10 th Science Oswall Worksheet Solution

seek things which are conflicting. To get more 4. (i) If I get a job in a far off place, before accepting it I would try to consider many factors, apart from electricity, industrialists may want more dams. income, such as facilities for my family, working But this may submerge the land and disrupt the atmosphere or opportunity to learn etc. I would lives of people who are displaced - such as tribes. They might resent this and may prefer small also make sure that I get salary on time and there is a job security. 2 check dams or tanks to irrigate their land. 3 (ii) If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016)] in the household and society increases, so dignity 3. The average income, i.e., per capita income is is an important goal. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women, there would be the main criterion used by the World Bank in more sharing of housework and greater acceptance classifying different countries. of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up Limitations : a variety of jobs. These are the goals other than (a) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring income Hence, for development, people look at a factors like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, mix of goals. 2 net attendance ratio for class I-V, etc., which are (iii) Because different persons could have different important indicators for development. as well as conflicting notions of a country’s (b) This method also does not provide us the development. Their ideas may differ naturally. 1 distribution of income at different levels. 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-223 Solutions 4. Development means continuous progress or increase in real per-capita income. In other words, 1. Development refers to progress or improvement in there is an improvement in the economic welfare lifestyle. Important aspects of development are: of the people and their standard of living. (i) Different persons can have different The four characteristics of development are : developmental goals. (i) Developmental goals are different for different (ii) What may be development for one may not people. be development for the other. It may even be (ii) What may be development for one may not be destructive for others. 1½ + 2½ = 3 development for the others. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (iii) For development, people look at a mix of goals. (iv) Different persons could have different as well as 2. Economic development refers to the adoption of new technologies, transition from agriculture- conflicting notions of country’s development. based to industry-based economy and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 + 4 = 5 improvement in lifestyle. 5. (i) Per capita income is the average income. It is the Two bases of measuring development of a country income per head of the population per year. are: (ii) Per capita income = Total income of the country (i) Average or per capita income. Total population (ii) National income and public facilities. 1+2=3 (iii) It is not an adequate indicator because : 3. (i) Role of education: It plays a vital role in the (a) It does not tell us how this income is distributed. overall development of a human being and Per capita income might not be the income of every society, therefore stress on imparting education individual in the state. has been given in our Constitution. (b) Life expectancy and infant mortality rate are other (ii) Role of Health: The general health standard important criteria for measuring development. in India is quite low. This is quite inevitable as nearly one-fourth of the population lives below (c) Education and literacy level are other indicators of the poverty line. development. (iii) A community based programme on healthcare (d) Pollution free environment, less corruption, gender and medical services in rural areas has been equality etc. are also important. launched. As a result of these efforts, there has been a fall in the incidence of certain diseases like (Any three) 1+1+3=5 tuberculosis, leprosy and polio. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 1×3=3 S OLUT I ONS P-151

6. (i) World Bank classifies countries according to their The limitations of this report are: per capita income. (i) It considers only income and not other aspects such (ii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above in 2017, are called rich countries. as literacy, health, life expectancy, etc. (iii) Countries with per capita income of US$ 955 or less (ii) World Development Report (WDR) only tells about are called low-income countries. income and not how it is distributed among the citizens.  3+2=5 WORKSHEET-224 Solutions (iii) Different countries have different populations, so total income will not tell us what an average person 1. (i) High per capita income. is likely to earn. (ii) High HDI. (iii) Greater focus on economic growth rather than (iv) According to the World Bank criterion, countries development. with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum (iv) High standard of living. and above in 2017, are called rich countries and (v) Most of the population has access to basic those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are healthcare and education. called low-income countries. (vi) High quality of life parameters—including Limitations: Average income does not depict how the freedom, equal opportunities, etc. ½×6=3 income is distributed among the people. Some may be [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] very rich but the masses may be poor. 4+1=5 2. Development goals may be common, different or 4. (i) Development refers to the process as a result of which along with increase in real per-capita income, conflicting : there is improvement in the economic welfare and (i) Common Goals: There are some needs which well-being of people. are common to all like income, freedom, equality, The UNDP has taken: security, respect, friendship, etc. (ii) Different Goals: Development or progress does (a) Education, not mean the same thing for every individual. Each individual has his own idea of development. (b) Health and For example, development for a farmer might mean irrigation facilities; while for an unemployed (c) Per capita income as the indicators. youth, it may mean employment opportunities, etc. (iii) Conflicting Goals: What may be development (ii) Compared it to the World Bank Report : for some, may become destruction for some others. For example, Industrialists may want (a) It is a broader concept of development. dams for electricity, but such dams would displace (b) Countries have been ranked and goals other than the natives of a region by submerging their land. level of income are being taken into account. 1×3=3 3+2=5 3. Use of averages to compare development: (i) Averages are used for better understanding. 5. (i) Kerala (ii) For comparison between countries, total income is (ii) Haryana : Reason: Developed infrastructural facilities. not very useful. (iii) Bihar Reason: The state lacks health facilities. 1+2+2 = 5 TOPIC-2 Public Facilities Solutions WORKSHEET-225 1. Human Development Index is published by the (iii) One comes to know the important welfare UNDP. elements such as life expectancy, literacy, (i) It indicates the level of development of a country. educational level of people and health status. (ii) It indicates to a country how far it has reached and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1×3=3 how far it has yet to reach to achieve high ranks in 2. (i) UNDP compares countries based on the matters such as per capita income of the people. educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income as their indicators, to prepare P-152 their Human Development Report. SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(ii) Sri Lank - 76th Rank. (iii) Opportunity to learn: There should be an (iii) One way to find out if we are properly nourished is opportunity for personal career growth, so that no boredom or stagnation sets in. to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). 1+1+1=3 (iv) Working atmosphere needs to be cooperative 3. If one gets a job in a far off place, before accepting and healthy: There should be good team spirit it, one would try to consider many factors, apart and the seniors should look after the newcomers from income such as: and guide them. If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society (i) Facilities for the family: I would have to check if increases. A safe and secure environment may there is a good educational facility for children, a allow more women to take up jobs or run a good house and locality to stay in, good medical business. facilities should also be available. (v) Time for your family: Working hours should (ii) Job security: I should have clear terms of be fixed and adhered to so that there is time for employment stated in my appointment letter. A spending with family. Leave facility must be job which gives high pay but no job security will there as well. reduce one’s sense of security and freedom. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 1×5=5 WORKSHEET-226 Solutions (b) For an urban youth, it may be employment. (c) For a landless labourer, it may be land. 1. (i) Life expectancy. (d) For a girl, it might mean gender equality or more (ii) Gross enrolment ratio. freedom. (Any three) 2+3=5 (iii) Per capita income. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 4. (i) No, income itself is not a completely adequate 2. (i) Apart from income, people also seek things like indicator of material goods and services that citizens equal treatment, freedom, security and respect of are able to use. 1 others. (ii) They resent discrimination. All of these are (ii) Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has important goals. adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities. 2 (iii) In fact, in some cases, these may be more (iii) In some states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) important than more income or more consumption functions well. Health and nutritional status of because material goods are not all that you need to live. people of such states is certainly likely to be better. (iv) Money or material things that one can buy with it is one factor on which our life depends. 2 5. (i) Income by itself is not a completely adequate  (Any three) 1×3=3 indicator. 3. (i) Development or progress does not mean (ii) Money cannot buy you a pollution-free one and the same thing for every individual. environment. Each individual has his/her own notion of (iii) Money may also not be able to protect you from development. infectious diseases. Therefore, the whole community needs to take (ii) People seek things that are most important for preventive steps, i.e.: them, i.e. things that can fulfil their aspirations or (i) Collective security for the whole society. desires. (ii) Public facilities such as schools. (iii) Public Distribution System in some states. Examples : (a) Development for a farmer might be proper All this can only be done collectively and not irrigation facilities. individually. 3+2=5 TOPIC-3 Sustainability of Development Solutions WORKSHEET-227 2. (i) Groundwater overuse is particularly found in and western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab centeral and Southern India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements. S OLUT I ONS P-153

(ii) Middle East has maximum 808 thousand million (ii) Groundwater is overused for agriculture. barrels of oil and it will last for only 70 years, if it continues to extract oil at the same rate. (iii) Water is drawn from wells and this leaves the underground water-table depleted. (iii) India depends on importing oil from abroad because it doesn’t have enough stocks of its own. (iv) Since water is a renewable resource, we must 1+1+1=3 help in replenishing water. 2. (i) Sustainable development is all about judicious (v) We would be overusing the resources, if use more use of resources at present keeping in mind the than what is being replenished. 1×5=5 future requirements of the coming generations. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-228 Solutions 1. Importance of sustainable development – (i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the needs of today without compromising the needs of the future generation. ((iiiii )) IStulsatyasineambpilihtyasiiss the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain ecological balance. on environmental protection and checks environmental degradation. (iv) To stop over-exploitation and overuse of resources. (Any three points to be explained with relevant examples like petroleum, coal, groundwater, etc.) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Detailed Answer: P-154 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

[Topper's Answer, 2018] 2. Sustainable development is important for (ii) The present resources must be used judiciously, economic growth because : with planning, and over-exploitation should be avoided. 3+2=5 (i) Environment must be conserved while [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] development is taking place. 3. (i) Renewable resources, e.g. – Groundwater. 1 Non-renewable resources, e.g. Petroleum. (ii) Resources must be used in such a way that they (ii) Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock are conserved for future generations. on earth which cannot be replenished. 2 (iii) Sustainability of development is development (iii) The standard of living of all people must be without environmental degradation and with conservation of resources for the future generations. raised. It is comparatively a new area of knowledge in Measures to ensure sustainable development : which scientists, economists, philosophers and (i) We should focus on using renewable resources other social scientists are working together. 2 and keep inventing new techniques to decrease the use of conventional resources. WORKSHEET-229 Solutions (ii) In the name of development, we have indulged in activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, 1. Consequences of environmental degradation do encroachment into forest lands, overuse of groundwater, use of plastics, etc. not respect national or state boundaries. This (iii) The exploitation of natural resources not only harms issue is no longer a regional or national issue. the environment, but it may also cripple the future generations of the development process itself. Our future is linked together. Sustainability of (iv) If fossil fuels are exhausted, the development of development is essential for the entire mankind all countries would be at risk. and it is our joint responsibility to save the (v) Thus, there is a need for conservation and judicious use of resources for development. environment. These days, it is a matter of (Any other relevant point.) discussion among different countries of world. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5 Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be 3. Sustainable development may be defined as controlled by one nation. It is a global matter of development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the thinking and finding the solutions. 3 future generations to meet their own needs. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Features : (i) It is linked to sustainability since it has to be 2. This statement is given by Mahatma Gandhi : maintained for future generations. (i) It means that the earth has abundant resources to satisfy everyone’s needs but in our greed and hurry to develop, we have been recklessly exploiting these resources. S OLUT I ONS P-155

(ii) Resources are to be used wisely so that they Measures to Promote Sustainable Development : can be replenished. For example, if trees are cut, they should also be re-planted and allowed to grow. (i) Increased use of renewable resources: Sustainable development is the management of renewable (iii) Overuse of resources which exhausts them. resources for the good of the entire human and For example, petroleum. If it is used indiscriminately, natural community. For sustainable development, it will soon get finished and future generations will we must support the usage of renewable resources have nothing left in their hands. such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass energy sources. (iv) If development is not sustainable, it will give rise to environmental degradation and become a global (ii) Less use of fossil fuels: Fossil fuels take a lot of problem. time to be formed. These fossil fuels contribute tremendously to environmental pollution. (v) People must be protected against pollution, thereby ensuring their quality of life and (iii) Introduction of organic farming: Organic Farming health. (Any four) 1+4=5 contributes largely in creating a better quality of soil and combating erosion. 4. Sustainable Development : Development without (iv) Adopting measures to reduce global warming: In environment degradation and with conservation of our everyday life, we should contribute towards resources for the future generations. building a better environment. 1+4=5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-230 Solutions 7. implementation of stringent policies to control misuse of water 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (c) is correct. 8. Option (a) is correct. 3. (A) - For landless rural labourers 9. For comparing countries, their income is considered (B) - Good and sufficient monsoon season. 4. Option (b) is correct. to be one of the most important attributes. 5. Option (d) is correct. 10. The Incorrect option is (b) : It is true that if women 6. BMI - (Body Mass Index) : Weight of the person are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the in kg and height in meters is taken. Divide the household and society decreases. weight by the square of the height. Correct answer is : It is true that if women [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. WORKSHEET-231 Solutions 7. Moral days of work and better wages. 8. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(e), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(b), (v)-(a) 9. Net Attendance Ratio 10. Option (a) is correct. 2. (A) - To find a good job and earn a decent wage to 11. Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and maintain a good standard of living. services that you need to live well. (B) - A girl from a rich urban family 12. The Incorrect option is (b) : And those with per 3. Option (d) is correct. capita income of US$ 755 or less are called low- income countries. 4. Option (d) is correct. Correct answer is : And those with per capita 5. Option (a) is correct. income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries. 6. (a) Job Security WORKSHEET-232 (b) Better working condition 3. Option (b) is correct. (c) Opportunity to learn (Any two) 4. Option (c) is correct. 5. Option (d) is correct. Solutions 1. Option (d) is correct. 2. Option (c) is correct. P-156 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

6. One developmental goal of a prosperous farmer 11. Dividing the total income of a country by its total from Punjab could be access to global markets and population. provision of uninterrupted electricity and inputs such as fertilizers and high yielding variety of 12. developmental goals seeds. 13. mankind 14. all round development 7. The developmental goal for farmers who are only 15. per capita income dependent on rain for growing crops would be a 16. Literacy rate good and sufficient monsoon season, so that their 17. Renewable crops obtain the required irrigation and they may 18. Kerala benefit with the good produce. 19. pollution-free 20. Kerala has a low Infant Mortality Rate because it has 8. The developmental goal of an urban unemployed youth would be to find a good job and earn a adequate provision of basic health and educational decent wage with that work. He will wish to facilities. maintain a good standard of living. 21. Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. 9. Per capita income. 10. It is the most appropriate criterion for measuring qqq the development of any country. CHAPTER 2 - SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY TOPIC-1 Sectors of Economic Activities WORKSHEET-233 Solutions (iii) The tertiary sector created huge employment even for the uneducated and unskilled workers. 1. (i) Development of services such as transport, trade and storage promote agriculture and (iv) The tertiary sector is responsible to distribute its industry. services and goods to different consumers. (ii) Rise in income level. (iii) Development of information and communica-  (Any three points) 3 tion technology. 2. (i) When we produce a good by exploiting natural (iv) It provide larger number of employment. (Any other relevant point) resources, it is an activity of the Primary Sector. Since most of the natural products we get are from (Any three points to be explained) agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry etc. So this sector is also called agriculture and related sector. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 (ii) The Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms Detailed Answer : through ways of manufacturing that we associate Tertiary sector or the service sector composes with industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature manufacturing is essential this almost 50% of India’s population. The young could be in a factory, workshop or it could be made generation studies hard, get good marks and at home. then simply hunt for a good and secure job. The (iii) The activities that help in the development of reasons why this sector is gaining importance can Primary and Secondary sectors come under the be summed up in following points: category of the tertiary sector. These activities by (i) The need for tertiary is increasing as there is themselves, do not produce a good but they are more need of services like financial institutions, an aid or a support for the production process e.g. educational institutions, etc. in Indian economy. transport banks, Communication. These activities (ii) The tertiary sector accounts for most of the national generate services rather than goods, so the tertiary and per capita income of India. sector is also called the service sector. S OLUT I ONS P-157

3. Comparison of economic activities in Private (iii) Government raises money for various activities sector and Public sector : through taxes while private sector collects money for the services they provide. (i) Most of the assets of public sector are owned by the government while private sector is owned by (iv) Activities in the private sector are guided by the individuals or group of individuals. motive to earn profits while public sector is not just to earn profits. (ii) Government provides all services in public sector while in private sector it depends on private (v) Railways, Post office are examples of public sector owner. while Tata Steel and Reliance are example of private sector.  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 5 Solutions WORKSHEET-234 1. Contribution of Public Sector to Economic Detailed Answer : The following are the major differences between Development: public sector and private sector : (i) In the public sector, the government owns most (i) Public Sector is a part of the country’s economy of the assets and provides all the services. where the control and maintenance are in the (ii) The purpose of the public sector is not just to earn hands of government. If we talk about Private profits, but also to provide facilities to the public Sector, it is owned and managed by the private in different ways. individuals and corporations. (ii) The aim of the public sector is to serve people, (iii) There are several things needed by society as but private sector enterprises are established a whole, some of these need spending large with the profit motive. sums of money which is beyond the capacity of (iii) In the public sector, the government has full the private sector and so they are provided by control over the organisations. Conversely, public sector. Private Sector companies enjoy less government interference. (iv) The government supports and encourages (iv) The employees of the public sector have the industrial activities providing affordable security of the job, along with that they are electricity. In the same way, to promote given the benefits of allowances, perquisites, agricultural activities, government purchases and retirement like gratuity, pension, their products on MSP and provide a subsidy for superannuation fund, etc. which are absent in the poor on these products. the case of the private sector. (v) In the private sector working environment is Any other relevant point. quite competitive which is missing in the public sector because they are not established to meet  (Any three) commercial objectives. (vi) In general, Public Sector uses the basis of 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018] Seniority for promoting employees, however, merit cum seniority is also taken as a base for 2. Comparison between Private sector and Public promoting employees unlike the Private Sector, sector : where performance is everything, and so merit is considered as a parameter to promote them. (i) Most of the assets of public sector are owned by the government while private sector is owned by (Any five points) individuals or group of individuals. 3. (i) In counting the various goods and services, (ii) Government provides all services in public sector economists suggest that the value of goods and while in private sector it depends on private services should be used rather than adding up the owner. actual numbers. (ii) The value of all final goods and services produced (iii) Government raises money for various activities within a country during a particular period in all through taxes while private sector collects money the three sectors gives what is called the Gross for the services they provide. Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. (iii) In India, the mammoth task of measuring GDP is (iv) Activities in the private sector are guided by the undertaken by a Central government ministry. motive to earn profits while public sector is not This ministry, with the help of various government just to earn profits. departments of all the Indian states and union territories, collects information relating to total (v) Railways, Post office are examples of public sector volume of goods and services and their prices and while Tata Steel and Reliance are examples of then estimates the GDP. private sector. (Any other relevant point) SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 5 P-158

WORKSHEET-235 Solutions 4. Primary sector continues to be the largest 1. Tertiary sector is different from the other two employer because : sectors because: (i) Enough jobs have not been created in the (i) It does not provide or produce goods. secondary and tertiary sector. (ii) It provides services such as transport, I.T., (ii) In the tertiary sector, though the production has communications, etc. risen almost 11 times, but employment has grown (iii) It is the backbone of all the sectors. only 3 times. (iv) More the primary and secondary sectors develop, (iii) Even though industrial output went up by eight more is the requirement of services. times during the period, employment in the (Any three) 1×3=3 industry sector went up by only 2.5 times. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1×3=3 2. In urban areas, there are thousands of casual [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] workers in the service sector who search daily 5. Provisions of NREGA 2005: employment. For example, Petty workers, (i) 100 days assured employment every year to each painters, street vendors, rickshaw pullers, etc, who are underemployed because they do not rural household. have better work opportunities. (ii) One-third of the proposed jobs to be reserved for [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 women. 3. Classification of economic sectors on the basis of (iii) If an applicant is not employed within 15 days, he/ nature of activities are as follows: (i) Primary sector: When we produce goods by she is entitled to daily unemployment allowance. utilizing natural resources, it is an activity of the (iv) The governments have to establish Central primary sector, such as agriculture, dairy farming, fishing, forestry. Employment Guarantee Funds and State (ii) Secondary sector: In this, natural products are changed into other forms through manufacturing Employment Guarantee Funds for the that we associate with industrial activity. The product is not produced by nature but has implementation of the scheme. to be made and therefore, some process of manufacturing is essential. For example, using (v) The scheme is to be extended to 600 districts. cotton fibre from the plant we spin, yarn and weave cloth. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1 × 5 = 5 (iii) Tertiary sector: It helps in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. They provide 6. Primary Sector : Activities undertaken by using an aid or support for the production process. natural resources, e.g., forestry, agriculture, Transport, storage, communication, banking, fishing, etc. trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Secondary Sector : Activities include various 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] manufacturing activities and add utility to primary sector, e.g., Cotton�cloths, iron ore�steel, etc. Solutions 1. Public Sector: Tertiary Sector : Includes all such activities (i) The government owns most of the assets and which support primary and secondary sector by providing services, e.g., transportation, etc. provides all the services. (ii) The purpose of the public sector is not to earn  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5 profits. Government raises money through taxes to WORKSHEET-236 meet expenses on the services rendered by it. (iii) Railways and post office are examples of the (ii) Activities in the private sector are guided by the public sector. motive to earn a profit. To obtain such services, Private Sector: we have to pay money to these individuals and (i) Ownership of assets and delivery of services are companies. in the hands of private individuals or companies. (iii) Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) or Reliance Industries Ltd.(RIL) are examples of private sector. 1½+1½=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 2. Tertiary Sector: These are activities that help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities, by themselves, do not produce a good but they are an aid or support for the production process. S OLUT I ONS P-159

Four economic activities of this sector are— transport, storage, etc. Greater the development of banking, transport, storage, communication, etc. 3 the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services. 3. (i) All the three sectors–primary, secondary and (iii) As income levels rise, certain sections of people start tertiary-of the economy are interdependent. demanding many more services, such as eating out, tourism, shopping malls, private hospitals, private (ii) The various production activities in the three sectors schools, professional training, etc. This change is produce a very large number of goods and services. quite sharp in cities, especially in big cities. (iii) The three sectors have a large number of people (iv) Over the past decade or so, certain new services, such working in them to produce the goods and services. as those based on information and communication  1×3=3 technology have become important and essential. 4. Tertiary sector in India has been growing rapidly (v) Government policy of privatisation has also led to for a number of reasons : the growth of this sector. (i) In a developing country, the government has to take (vi) A large number of workers are engaged in services, responsibility for the provision of basic services. such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, For example, hospitals, educational institutions, transporters, etc. post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal (vii) However, the entire sector has not grown. Large corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance numbers of people engaged as construction companies, etc. workers, maid, peons, small shopkeepers, etc., do not find any change in their life. (Any five) (ii) The development of agriculture and industry led to the development of services such as trade, 1×5=5 WORKSHEET-237 Solutions (v) Primary sector has disguised unemployment, whereas workers in secondary and tertiary 1. (i) Service sector in India employs many different sectors work overtime. 1×5=5 kinds of people. However, there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled and [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] educated workers, such as managers, lawyers, 4. (i) In the initial stages of development, the primary sector was the most important sector of economic accountants, etc. activity. As the methods of farming changed and (ii) Also, there are a very large number of workers agriculture sector began to prosper, people began engaged in services, such as small shopkeepers, to take up other activities. repair persons, transport persons. These people barely manage to earn a living and yet perform these services. (ii) New methods of manufacturing were introduced, (iii) There is no alternative opportunity for them. factories came up and started expanding. Only a part of this sector is growing in reality. (iii) The secondary sector gradually became the  1×3=3 most important sector in total production and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] employment. 2. (i) Loans can be used to construct a well or to buy a (iv) With the development of sectors like transport and administration, the service sector kept on growing. better quality of seeds and pesticides. In the past 100 years, there has been a shift from (ii) Irrigation will help to have a second crop after the first one, even in the absence of monsoon. the secondary to the tertiary sector in developed countries. (iii) Transportation facility will facilitate taking their (v) The service sector has become the most important produce to the market to sell. 1×3=3 in terms of total production and employment. 3. (i) Industrial output has increased by 8 times but This is the general pattern observed in developed employment in the sector has increased only by countries. 1×5=5 2-5 times. 5. The main features of the tertiary sectors are : (i) This sector helps in the development of the primary (ii) In the tertiary sector, the production of services and secondary sectors. rose by 11 times, but employment in the services (ii) The activities related to this sector do not produce rose only by 3 times. key goods, but they provide aid or support for the production process. (iii) More than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, producing only (iii) It also provides essential services that may not one-quarter of the goods. directly help in the production of goods, such as the (iv) Secondary and tertiary sectors produce three– fourths of the produce, whereas they only services of teachers, doctors, barbers, lawyers, etc. employ half of the country’s workers. P-160 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iv) In recent times, certain new services based on (v) The services which are included in the tertiary information technology etc. have become more important. sectors are transport, storage, communication, Solutions banking, trade, etc. 1×5=5 1. All the three sectors are highly interdependent on WORKSHEET-238 each other : (i) When we use natural resources, it is an activity of production process. For example, goods that are produced in the primary or secondary sector would the primary sector. In the transportation sector, need to be transported by trucks or trains and then iron is the main raw material and the primary sold in wholesale and retail shops. We also may sector is concerned with the extraction of natural need to talk to others over the telephone or send resources like iron. The extraction is supported by letters (communication) or borrow money from the financing and information and technological banks (banking) to enhance production and trade. institutions. Transport, storage, communication, banking and (ii) The natural resources are changed into other trade are some examples of tertiary activities. Since forms through the process of manufacturing, i.e., these activities generate services rather than goods, manufacturing sector uses natural products as its raw materials. It is through the secondary sector that the tertiary sector is also called the service sector. 3 the natural resource, i.e. iron is changed into other 3. Tertiary Sector : It helps in the development of the forms through manufacturing. Manufacturing primary and secondary sectors. They provide aid or needs the support of the service sector in the form support for the production process. of engineers, electricians, etc. to change iron into Different kinds of people employed in this sector iron sheets and then in vehicles. because it provides lots of opportunity for job. (iii) All services, that enable us to pursue primary and (i) On one end, there are a limited number of services secondary activities are listed as tertiary activities. that employ highly skilled and educated workers. Once manufactured, the vehicles are sold in the (ii) On the other end, there are a very large number market by various agencies. These vehicles help all of workers engaged in services such as small the sectors to carry out their processes. shopkeepers, repair persons, transporters, etc.  1×3=3  2 + 1½ + 1½ = 5 2. Tertiary sector is different from other sectors in the 4. The significance of the secondary sector is that it following ways : transforms raw materials into commodities. It is the The activities of the tertiary sector are different as second largest sector of our country. these are the activities that help in the development Role in economic development : of the primary and secondary sectors. These (i) Secondary sector uses mechanical power and activities, by themselves, do not produce any modern use of labour. good but they provide an aid or support for the (ii) It provides employment to a large number of people. (iii) It also helps in creating self-sufficiency in the country. It produces goods for local and international consumers. 2+3=5 TOPIC-2 How to Create More Employment? WORKSHEET-239 Solutions (iv) Government can identify, promote industries 1. Employment generation in rural areas : and services in semi-rural areas to enhance em- (i) People can be employed in projects like ployment. (v) Government can open centres to give them train- construction of dam/canal/roads in the village. ing and financial assistance to help them become (ii) Government invests and employ people in self-employed. (Any other relevant point) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020] 3 providing transportation and storage services. (iii) People can be employed in services like banking, trade, etc. S OLUT I ONS P-161

2. Gross Domestic Production : (iii) If government invests money on transportation (i) GDP is undertaken by central government and storage of crops or makes better rural roads, it can provide productive employment not just to ministry. farmers but also to others who are in services like transport or trade. (ii) The value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular (iv) If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the year calculated. small and marginal-farmers, they will be able to (iii) The value of final goods and services in the three buy necessary inputs for their crops in time. sectors are calculated by the different government departments. (v) Another way to solve this problem is to identify, (Any other relevant point) promote and locate industries and services in the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 semi-rural areas where a large number of people may be employed. Example, Many farmers grow Detailed Answer : arhar and chickpea, for them a dal-mill to procure The value of final goods and services produced in and process these and sell in the cities; opening each sector during a particular year provides the a cold storage will give an opportunity to the total production of the sector for that year. And the farmers to store their produce like potato, and sum of production in the three sectors, i.e. primary, onion and sell them at good price; villagers near secondary and tertiary sectors, gives what is called forests can start with honey collection, etc. the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. It is the value of all final goods and services produced (vi) To improve health standards, we need health within a country during a particular year. GDP centres, hospitals and for that doctors, nurses, shows how big the economy is. For example, if the workers. year-to-year GDP is up 3%, this is thought to mean that the economy has grown by 3% over the last (vii) Similarly to provide education to all children, we year. would need lot of schools which can also generate employment. 3. (i) The government can spend some money or banks can provide loans to construct wells, etc., (viii) Tourism : Every state or region has the potential which will reduce the dependency of farmers on for increasing the income and employment for rains, and they will be able to grow two crops a people in that area. This can also be done by year. promoting tourism or regional craft industry. (ii) Construction of dams and canals can lead to lot of (ix) New services like IT are also creating jobs. generation of employment in agricultural sector itself. All these are the long-term projects but government also has certain short-term projects for people, such as: NREGA-2005. (Any five)  1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2016] Solutions WORKSHEET-240 1. Objectives of implementing MGNREGA 2005 : 2. (i) In agriculture there are more people employed (i) This scheme targets the Scheduled Castes, than is necessary. Even if we move a few people Scheduled Tribes and the poor women, who out, production will not be affected. In other suffer from poverty. To give employment words, workers in the agricultural sector said to be opportunities to the people who live in rural underemployed. areas. (ii) To raise the standard of living of the people. (ii) This is the situation of underemployment, where (iii) To implement the right to work. people are apparently working but all of them are (iv) Under this scheme, the Gram Panchayat after made to work less than their potential. This kind of proper verification will register households, and underemployment is hidden in contrast to someone issue job cards to registered households. The job who does not have a job and is clearly visible as card is the legal document that entitles a person unemployed. Hence, it is also called disguised to ask for work under the Act and to get work unemployment. within 15 days of the demand for work, failing which an unemployment allowance would be (iii) There are thousands of casual workers in the payable. 1 × 3 =3 service sector in urban areas who search for daily [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] employment. They are employed as painters. Plumbers, repair persons and others doing odd jobs. Many of them don’t find work everyday. P-162 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

3. (i) Indian farmers are facing challenge from (iv) Reduction in import duties on agricultural international competition. products. (ii) Government is reducing investment in (v) Farmers are withdrawing their investment agricultural sector, especially irrigation sector. from agriculture, causing a downfall in the employment in agriculture. (iii) Subsidy in fertilizers has decreased, leading to a [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5 rise in cost of production. WORKSHEET-241 Solutions generally more than required. Though it seems 1. NREGA is also called Right to Work because : that they are working in the cultivation of land, but (i) It has been implemented in 200 poorest of the actually they are partly employed. poor districts of India. (iii) For example, A farmer who has a land of 3 hectare (ii) NREGA guarantees 100 days of assured work to requires only 2 persons for farming related to work, the people who are able and in need of work. but all the 7 family members are engaged in it. If (iii) If the government fails to provide work, 5 persons out of them are withdrawn from the it will provide unemployment allowances to the job, the total production will not fall. Therefore, 5 people. persons will come under the category of disguised (iv) One-third of the jobs are reserved for women. unemployment. 2+3=5 (Any three) 1×3=3 4. (i) NITI Aayog estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in the education sector alone, if [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] these children start attending schools. 2. GDP is the sum of the money value of final goods and (ii) Every state or region has potential for increasing services produced in each sector during a particular the income and employment or people in that year within domestic territory of a country. area. It could be tourism, or regional craft industry, Only final goods and services are counted in GDP or new services like IT. Some of these would because : require proper planning and support from the (i) The value of final goods already includes the value government. of all intermediate goods. (ii) To count the value of the flour and wheat separately (iii) MGNREGA is called Mahatma Gandhi National is therefore not correct because then we would be Rural Employment guarantee Act 2005 counting the value of the same things a number of (MGNREGA 2005). It is a law recognized by times.  1+2=3 Centeral government in India implementing the Right to work in about 625 districts of India. 3. (i) Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector in Under this Act, all those who are able to, and are India because the secondary and tertiary sectors have in need of, work in rural areas are guaranteed 100 still failed to provide more employment opportunities days of employment in a year by the government. to a majority of the Indian people, so the people are If the government fails in its duty to provide forced to engage themselves in agriculture. employment, it will give unemployment allowances to the people. (ii) Disguised unemployment is generally found in agriculture sector. People engaged in farming are WORKSHEET-242 Solutions 2. (i) We can create more jobs in the secondary sector by promoting industries such as dal mills. 1. The ways by which more employment can be (ii) By promoting cottage and handicraft industries to created in a country like India are : (i) If more dams are built and canal water is provided employ the villagers. By establishing processing of vegetables and fruits units. to all the small farmers, a lot of employment can be (iii) Government can invest in cold storages. generated in the agricultural sector. (ii) Providing cheap credit facilities and crop insurance (iv) Services like transportation and communication can result in more employment. must be promoted to generate employment. (iii) More money should be spent on transport and storage, because then more people can be employed. (v) Construction of multi-purpose projects can create more employment. 1 × 5 =5 (iv) The government/banks can provide a loan at cheap 3. Disguised unemployment: Disguised unemployment rates to improve irrigational facilities. (v) Technical training, vocational guidance to is a situation where the number of workers engaged unemployed youth for self-employment. in a job is much more than required. If some of them are withdrawn from the job, the total production will  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 S OLUT I ONS P-163

not fall. It means that marginal productivity of such (ii) For more children to attend school, more teachers workers is zero. For example, where the need is for and more infrastructures will be required. 4 labourers and 7 labourers are working, it means 3 labourers are suffering from disguised unemployment Regarding jobs in Tourism : or under-employment. In such a case, the production (i) Planning Commission estimates that nearly 35 lakh will not be affected even if the three extra labourers do jobs can be created in the tourism sector. (ii) Regional crafts and cottage industry can also create not work. jobs. Examples: (iii) New services such as IT also are job generators. (i) In rural India, agricultural field is suffering from  2+3=5 this type of unemployment. All family members work on the agricultural field but all the work can 5. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy be done only by one or two persons alone. Rest are because : just engaged. More than half of the workers in the (i) In India, about 63% people were engaged in country are working in primary sector mainly in agricultural sector in 2001. agricultural activities producing only a quarter of GDP (ii) Share in GDP was more than 40% in 1973. (iii) Raw material for secondary sectors is mostly (ii) In urban areas, workers like painters, plumbers, repair persons, cart drivers do not find work every supplied by agriculture. But now, the share of agriculture is declining in the GDP year by year. So, day or for the whole day. 3+2=5 it is a matter of serious concern for all. (iv) Share of agriculture in the GDP has declined from 4. Regarding jobs in Schools : 44% to 24% during 1973 to 2003. (v) The primary sector continues to be the largest (i) Planning Commission (now known as NITI Aayog) employer even in 2000 but the production has not estimates that nearly 20 lakh jobs can be created in increased by this rate.  1 × 5 =5 the education sector alone. TOPIC-3 Division of Sectors as Organized and Unorganized WORKSHEET-243 Solutions 2. Organized and unorganized sector : 1. (i) Organised sector covers those enterprises or Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people have assured work. sector. Reasons are as follows : They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given (i) Organized sector enjoy security of employment in various laws such as the Minimum Wages Act, Factories Act etc. while unorganized sector depends on (ii) The unorganised sector is characterised by small requirement. and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules (ii) In organized sector get paid leave while regulations but these are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no unorganized sector does not have paid leave. provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc. Employment is not secure. (iii) Over time to be paid in organized sector while (iii) In the public sector, the government owns most unorganized do not have necessarily. of the assets and provides all he services. In the private sector, ownership of assets and delivery (iv) Government rules and regulations are applicable of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. Railways or post office is an example of while unorganized sector have own rules and the public sector whereas companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) or Reliance regulations. Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned. (v) Organized sector may be controlled either by Govt. or individuals while unorganized sector is controlled by individuals (Any other relevant point to be explained) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 5 P-164 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-244 Solutions (ii) In organised sector, the workers enjoy the security of employment, whereas in unorganized 1. (i) They are paid low salaries. sector, jobs are insecure, low paid and irregular. (ii) Their jobs are not secure. (iii) They have no retirement and medical benefits. (iii) In organised sector, the numbers of working (iv) They are often exploited. (Any three) 1×3=3 hours are fixed, whereas in unorganized sector, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] the numbers of working hours are not fixed. 2. Service conditions of Organised and Unorganized Sectors – (iv) In organised sector, workers get several benefits (i) Organised sector is registered by the government such as paid leaves, payment during holidays, whereas, the unorganized sector is largely outside the control of the government. provident fund etc., Whereas in unorganized Detailed Answer : sector, such facilities are not available. Any other relevant point Any three points of distinction to be explained  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 1 × 3 = 3 [Topper's Answer, 2018] 3. (i) Large number of workers are forced to enter category. These farmers need to be supported the unorganised sector jobs, which pay a very low through adequate facility for timely delivery of salary, They are often exploited and not paid a fair seeds agricultural inputs, credit, storage facilities wage. Their earnings are low and not regular. These and marketing outlets. jobs are not secure and have no other benefits. (iii) In the urban areas, unorganised sector comprises mainly of workers in small-scale industry, etc., (ii) In the rural areas, the unorganised sector most and those who work as street Vendors, head load comprises of landless agricultural labourers, small workers, garment makers, rag pickers etc. Small- and marginal farmers, sharecroppers and artisans scale industry also needs government’s support for (such as weavers, blacksmiths, carpenters and procuring raw materials and marketing of output. goldsmiths) Nearly 80% of rural households in The casual workers in both rural and urban areas India are in small and margnial farmer category. need to be protected. These farmers need to be supported through S OLUT I ONS P-165

WORKSHEET-245 Solutions Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. Reasons are as follows : 1. Advantages of organised sector : (i) People enjoy security of employment. (i) There are no rules and regulations followed. (ii) Work for fixed hours. (ii) Jobs are low paid and often not regular. (iii) No provision of overtime is there and no paid (iii) If they work more, they get overtime allowances. holidays or leave is given. (iv) Paid leaves, payment during holidays, medical (iv) Employment is not secure. People can be asked to benefits, safe working environment and pension leave without reason. (v) Some kind of work is seasonal in nature and after retirement. (Any three) 1 × 3 =3 temporary workers are employed. They become [BSE Marking Scheme, 2015] unemployed after the season is over. (vi) No other facilities like provident fund, Gratuity 2. In the unorganized sector, mostly landless or sick leave are given. agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, (vii) Working conditions are often poor. No allowances and artisans are included. These workers can be are given. protected in the following ways: (viii) No medical benefit is given. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5 (i) Farmers need to be supported through the adequate [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] facility for timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credit, storage and marketing outlets. 5. Society needs many things as a whole which the private sector is not able to provide at a reasonable (ii) In urban areas, casual workers need government cost. support for procuring raw material. The reasons are as follows : (iii) Small scale industries also need support for procuring raw material and marketing of the goods. (i) Some of them need spending large sums of money  1×3=3 which is beyond the capacity of the private sector. 3. In agricultural activities, people are exploited like (ii) The private sector charges are very high whereas landless labourers. the government will charge reasonably. (i) Their income level is low. (iii) Without government’s encouragement and help, the private sector can’t enter into such services. (ii) There is no job security. Areas where the government must spend for the (iii) Agriculture is seasonal in nature and there is no welfare of the people are : fixed pay. (i) Providing health and education facilities by (iv) No other benefits such as pension, medical facility, building proper schools. paid leave, provident fund, safe environment, etc., are available. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Providing proper food to tackle the problem of malnourishment. 4. Unorganized Sector : Unorganized sector is a sector which has small and scattered units largely (iii) Government also needs to pay attention to the outside the control of the government. aspects of human development such as safe drinking water, housing, and taking care of the poorest. 5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) Solutions WORKSHEET-246 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(e), (iv)-(a), (v)-(c) 2. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 3. Option (d) is correct. 6. Primary sector. 4. Option (a) is correct. 7. Secondary sector. 8. tertiary P-166 9. organised 10. Option (a) is correct. SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

11. The terms of employment are regular in the 13. The Incorrect option is (b) : Secondary sector is also organised sector. called the Service sector. 12. The sum of production in the three sectors gives the Correct answer is : Secondary sector is also called Gross Domestic Product of a country. the industrial sector. Solutions WORKSHEET-247 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c) 9. Agriculture sector/casual workers in the service 2. Option (d) is correct. sectors. 3. Option (b) is correct. 4. Option (d) is correct. 10. large 5. Option (d) is correct. 11. Option (a) is correct. 6. Tertiary sector. 12. In the Public sector, the government owns most of 7. People are working less than what they are capable the assets and provides all the services. of doing. 13. The Incorrect option is (b) : MGNREGA guarantees 8. Disguised unemployment. 200 days of assured work to the people who are able and in need of work. Correct answer : MGNREGA guarantees 100 days of assured work to the people who are able and in need of work. WORKSHEET-248 Solutions 7. To meet expenses on the services rendered by it. 8. natural, manufactured 1. Option (a) is correct. 9. interdependent 2. Option (c) is correct. 10. Option (a) is correct. 3. Option (c) is correct. 4. Option (d) is correct. 11. The tertiary sector is also called the service sector. 5. Option (c) is correct. 12. The Incorrect option is (b) : Underemployment is 6. It invests in key and basic industries such as health, found only in agricultural sector. education, defence, etc., private sector cannot invest.  Correct answer : Underemployment is found mostly in agricultural sector. WORKSHEET-249 Solutions Secondary Sector : 1. Option (b) is correct. (i) Activities in which natural products are changed 2. Option (c) is correct. into other forms through manufacturing. 3. Option (c) is correct. 4. Option (b) is correct. (ii) For example; Industries (Any one) 5. Option (d) is correct. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 6. Distinguish Primary and Secondary Sector : 7. “Primary Sector” also called “agriculture & related sector.” Primary Sector. 8. Option (a) is correct. (i) Producing goods by exploiting natural resources. 9. The purpose of the private sector is just to earn (ii) For example; Agriculture (Any one) profits. qqq S OLUT I ONS P-167

CHAPTER 1 - MONEY AND CREDIT TOPIC-1 Money and Credit WORKSHEET-250 Solutions (v) No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 1. Money transfer from one bank account to [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] another bank account: 3. (i) The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes If a person has to make a payment to his or her on behalf of the Central government. Nowadays friend and writes a cheque for a specific amount, paper notes and coins are used as currency in our country. 1 this means that the person instructs his bank to (ii) The workers deposit the extra cash in the banks pay this amount to his friend. His friend takes by opening a bank account in their name. Banks this cheque and deposits it in his account in the accept the deposits and also pay an amount as bank. This said amount is transferred from one interest on the deposits. 1 bank account to another bank account. (iii) A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 a specific amount form the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been 2. Modern currency is accepted as a medium of issued. 1 exchange without any use of its own because : 4. (i) Transaction system is better than a barter system because the double coincidence of wants creates a (i) Modern currency is authorised by the government problem. of a country. (ii) For example, a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and wants to buy wheat. For (ii) In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues this, he would look for a wheat growing farmer all currency notes on behalf of the central who would exchange his wheat with the shoes. government. (iii) In a barter system, goods are exchanged without (iii) No other individual or organisation is allowed to the use of money. issue currency. (iv) In contrast, in an economy where money is in use; (iv) The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium money provides the crucial intermediate step. of payment that cannot be refused in settling transactions in India. 1¼ × 4 = 5 WORKSHEET-251 Solutions 2. We know that banks accept the deposits from 1. In modern times, money is used as a medium of the people who have surplus money and also pay interest on the deposits. But banks keep exchange because it has been authorised by the only a small portion (15 percent in India) of government as a currency. their deposits as cash with themselves. This is In everyday lives, we use money: kept as a provision to pay the depositors who might (i) To buy goods and services like in market, money come to withdraw money from their accounts in can be used to buy clothes, vegetables, etc. the bank on any day. They use the major portion (ii) To deposits in banks so that money can be of the deposits to extend loans to those who need saved and used for future use. For example—if a labourer deposits his monthly salary in his bank money. In this way, banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need account, then, he can use it in instalments during the money. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 3 entire month. (iii) As a store value. For instance, we cannot 3. The modern forms of money are listed below : store perishable goods like milk, grain, etc., to (i) Paper currency exchange goods in future. However, we can (ii) Coins buy precious metals like gold and save it for future (iii) Demand deposits use. 1×3=3 (iv) Cheques P-168 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

The rupee is accepted as a medium of exchange (ii) When the seller and buyer or both parties agree to in the following ways : sell and buy each others commodities, it is called (i) It is accepted as a medium of exchange because the currency is authorised by the government of double coincidence of wants. What a person desires the country. to sell is exactly what the other wishes to buy. In a (ii) In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. barter system where goods are directly exchanged [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 3 without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. 2 4. (i) The reason why transactions are made in money (iii) If the shoe manufacturer had to directly exchange is very simple. A person holding money can easily shoes for without the use of money, he would have exchange it for any commodity or service that he or to look for a wheat growing farmer who not only she might want. Thus everyone prefers to receive wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoes payments in money and then exchange the money in exchange. That is both parties have to agree to for things they want. 1 sell and buy each others commodities. 2 WORKSHEET-252 Solutions (ii) Cooperative societies (iii) Moneylenders 1. Money acts as a medium to exchange itself (iv) Commercial banks 3 for goods and services : A person holding (v) Relatives and friends, etc. money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. Everyone prefers 4. People save their money in banks by opening an to receive payments in money and exchanges account. The deposits in the bank accounts can the money for things he wants. be withdrawn on demand, so these deposits are called demand deposits. For example: A shoemaker wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat. The shoemaker (i) Banks accept the deposits and also pay an interest will first exchange shoes for money and then rate on the deposits. In this way, people’s money is exchange the money for wheat. If the shoemaker safe with the banks and it also earns interest. had to directly exchange shoes for wheat without the use of money, he would have to look for wheat (ii) The facility of cheques against demand deposits growing farmer who not only wants to sell wheat but also wants to buy the shoe in exchange. Both makes it possible to directly settle payments parties have to agree to sell and buy each other's commodities. This process is very difficult, time without the use of cash. Since demand deposits consuming and unhealthy. are accepted widely as a means of payment, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy. (iii) It is authorised by the government of the 2. Money acts as a medium of exchange in the country. 2+3=5 following ways : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (i) Overcomes the problem of double coincidence 5. The rupee is widely accepted as a medium of of wants. For example, if a person needs wheat exchange because : in exchange of tea, then he/she must search for a person who is ready to trade wheat for tea. Money (i) The currency is authorised by the government of made the need for such searches redundant. the country. (ii) In India, the Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. (ii) Acts as a medium of deferred payment. (iii) The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium (iii) Has a store value. 3 of payment that cannot be refused in setling [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] transactions in India. 3. There are various sources of credit which are (iv) No individual in India can legally refuse a payment available in Sonpur. These are as follows : made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted (i) Agricultural traders as a medium of exchange. 1¼ × 4 = 5 S OLUT I ONS P-169

TOPIC-2 Credit Terms and Types WORKSHEET-253 Solutions with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. 1 1. Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more : (iii) Krishak cooperative provides loans for the purchase of agricultural implements, loans for cultivation (i) This would lead to higher incomes, and agricultural trade, fishery loans, loans for (ii) People could borrow cheaply for a variety of needs, construction of houses and for a variety of other (iii) They could grow crops and set up small-scale expenses. 1 industries, etc., 3. ‘Credit’ refers to an agreement in which the (iv) Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future country’s development, (v) To save and reduce the dependence on informal payment. sources of credit, Credit plays a vital and positive role as : (vi) It is important that the formal credit is distributed more equally so that the poor can benefit from the (i) Credit helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income cheaper loans. [½ × 6 = 3] and support their families. 2. (i) In rural areas, the main demand for credit is (ii) To some people, loan helps a lot in constructing for crop production. Crop production involves considerable costs on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, their houses and get relief from monthly rent. water, electricities repair of equipment, etc. 1 (iii) To others, it helps a lot in raising their standards of living. (ii) Lenders may demand collateral (security) against (iv) Example of Salim, credit helps him and he is able loans. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns to increase his earnings. 1+4=5 (such as land, building, vehicle, live stocks, deposits [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-254 Solutions (iii) In certain cases, the high interest rate for borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid 1. Expand formal sources of credit in India is greater than the income of the borrower. (i) To save people from the exploitation of Informal (iv) This could lead to increasing debt and debt trap. sector, (ii) Formal charge a low interest on loans, Any other relevant point (iii) To save from debt trap, (iv) It provides cheap and affordable credit, (Any three points to be described) (v) RBI also supervises the formal sector credit [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 through various rules and regulations which ensures that banks give loans to small cultivators, Detailed Answer : small borrowers, etc. and not just to profit making Bad effects of informal sources of credit on business and traders. borrowers : (Any three points to be explained) [3] (i) Most of the informal lenders charge a much higher 2. Bad effects of informal sources of credit on interest on loans. Thus, the cost to the borrower of borrowers : the informal loans is much higher. (i) Higher interest rate. (ii) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of (ii) Higher cost of borrowing means a larger part of earning of the borrowers is used to repay the loan and they have less income left for themselves. the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. (iii) The high rate of interest of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower and it can lead to increasing debt and debt-trap. (iv) People who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing. (Any three points) 3×1=3 P-170 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

3. Increase large number of banks : Detailed Answer : (i) To reduce the dependence on informal sector of Service conditions of formal sector are better than credit. those of informal sector. (ii) To provide cheaper loans. (i) These resources work under the supervision of the (iii) To provide accessibility towards loans for the Reserve Bank of India. Their rate of interest is very poor. low. (iv) Any other relevant point to be explained. (ii) Commercial banks and cooperative societies are the (Any three) main source of formal source of credit. They provide ensured services and also have a set protocol for [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 deliverance of loan services. Detailed Answer : (iii) In formal sector interest rate, collateral and It is necessary to increase a large number of banks documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment together comprise what is called the mainly in rural areas because : terms of credit. The terms of credit vary substantially (i) The cost of informal loans is much higher and often from one credit arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the leads to a debt trap. Also, people who might wish to borrower. 3×1=3 start a new enterprise by borrowing may not do so because of the high cost of borrowing in such a case. 5. The deposits with banks are beneficial for the (ii) Most loans from informal lenders carry a very individual as well as for the nation: high interest rate and make less increase in the income of the borrowers. Thus, it is necessary (i) Banks accept deposit and also pay an amount as that banks and cooperatives should increase their interest and in this way people earn money. lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence of the poor on informal sources of (ii) People’s money is safe with banks. credit reduces. (iii) It is easy for individuals to get credit who have (iii) It is important that the formal credit sources like banks are distributed more equally in rural and savings and current account in the banks. urban areas so that the poor can benefit from the (iv) Poor people who are engaged in production cheaper loans. 3×1=3 need credit. 4. Formal sector are better than informal sector : (v) Credit provided by the banks for government (i) Low interest rate. (ii) Transparency. projects helps in the development of the nation. (iii) Supervision by the Reserve Bank of India on the (vi) Banks provide loans for the promotion of functioning of the formal sector. (iv) No use of unfair means for getting the money International trade. back. (Any three) (vii) Development of infrastructure is undertaken [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 with the loans provided by the banks. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-255 Solutions 1. Importance of cheap and affordable credit for the country's development : (i) Cheap and affordable credits would lead to higher income. (ii) Many people could borrow for a variety of needs. (iii) It encourages people to invest in agriculture, do baseness and set up small scale industries etc. (iv) It enables more investment which will lead to acceleration of economic activities. (v) Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt-trap. (Any three points) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Detailed Answer : P-171 S OLUT I ONS

(Topper Answer, 2018) 2. Formal sources of credit preferred over informal 4. Formal sector loans can be made beneficial sources of credit because: for poor farmers and workers in the following ways : (i) Formal sources have low cost of borrowing (ii) Higher Income through cheap borrowing (i) Create awareness to farmers about formal sector (iii) No exploitation and debt trap. loans. Any other relevant point 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Process of providing loans should be made easier. It  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] should be simple, fast and timely. 3. Credit activities of the informal sector should (iii) More number of Nationalized Banks/Cooperative be discouraged: Banks should be opened in the rural sector. (i) Most loans from informal lenders carry a very high interest rate and do little to increase the income of the borrowers. (iv) Banks and cooperatives should increase facility of providing loans so that dependence on informal (ii) The poor households have to pay a large amount sources of credit reduces. for borrowing (v) The benefits of loans should be extended to poor (iii) 85% of the loans taken by poor households in the farmers and small scale industries. urban areas are from informal sources. (iv) Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the (vi) While formal sector loans need to expand, it country’s development. is also necessary that everyone receives these (v) Any other relevant point. loans. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5  (Any three)  1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018] P-172 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-256 Solutions (ii) They give interest on the deposited money to the people. 1. Loan activities of Banks in India : (i) Banks use the major portion of the deposits to (iii) They mediate between those who have surplus extend loans. money and those who are in need of money. (ii) Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. (iv) They provide loan to a large number of people at the low interest rate. (iii) Banks mediate between those who have surplus (v) They promote agricultural and industrial sector funds (the depositors) and those who are in need by providing loans. of these funds (the borrowers). (vi) They also provide funds to different organisations. (iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 what it offers on deposits. Any other relevant point. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]  (Any three) 4. (i) Informal lenders such as moneylenders know  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 3 the borrowers personally and hence are willing to 2. Necessity for the banks and cooperative give a loan without collateral to the poors. 1 societies to increase their lending facilities in (ii) The idea is to organise rural poor, inparticular rural areas : women, into Small Self Help Groups (SHGs) and (i) Dependence on informal sources of credit reduces. pool (Collect) thier savings. A tpical SHG has 15- (ii) To provide more loan facilities to rural 20 members, usually belonging to one to one households. neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly. (iii) To save rural people from exploitation. (iv) It is important that the formal credit is distributed Saving per member vaies from ` 25 to ` 100 or more equally so that the poor can benefit from more, depending on the ability of the people to the cheaper loans. (v) The bank and the cooperative societies have to Save. Members can take small loans form the increase the lending facilities to improve the livelihood of the people in the rural areas. group itself to meet their needs. The group charges 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] interest on these to meet their needs. The group charges interest on these loans but this is still less than What the moneylender charges. 2 (iii) Small loans are provided to the members for releasing morgaged land, for meeting working 3. Banks play an important role in developing the capital needs (e.g. buying seeds, fertilizers, raw economy of India : materials like bamboo and cloth) for housing (i) They keep the money of the people in their safe custody. materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machine, handlooms, cattle etc. 2 WORKSHEET-257 Solutions Informal lenders such as moneylenders, on the 1. Dhananjay will be able to get a loan from a formal other hand, know the borrowers personally and source. hence, are often willing to give a loan without Arguments : collateral. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3 Banks are not present everywhere in rural India. 2. Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because : Even when they are present, getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult than taking a loan (i) Banks are not present everywhere in the rural areas. from informal sources. (ii) Even when they are present, getting a loan from the Bank loans require proper documents and bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from collateral. Absence of collateral is one of the major informal sources. reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans. (iii) Mega banks or public sector banks require proper documents and collateral. (iv) Absence of collateral is one of the major reasons which prevents the poor from getting bank loans. (v) Informal lenders such as moneylenders know the borrowers personally and they are willing to give a loan without collateral.  (Any three) 1×3=3 S OLUT I ONS P-173

3. (i) Compared to formal lenders, most of the (iii) The banks mediate between depositors and informal lenders charge much higher interest borrowers in this way. rates on loans like 3% to 5% per month, i.e., 36% a year. (iv) They charge high rate of interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. 1¼ × 4 = 5 (ii) Besides the high interest rate, informal lenders 5. (i) Banks are not present everywhere in rural India, impose various other tough conditions. For example, they make the farmers promise to sell whereas informal sources are easily available in all the crop to them at a low price. There is no such condition in the formal sector. villages. (ii) Getting a loan from a bank is much more difficult (iii) Loans taken by poor people from informal for poor people than taking a loan from the lenders sometimes, lead them to debt trap because of high interest rate. informal resources, because bank loans require proper documents and collaterals. (iv) The formal sources of credit in India still meet (iii) Moneylenders provide a loan to poor people only about half of the total credit needs of the without any collateral. rural people. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (iv) Formal sources provide loan only for productive [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] purposes, whereas the informal sources provide 4. (i) Banks keep a small proportion of their deposits credit for productive and non-productive purposes. as cash with themselves. (v) Other informal sources of credit are friends and (ii) Major portion of deposits is used for extending loans. relatives, or traders and landlords, who know the borrowers personally and therefore do not demand collateral. 1×5=5 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) Solutions WORKSHEET-258 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(e), (iv)-(a), (v)-(b) 10. poor 2. Option (c) is correct. 3. (A) - Poor people not having assets which can be 11. Reserve Bank of India pledged. 12. Option (a) is correct. (B) - Reasonably low 4. Option (d) is correct. 13. Banks use the major portion of the deposits to 5. Option (b) is correct. extend loans. 6. Option (a) is correct. 7. Option (b) is correct. 14. Farmers usually take crop loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest. 9. Bank or lenders demand collateral against loans as it is used as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is 15. The Incorrect option is (d) : Demand deposit facility repaid. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] is like cheque. Correct answer is : The facility of cheques against demand deposits makes it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash. Solutions WORKSHEET-259 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 6. Option (c) is correct. 2. (A) - Banks and cooperative (B) - Borrowers can be made as bonded labourers or 7. Importance of formal sector loans in India : Low interest rate. made to part with land owned by them. 3. Option (d) is correct. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1 4. Option (a) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. Detailed Answer : Importance of formal sector loans in India : Banks and cooperatives are the formal sources of loans in India. P-174 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Advantages : (ii) One example of older currency- Commodity (i) As these institutions are regulated by the Reserve currency. Bank of India, their rates of interest for loans are 9. Higher controlled. The rates and terms are also fixed. 10. deposits (ii) There is no exploitation by the lenders. 11. Option (c) is correct. (iii) Everyone can take a loan, including big 12. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender businessmen as well as small cultivators or borrowers. has the right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain (iv) The cost of borrowing is usually less. (Any one) payment. 13. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the 8. Modern currency – Paper notes/coins, old country’s development. currency – metallic coins like gold, silver & 14. The Incorrect option is (c) : Banks provide loans copper coins. only to profit-making businesses. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Correct answer is : Banks provide loans to all classes rich and poor. It gives loans to small cultivators, Detailed Answer : small borrowers etc and not just to profit making (i) One example of modern currency- Paper notes and business and traders. coins, WORKSHEET-260 Solutions OR Debit/Credit Card. 1. Option (c) is correct. 2. Option (a) is correct. 8. (i) Credit from ‘money lenders’ 3. Option (b) is correct. 4. Option (a) is correct. (ii) Credit from ‘family members’ 5. Option (b) is correct. 9. It is a system of exchange in which goods are 6. Online transfer, by cheque directly exchanged without the use of money. (Any one) 10. Collateral 11. bank, cooperatives (Any other relevant point) 12. Option (a) is correct. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 13. SHGs are the building blocks of organization of the 7. By cheque (Any other relevant point) rural poor people. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 14. The Incorrect option is (b) : RBI supervises the functioning of informal sources of loans. Correct answer is : RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans. TOPIC-1 Globalisation Solutions WORKSHEET-261 1. Multinational Corporations are spreading their (iii) By closely competing with the local companies. production in different ways : (iv) By buying local companies. To take an example, (i) By setting up a partnership with local companies. (ii) By placing orders with local companies. For Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC has bought over smaller Indian companies such example, garments, footwear, sports items, etc. as Parakh Foods. Parakh Food had built a large (iii) By closely competing with the local companies. marketing network in various parts of India, where (iv) By buying local companies. To take an example, its brand was well-reputed. (Any three) 1×3=3 Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC has [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] bought over smaller Indian companies such 2. (i) Until the middle of the twentieth century, as Parakh Foods. Parakh Food had built a large marketing network in various parts of India, where production was largely organised within its brand was well-reputed. (Any three) 1×3=3 countries–Things that crossed the boundaries of these countries was raw material, food staff and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] finished products only. S OLUT I ONS P-175

(ii) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the 3. Markets have been transformed in recent years:- producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, (i) We have a wide choice of goods and services i.e. markets of their own countries. Producers can before us. sell their products not only in markets located (ii) The latest models of digital cameras, mobile within the country but they can also compete in phones and televisions made by the leading markets located in other countries of the world. manufacturers of the world are within our reach Similarly, for the buyers, import of goods produced now. in another country is one way of expanding the (iii) Example: every season new models of choice of goods beyond what is domestically automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. produced. (iv) Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. (iii) Because of the cheaper prices and new designs, (v) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for Chinese toys became more popular in the India many other goods ; from shirts to televisions to markets. In the competition between Indian and processed fruit juices. Chinese toys, Chinese toys proved better. In this (Any other relevant point) 1 × 5 = 5 way the Indian buyer had a greater choice of toys at lower prices.  [CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018] WORKSHEET-262 Solutions (iii) By using the local companies for supply. (iv) By closely competing with the local companies or 1. A wide ranging choice of goods : buying them. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (i) We have a wide variety of goods and services [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] before us in the market. (ii) The latest models of the digital cameras, mobile 4. Offices and factories of MNC’s . phones and televisions made by leading manufacturers of the world are available in the 1. Availability of Raw material. market. 2. Availability of skilled and unskilled labour at (iii) Every season, new models of automobiles can be low costs. seen on Indian roads. 3. Availability of other factors of production is (iv) Today Indians are buying cars produced by assured like electricity etc. nearly all the top companies in the world. (v) A similar explosion of brands can be seen for 4. Smaller companies are available. many other goods. 1×3=3 5. Where government policies are favourable to investors. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Any other relevant point. 2. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] factories close to markets where they can get the desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low Detailed Answer : costs. Following are five reasons why multinational corporations set up their offices and factories in After ensuring these conditions, MNCs set up certain areas only : production units in the following ways : (i) MNCs set up their companies in areas where they get cheap labour. (i) Jointly with some local companies of the existing (ii) A large industry or a company means far more country. productivity so they need more labour and it will be just their benefit to get cheap labour . (ii) Buy the local companies and then expand its (iii) While they select areas with high level of resources production with the help of modern technology. so that they can cut off the rate of transportations to an extent. (iii) They place orders for small producers and sell (iv) By choosing an area which is full of natural these products under their own brand name to the resources they can easily set up plants. customers worldwide. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (v) By this, they can also provide their products to their consumers more efficiently and with more profit 3. MNCs help in the growth of local companies as: while cutting the costs involved in this. (i) MNCs are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe. (ii) By setting up partnerships with local companies. P-176 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-263 Solutions (iii) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational 1. (i) MNCs setup production units at such a place where themselves. they can produce their goods at a minimum cost. For example, Tata Motors and Infosys. 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) The place where markets are closer. (iii) The place where skilled and unskilled labour are 4. Factors that promote MNCs : available at low cost. (i) Close proximity to the market. (iv) Other factors of production are assured. (v) Government policies are favourable. (ii) Availability of skilled and unskilled labour at (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 low cost. 2. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are the (iii) Assured production. companies that own or control the production of their goods in more than one country. (iv) Government's liberalised policies. The main features of MNCs are : (i) They setup their factories and offices in more than (v) Developed infrastructure. one country. (ii) They setup their units where the cost of production is (vi) Safety measures. (Any five) 1×5=5 low and higher profits can be earned. (iii) They set up their units where they can get cheap [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] labour and other resources. 3. Several top Indian companies have been able to 5. The following steps should be taken : benefit from Globalisation : (i) They have invested in newer technology and production (i) Before imposing a trade barrier, the interest of the methods and raised their production standards. developing countries should be taken care of. (ii) Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies. (ii) Rules and regulations should be uniform. (iii) Ensure that the developed countries do not retain trade barriers unfairly. (iv) Labour laws should be implemented properly. (v) Small producers should be supported to improve their performance till they become strong enough to compete. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-264 Solutions 3. The benefits of Globalisation can be shared better in the following ways : 1. (i) Globalisation is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries through (i) The government policy must protect the interest, foreign trade and foreign investments by not only of the rich and the powerful, but of all the Multinational Corporations (MNCs). people in the country. (ii) More and more goods and services, investments (ii) The government can ensure that labour laws are and technology are moving between countries. properly implemented and workers get their rights. (iii) Globalisation is the integration between countries (iii) It can support small producers to improve their through foreign trade and foreign investments by performance till they become strong enough to Multinational Companies (MNCs). 1 × 3 = 3 compete. 2. (i) Globalisation has created new opportunities for (iv) It can use trade and investment barriers. companies providing services particularly those involving IT. (v) It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’. (ii) The Indian company producing a magazine for the (Any three)   1 × 3 = 3 London based company and call centres are some examples. 4. Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been advantageous to consumers : (iii) Besides, a host of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks and engineering (i) Globalisation and greater competition among are now being done cheaply in India and are producers both local and foreign has been exported to the developed countries. 1 × 3 = 3 advantageous to consumers, particularly to well off sections of urban areas. S OLUT I ONS P-177

(ii) There is greater choice before these consumers (ii) There are even more remarkable developments in information and communication technology. who now enjoy improved quality and lower (iii) Telecommunication facilities are used to contact prices for several products. one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate (iii) People enjoy higher standards of living. from remote areas. information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. (iv) But the impact of globalisation has not been (iv) Through the internet, one can obtain and share uniform among producers and workers. information on almost anything. It also allows sending e-mail and talking across the world at (v) Services of the top Indian companies have been negligible costs. able to benefit from the increased competition. (v) For example, a news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in (vi) They have invested in newer technology and Delhi. The text of the magazine is sent through the internet to the Delhi office. The designers production methods and raised their production in the Delhi office get orders on how to design the magazine from the office in London using standards. telecommunication facilities. The designing is done on a computer. After printing, the (vii) Wide ranging choice of goods in our markets is a magazines are sent by air to London. recent phenomenon and has brought changes in Even the payment of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in lives of people. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 Delhi is done instantly through the internet. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 5. Rapid improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process : (i) Transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs. WORKSHEET-265 Solutions (ii) MNCs setup production units jointly with local companies. 1. Globalisation means unification or integration of the domestic economy with the world economy (iii) They setup units where there is skilled and through trade, capital and technology flow. unskilled labour available at low cost. Government can ensure fair globalisation to its (iv) Large MNCs in developed countries place orders people in the following ways : for production with small producers. (i) Government needs to care about the labour laws (v) They have tremendous power to determine so that workers get their rights and support small price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for producers to improve their performance. distant producers. (ii) Government can negotiate with World Trade (vi) By purchasing local companies. Organisation (WTO) for fairer rules and can align (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 with developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.  1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 4. (i) The money which an MNC uses in buying 2. Yes, more Indian companies should emerge as MNCs. assets such as land, building, machines and other equipments in setting up factories and offices for It would benefit the people in the country in the production is called an investment of an MNC. following ways : (ii) At times, when MCS set up production jointly with some of the local companies of those countries. (i) New job opportunities would be created by the The benefit to the local company of such joint emergence of Indian companies as MNCs. production is two-fold. Firstly, MNCs can provide money for additional investments like buying new (ii) Local companies would provide raw materials and machines for faster production. Secondly, MNCs other services to these companies to prosper. might bring with them the latest technology for production. (iii) It would also lead to rise in production standards, (iii) Parakh Foods was a small Indian Company. It and improvement in the standard of living of the had built a large marketing network in Various people.3 parts of India, where its brand was well-reputed. Also, Parakh Foods had four oil refineries, whose 3. The Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are control has now shifted to Cargil foods, a very large controlling and spreading their production American MNC. Cargill is now the largest producer across the world in the following ways : of edible oil in India. with a capacity to make 5 million pouches of oil daily. (i) MNCs setup their production units close to market. P-178 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

TOPIC-2 Globalisation and its Impact WORKSHEET-266 Solutions 3. Some large local companies like in India emerged as Multinational Companies. 1. Effects of Globalisation : 4. Standards of living have been raised. (i) Advantage to consumers particularly well of 5. Several companies hit hard due to sections in the urban areas. competition. (ii) Wider choice before the consumer. 6. Several workers rendered jobless due to shut (iii) Improved quality and lower prices for several down of industries. products. Any other relevant point. Any other relevant point [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 (Any five points to be explained) Detailed Answer : [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Globalisation has affected the life of Indians in the Detailed Answer : following ways : (i) Increase in foreign investment : Over the past Five effects of globalization : (i) International product launches simultaneously twenty years, the foreign investment has increased. (ii) Emergence of Indian companies as multinational : across the entire world. (ii) Access to international commercial best practices Several top Indian companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have been able to get benefit from and alignment of local laws with international laws. the increased competition created as a result of (iii) Higher foreign investments in fields like IT, Globalisation. (iii) Creation of new opportunities : Globalisation has manufacturing and other service sectors and created new opportunities for Indian companies, lowering of restrictions on Foreign Direct particularly providing services like IT. Investments. (iv) Increasing Investment in research and development (iv) Creation of new jobs : Globalisation has created new innovative products. jobs specifically for IT professionals and has helped (v) Growth in startups funded by international venture in reducing unemployment rate to an extent. capital firms and angel investors. (vi) Gradual death of regional languages as native (v) A host of services such as data entry, accounting, speakers feel the need to switch to English and administrative tasks, engineering, etc. are now reduce the usage of their mother tongues. being performed at lesser costs in India. (vii) Loss of cultural and social identity much to the detriment of national progress. 2. Five effects of Globalization : 1. Increased investments by MNCs. (Any five points) 1×5=5 2. It created new opportunities for companies. WORKSHEET-267 Solutions 2. Government provides recreational and educational 1. SEZs or Special Economic Zones are industrial facilities. areas with world class facilities. 3. Companies who set up production units in the (i) Companies who setup units in SEZs are exempted SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period. from tax for 5 years. 4. Government has allowed flexibility in labour laws (ii) They are setup to attract foreign investment. to attract foreign investment. 1½ + 1½ = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 5. Instead of hiring workers on a regularz basis, companies hire workers flexibly for short periods 2. Facilities available in the special economic zones when there is intense pressure of work. developed by the Central and State governments : Any other relevant point 1. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are to have World Class Facilities; electricity, water, roads, transport, etc. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] S OLUT I ONS P-179

Detailed Answer : (iii) Availability of standard quality products at lower Five facilities available in the Special Economic price. Zones (SEZs) by the central and state governments (iv) Improvement in living standard. to attract foreign investment : (i) Duty free import and domestic procurement (v) Foreign investments have increased in many of goods for the development, operation, and areas like cell phones, auto mobiles, electronics, maintenance of your company. soft drinks etc. (ii) 100 percent income tax exemption on export income for first five years, 50 percent for five years (vi) New job have been created. thereafter, and 50 percent of the export profit reinvested in the business for the next five years. (vii) Several of the units have shut down rendering (iii) Exemption from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) many workers jobless. and levies imposed by state government. Supplies to SEZs are zero rated under the IGST Act, 2017, (viii) Globalization has also created insecurity of job. meaning they are not taxed. (iv) External commercial borrowing (ECB) is allowed Any other relevant point up to US$500 million a year without restriction. For developers of an SEZ, the ECB channel may (Any five points to be mentioned)  1×5= 5 be availed after receiving government approval, and only for providing infrastructure facilities in  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] the zone. However, ECB will not be permissible for development of integrated township and Detailed Answer: commercial real estate within the SEZ. Effect of globalisation on the lives of people are : (v) Permission to manufacture products directly, as (i) There has been an increased investment in long as the goods you are producing fall within a sector which allows 100 percent FDI. industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or services such as 3. Impact of Globalisation – banking in urban areas. (i) Globalisation and greater competition among (ii) A lot of new jobs have been created. (iii) Local companies supplying raw materials to these producers has been of advantage to consumers. industries have experienced a boom. (ii) Greater choice before consumers. (iv) Several top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies. (v) New opportunities for service such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in countries such as India and are exported to the developed countries. Solutions WORKSHEET-268 1. (i) Foreign trade implies the exchange of goods (v) By the movement of people between countries. and services across the countries. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) It helps to expand the size of the market for [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] producers. 3. Foreign Trade is integrating markets of different (iii) Producers and consumers can get commodities countries – produced in any part of the world. (i) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the (iv) It works to integrate markets in different countries. producers to reach beyond the domestic markets. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Producers can sell their products in the markets [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] located in other countries. 2. (i) By movement of goods. (iii) It helps for expanding the choice of goods beyond (ii) By movement of services. domestic market. (iii) By movement of investments. (iv) By movement of technology. (iv) It is a main channel connecting countries. (v) Highly helpful for extensive trade. (vi) The trading interest attracts various trading companies. Any other relevant point (Any five) 1×5= 5  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] P-180 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Detailed Answer : [Topper's Answer, 2018] 4. Consumers and producers are benefited from (iv) With the opening of trade goods travel from one foreign trade : market to another . (i) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for (v) Choice of goods in the market rises. producers to reach beyond the domestic market. (vi) Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to (ii) Producer can sell their produce not only in become equal. markets located within the country but can also (vii) Producers in the two countries closely compete compete in markets located in other countries of the world. with each other. Any other relevant point (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (iii) For buyers import of goods produced in another  [CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018] country is one way of expanding the choice of goods. S OLUT I ONS P-181

WORKSHEET-269 Solutions (ii) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. This meant that 1. Ford Motors want to develop Ford India as a goods could be imported and exported easily. component supplying base for its other plants across the globe : (iii) Foreign companies could set up factories and offices to boost up production. (i) A number of local manufacturers are supplying components to its Chennai plant and the MNC (iv) It allows making decisions freely. feel that it can supply components to other plants across the globe. (v) The competition would improve the performance of producers within the country since they have (ii) Cost of labour and material is very low in India. to improve their quality. (iii) The components can be easily supplied to other Any other relevant point MNC car manufacturers in India and China. 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] 4. Impacts of globalization on Indian economy : (i) Higher standard of living in urban areas. 2. (i) Cargill Foods is a very large American MNC. It has bought over smaller Indian companies (ii) The impact has not been uniform among such as Parakh Foods and expanded the range producers and workers. of its production of edible oils in India. (iii) There is the greater choice before the consumers (ii) Parakh Foods had built a large marketing who now enjoy the improved quality and lower network in various parts of India where its brand prices for several products. was well-reputed. Also, Parakh foods had four oil refineries whose control has now shifted (iv) MNCs have increased their investments in India to Cargill. It has become the largest producer leading to more job opportunities. of edible oils in India. It refines processes and markets various edible oils for the food industry. (v) Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs themselves (iii) Many popular brands like Sweekar, Nature like Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy, Asian Paints, Fresh, and Gemini are part of Cargill Foods. etc. 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (vi) Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services particularly 3. Liberalisation means : those involving IT (Information Technology). Removing barriers or restrictions set by the For example, the Indian company producing a government is known as liberalisation : magazine for the London based company and Impacts of Liberalisation : call centres. (i) Competition would improve the performance of (vii) Local companies supply raw materials to foreign producers within the country. industries and have prospered. However, for a large number of producers and workers, globalisation has posed major challenges. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Solutions WORKSHEET-270 1. (i) Globalisation encourages competition. Big 2. Problems created by the globalisation for small producers and workers: industries and companies have been able to (i) It has led to a widening of income inequalities compete, but the small producers are hit badly. among various countries. (ii) They could not stand the competition and had to (ii) Workers jobs are no longer secure. (iii) Expansion of the unorganized sector. shut down. Some industries like batteries, capacitors, (iv) Small manufacturers have been hit hard due to plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oils severe competition. (v) Several units have been shut down rendering are the industries which have suffered a lot. many workers jobless. (iii) Due to this, a lot of people lost their jobs and faced unemployment. 1×3=3 P-182 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(vi) Lives of workers are on the whims of employers. (ii) MNCs are interested in industries such as cell phones, auto mobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast (vii) Workers are deprived from their fair share of food or services such as banking in urban areas, benefits. (Any five) 1×5= 5 which is very beneficial for them because these products have a large number of well-off buyers in [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] India and abroad. 3. (i) Globalisation and greater competition among (iii) Several of the top Indian companies have been able producers (both local and foreign producers) has to benefit from the increased competition. They been of advantage to consumers, particularly the have invested in newer technology and production well-off sections in the urban areas. Because there methods and raised their production standards. is a greater choice before these consumers who Some have gained from successful collaborations now enjoy improved quality and lower prices with foreign companies. for several products. They enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier. TOPIC-3 Challenges and Factors that Enabled Globalisation Solutions WORKSHEET-271 1. Role of Government in making Globalisation 2. Removal of barriers on foreign trade and foreign fairer : investment : (i) The Government policies must protect the interest (i) Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment of not only the rich but all citizens of the country. were partially removed. (ii) It can ensure the proper implementation of (ii) Goods could be imported and exported labour laws. easily. (iii) Small producers should be supported to improve (iii) Foreign companies could setup factories and their performance. offices here. (iv) Use of trade & investment barriers to protect the (iv) Indian producers got opportunities to compete small producers. with producers around the globe. Any other relevant to be explained. (Any three)  (Any three) 1 ×3 =3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 1 × 3 = 3  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3. (i) While globalisation has benefited well Detailed Answer : Government can play an important role in making off consumers and also producers with skill, education and wealth, many small producers and Globalisation a success : workers have suffered as a result of the rising competition. (i) Protection of interests : The Government should (ii) Removal of trade barriers and liberalisation prepare such policies that may protect the interests policies of the governments to facilitate not only of the rich and the powerful but also of all globalisation have hit the local producers and the common people in the country. manufactures hard. (iii) Globalisation and the pressure of competition (ii) Labour laws : Government should ensure that have substantially changed the lives of workers. labour laws are properly implemented and the Faced with grow in competition, most employers workers get their rights. these days prefer to employ workers ‘flexibly’. This means that workers’ jobs are no longer (iii) Reserved item : Government can reserve some secure. Illustration : Any one case—either items exclusively for small scale and local producers. from the text book or beyond it, e.g., MNCs and workers, MNC's and local manufactures/ (iv) Investment barriers : If necessary, the government industries, withdrawal of subsidies, etc.  3 +2 =5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] can employ trade and investment barriers like quota system, import duty etc. 3 S OLUT I ONS P-183

WORKSHEET-272 Solutions 1. Reasons for putting trade barriers to foreign trade 3. Fair globalisation creates opportunities : and investment by the Indian government after Independence are : Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensure that the benefits of (i) To protect local producers and goods from globalisation are shared better. foreign competition. (i) Government policies must protect the interests (ii) Industries needed protection so that they could not only of the rich and powerful but of all the grow and develop in order to be ready to compete people in the country. with developed countries later on. (ii) Government can ensure that labour laws are (iii) It imposed restrictions on the import of certain properly implemented and the workers get their goods. rights.  1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iii) Government can support small producers to improve their performance till they become 2. The disadvantages of MNCs are : strong enough to compete. (i) Small manufacturers like—batteries, capacitors, (iv) If necessary the government can use trade and investment barriers. plastic toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil (v) It can negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules. are victims of competition. (vi) It can also align with other developing countries (ii) Closing down of small units rendered many with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO. workers jobless. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (iii) Most employers prefer to employ workers ‘flexibly’, [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] this means that workers jobs are no longer secure. Small Indian companies are hard hit because of government’s changed policies such as allowing import of the goods which were previously not allowed. 1×3=3 WORKSHEET-273 Solutions 2. (i) To get large orders from MNCs of Europe and America, the Indian garment exporters try hard to 1. (i) Tata Motors (auto mobiles), Infosys (IT), cut their own costs. As cost of raw materials cannot Ranbaxy (medicines), Asian Paints (Paints), be reduced, exporters try to cut labour costs. Sundaram Fasteners (nuts and bolts) are some of the large Indian companies which are spreading (ii) The workers in the earlier days were employed their operations worldwide and have emerged as on permanent basis, now they are employed multinationals themselves. on temporary basis. They are not paid for the whole year. workers also have to put in very long (ii) In the past few years, massive compaigns and working hours and work night shifts on a regular representation by people’s organisations have basis during the peak season. Wages are low and influenced important decisions relating to trade and they are forced to work overtime to make both investments at the WTO. This has demonstrated ends meet. that people also can play an important role in the struggle for fair globalisation. (iii) Sushila had spent many years as a worker in garment export industry in Delhi. She was (iii) Batteries, Capacitors, Plastics, Toys, Tyres, dairy employed as ‘permanent worker’ entitled to health products and vegetable oil are some examples of insurance, provident fund, overtime at a double industries where the small manufacturers have rate just before her factory got closed in late 1990s. been hit hard due to competition. P-184 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-274 Solutions 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(e), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(c), (v)-(a) 9. Cargill Foods 2. Option (d) is correct. 10. globalisation 3. A - Parakh Foods 11. Option (a) is correct. B - Ford Motors 12. A MNC is a company that owns or controls 4. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (c) is correct. production in more than one nation. 6. Option (d) is correct. 13. Tat motors is an Indian MNC which is spreading its 7. The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, operations worldwide. building machines and other equipment is called 14. The Incorrect option is (c) : Globalisation has led to investment. 8. Investment made by MNCs is called foreign improvement in living conditions of all the people. investment. Correct answer is : Globalisation has led to improvement in living condition of educated, skilled and wealthy people. WORKSHEET-275 Solutions 8. Due to availability of cheap skilled labour and good English speaking people. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 2. Option (b) is correct. 9. flexibility 3. A - Nuts and Bolts B - Ranbaxy 10. Option (c) is correct. 4. Option (d) is correct. 5. Option (b) is correct. 11. India has highly skilled engineers who can 6. Option (b) is correct. understand the technical aspects of production. 7. To protect the producers within the country from 12. The Incorrect option is (a) : MNCs play an foreign competition. important role in the liberalization process. Correct answer is : MNCs play an important role in the globalisation. WORKSHEET-276 Solutions 1. Option (c) is correct. 7. uniform 2. Option (b) is correct. 3. Option (d) is correct. 8. Special Economic Zones 4. Option (c) is correct. 9. WTO rules have forced the developing countries to 5. Infrastructural facilities. remove trade barriers. 6. Due to globalisation 10. Rapid improvement in technology has been one of the major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process. qqq S OLUT I ONS P-185