its decisions and mechanism of administering contribute towards making democratic government justice. a responsive form of government. For example, after (ii) A government which is able to respond to a prolonged period of mass protest and negotiation, grievances faster is able to avoid confrontation the UPA government had to finally agree to and provide good governance. 3 people’s demands and introduce the Lokpal Bill in [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] the Parliament. 4. Importance of Democratic Government : (iii) Democracy produces a legitimate government. 1. It produces a government that is accountable Legitimate government is a government under which law and action of the government are to citizens. revealed to the people and government functions 2. It responses to the needs and expectations of in a transparent manner. citizens. (iv) In a democracy, all the laws are applicable to all the 3. It ensures that decision making will be based citizens whether rich or poor. on norms and procedures for transparency (v) In a democracy, there is a political equality, i.e. making it accountable. every vote count has an equal weightage. 4. It has great success in setting up regular and free elections. (vi) People have the right to challenge the government policies and actions. If the people are not satisfied with the working of the government, they have the right to change it. (Any five points) WORKSHEET-212 Solutions (ii) Ensuring transparency. 1. A democratic government can be made accountable (iii) Holding regular, free and fair elections. by : (iv) Having open public debates. (i) Conducting discussions and negotiations. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 S OLUT I ONS P-143

2. Corruption of government : Detailed Answer : (i) Democracies often frustrate the needs of people Five outcomes of democracy : and often ignore the demands of the majority. (i) In a democratic nation, the government is (ii) The routine tales of corruption are enough to accountable to the citizens. It is responsive to the convince us that democracy is not free from this needs and expectations of the citizens. Moreover, evil. the government is efficient and effective. The (iii) But a democratic government is people’s own democratic governments work on the principle of government and pays heed to their demands. deliberation and negotiation, so delays take place. (iv) People have believed that democracy will be (ii) In a democracy, decisions are based on norms and attentive and make policies that will free the procedures. Decision making is transparent, i.e. country from corruption. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 every citizen has the right to examine the entire process of decision making. 3. Five outcomes of Democracy : (iii) In a democracy, the right to question the process of decision making is absent. 1. Accountable, responsive and legitimate (iv) It is provided that a democratic government is government. accountable, but there isn’t any mechanism to hold the government accountable and the decision 2. Economic growth and development. making is not based on norms and procedures. 3. Reduction of inequality and poverty. (v) Democracy is solely based on political equality. 4. Accommodation of social diversity. Every citizen has an equal weight in electing 5. Dignity and freedom of the citizens. representatives. However, the same is not true in the economic field. In democratic countries, the (Any other relevant point to be explained) poor usually become poorer and often find it hard to  1×5=5 cater to the basic essentials of life like food, clothing, higher education, and health. Democracies have [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] massively failed in this regard. TOPIC-3 Economic Outcomes Solutions WORKSHEET-213 1. Democracies are based on political equality : 2. Success of Democracies in reducing economic (i) All citizens have an equal role in electing inequalities : representatives. (i) We find growing economic inequalities in (ii) Parallel to the process of bringing individuals into democratic countries. the political arena, we find growing economic (ii) A small number of ultra-rich enjoys a inequalities. highly disproportionate share of wealth and (iii) Democracy does not appear to be very successful in incomes. reducing economic inequalities. (iv) The ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share (iii) Their share in the total income of the country of wealth and income. has been increasing. (v) At the bottom of the society, the people have very little to depend on. (iv) The income of poor have been decline (vi) It is difficult to meet their basic needs of life, such as sometimes they find it difficult to meet their food, clothing, house, education and health. basic needs of life. ½×6=3 (v) Though democracies gradually reducing the number of poor from poverty and hunger. Solutions 1. Democracies do not appear to be very successful (Any other relevant point to be justified) (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 in reducing economic inequalities. Although the  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] WORKSHEET-214 majority of voters constitute the poverty ridden group, yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be as keen to address the question P-144 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

of poverty as you would expect them to. Situation Arguments in support : is much worse in some of the countries where (i) It enhances the dignity of the individuals. people depend upon rich countries for food (ii) It improves the quality of decision-making. supplies. But even then, democracy is favoured (iii) It provides a method to resolve conflicts. because it provides the opportunity to change the  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 2 + 3 = 5 rulers. 3 3. In actual life, democracies do not appear to be 4. (i) Between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships had slightly reducing inequalities. higher rate of economic growth. 1 (i) The poor constitute a large proportion of our (ii) Economic development depends on several factors voters and no party likes to lose their votes, yet democratically elected governments have not like country’s population size, global situation, addressed the question of poverty as one would have expected them to. cooperation from other countries, economic (ii) The people in several poor countries are now priorities adopted by the country, etc. 2 dependent on rich countries even for food supplies. (iii) When we find such significant differences in the rate of economic growth between countries under dictatorship and democracy, it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes. 2 TOPIC-4 Social Outcomes Solutions WORKSHEET-215 1. (i) It is necessary to understand that democracy 3. (i) The most distinctive feature of democracy is is not simply ruled by the majority. The majority that its examination never gets over. As democracy always needs to work with the minority so that passes one test, it produces another test. As people governments function to represent the general view. get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more (ii) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not and want to make democracy even better. become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group. (ii) Democracy stands much superior to any other form The exception is Sri Lanka where majoritarianism of government in promoting dignity and freedom is followed. of the individual. Every individual wants to receive [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2 + 1= 3 respect from fellow beings. Often conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they 2. Democracy accommodates social diversities: are not treated with due respect. The passion for (i) Democracies develop a procedure to conduct respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. their competition. This reduces the possibility of (iii) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims social tensions becoming explosive or violent. of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for (ii) No society can fully and permanently resolve equal status and equal opportunity. There are still conflicts among different groups. But we can instances of caste – based inequalities and atrocities, certainly learn to respect these differences and but these lack the moral and legal foundations can evolve a mechanism to negotiate these 1+1+1=3 differences. (iii) Ability to handle social differences, divisions and 4. Respect and equal treatment of women are conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic necessary ingredients of a democratic society. regimes. (i) E conomic independence or access to an inherited (iv) Example: Belgium has successfully negotiated or self-generated income is considered to be the differences among its ethnic population. This major means of empowering women. reduces the possibility of tensions. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Equal political and civil rights as men. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iii) Ways of autonomy and freedom. (vi) Distributive justice to reduce inequalities in resources and power. S OLUT I ONS P-145

(v) L ove, universal brotherhood, sincerity, honesty (vi) Removing social evils including violence, torture, and integrity of character, firm attitude of humiliation, etc. (Any other relevant point) rendering help. (Any five points to be explained) [1×5=5] [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] WORKSHEET-216 Solutions (iv) It provides positive reservation for women and other advantages for discriminated groups. 1. The conditions are as follows : (i) To promote the dignity and freedom of the citizens, (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 all individuals should be treated as equal. Once 3. Democracy stands much superior to any other this principle is recognised, it becomes easier for form of government in promoting dignity and individuals to wage a struggle against what is not freedom of the individual – acceptable legally and morally. (i) Every individual wants to receive respect from (ii) Claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated fellow beings. for equal status and equal opportunity should be strengthened. Inequalities and atrocities lack moral (ii) The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. and legal foundations. 1½ + 1½ = 3 (iv) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims 2. Favourable conditions generally provided to of the disadvantaged and discriminated groups people under a democratic rule are : for equal status and equal opportunities. (i) It promotes dignity to everyone irrespective of (v) It provides methods to resolve conflicts. caste, creed and religion. (Any other relevant point) 1×5=5 (ii) It ensures freedom of the individual.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (iii) It provides equal status and opportunity. Detailed Answer SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X P-146

(Topper's Answer 2018) WORKSHEET-217 Solutions 3. Complaints are treated as testimony: 1. Ways in which democracy can be redefined to It shows that people have developed awareness make democracy more effective : and the ability to expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty. (i) Ensures that views of the minority are respected. A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic (ii) Eliminates caste, religion and gender-based discrimination. project. It transforms people from the status of a (iii) People enjoy extensive rights from right to vote to subject into that of a citizen. participate in elections. (To be assessed as a whole.)  5 (iv) People enjoy social and economic rights. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 4. (i) A democratic country looks into the needs and 2. Democracy leads to peaceful and harmonious aspirations of every section of society. It is also able life among citizens – to handle social conflicts, divisions and differences. (i) Democracy accommodates various social divisions. (ii) The government of Belgium was able to negotiate differences between two linguist communities after (ii) Democracy reduces the possibility of tensions framing policies which accommodated the major becoming explosive and violent. ethnic communities in the country. (iii) Ability to handle social differences and conflicts (iii) Accommodating the demands of minority among different groups is a plus point of communities reduces the possibility of problems democracy. becoming explosive or violent. In a democratic (iv) Democracy develops procedure to conduct government, the majority should work in close healthy competitions among different groups in cooperation with the minority. a society. (iv) The rule of the majority community should not be taken in the religious or linguistic sense alone. (v) Democracy respects differences and provides Thus, on the basis of social accommodation and mechanism to resolve them. respecting each other’s cultures and freedom—a (vi) Democracy always accommodates minority view. major feature of democracy, it is a fair expectation (Any five points to be explained) 1×5=5 that a democratic country should produce a  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] harmonious social life. 1¼×4=5 S OLUT I ONS P-147

5. “A public expression of dissatisfaction with (ii) People look critically at power holders. They democracy shows the success of the democratic want to make democracy better. project” as : (iii) They come up with expressions and complaints. (i) It shows that people have developed awareness (iv) They value their democratic rights. and the ability to expect. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1¼ × 4 = 5 WORKSHEET-218 Solutions (ii) The tyranny of the majority overrides the will of 1. (i) Democracies take more time in decision-making. the minority. (ii) Democracies fall short of elections that provide (iii) Corruption and red-tapism dominate the functioning of democracies. a fair chance to everyone and subjecting every decision to public debate. (iv) An illiterate and uninformed electorate fails to give (iii) The routine tales of corruption are enough to convince that democracies are not free of evil. itself a legitimate and accountable government. 1×3=3 (v) The role of charismatic leaders and dynastic 2. The roles of citizens in a democracy are as politics dominates political cultures. follows : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 5 (i) Citizens exercise their rights and freedoms and get benefited from the democratic setup. 4. (i) No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can (ii) They must be aware of their rights and duties. certainly learn to respect these differences and (iii) They should be aware of the issues and problems we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. 1 the country is facing. (ii) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not (iv) They must cooperate in maintaining law and simply rule by majority opinion as in case of Sri Lanka. The majority always needs to work with order. minority so that governments function to represent (v) People must consider other‘s needs and interests the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. 2 also. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 × 5 = 5 (iii) Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and 3. Democracy is seen to be good in principles but groups may and can form a majority. Democracy not in practice because of the following reasons: remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. (i) The decision-making process in a democracy is If someone is barred from being in majority on the time-taking, whereby justice delayed is justice basis of birth, then the democratic rule ceases to be denied. accommodative for that person or group. 2 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) Solutions WORKSHEET-219 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 2. Option (d) is correct. 8. Democratic government. 3. Option (b) is correct. 9. rules and procedures 4. Option (a) is correct. 10. poverty 5. Option (b) is correct. 11. peaceful 12. Option (c) is correct. 6. Democratic reforms can be carried out by 13. The most basic outcome of democracy is to provide politically conscious citizens by increasing and improving the quality of political participation political and social equality to the citizens. i.e. active participation in the functioning of the 14. Democracy is an accountable and responsive type government. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] of government. 7. Democratic reforms carried out by movements 15. The Incorrect option is (d) : Allows room to make increase and improve the quality of political participation. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] more mistakes. Correct answer is : Allows room to correct mistakes. P-148 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Solutions WORKSHEET-220 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c) 9. economic inequalities 2. Option (b) is correct. 10. Non – democratic 3. Option (b) is correct. 11. Option (d) is correct. 4. Option (d) is correct. 12. Economic growth, development, reduction of 5. Option (c) is correct. 6. To examine the process of decision-making in a poverty and inequality are the prominent economic outcomes of democracy. democracy is known as transparency. 13. Democracy stands much superior to any other form 7. Democracy gives political equality by granting of government for promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. every individual the right to vote. 14. The Incorrect option is (a) : Most societies across the 8. Increase in domestic production and services world were historically female dominated societies. Correct answer is : Most societies across the world leading to all round growth in people’s standard of were historically male dominated societies. living is known as economic growth. qqq S OLUT I ONS P-149

SEUCNTIITON IBV UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOP- MENT (Economics) CHAPTER 1 - DEVELOPMENT TOPIC-1 National Development WORKSHEET-221 Solutions (ii) The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty were 1. The quality of life depends upon the following hospitalized and twenty six thousand were treated factors : for symptoms of poisoning. (i) Money and material things. (iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 (ii) Presence of family members, friends and relatives. per annum and above in 2017, are called rich (iii) Good working atmosphere at the office. countries. 1+1+1=3 (iv) An opportunity to learn. (v) A position of self-respect in the family. 4. (i) Per capita income of Haryana is ` 1,80,174 and (vi) A safe and secure environment. (Any three) that of Kerala is ` 1,63,475. 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (ii) Literacy rate of Haryana according to 2011 [2018- 19 Economic Survey] is 82% and Kerala is 94%, 2. It is true that for development, people look at a mix i.e., Haryana lags behind Kerala. of goals, e.g: (i) If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in (iii) Therefore, income by itself is not a completely the household and society increases. So, dignity is adequate indicator of material goods and services an important goal. that citizens are able to use. (ii) However, it is also the case that if there is respect for (iv) Over the past decade, health and education women, there would be more sharing of housework indicators have come to be widely used along and greater acceptance of women working outside. with income as a measure of development. (iii) A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. These are goals other than (v) Human Development Report published by UNDP income. Hence, the development goal is not only compares countries on the basis of educational for better income, but also for other important levels of the people, health status and per capita things in life. 1×3=3 income. 3. (i) All children in the class have different heights, (vi) Kerala has a low infant mortality rate as it has health, talents and interests. Some are studious, some adequate provision of basic healthcare and healthiest, some may be friendly and others may be educational facilities. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 intelligent. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-222 Solutions person can afford to shift to a community that 1. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that already has all these things. Money may also not be able to protect individual from infectious a person may need to live well. Income by itself is diseases, unless the whole of our community not a completely adequate indicator of material takes preventive steps. 3 goods and services that citizens are able to use. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] For example, normally, money cannot buy a pollution-free environment or ensure that a 2. Different persons could have different as well as person gets unadulterated medicines, unless a conflicting notions of a country’s development. In fact; two persons or groups of persons may P-150 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X