10 th Science Oswall Worksheet Solution

5. Some of the important strategies adopted by the (iv) One of the great innovations was the printers and publishers to sell books were: introduction of cheap paperback books in the 1930s, during the Great Depression in order (i) They brought out serialized novels. The first to keep the steady sale of books at the time serialized novel was Shilling Series. It was a of recessions. Cheap paperback editions were cheap series that was very popular and was sold brought to counter the effect of the Great in England in 1920s. Depression in the 1930s. (ii) The advertisers put up advertisements at strategic (v) The Shilling Series was also considered an public locations such as building, railway station, important innovation at this time. etc. to attract buyers and improve sales. (Any five) 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] (iii) The dust cover or the book jacket is the 20th century innovation. WORKSHEET-69 Solutions (vi) It encouraged debates and discussions on written texts and encouraged freedom of opinion on 1. (i) The rate of literacy was very low in Europe till the important issues. end of the 20th century. In order to attract people towards books, the printers started printing popular (vii) Generated a new reading habit and book culture.  (Any two) 1 + 2 = 3 ballads and folk tales with a lot of illustration. 4. Impact of print revolution: (i) New reading public emerged. (ii) Such books were recited at gatherings and it (ii) The hearing people became reading people. attracted listeners. (iii) Religious debates due to fear of prints led to the (iii) Thus, the oral culture was printed and printed distinctive interpretation of faith. material was orally transmitted. That’s how oral (iv) Printing transformed the lives of the people. and reading culture intermingled. 1×3=3 (v) It opened new ways of looking at things. (vi) Print culture also affected the lives of poor [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] people and women in many ways. The print 2. From his childhood, Gutenberg had seen wine gave birth to a new form of popular literature. and olive presses. Subsequently, he learnt the art Very small books were brought out. They were of polishing stones, became a master goldsmith, sold at crossroads. The poor people bought these and also acquired the expertise to create lead books and read with great interest. Books were moulds used for making trinkets. Drawing on this cheap so that the poor people could also afford knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology them. to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were (vii) Women’s reading increased enormously in used for casting the metal types for the letters of the middle-class homes. Liberal husbands and fathers alphabet. By 1448, Gutenberg perfected the system. The first book printed by him was the Bible. About began educating their womenfolk at home and 180 copies were printed and it took three years to sent them to schools. Women schools were also produce them. By the standards of time this was set up. (Any five) 1×5=5 fast production.3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 3. With the invention of printing press, the printing of 5. (i) Periodicals, journals and newspapers in the early books started at a large scale. It was called the Print 18th century combined information from various Revolution. fields. Significance : (ii) That’s how the ideas of scientists and philosophers became more accessible to the common people. (i) With the printing press, a new reading public emerged. (iii) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, maps and scientific diagrams were (ii) Printing reduced the cost of books. printed. (iii) Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever (iv) Scientists such as Isaac Newton could influence a growing readership. large number of people in the scientific area, by publishing their discoveries. (iv) It led to the growth and development in technique and production of books. (v) The works of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely read. It also transformed the lives of people by opening the door of knowledge to a vast literate population. (vi) Ideas about science, reason and rationality found its way into popular literature.  (Any five) 1×5=5 (v) It influenced people’s conception and opened new ways of looking at things. S OLUT I ONS P-51

WORKSHEET-70 Solutions (ii) Bibliotheque Bleue was low-priced books sold in France. 1. (i) By the mid-19th century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power driven cylindrical (iii) There were the romances printed on four to six pages and the more substantial ‘histories’ which press. This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per were stories of the past. 1×3=3 hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspaper. 4. Difficulties in copying manuscripts: (ii) In the late 19th century, the offset press was (i) Copying manuscript was an expensive business. developed which would print up to six colours at a (ii) It was laborious and time-consuming. time. (iii) Manuscripts themselves were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be easily carried around or (iii) From the turn of the 20th century, electrically- read easily. operated presses accelerated the printing operations. Use of printing press : (iv) Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of (i) It enables people to produce books at greater speed. the plates became better, automatic paper reels and (ii) The production of books in large number created a photoelectric controls of the colour register were new culture of reading and enlarged the number of introduced. readers. 3+2=5 (v) The dust cover or the book jackets were 5. (i) Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses, criticising introduced. (Any three) 1×3=3 the malpractices in the Roman Catholic Church. He posted a printed copy of it on the door of a church 2. (i) It was a private English weekly magazine in in Wittenberg. India, independent from colonial influence. (ii) Hickey not only published a lot of advertisements (ii) Luther’s writings immediately became popular including the import and sale of slaves, but also through printed copies and were read widely. published lots of gossip about the Company’s (iii) 5000 printed copies of Luther’s translation of the senior officials in India. New Testament were sold in a week. (iii) Governor General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey and encouraged government sanctioned (iv) All these led to a religious debate and marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. newspapers. 1×3=3 (v) Printing technology played a key role in bringing 3. (i) There were almanacs along with ballads and religious reforms in the 16th century. Hence, Martin folk tales. In England, penny chapbooks were carried Luther’s remarks were apt, effective and practical. by petty pedlars known as chapmen and sold for a penny. 1×5=5 WORKSHEET-71 Solutions 3. The development of printing technology in China: 1. ‘Accordion Book’ is a traditional Chinese book, (i) From AD 594 onwards, books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface folded and stitched at the side. of woodblocks. (i) Chinese Accordion Books were hand printed. They (ii) As both sides of the thin, porous sheet could not be were printed by rubbing paper against the inked printed, the traditional Chinese ‘Accordion Book’ was folded and stitched at the side. surface of wooden blocks. (iii) China possessed a huge bureaucratic system (ii) As both sides of the thin, porous sheet would not be which recruited its personnel through civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed, the traditional Chinese ‘Accordion Book’ printed in vast numbers under the sponsorship of the was folded and stitched at the side. imperial state. (iii) These Accordion Books could be duplicated (iv) By the 17th century, urban culture developed in China and merchants. Wives of rich men and wives by superbly-skilled craftsmen with remarkable of scholar-officials not only started reading different accuracy and the beauty of calligraphy. 1 × 3 = 3 books like, fictions, poetry, autobiographies, anthologies of literary masterpieces, romantic plays, 2. (i) To attract people, the printers started printing they also began to write their autobiographies. popular ballads and folk tales.  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) To attract people books had been incorporated with lots of illustrations. (iii) Ballads and folk tales were sung and recited to the people in gatherings in the villages. 1×3=3 P-52 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

4. (i) In 1295, Marco Polo a great explorer, returned rich monostic libraries which scoffed at printed to Italy with the knowledge of the technology of books as cheap vulgarities. 2 woodblock printing from China. 1 (iii) Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known (ii) The luxury editions were still handwritten on very printing press in the 1430s in Strasbourg, expensive vellum, meant for aristocratic circles and Germany. 2 TOPIC-2 The Growth of Press in 19th Century India WORKSHEET-72 Solutions century. 1. Manuscripts were documents or books written by (iii) Other literary forms like – lyrics, short stories and hand. essays emerged in Europe. 1+1+1=3 They were not used widely because: (a) They could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books. 4. (i) The Portuguese missionaries first introduced (b) They were expensive as copying was an printing press in India in the mid-16th century. expensive, laborious and time-consuming business. (ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several (c) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to tracts. handle and could not be carried around or read easily. (iii) By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in the (d) Their circulation was limited. Konkani and Kannada language. (Any two) 1+2=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iv) Catholic priest first published printed books in Tamil in Cochin and in 1713 first Malayalam book 2. (i) Manuscripts were copies on palm leaves or on was printed. handmade paper. (v) The Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed (ii) Pages were beautifully illustrated. nearly 32 printed texts in Tamil which were later (iii) Manuscripts were highly expensive but fragile. translated. (iv) They were in various vernacular languages. (v) They could not be read easily as the script was (vi) The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though officials of the East written in different styles. India Company began to import presses from late (Any three points to be explained) 1×3=3 17th century. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (vii) From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit 3. (i) The Portuguese missionaries made initial efforts the Bengal Gazette, a weekly magazine; it was to introduce printing press in India in the mid-16th a private English enterprise and was free from century. colonial influence. (ii) Rituals like widow immolation (sati), monotheism, (viii) Hickey published a lot of advertisements including Brahamancial priesthood and idol worship were those that related to import and sale of slaves. prevalent in Hindu society during early 19th (ix) By the close of the 18th century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] Solutions WORKSHEET-73 1. (i) After the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to (ii) As vernacular newspapers became assertively freedom of the press changed. Enraged nationalist, the colonial government began Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the debating measures of stringent control. ‘native’ press. 1½ + 1½ = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 2. (i) In Punjab, similar folk literature about discussing women issues was widely printed from the early 20th century. S OLUT I ONS P-53

(ii) Ram Chaddha published the fast selling ‘Istri 4. (i) Nationalists in India used print media to publish Dharam Vichar’ to teach women how to be obedient wives. 1½ + 1½ = 3 the evil effects of British rule and spread new ideas. (ii) As vernacular newspapers became assertively 3. (i) Religious texts, reached a wide circle of nationalist, the colonial government decided to people encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different take strong measures. religions. (iii) In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed (ii) Newspapers conveyed news from one place to other creating pan-Indian identities. which provided the government with intensive (iii) Spread of ideas through printed texts and rights to censor reports and editorials in the newspapers led to widespread participation of Indians. vernacular press. (iv) Print propagated against social evils like Sati, (iv) The government started keeping regular track child marriage and the purdah system. on vernacular newspapers. If it published some (v) Emergence of many social reforms and reform movements. material which was considered to be seditious, (vi) New ideas emerged through the clashes of the government seized the press and confiscated opinions. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 the printing machines. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (v) Despite repressive measures nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Solutions WORKSHEET-74 1. (i) This was because of the superstitions and (iv) Kashibaba, a millworker wrote and published myths that prevailed in the society. ‘Chhote Aur Bade ka Sawal’. (ii) Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl (v) Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to would be widowed and Muslims feared that educate themselves. educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances. 1½ + 1½ = 3 (vi) Workers were overburdened and lacked the education to write much. (Any five) 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2. (i) The Vernacular Press Act provided the 4. Print culture, i.e., press and literature played government with extensive rights to censor reports a crucial role in the growth and spread of and editorials in the vernacular press. nationalism in India: (ii) The government kept regular track of the vernacular (i) In the 19th century, a huge quantity of national newspapers published in different provinces. literature was created. Revolutionised minds of people inspired them to throw away the British (iii) If any report was judged as seditious, then quickly yoke. that newspaper was warned. (ii) India Mirror, Bombay Samachar, The Hindu, (iv) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be Kesari–Indian newspapers exerted deep imprint seized and the printing machinery could be seized. 3 on the minds of people. 3. From the late 19th century, issues of caste (iii) Nationalist press reported on colonial misrule and discrimination began to be written. encouraged nationalist activities. For example, when Punjab revolutionaries were deported (i) Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of low caste, in 1907, Bal Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great started a protest movement. He wrote about the sympathy about them. injustice of the caste system in his Gulamgiri. (iv) Gandhiji spread his ideas of Swadeshi in a (ii) B. R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Rama- swamy in Madras wrote powerfully on caste. powerful way through newspapers. Many Their writings were read by people all over India. vernacular newspapers came up in India to (iii) Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of journals and tracts. spread nationalism. 1¼ × 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] P-54 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-75 Solutions (ii) Mill workers set up libraries, e.g., in Bombay. 1. (i) By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed (iii) Libraries were located mostly in cities and in certain regulations to control press freedom and prosperous villages. 1×3=3 the company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule. 3. (i) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home and sent them to schools. (ii) In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor (ii) Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws. would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading (iii) In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed, romantic books. modelled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor (iii) Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting reports and editorials in the vernacular press. From now the government kept regular track of the experiences of women-how women were the vernacular newspapers published in different provinces. imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to When a report was judged as seditious, the do hard domestic labour. 1½+1½+2=5 newspaper was warned and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and 4. (i) The print culture gave birth to new forms of the printing machinery could be confiscated. popular literature. Very small books were brought 1×3=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] out. They were sold crossroads. The poor people bought these books and read with great interest. 2. Three methods by which printed books became Books were cheap, even the poor could afford to buy more accessible to common people: them. Public libraries were set up. (i) Very cheap books were brought in Madras town (ii) The print culture made the women important, as and sold on the crossroads, allowing poor people readers as well as writers. Women’s reading increased travelling to markets to buy them. enormously in middle-class homes. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home and send them to schools. Women’s schools were set up. 2½+2½=5 WORKSHEET-76 Solutions (ii) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. 1. (i) With the setting up of an increasing number (iii) The British Government tried to put down of printing presses, visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copies. nationalised criticism but there were more protests. (iv) ‘Punjab revolutionaries were deported,’ Bal (ii) Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for Gangadhar Tilak wrote in Kesari. mass circulation. (v) It led to his imprisonment in 1908 provoking terms (iii) Cheap prints and calendars were easily available of protest. 1×5=5 in the bazaar. By the 1870s, caricatures and 4. Effects of Print culture on poor people: cartoons were also being published in journals and (i) Cheap small books were brought to the markets in newspapers commenting on social and political Madras and were then sold. issues. 1×3=3 (ii) Public libraries were set up from early 20th century 2. (i) The printing press first came to Goa in Western India through Portuguese missionaries in the mid- expanding the access to books. 16th century. (iii) When issues to caste discrimination were written by Ambedkar, Jyotiba Phule, it was read by people. (ii) Jesuit priests learnt Konkani and printed several texts ‘Gulamgiri’ of Jyotiba Phule exposed the ill- and nearly 50 books were printed in Konkani. treatment to the low castes. (iii) Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 (iv) Local protest movements and sects criticised ancient at Cochin. scriptures. (iv) The first Malayalam book was printed in 1713. (v) Workers in factories wrote and published to show (v) The Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 links between caste and class exploitation. Tamil texts. (Any three) 1×3=3 3. The print culture had a significant impact on the (vi) Bangalore cotton mill-workers set up libraries to educate themselves. Just like the Bombay mill growth of nationalism in India. workers (Bombay mill workers were the first to (i) In spite of passing a Vernacular Press Act, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers. do this, which was followed by the Bangalore mill workers) (Any five) 1×5=5 S OLUT I ONS P-55

WORKSHEET-77 Solutions millworker who wrote under the pan name of Sudarshan Chakr also attracted the millworkers 1. After the Revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of towards reading printed books, since they could see press changed. Enraged English officials clamped their lives and sufferings reflected in such books. down the native press because of their nationalists (v) Bombay and Bangalore cotton millworkers set up activities. libraries to educate themselves. These libraries were sponsored by social reformers. 1×5=5 (i) In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed. It provided the government extensive rights to censor 3. (i) The printing press first came to Goa with reports. Portuguese missionaries in the mid-sixteenth century. 1 (ii) The government kept regular track of the vernacular newspaper, when a report was judged as seditious (ii) Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including the newspaper was warned, the press was liable to those that related to the import and sale of slaves. be seized and machinery could be confiscated. But he also published a lot of gossip about the 1+2=3 Company’s senior officials in India. 2 2. Sources of Attraction: (iii) Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted (i) Very cheap small books were brought to market in Hickey because he was enraged by Hickey’s published gossip about the Company’s senior the 19th century. officials in India in his newspaper, he also (ii) Public libraries were set up to give an easy access to encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of books. information that damaged the image of the colonial (iii) Kashibaba of Kanpur published ‘Chhote Aur Bade government. 2 ka Sawal’ where caste and class exploitation were linked. (iv) Sacchi Kavitayen, the poems of another Kanpur VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-78 Solutions 9. Vast number of printing textbooks were required : for the recruitment of huge number of bureaucratic 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] personnel through civil service examination in China. 2. Option (b) is correct. 3. (A) - The Roman Church began maintaining an [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] index of prohibited books. 10. Index of prohibited books from 1558 (B) - 1822 11. Bibliotheque Bleue 4. Option (b) is correct. 12. Bengal Gazette 5. Option (a) is correct. 13. Option (d) is correct. 6. Option (b) is correct. 14. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years 7. Option (d) is correct. compiling traditional folk tales gathered from 8. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced peasants. hand printing technology in Japan in around 15. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced 768-778 CE. As a result, the oldest Japanese book hand-printing technology into Japan around AD \"Diamond Sutra\" was printed in 868 CE. 768-770. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 16. The Incorrect option is (d) : Trading increasingly became a leisure activity. Correct answer is : Reading increasingly became a leisure activity. P-56 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-79 Solutions 8. Novels use vernacular because it is spoken by the common people. 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a) 2. Option (d) is correct. 9. Bible. 3. (A) - 1880 (B) - Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, an 10. Deoband Seminary educationalist and literary figure, strongly 11. Martin Luther, Ninety Five Theses condemned men for withholding education from women. 12. Option (a) is correct. 4. Option (d) is correct. 5. Option (c) is correct. 13. Hindus believed that a literate girl would be 6. Option (b) is correct. widowed. 7. It was feared that if there was no control over 14. In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed. what was printed and read, then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. 15. The Incorrect option is (a) : Gutenberg was the son (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) of a goldsmith. Correct answer is : Gutenberg was the son of a merchant.  MAP WORK Solutions WORKSHEET-80 1. Identified places are : 2. Identified places are : (A) Nagpur : The place where Indian National (A) Kolkata/Calcutta : The place where the Indian Congress Session law held in December 1920. National Congress was held. (B) Amritsar : The city where Jallianwala Bagh took (B) Dandi : The place where Salt Law was broken by Mahatma Gandhi. (2) place.  (2) S OLUT I ONS P-57

WORKSHEET-81 Solutions 1. Identified places are : (2) (A) Chennai/Madras : The place where the Indian National Congress session was held. (B) Dandi : The place where Gandhiji Violated the Salt law. 2. Identified places are : (2) (A) Madras/Chennai : The place where the Indian Congress Session was held. (B) Ahmedabad : The place where Gandhiji organized ‘Satyagraha‘ in favour of cotton mill workers. P-58 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-82 Solutions 1. The correct information has been provided and the locations have also been marked on the map : (A) Chauri Chaura : Calling off-the Non-Cooperation Movement. (B) Kolkata/Calcutta : Session of Indian National Congress (1920) 2. The correct information has been provided and the locations have also been marked on the map : (3 Marks) (A) Amritsar : The city where the Jallianwala Bagh incident occurred. (B) Chennai/Madras : Session of Indian National Congress (1927). (C) Dandi : Civil Disobedience Movement. S OLUT I ONS P-59

WORKSHEET-83 Solutions 1. The correct information has been provided and the locations have also been marked on the map. (A) Ahmedabad : The place which is known for Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha. (B) Calcutta : The place where Congress Session was held in September 1920. (C) Champaran : The place known for Indigo Planters Movement. 2. The correct information has been provided and the locations have also been marked on the map. (A) Nagpur : The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in 1920. (B) Amritsar : The city where the Jallianwala Bagh incident occurred. (C) Champaran : The place where the peasants struggled against the Indigo Plantation System. P-60  SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

SEUCNTIITON IBI CONTEMPORARY INDIA-II (Geography) CHAPTER 1 - RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT TOPIC-1 Resources : Types and Planning WORKSHEET-84 Solutions against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. 1. (i) Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nations Conference (iii) The use of land is determined both by physical on Environment and Development (UNCED), factors such as topography, climate, soil types as which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions (ii) The two principles of Agenda 21 are as follows : etc. 1+1+1=3 (a) To combat environmental damage, poverty 4. Natural endowments which can be utilised to and disease through global co-operation on satisfy our needs, provided they are technologically common interests, mutual needs and shared accessible, economically feasible and culturally responsibilities. acceptable, are termed as resources. (b) Every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21. Resources may be classified into renewable and  1 + 2 = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) non-renewable resources on the basis of their exhaustibility. 2. (i) If the present trend of resource depletion by few individuals continues, the future of our S. Renewable Resources Non-Renewable planet is in danger. No. Resources (ii) Planning is essential for sustainable existence of all (i) Resources which do not Resources which are forms of life. Resource planning becomes extremely get exhausted and which gradually exhausted important in a country like India, which has can be repeatedly used with resulting into enormous diversity in the availability of resources. without fear of exhaus- a reduction in their tion are termed as renew- stock use are termed (iii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to able resources. They are as non-renewable re- global ecological crises. inexhaustible resources. sources. 1 × 3 = 3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (ii) Examples: Solar and Examples: Fossil 3. (i) Agenda 21 aims at achieving global sustainable wind energy, water, fuels like coal, petro- development. It is an agenda to combat forests, wildlife, etc. leum and minerals. environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interest, mutual (iii) Renewable resources are Fossil fuels get totally needs and shared responsibilities. flow resources having a exhausted with use. continuous stock and are Metals can be recycled. (ii) Gandhiji said, “There is enough for everybody’s being used since time im- But these resources need and not for anybody’s greed”. He was very memorial. can never be renewed apt in voicing his concern, because he placed the or replenished. greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause 1+4=5 for resource depletion at the global level. He was S OLUT I ONS P-61

WORKSHEET-85 Solutions 4. Classification of resources on the basis of ownership : 1. Yes, there are regions which are rich in certain (i) Individual resources types of resources, but are deficient in some other resources. (ii) Community owned resources (i) Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (iii) National resources are rich in minerals and coal deposits. (iv) International resources (ii) Arunachal Pradesh has an abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructural Features of resources classified on the basis of development. ownership : (iii) Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind energy (i) Individual Resources: but lacks in water resources.  These are owned privately by individuals.  These resources can be allotted to individuals (iv) The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated by government against the payment of rev- from the rest of the country. It has very rich enue, for example plantation, pasture lands, cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, ponds, water in wells etc. infrastructure and some vital minerals.  These can be directly purchased by individuals, (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 for example, plots, houses and other property. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (ii) Community Owned Resources:  These resources are accessible to all the mem- bers of the community. 2. Resources are vital for human survival. However, it was believed that resources are a free gift of nature.  Examples of community resources are: public This has led to indiscriminate use of resources parks, picnic spots, playgrounds etc. which in turn has led to the following problems : (iii) National Resources: (i) To satisfy the greed of a few individuals, the  These resources are owned by a nation. depletion of resources has been continuing from years.  Technically, all the minerals, water resourc- es, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical (ii) Accumulation of resources in a few hands has miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territo- divided the society into two segments, i.e., rich and rial water and resources therein belong to the poor. nation. (iii) Indiscriminate use of resources has led to ecological (iv) International Resources: crises, e.g., ozone layer depletion, land degradation, global warming and environmental pollution.  These resources do not belong to any individu-  1×3=3 al country. 3. Resource: Everything available in our environment,  These resources are regulated by international which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it institution. is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable, is known as a resource.  Technically, the oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone Types of resources on the basis of ownership are: as belong to open ocean are termed as interna- tional resources. (i) Individual resources  No individual country can utilise international resources without the concurrence of interna- (ii) Community resources tional institutions. (Any three) 2+3=5 (iii) National and international resources 2+1=3 WORKSHEET-86 Solutions Reserves: These are a subset of the stock. They can be put into use with existing knowledge, but their 1. Stock: Materials, which have the potential to use has not been started. For example, river water is satisfy human beings, but humans do not have the used as a source of hydroelectricity, but to a limited appropriate technology to access these, are termed extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests, etc., is a as stock. We do not have the required technical reserve which can be used in the future.1½+1½=3 knowledge to use these resources for a specific 2. (i) Stock : purpose. For example, water, which is a compound (a) Materials in the environment, which have the of two inflammable gases—hydrogen and oxygen. Both these gases can be a rich source of energy. But, potential to satisfy human needs. we do not know how to use them. (b) They are not accessed due to the lack of technology. P-62 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(c) Example: Water is a compound of two 3. Importance of Sustainable Development : inflammable gases—hydrogen and oxygen, (i) Sustainable development aims at fulfilling the which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technical needs of today without compromising the needs knowledge about how to use them for this of the future generation. purpose. Hence, it is stock. (ii) Sustainability is the capability to use the resources judiciously and maintain the ecological balance. (ii) Potential Resources : (iii) It lays emphasis on environmental protection (a) They are found in a region. and check environmental degradation. (b) They have not been utilised or developed. (iv) To stop over exploitation and over use of resources. (c) Example: Rajasthan and Gujarat have (Any three points to be explained with relevant enormous potential for the development of examples like petroleum, coal, groundwater etc.) wind and solar energy, but they are yet to be 3×1=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) developed for various reasons. 1½+1½=3 Detailed Answer : Ans. (Topper’s Answer, 2018) 4. Resources on the basis of origin : (b) Abiotic: All those things which are non-living are (a) Biotic: Those resources which are available in the called abiotic resources. For example, rocks, soils and minerals. biosphere and have a life, such as human beings, flora and fauna, etc. S OLUT I ONS P-63

Resources on the basis of exhaustibility: (ii) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led (a) Renewable resources: The resources which to global ecological crises such as global warming, can be renewed are renewable resources. For ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution example: water, forest, wind, etc. and land degradation. 2 (b) Non-renewable resources : These resources occur (iii) An equitable distribution of resources has become over a very long period of time and get exhausted. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of these essential for a sustained quality of life and global resources. 5 peace. If the present trend of resource depletion 5. (i) Resources are vital for human survival as well as by a few individuals and countries continues, the for maintaining the quality of life. 1 future of our planet is in danger. 2 TOPIC-2 Land and Soil as Resource WORKSHEET-87 Solutions (vi) It is made up of lava flows. (vii) Any other relevant point 1. (i) Alluvial soil is widely spread over the northern plains by the three Himalayan river systems – (Any three to be explained) The Indus, The Ganga and The Brahmaputra. 1×3=3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) (ii) Most fertile soil among all soil types. (iii) Alluvial soil classified as Bangar and Khadar. Detailed Answer : (iv) It contains potash, phosphoric acid and lime. (v) Any other relevant point. Three main features of Black Soil found in India : (Any three to be explained) (i) This soil is black in colour and is also known as regur 1×3=3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) soil. It is typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over northwest Deccan plateau. It covers Detailed Answer : the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Three main features of Alluvial Soil found in India : Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and extends in the south-east direction along the Godavari and the (i) The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Krishna valleys. It is made up of extremely fine i.e. These soils also extend in Rajasthan and Gujarat, clayey material. also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the (ii) It is well known for its capacity to hold moisture. Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. It develops deep cracks during hot weather, and is sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless (ii) Alluvial soils are deposited by three important tilled immediately after the first shower or during Himalayan river systems–the Indus, the Ganga and the pre-monsoon period. the Brahmaputra. (iii) In addition, It is rich in soil nutrients such as (iii) According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. It as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar). is generally poor in phosphoric contents. 3 The bangar soil has higher concentration of kankar nodules than the Khadar. It has more fine particles 3. (i) Main Cause : Large scale overgrazing has and is more fertile than the bangar. caused severe land degradation. 2. (i) Black soil is black in colour and also known as (ii) Measures to check land degradation due to regur soil. overgrazing : (a) Afforestation (ii) Black soil is well known for its capacity to hold moisture. (b) Proper management and control on overgrazing. 1+2=3 (iii) It is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) (iv) It is ideal for growing cotton. 4. (i) It is believed that climatic condition along with (v) This type of soil is typical of the Deccan trap the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. region spread over northwest Deccan plateau. (ii) Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, P-64 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the (iii) Due to dry climate and high temperature, growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other evaporation is faster. These soils lack humus and cereal and pulse crops. moisture. (iii) These soils develop a reddish colour due to (iv) These soils are occupied by Kankar. Kankar layer diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic formations in the bottom horizons restrict the rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. 1+1+1=3 infiltration of water. (v) After proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable. 1×5=5 5. (i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. (ii) These are sandy in texture and saline in (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) nature. WORKSHEET-88 Solutions (iv) Contour ploughing is another step to conserve land. The fields are ploughed, harrowed and sown 1. along the natural contour of the hills. S.No. Red Soil Laterite Soil 1×3=3 (Any three) 3. (i) Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. (i) Red soil develops on Laterite soil crystalline igneous rocks develops in (ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. in areas of low rainfall. areas with high temperature and (iii) Due to dry climate and high temperature, the evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and heavy rainfall. moisture. (ii) Formed due to weather- Formed due to (iv) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by ing. leaching. Kankar because of the increasing flow of calcium (iii) Red soil is found in Laterite soil is content downwards. (Any three) 1×3=3 parts of Odisha and mainly found in 4. (i) Current fallow Land : Land that has been left Chhattisgarh, southern Karnataka, Kerala uncultivated for one or less than one agricultural year. parts of the middle of and the hilly areas of Ganga plain and along Odisha and Assam. (ii) Other than current fallow: Land that has been left the piedmont zone of uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years. the Western Ghats. (iii) Culturable wasteland: Land that has been left 1×3=3 uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years. 1×3=3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) 2. (i) Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. 5. (i) Soil is considered as a resource because it is (ii) Planting of shelter belts, control on overgrazing, used to satisfy our needs. stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land (ii) It is the most important renewable natural degradation in arid areas. resource. (iii) Proper management of wastelands, control of (iii) It is the medium of plant growth. mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of (iv) It is home to innumerable forms of living industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can organisms on earth. reduce land and water degradation in industrial (v) It is the base of our life. 1×5=5 and suburban areas. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) WORKSHEET-89 Solutions (i) Contour Ploughing: Contour ploughing or ploughing along the contour lines of a highland can 1. Methods of Soil Conservation : decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. (i) Terrace cultivation (ii) Afforestation (ii) Terrace Cultivation: Terrace cultivation or cutting (iii) Control on overgrazing of steps around the slopes to provide land for (iv) Control of mining activities. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 agriculture also checks the downhill flow of water 2. Following methods can be used for soil and controls soil erosion, e.g., as in Western and Central Himalayan region. conservation in hilly areas: (iii) Strip Cropping: Under this method, large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow S OLUT I ONS P-65

between the crops. This breaks up the force of the (ii) Climate: Climatic factors like rainfall and changes wind. in temperature help in breaking the parent rock into small pieces. (iv) Afforestation: Afforestation or planting of trees in the hilly regions can help in soil conservation. (iii) Vegetation: Plants help in the weathering of rocks though slowly but continuously.  (Any three)  1×3=3 (iv) Natural Agents: Various forces of nature such 3. (i) Two human activities which are largely as actions of running water, wind and glaciers, responsible for the process of soil erosion are deforestation and mining. activities of decomposers, etc., contribute to the formation of soil.  (Any three) 1×3=3 (ii) Types of Soil Erosion : 5. Alluvial soil is found in the eastern coastal plains (a) Gully Erosion: The running water cuts through particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the the clayey soil and makes deep channels called gullies. The unfit land caused by gullies is called Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. bad land or ravines. Main features of alluvial soil : (b) Sheet erosion : Sometimes, water flows as a (i) It is formed by the deposition of alluvium brought down by the east flowing peninsular rivers. sheet over large areas down a slope washing away the top soil. This process is known as (ii) It is highly fertile. sheet erosion. 1 + 2=3 (iii) It consists of various proportions of sand, silt and 4. Factors responsible for soil formation are: clay. (i) Parent Rock: The parent rock is the first factor (iv) It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime but which provides the basic material for the formation deficient in organic matter. 1+4=5 of soil. WORKSHEET-90 Solutions 3. (i) Climatic conditions along with parent rock material are important factors for formation of black 1. Alluvial soils are formed by the sediments deposited soil. The parent rock is volcanic rock. by rivers. (ii) Black soil is considered ideal for growing cotton S.No. Khadar Soil Bangar Soil because of the following reasons : (i) It is a new alluvial soil. It is an old alluvial (a) It has capacity to hold moisture. soil. (b) It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium (ii) Lower concentration Higher concentra- carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. of kankar nodules. tion of kankar nod- (c) This soil develops deep cracks in the soil during ules. hot weather to facilitate proper aeration. (iii) It has more fine It has less fine (Any two) 1+2=3 particles. particles. 4. (i) We have shared our land with the past 1×3=3 generations and will have to do so with the future 2. (i) Regur soil is also known as black soil. generations too. 1 (ii) It is ideal for growing cotton, so it is also known as (ii) In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya “black cotton soil”. Pradesh and Odisha deforestation due to mining (iii) It is made up of extremely fine clayey material. have caused severe land degradation. In states (iv) It is rich in soil nutrients like calcium carbonate, like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and magnesium, potash and lime. Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. 2 (v) It develops deep cracks in hot weather which helps (iii) The mineral processing like grinding of limestone in proper aeration of the soil. for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for (vi) It can hold moisture and becomes sticky when wet. ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in This type of soil needs to be tilled immediately after the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration first shower unless it becomes very difficult to work of water into the soil after it settles down on the on the soil. (Any three) 1×3=3 land. 2 P-66 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-91 Solutions 7. Over irrigation responsible for land degradation in Punjab : 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 2. Option (a) is correct. Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation 3. (A) - Renewable Resource due to water logging leading to increase in (B) - Fossil fuel salinity and alkalinity in the soil. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 4. Option (b) is correct. (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) 8. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 9. Option (b) is correct. 5. Option (a) is correct. 10. According to the age of the alluvial soil (Khadar) is 6. Option (a) is correct. new alluvial soil. 11. The Incorrect option is (c) : It has sufficiency in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals. Correct answer is : It has deficiency in water, infrastructure and vital minerals. WORKSHEET-92 Solutions 7. Cement industry responsible for land degradation : 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(c) 2. Option (c) is correct. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone 3. (A) - Owned privately by individuals for cement industry is responsible for land (B) - National Resources degradation. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 4. Option (d) is correct. 5. Option (d) is correct. 8. potential resources 6. Option (b) is correct. 9. Option (c) is correct. 10. Human beings transform material available in our environment into resources and use them. 11. The Incorrect option is (b) : It is highly infertile. Correct answer is : It is highly fertile. WORKSHEET-93 Solutions 7. Black soil. 8. schumacher, Gandhian 1. Option (c) is correct. 9. alluvial soil 2. Option (d) is correct. 10. arid soil 3. Option (b) is correct. 11. Potential resources are resources which are found 4. (a) Abiotic Resources – Without life eg: sun, water. (b) Biotic Resources – Derived from organic in a region, but have not been utilized. 12. In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in material with life. eg: humans, plants. 5. Coal/minerals. Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International 6. Ladakh. Earth Summit. S OLUT I ONS P-67

CHAPTER 2 - AGRICULTURE TOPIC-1 Types of Farming, Cropping Pattern and Major Crops WORKSHEET-94 Solutions (v) Major producing states are Assam, West Ben- gal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, 1. Main features of ‘Rabi Crop Season’: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-pro- (a) Rabi crops are sown in Winter season from ducing states in the country. October to December. (vi) India is the leading producer as well as exporter (b) Harvested in Summer from April to June. of tea in the world. (c) Important Rabi crops are Wheat, Barley, Peas, (b) Coffee : Gram and Mustard. (i) India produces about four per cent of the (d) Availability of precipitation during winter months world’s total coffee. due to western temperate cyclones helps in the (ii) The Arabica variety produced in the country is success of these crops. in great demand all over the world. (e) Any other relevant point. (Any three) (iii) It is mainly cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3 Tamil Nadu. 2. (i) The ‘slash and burn’ agriculture is called ‘Roca’ in Brazil and ‘Masole’ in Centeral Africa. 4. Two fibre crops – cotton and jute. Cotton : Black soil, high temperature, light (ii) The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rainfall, clear sky rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, Jute : Well-drained fertile soil, high temperature. but it is a subsistence crop in Odisha. (Any other relevant point) (iii) Rice is a kharif crop which requires high (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm. In the areas of less Detailed Answer : rainfall, it grows with the helps of irrigation. Cotton : (i) Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton 1+1+1=3 soil of the Deccan plateau. 3. Two major beverage crops : Tea and coffee. (ii) It requires high temperature, light rainfall or Tea growing areas : Assam , West Bengal, Tamil irrigation. Nadu and Kerala. (iii) It requires 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine Coffee producing states : Karnataka, Kerala and for its growth. Tamil Nadu. (iv) It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 mature. Jute : Detailed Answer : (i) Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the Tea and coffee are the two major beverage crops flood plains where soils are renewed every year. grown in India. (ii) High temperature is required during the time of (a) Tea : growth. (i) An example of plantation agriculture, an impor- 5. The main cereal crops : Rice & Wheat tant beverage crop introduced in India by the Conditions for growing rice : British. (i) High temperature above 25°C. (ii) Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates (ii) High humidity with annual rainfall above 100 endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. cms. (iii) Requires warm and moist frost-free climate, fre- (iii) Important Kharif crop. quent showers evenly distributed over the year. Conditions for growing wheat : (iv) A labour intensive industry, requires abundant (i) Rainfall 50-75 cms. cheap and skilled labour. P-68 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(ii) Low temperature with bright sunshine. (ii) Wheat : Wheat is the 2nd most important food crop (iii) Important Rabi crop. of India. It is the crop of temperate region. In India, it (Any other relevant point) is grown in winter. It is more dependent on climate (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 5 than soil. The geographical conditions required for wheat cultivation are mentioned below: Detailed Answer : l Temperature : Wheat requires 14° to 18°C Rice and wheat are the two most important cereal temperature. High temperature is harmful for the crops grown in India. cultivation of wheat. (i) Rice : This crop is grown well in hot and moist l Rainfall : 50 cm to 100 cm rainfall is required for climate. The geographical conditions required for wheat cultivation. In the primary stage, cold rice cultivation are: moisture rich climate and at the time of harvesting, bright hot climate is required. l Temperature : 16°C – 27°C and rainfall 100 cm to 200 cm is ideal for rice growing. But rainfall l Soil : Fertile alluvial soil or mixed soil is ideal for during harvest time is harmful. Annual coverage wheat cultivation. temperature around 24°C is ideal. l Land : Plain lands or gentle slopes are ideal for l Soil : Rice is grown well on the alluvial soil or on the wheat cultivation. fertile river basins. It is also grown in mixed soil or loamy and clayey soil. Plenty of labour along with fertilizer, irrigation facilities, HYV seeds like Heera, Moti, RR-8 Kalyan, l Land : Plain lands or gentle slopes are suitable for etc. and mechanized farming are good for wheat the production of rice. Because stagnancy of water production. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer is must for the cultivation of rice. of wheat followed by Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Plenty of cheap labour is also required for the Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Bihar. production of rice. HYV seeds, plenty of chemical manure, irrigation water, can produce more rice. WORKSHEET-95 Solutions (vi) In intensive subsistence farming, multiple crops are grown whereas in commercial farming a 1. Features of ‘Kharif Crop Season’: (a) Grown with the onset of monsoon in different single crop is grown. parts of the country. (b) Harvested in September-October. (vii) In intensive subsistence farming, land holdings are small whereas in commercial farming land (c) Important Kharif crops are Paddy, Maize, Jowar, holdings are large. Bajra, Tur (arhar), etc. (Any other relevant point) (Any other relevant point) Any five points of comparison to be mentioned (Any three points to be described)  1×5=5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019) 3  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) 2. Comparison between ‘Intensive Subsistence 3. A. Commercial Farming farming’ and ‘Commercial farming’: (i) It is distinguished by use of higher doses of modern inputs like High Yielding Variety (i) In intensive subsistence farming, pressure of (HYV) seeds, fertilisers, farming tools, etc. population on land is high whereas in commercial (ii) Commercialisation of agriculture varies farming population pressure is low. from region to region. (iii) It is characterized by a use of well-developed (ii) In intensive subsistence farming, labour intensive network of transport and communication. farming is used whereas in commercial farming (iv) Plantation is a type of commercial farming. mechanized form of farming is used. (v) High productivity is the first and the foremost aim of commercial farming. (iii) In intensive subsistence farming, there is low (vi) For example, Rice is a commercial crop in capital investment whereas in commercial Haryana and Punjab. farming high capital investment is required. B. Subsistence Farming (iv) In intensive subsistence farming, farmers (i) This type of farming is practiced on small produce for their own consumption whereas in patches of land. commercial farming production is solely for the (ii) Labour- intensive farming. commercial purpose. (iii) It is characterized by use of primitive tools. (v) In intensive subsistence farming, processing industries are not associated with farms whereas in commercial farming processing industries are associated with plantations. S OLUT I ONS P-69

(iv) This type of farming is entirely dependent 4. The two challenges faced by the jute industry in on monsoons. India are : (v) ‘Slash and burn’ agriculture is a type of (i) Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic primitive farming. fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon. (ii) India is facing stiff competition from other jute producing nations like Bangladesh, Brazil, (vi) Productivity in this type of farming is very Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. low. The major objectives of the National Jute Policy, 2005 are : (vii) For example, rice is a subsistence crop in (i) To increase productivity. Odisha.2½+ 2½=5  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (ii) To improve quality. (iii) To ensure good prices to the jute farmers. 2+3=5 WORKSHEET-96 Solutions 4. (i) Jute is called the 'golden fibre'. Geographical conditions suitable for production 1. The two main cropping seasons are Rabi and Kharif. (i) Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to of jute: December and harvested in summer from April to June. (a) Grows well in the drained fertile soil of the (ii) Kharif crops are sown with the onset of monsoon flood plains where the soil is renewed every in different parts of the country and harvested in year. September-October.  1+2=3 (b) High temperature is required during the time 2. (i) Rice is a kharif crop. Conditions required for the of growth. growth of rice are as follows: Uses of jute: Used to manufacture gunny bags, (a) High temperature (above 25°C). mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) 1 + 2 + 2 = 5 (b) High humidity with annual rainfall above 5. Millets are coarse grains. Jowar, bajra and ragi are 100 cm. the important millets grown in India. They have high nutritional value, for example, ragi is very (ii) Main regions where rice is grown : Northern plains, rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage. north-eastern India, coastal areas, deltaic plains and river valleys. 2+1=3 3. (i) Groundnut (i) Climatic conditions for jowar—Rainfed crop mostly grown in a moist area. (ii) Mustard (iii) Coconut States producing jowar—Maharashtra, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. (iv) Sesamum (v) Soyabean, sunflower, etc. (ii) Climatic conditions for bajra—Grows in dry and warm climate on sandy soils and shallow black Importance of oil seeds: soil.  Most of these seeds are edible in the form of oil.  These are used as raw material for manufac- States producing bajra—Rajasthan, Maharashtra, turing paints, varnishes, soaps, perfumes, Gujarat, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh etc., (iii) Climatic conditions for ragi—Grows well in the  Oil cake is used as cattle feed. dry region on red, black, sandy and loamy soils.  Oil cake is also used as a fertiliser. States producing ragi—Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim. 1+ 4=5 2½ + 2½ = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016) (CBSE Marking Scheme 2016) WORKSHEET-97 Solutions (ii) Being leguminous crops, all these crops help in 1. Cultivation of pulses requires following restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. geographical conditions: Major pulses producing states in India are : (i) Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. 2+1=3 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) P-70 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

2. (i) Three geographical conditions for the growth (v) Development of dense network of canal irrigation of rice are: and tubewells have made it possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab and Haryana. (a) It requires high temperature, (above 25°C). 1×5=5 (b) High annual rainfall (above 100 cm). 4. Plantation Agriculture : Plantation agriculture is a (c) High humidity form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. In this type of farming, a single crop is (ii) It is possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall grown on a large area. Hence, large land areas are with the help of irrigation, for example, in Punjab needed for this type of agriculture. This type of and Haryana. 3+2=5 commercial farming is practised in tropical and sub- (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015) tropical regions. It was introduced by the British in 3. Climatic conditions required for the growth of rice : India. (i) It is a Kharif crop which requires high temperature Some characteristics of plantation agriculture are: (above 25°C). (i) A single crop is grown over large area. (ii) It requires high humidity with annual rainfall above (ii) It is capital intensive and done with migrant labour. 100 cm. (iii) In the areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of (iii) Entire produce is used as raw material in industries such as tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc. irrigation. (iv) It is grown in the plains of north and north-eastern (iv) Plantation agriculture has an interface of agriculture India, coastal areas and deltaic regions. and industry both. 1+4=5 WORKSHEET-98 Solutions Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya and Tripura. 5 1. The main oil seeds grown in India are groundnut, 3. Features of primitive subsistence agriculture in coconut, sesamum, castor, soyabean, linseed and India are : sunflower. (i) It is practised on small patches of land. Importance of groundnut: (ii) Tools used in this kind of farming are traditional tools such as hoe, dao and digging stick. (i) Groundnut seeds are edible. (iii) This type of agriculture is completely dependent on (ii) Groundnut oil is a commonly used as cooking monsoon. medium. (iv) When soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift to another plot of land. 1¼×4=5 (iii) Groundnut is used as raw material in production 4. Basis of difference : of soap, cosmetics and ointment. (iv) India is the largest producer of groundnut. (v) Groundnut oil accounts for half of the total oil S. No. Wheat Rice (i) seed production. (ii) It is temperate rabi It is tropical kharif (iii) States where groundnut is grown: Gujarat, (iv) crop. crop. Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, (v) It is sown in winter. It is sown after the onset of monsoon. Telangana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal 3 Depends on the mois- Depends on the (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013) ture of sub-soil. monsoon. 2. Tea cultivation is an example of plantation Grown in the areas Grown in the areas agriculture. It is also an important beverage crop with rainfall less than with the rainfall introduced in India initially by the British. Today, 100 cm rainfall. above 100 cm. most of the tea plantations are owned by Indians. There are two The important rice Climatic conditions : Tea grows well in tropical and important wheat- growing regions in sub-tropical climates. Tea bushes require warm and growing zones in the India are the plains moist frost-free climate all through the year. country – the Ganga- of north and north- Soil type: It grows on deep and fertile, well-drained Satluj plains in the eastern India, coastal soil, rich in humus and organic matters. northwest and black areas and the deltaic Rainfall: Frequent showers evenly distributed over soil region of the regions. the year ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. Deccan. States: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, 1×5=5 S OLUT I ONS P-71

WORKSHEET-99 Solutions Features of intensive farming are: 1. (a) Oil seeds usually have two main uses : (a) High yielding variety (HYV) seeds, modern chemical inputs and irrigation methods are used to (i) They are used as a cooking medium as most of increase the production. them are edible. For example, groundnut oil sunflower oil, coconut oil, etc. (b) The per hectare yield is very high. (c) More than one crop is cultivated during a year. (ii) They are used as raw material. For example, oil  2+3=5 seeds are important raw materials for the pro- duction of soap, cosmetics, ointments, etc. 4. (i) Importance of rubber plantation: Rubber is one of the important raw material in many important (b) Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut in industries like motor and vehicle industry, and India. Other states are Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, kitchenware and houseware industry. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Telangana. (ii) Geographical conditions :  2 + 1=3 (a) It is an equatorial crop. However, under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub- 2. Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are the two major tropical areas. cotton producing states of North India. (b) It requires a moist and humid climate with rainfall Geographical conditions required for the of more than 200 cm and temperature above 25°C. cultivation of cotton are: (iii) Rubber producing states: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo (i) It grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of Hills of Meghalaya. 1+2+2=5 the Deccan plateau. 5. (i) The three cropping seasons of India are rabi, kharif and zaid. 1 (ii) It requires high temperature. (ii) The most important rice – growing regions in India (iii) It requires light rainfall or irrigation. are Assam, West Bengal, regions of Odisha, Andhra (iv) It requires 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and for its growth. 1+4=5 Maharashtra particularly the (Konkan coast) along 3. Intensive subsistence farming is practised in areas with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. 2 of high population. In this type of farming, the agricultural production is increased by using high (iii) In between the rabi and kharif seasons, there is a doses of biochemical inputs and better agricultural short season during the summer months known as inputs. the zaid season. Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. 2 TOPIC-2 Technological and Institutional Reforms WORKSHEET-100 Solutions (iii) Gramin Banks, Cooperative Societies and Banks were established for providing loan 1. Refer to Ans. 2 (Any three) 1×3=3 facilities to the farmers at lower rates of inter- est. 2. Institutional and technological reforms undertaken by the Government of India to (iv) Kisan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced. improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s were: (v) Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) (a) Institutional Reforms : was introduced. (vi) The government announced Minimum Sup- (i) A Comprehensive Land Development Pro- gramme was initiated. port Price, remunerative and procurement prices to reduce exploitation. (ii) Provision of crop insurance against drought, (b) Technological Reforms : floods, cyclone, fire and disease was intro- (i) HYV seeds, chemical fertilizer and pesticides duced. were provided. P-72 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(ii) Methods of irrigation were modernized. (v) Any other relevant point. (iii) Latest agricultural equipments were intro- (Any five points to be explained in which duced. at least any three from institutional and (iv) Special weather bulletins and agricultural two from technological reforms to be explained.)  3+2=5 programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and television.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) Detailed Answer : Ans. (Topper’s Answer, 2018) P-73 S OLUT I ONS

WORKSHEET-101 Solutions 3. Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy though its share in the Gross Domestic 1. Various agricultural institutional reform Product has registered a declining trend (from programmes introduced by the government in 1951 onwards). In 2010 – 11, about 52% of the total interest of the farmers are: workforce was employed by the farm sector which makes more than half of the Indian population (i) Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, dependent on agriculture for sustenance. cyclone, fire and diseases. The declining share of agriculture in the GDP is (ii) Establishment of Grameen Banks, Cooperative a matter of serious concern because any decline Societies for providing loan facilities to farmers at and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a lower interest rates. decline in other spheres of the economy having wider implications for society. Considering (iii) Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on television and radio. the importance of agriculture in India, the (iv) Announcement of minimum support price, Government of India made concerted efforts to remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers modernize the agriculture. 5 by speculators and middlemen.(Any three) 1×3=3  (CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018) 2. (i) Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive 4. (i) Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/ community labour. spiritual heir. 1 (ii) Since the production is mainly for market, a well- (ii) Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing acres of his land to be distributed among 80 landless industries and markets play an important role in the development of plantations. villagers and this act was known as ‘Bhoodan’. 2 (iii) There are two important wheat-growing zones in (iii) Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered the country – the Ganga-Satluj plains in the north- west and black soil region of the deccan. 1+1+1=3 to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as ‘Gramdan’. 2 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-102 Solutions 7. Horticulture 1. (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a) 8. Tea and coffee. 9. Milpa 2. (A) - Kharif Cropping Season 10. Commercial, subsistence (B) - 16°C – 27°C 11. Option (b) is correct.  (CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020) 12. Two-third to India’s population is engaged in 3. Option (b) is correct. 4. Option (b) is correct. agricultural activities. 5. Option (b) is correct. 13. The Incorrect option is (c) : Linseed and mustard 6. Option (d) is correct. are kharif crops. Correct answer is : Linseed and mustard are rabi crops. WORKSHEET-103 Solutions 3. Option (d) is correct. 4. Option (b) is correct. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 5. Option (a) is correct. 2. (A) - Between 75 cm and 100 cm (B) - Tropical as well subtropical crop 6. Primitive subsistence farming. P-74 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

7. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 12. The Incorrect option is (b) : Moreover, special 8. Maize news bulletins and entertainment programmes 9. Blood-less Revolution for farmers were introduced on the radio and 10. Option (a) is correct. television. 11. Farming varies from subsistence type to commercial Correct answer is : Moreover, special weather type in India. bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. WORKSHEET-104 Solutions 5. Karnataka. 6. Gujarat 1. (A) - 50 to 75 cm 7. In between the rabi and kharif seasons, there is a (B) - Rabi Cropping Season 2. Option (c) is correct. short season during summer months known as the 3. Option (a) is correct. zaid season. 4. The coarse grains which have very high nutritional 8. Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. value are called millets. CHAPTER 3 - MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES TOPIC-1 Minerals and their Mode of Occurrence WORKSHEET-105 Solutions (iv) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. 1. “India has fairly rich and varied mineral resources across different regions” (v) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and rise in stream and river pollution. (i) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 of coal, metallic minerals, mica and many other [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] non-metallic minerals. 3. Mica is the non-metallic mineral which can be split (ii) Sedimentary rocks on the western and eastern easily into thin sheets. flanks of the peninsula, in Gujarat and Assam have most of the petroleum deposits. Its uses: (i) Mica is used in electric and electronic industries (iii) Rajasthan with the rock systems of the peninsula, has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals. The due to its excellent dielectric strength, low power vast alluvial plains of North India are almost loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to devoid of economic minerals. (Any three points to high voltage. be explained) 3 (ii) Plastic industry uses mica as an extender and filler. [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020]  1+2=3 4. (i) Most toothpastes are made white with titanium 2. The mining activity is injurious to the health of oxide, which comes from minerals called rutile, the miners and environment as : ilmenite and anatase. (ii) The ratio of intake of minerals in our body is just 0.3 (i) The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners, percent. make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. (iii) The distribution of mineral resources and associated economic activities are of interest to geographers. (ii) The risk of collapsing mine roofs.  1+1+1=3 (iii) Inundation and fires in coal mines are a constant threat to miners. S OLUT I ONS P-75

WORKSHEET-106 Solutions recycling, so that the steel can be used again for other purposes. 1. (i) The minerals content of the ore must be in (ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved : sufficient concentration. Traditional technologies should be replaced with (ii) The type of formation or structure in which they new and improved technologies, so that the are found determines the relative cases with which wastages can be minimised. mineral ores may be mined. (iii) Use of substitute or alternative resources : The (iii) The mineral should be close to the market so that resources which cannot be recycled or reused the transportation cost is low. 1×3=3 should be replaced with the recyclable resources, e.g., use of green gas instead of coal for cooking 2. (i) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits purpose. 1×3=3 in sands of valley floors and base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’. 4. (i) The term ‘ore’ is used to describe an accumulation (ii) They generally contain minerals which are not of any mineral mixed with other elements. 1 corroded by water. (ii) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may (iii) Gold, silver, tin and platinum are examples of some important minerals found in ‘placer deposits’. occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The 1×3=3 smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger 3. Following efforts have to be made to use mineral are called lodes. 2 resources in a planned and sustainable manner : (iii) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in (i) Recycling of metals: We should recycle the metal or sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These metal-made products to prevent its scarcity. deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally For example; used steel blade should be sent for contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. e.g., gold, silver, tin and platinum. 2 TOPIC-2 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals and their Conservation WORKSHEET-107 Solutions (ii) Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. It is also used in 1. Odisha-Jharkhand belt : manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and (i) In Odisha, high grade hematite ore is found. paints. (i) It is found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj (iii) Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic and Kendujhar districts. minerals. 1+1+1=3 (iii) In the adjoining Singbhum district of Jharkhand, 4. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives : hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi. (i) Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a  1×3=3 2. (i) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt: It lies in towering building or a big ship, all are made from Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra and comprises of high minerals. grade hematite iron ore. (ii) The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the (ii) Very high grade hematites are found in the famous roads, our implements and machinery too are Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of made from minerals. Chhattisgarh. (iii) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured (iii) The range of hills comprises of 14 deposits of super from minerals and run on power resources high grade hematite iron ore. derived from the earth. (iv) Iron ore from these mines is exported to Japan and (iv) Even the food that we eat contains minerals. South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. (v) In all stages of development, human beings have  (Any three)   1×3=3 used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, 3. (i) Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a high festivities, religious and ceremonial rites. content of iron up to 70 per cent. It has excellent  1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. P-76 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-108 Solutions 4. Uses of copper : 1. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese in India. (i) In manufacturing electrical cables. Two uses of manganese are: (ii) In electronic industries. (i) Manganese compounds are used in dry-cell (iii) In chemical industries. batteries, matches, fireworks, etc. The two leading copper producing states of India are Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. 2+1=3 (ii) Manganese is used as an alloying agent for aluminium. 1+2=3 5. Need to conserve mineral resources : (i) The geological processes of mineral formation 2. Mica is : are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rate (i) Excellent dielectric in strength and has a low of consumption. power loss factor. (ii) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. (ii) It has insulating properties and resistance to high (iii) Most of the minerals are unevenly distributed on voltage. the earth surface. (Any one point) (iii) Most indispensable mineral used in electric and Methods to Conserve : electronic industries. 1×3=3 (i) Minerals should be used in a planned and sustainable manner. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 3. Conservation of minerals is important for the (ii) Improved technology needs to be constantly following reasons : evolved to allow the use of low grade ore at low (i) Minerals are exhaustible. costs. (ii) They are limited. (iii) Recycling of minerals. We can conserve minerals by: (iv) Wastage in mining and processing should be (i) Using minerals properly. minimised. (ii) Improvement in technology so that low grade order can be used profitably. (v) Use of scrap metals. (iii) By recising and recycling methods. 1½+1½=3 (vi) Use of alternate substitutes. (Any four) 1 + 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] WORKSHEET-109 Solutions (iii) It is mainly found in Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. 1. (i) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Koraput district in Odisha has large deposits. Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state. Others are Gujarat, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. (ii) The Kudermukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. 1×3=3 (iii) Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest reserves of iron are in the world. 4. (i) The four major iron-ore belts of India are : (iv) The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline (a) Odisha-Jharkhand belt, (b) Durg-Bastar- to a port near Mangalore. (Any three) 1×3=3 Chandrapur belt, (c) Ballari-Chitradurara- 2. (i) Minerals occur in the form of veins and lodes (in igneous and metamorphic rocks). Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt, (d) Maharashtra- (ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in Goa belt. 1 beds and layers. (ii) High grade hematite iron are has the best physical (iii) As residual mass of weathered material. properties needed for steel making. Hence, this (iv) As alluvial deposits in ocean waters. type of iron ore is exported to Japan and South (Any three) 1×3=3 Korea via Vishakhapatnam Port. 2 3. (i) Bauxite (iii) The Kudremukh mines located in the wetern (ii) Aluminium is gaining importance because of its Ghates of Karnataka are a 100 percent export unit. extreme lightness, good conductivity and great malleability. It combines the strength of metals such These mines are also known to be one of the largest as iron. in the world. 2 S OLUT I ONS P-77

TOPIC-3 Conventional Sources of Energy WORKSHEET-110 Solutions 1+1+1=3 1. (i) Petroleum provides fuel for heat and lighting, 2. Abundantly available fossil fuel in India is Coal. It lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a provides a substantial part of the nation's energy number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum needs. It is used for power generation, to supply refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. textiles, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. Importance: (ii) Electricity has such a wide range of applications in (i) Peat has low carbon and high moisture content today’s world that, its per capita consumption is considered as an index of development. and low heating capacity. (ii) Lignite is a low grade brown coal which is (iii) Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna-Godavari basin. Along the west coast soft with high moisture content. It is used for the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields generating electricity. are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay, (iii) Bituminous is the most popular coal of commercial Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important use. It has a special value for smelting iron in blast areas having large reserves of natural gas. furnaces. (iv) Anthracite is the highest quality of hard coal. 1 + 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-111 Solutions (iii) Rising prices of oil and gas and their shortage have raised uncertainties about energy resources in the future. 1×3=3 1. Nuclear or atomic energy is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is 4. (a) (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic made, much energy is released in the form of heat development. and this is used to generate electric power. (ii) Every sector of the national economy needs the input of energy. (i) Uranium and Thorium are used for generating (iii) Consumption of energy in all forms has been atomic or nuclear power. steadily rising all over the country. (iv) Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential (ii) They are available in Jharkhand and Rajasthan. shortage have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in the future. (Any two) [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 3 (b) Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium and from 2. S.No. Thermal Electricity Hydro Electricity electricity. 2+1=3 (i) It is obtained from coal, It is produced from 5. Importance of Petroleum : petroleum and natural gas. water. (i) Petroleum is the major energy source in India. (ii) It is a non-renewable It is a renewable resource. resource. (ii) Provides fuel for heat and lighting. (iii) It causes pollution. It does not cause (iii) Provides lubricant for machinery. pollution. (iv) Provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries. (iv) It is expensive in the long It is cheaper in the run. long run. (v) Petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic, textile, fertilizer and chemical (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 industries. (Any two) 3. (i) Non-renewable sources are going to exhaust Its occurrence : such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. They can cause environmental pollution; therefore, we have (i) Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are to use renewable resources. associated with anticlines and fault traps. (ii) India has abundance of solar energy, wind, water, (ii) In regions of folding, anticline or domes, it occurs and biomass. where oil is trapped in the crest of the up fold. P-78 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iii) Petroleum is also found in fault traps between (iv) Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are major porous and non-porous rocks. petroleum production areas in India. 2 + 3 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-112 Solutions (iv) Through easy transportation by way of pipelines, its utility is further increased. 1. Importance of coal as a source of energy in India (v) Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles are : to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in (i) Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in the country. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 India. 3. (i) Coal is used for power generation, to supply (ii) It provides a substantial part of the nation’s energy energy to industry as well as for domestic needs. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its needs. commercial energy requirements. 1 (iii) It is used for power generation. (ii) Decaying plants in swamps produce peat, which (iv) It supplies energy to the industry as well as for has a low carbon and high moisture contents and domestic needs. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 low heating capacity. Lignite is a low grade brown 2. Natural gas : coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The In a power-deficient country, natural gas is a principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil precious gift. Nadu and are used for generation of electricity. 2 (i) It can be used as a source of energy. It takes less (iii) Coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use time to build a power plant based on natural gas. as it is reduced to ash. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the (ii) It can be used as an industrial raw material in coalfields. petrochemical industry. The Tertiary coal occurs in the north eastern states (iii) It can be used in building the fertiliser plants and of Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland and Arunachal thereby encouraging the use of fertilizers. It can boost agricultural production. Pradesh. 2 TOPIC-4 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy WORKSHEET-113 Solutions 2. “Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an 1. “Energy saved is energy produced”. urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving.” (i) P romotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin Every sector of the national economy, agriculture, planks of sustainable energy. industry, transport, commercial and domestic - needs inputs of energy. (ii) India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. With increasing population and changing lifestyles, energy consumption is increasing (iii) We have to adopt a cautious approach for the very fast. We are not self - sufficient in energy judicious use of our limited energy resources. according to demands. Therefore, judicious use of limited resources is essential. (iv) Using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. Three measures to solve this burning problem are : (v) Switching off electricity when not in use. (i) We can do our bit by using public transport (vi) Using power-saving devices and using non- systems instead of individual vehicles. conventional sources of energy. (ii) Switching off electricity when not in use. (Any other relevant point) ½ × 6 = 3 [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] S OLUT I ONS P-79

(iii) Using power saving devices or using non- 4. The use of renewable sources of energy is conventional sources of energy. necessary : (iv) Checking the power equipments regularly can The growing consumption of energy in the help in saving of energy. country has made us dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. Rising prices of oil and (Any other relevant point) (Any three)1 × 3 = 3  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] gas has eroded our foreign currency reserves. Shortages in the supply of oil, gas and coal 3. (i) Atomic or nuclear energy is obtained by altering have increased uncertainties about the security the structure of atoms. When such an alternation is of energy supply in the future. The growth of made, much energy is released in the form of heat the national economy is getting hampered by and this is used to generate electric power. it. Moreover, increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environment problems. Non- (ii) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly convectional source of energy are available in into electricity. abundant. They are also renewable. (iii) Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for  (To be assessed as a whole ) effective use of wind energy in the country.  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 5 WORKSHEET-114 Solutions (ii) Switching off electricity when it is not in use. 1. Twin planks/measures : (iii) Using power saving devices. (i) Promotion of energy conservation. (ii) Increased use of renewable energy sources. (iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy. As concerned citizens, we can do our bit by : (i) Using public transport systems instead of (v) After all “energy saved is energy produced”. individual vehicles.  1×5=5 (ii) Switching off electricity when not in use. (iii) Using power–saving devices. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] (iv) Using non-conventional sources of energy.  (Any two) 2+ ½ × 2 = 3 4. The minerals which are used to obtain this energy are :  [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2016] (i) Uranium and (ii) Thorium The six nuclear power stations of India are : (i) Narora nuclear power station 2. The earth grows progressively hotter with (ii) Kakrapar nuclear power station increasing depth. Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found at shallow (iii) Tarapur nuclear power station (iv) Kaiga nuclear power station depths. Groundwater in such areas absorbs heat (v) Kalpakkam nuclear power station from the rocks and becomes hot. (vi) Rawat Bhata nuclear power station 2 + ½ × 6 = 5 It is so hot that when it rises to the earth’s surface, 7. (i) Every sector of the national economy - it turns into steam. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity. 3 agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] domestic -needs inputs of energy. 1 (ii) Promotion of energy conservation and increased 3. Energy saved is energy produced: use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks India is presently one of the least energy efficient of sustainable energy. 2 countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited (iii) As concerned citizens of India, we can do our bit by energy resources. For example : using public transport systems instead of individual (i) As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using vehicles; switching off electricity when not in use, public transport systems instead of individual using power - saving devices and using non- vehicles. conventional sources of energy. After all “energy saved is energy produced.” 2 WORKSHEET-115 Solutions (ii) Solar plant can be easily established in rural and 1. (i) India is a tropical country, therefore it receives remote areas. sunlight in abundance throughout the year. (iii) It will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes P-80 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

which in turn will contribute to environmental 4. Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour : conservation and adequate quantity of manure. (i) Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the (iv) Solar energy is an important alternate source. economy. Use of solar energy will reduce the pressure on (ii) Industry and agriculture depend on mineral conventional sources of energy. deposits.  (Any three)1 × 3 = 3 (iii) The substances manufactured from them also  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] depend on mineral deposits. 2. Natural gas is used as a source of energy as well (iv) Total volume of workable mineral deposits is as an industrial raw material. very less-only 1% of the earth’s crust. (i) It can be transported easily through pipelines. (v) Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, (ii) Pipelines have helped in setting up fertiliser and minerals require millions of years to be plants and power plants on their way. created and concentrated. (vi) The geological processes of mineral formation (iii) Natural gas is a clean source of energy. are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the present rates (iv) It is an environment–friendly fuel because of the of consumption. low carbon emission. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (vii) Minerals resources are finite and non-renewable. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (viii) The rich mineral deposits of our country are extremely valuable but short-lived possessions. 3. Non-conventional sources of energy are : (i) Solar Energy: India is a tropical country. It has (Any five) 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] enormous possibilities for tapping solar energy. Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly 5. Energy is required for all activities. It is needed to into electricity. Solar energy is becoming popular in cook, to provide light and heat, to propel vehicles rural and remote areas. and to drive machinery in industries. (ii) Wind Energy: India now ranks as a ‘wind super power’ in the world. The largest wind farm cluster We can conserve energy resources by: is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai. Apart from these, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, (i) Developing a sustainable path of energy Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep development, i.e., energy development but not at the cost of environment or needs of future have important wind farms. Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer generation. are well-known for effective use of wind energy in (ii) Judicious use of limited energy resources. the country. (iii) Biogas: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human (iii) Wastage of minerals should be minimised. waste are used to produce biogas for domestic (iv) Modern technology should be used for the consumption in rural areas. Biogas plants using exploitation of energy resources. cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural (v) Export of energy resources should be minimised. India. These provide twin benefits to the farmers 2+3=5 in the form of energy and improved quality of [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] manure. 1×3=3 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions (1(1mmaarrkkeeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-116 Solutions 5. Option (b) is correct. 6. Option (c) is correct. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 2. Option (b) is correct. 7. Aware people about renewable energy resources/ 3. (A) = Electrical cables, electronics and chemical use of rooftop solar panels/solar street lighting system/any other relevant point. (Any one) industries (B) = Bauxite  [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 4. Option (b) is correct. 8. Placer deposites 9. Option (a) is correct. S OLUT I ONS P-81

10. The aluminium bowls were most common with the After all, “energy spent is energy consumed.” beggars in Paris. The correct answer is : After all, “energy saved is 11. Option (d) is incorrect. energy produced.” WORKSHEET-117 Solutions 6. Option (c) is correct. 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 7. Improved technologies/Recycling of metals/using 2. Option (a) is correct. scrap metals and other substitutes/any other 3. (A) = Energy minerals relevant point. (Any one) (B) = Iron ore, cobalt (C) = Non-ferrous metals  [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme 2020] (D) = Gold, platinum 4. Option (d) is correct. 8. Jowai, Cherapunjee 5. Option (c) is correct. 9. Option (b) is correct. 10. The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction i.e. one per cent of the earth’s crust. WORKSHEET-118 Solutions 8. Anthracite 9. Gobar gas plants 1. Option (c) is correct. 10. Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. 2. Option (b) is correct. 3. Option (c) is correct. 11. India is presently one of the least efficient countries 4. Option (d) is correct. in the world. 4. Limestone. 5. Assam. 12. Option (c) is incorrect. 6. It is a homogeneous naturally occurring substance The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient with a definable internal structure. concentration to make its extraction uncommercially 7. Odisha viable. The correct answer is : The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.  CHAPTER 4 - MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES TOPIC-1 Manufacturing industries - Introduction, Location and Classification WORKSHEET-119 Solutions (iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment 1. The economic strength of a country lies in the and poverty. development of manufacturing industries because: (iv) It brings down regional disparities. (i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy. (v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and (ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on the commerce and enhances prosperity. agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. (vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 P-82 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

2. (i) The economic strength of a country is measured (i) Availability of raw material : Large quantities of by the development of manufacturing industries. raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw (ii) The full form of NMCC is The National materials. It saves the cost of transportation. Steel Manufacturing Competitiveness Council. centres are developed where coal and iron are (iii) Cities provide markets and also provide services easily available. Jute mills in West Bengal and the such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, cotton textile mills in Maharashtra are located due consultants and financial advice, etc. to the to the availability of raw materials. industry. 1+1+1=3 (ii) Availability of power resources : Coal, oil and 3. Five factors responsible for industrial location : hydro power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located near coal fields. 1. Availability of raw material at low cost. Aluminium industries and paper industries are 2. Government policies. located near hydroelectric stations. 3. Availability of specialized labour. 4. Availability of markets and services facilities (iii) Availability of means of transportation : Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means like banking, transport, etc. of transportation. Cheap means of transportation 5. Availability of power. are required for the movement of workers, raw (Any other relevant point to be explained materials and machinery to the factories. with example) (iv) Climate : Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. The cotton textile (Any five points to be explained with industry requires humid climate. The film industry examples.) 5 needs good weather with clear blue skies. Similarly, the aircraft industry also needs clear weather. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] Detailed Answer : (v) Availability of skilled labour : Cheap and skilled The location of industries depends on a number of labour is essential for the location of industries. Glass industry at Firozabad and the sports goods physical and socio- economic factors among which industry in Jalandhar are located due to the following are the major ones : availability of skilled labour. 5× 1=5 WORKSHEET-120 Solutions (v) Exports bring in much needed foreign exchange. (vi) Manufacturing is the process of value addition. 1. On the basis of sources of raw material, (vii) It also brings down regional disparities by industries are classified as : establishing industries in tribal and backward areas. (i) Agro-based industries: These industries are (viii) It increases the GDP/ National Income of the based on agricultural raw material, e.g., cotton, country. jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible oils. (Any other relevant point)  Any five points to be explained. (ii) Mineral-based industries: Industries that use  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] 5 × 1 = 5 minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral-based industries, e.g., iron and steel, 3. (i) Export of manufactured goods expands trade cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals, and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign etc. 1½ + 1½ = 3 exchange. 1 (ii) Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] other. They move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to 2. The economic development of a country is agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend measured by the development of manufacturing on the latter for raw materials and sell their products industries in the following ways : such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines, tools, (i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising etc., to the farmers. 2 agriculture which forms the backbone of our (iii) In the present day world of globalisation, economy. our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough. (ii) They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality secondary and tertiary sectors. with those in the international market. Only then, (iii) Industrial development is a pre-condition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty from we will be able to complete in the international our country. market. 2 (iv) Manufacturing activities expand trade and commerce. S OLUT I ONS P-83

WORKSHEET-121 Solutions 3. Definition: “Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more 1. Classification according to their main role: valuable products is called manufacturing”. (i) Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other Classification : goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, (i) Agro-based : Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, etc. aluminium smelting. (ii) Mineral-based : Iron and steel, cement, etc. (ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for 1 +2 = 3 direct use by consumers–sugar, toothpaste, paper, 4. Definition of Manufacturing Sector : sewing machines, fans, etc. 1½ + 1½ = 3 Production of goods in large quantities after  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] processing raw materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing. 2. (i) C lassification of the industries on the basis of It is considered as a backbone of development capital investment : because: (a) Small scale industry (i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but (b) Large scale industry also forms the backbone of our economy. (ii) Industrial development is a precondition for the (ii) Difference: eradication of unemployment and poverty from If the investment is more than one crore in any our country. industry, it is considered as a large scale industry. For example, iron and steel industry/cement (iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce. industry (any other relevant example). When the investment is less than one crore in an industry, it (iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into is considered as a small scale industry, e.g., plastic a wide variety of finished goods of higher value industry, toy industry, etc. 1+2=3 are prosperous. 1+4=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] WORKSHEET-122 Solutions 3. Manufacturing Sector : Production of goods in large quantities after processing from 1. Large Scale Industries : raw materials to more valuable products is (i) Manufacture large quantities of finished goods. called manufacturing. For example: paper is (ii) The quantity of raw material and capital investment manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, is large. and aluminium from bauxite. (iii) Example: Iron and steel industry, cotton textile industry. Small Scale Industries : Four types of manufacturing sector on the basis (i) Manufacture small goods. of ownership are : (ii) No huge quantity of raw material as well as capital (i) Public sector owned by government agencies. is required. For example: BHEL, SAIL, etc. (iii) Example: Garment industry, soap making industry. 1½ + 1½ = 3 2. Classification of industries on the basis of (ii) Private sector owned by individuals or a group of ownership: individuals. For example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc. S. Category Examples No. (iii) Joint sector jointly owned by the state and (i) Public Sector Industries: BHEL, SAIL, etc individuals. For example: Oil India Ltd. etc. (ii) Private Sector Industries: Tisco, Bajaj Auto Ltd. (iv) Cooperative sector is owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers (iii) Joint Sector Industries: Oil India Ltd. or both. For example: Amul, Mother Dairy, etc. (iv) Cooperative Sector Industries: Sugar Industry 1+4=5 in Maharashtra; AMUL, etc. [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015] P-84 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

4. (i) Physical Factors : (ii) Human Factors : (a) Availability of raw materials—Ideal location (a) Cheap and efficient labour should be near the sources of raw materials. (b) Capital and bank facilities (b) Power resources—Power resources like coal and electricity must be available for the industry. (c) Good market (c) Water and favourable climate. (d) Transport facility 3+2=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] TOPIC-2 Agro Based Industries WORKSHEET-123 Solutions to industrial production, employment generation 1. Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector : and foreign exchange earnings. (i) Agriculture provides raw material to industries. (ii) Agriculture provides market for industrial products. (iii) The various challenges faced by the jute (iii) Agriculture helps boost new industrial products. textile industry include stiff competition in the (iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. 1+1+1=3 agricultural raw materials. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 4. Cotton textile industry was concentrated in 2. Major challenges of sugar industry are: the cotton growing belt in the early years (i) Seasonal nature of the industry. because of : (ii) Old and inefficient methods of production. (i) Availability of raw cotton-e.g. belt of Maharashtra (iii) Transport delay in reaching sugar factories and and Gujarat the need to maximise the use of bagasse. 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (ii) Proximity to market 3. (i) Sugar industry is seasonal in nature so, it is (iii) Transport ideally suited to the cooperative sector. (iv) Port facilities (ii) The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly (v) Cheap labour (vi) Moist climate (Any five point to be explained) 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-124 Solutions 2. Shifting of sugar industries to Southern states is 1. Three major problems faced by cotton textile in because : (i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose India are : content. (i) The weaving knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced (ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing period and growing season. in the country. (iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states. (ii) There are some large and modern factories in those segments but most of the production is in (iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 fragmented small units which cater to the local [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry. 3. Various steps taken by the government to boost (iii) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be the production of jute are : upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors in (i) In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with particular. the objective of increasing productivity. (iv) Low output of labour and stiff competition with (ii) Improvement of quality. synthetic fibre industry. (Any three) (iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and  1×3=3 enhancing the yield per hectare. 1×3=3 S OLUT I ONS P-85

4. There are three main reasons which are as follows: OR (i) The cane produced has higher sucrose content. Factors responsible for the location of the jute (ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing mills in Hugli Basin: season. (i) Proximity of jute producing areas. (iii) The cooperatives are more successful in this state. (ii) Cheap water transport supported by a good 1×3=3 network. (iii) Water transport is supported by good network of 5. Location of jute industries in Hugli Basin: (i) Proximity of jute producing areas. railways and roadways. (ii) Cheap water transport. (iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute. (iii) Good network of roadways, railways and (v) Availability of cheap labour. (vi) Kolkata port facility is available. waterways. (vii) Insurance and banking facilities are also available. (iv) Abundant water for processing raw jute. (viii) Any other relevant point. (v) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining (Any five factors to be explained) 1 × 5 = 5 states. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (vi) Good banking, insurance and poor facilities in Kolkata. (Any five to be explained) 1 × 5 = 5 (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) WORKSHEET-125 Solutions (ii) Although the production of staple cotton has 1. (i) Availability of raw cotton, market and transport increased but we still need to import good quality including accessible port facilities. staple cotton. (ii) Cheap labour. (iii) The industries also face erratic power supply (iii) Moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton problems which decrease labour productivity. textile industries in Mumbai and Ahmedabad (iv) Then there is a stiff competition with the synthetic region. 1×3=3 fibre industry and jute textiles. The machineries 2. (i) Availability of raw cotton. are not upgraded. 1¼ × 4 = 5 (ii) Ready markets are available. (iii) Well-developed means of transportation. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (iv) Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap 4. (i) Agro-industries in India have given a major rate. (v) Moist climate which is suitable for the cotton boost to agriculture by raising their productivity. industry.  (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Industries depend on agriculture for their raw 3. (i) India has a world class production and quality materials. in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric because they are fragmented in small units. (iii) Industries sell their products such as irrigation The mismatch is a major drawback. pumps, fertilisers, etc., to the farmers. (iv) Industries have made the production processes of agriculture very efficient. 1¼ × 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] WORKSHEET-126 Solutions (ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly – the second largest after agriculture. 1. (i) Problems faced by jute mills : (iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 per cent (4 per cent of GDP). 1×3=3 (a) Stiff competition in international market from 3. (i) Our traditional industries suffered a setback during Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, etc. the colonial period because they could not compete (b) Stiff competition from synthetic fibre. with the mill-made cloth from England. 1 (c) Products need to be diversified. (Any two) (ii) Factors responsible were : (ii) In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with (a) Availability of raw cotton the objective of increasing productivity, improving (b) Proximity to market quality, ensuring good prices and enhancing the (c) Transport and port facilities yield per hectare. 2+1=3 (d) Cheap labour 2. (i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 per cent of (e) Moist climate (Any two points) 1 × 2 = 2 the total industrial production. P-86 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

(iii) Others industries which are supported by this (b) Fashion designing ½×4=2 industry are : (c) Packaging material (d) Engineering works (a) Chemical and dyes TOPIC-3 Mineral Based Industries WORKSHEET-127 Solutions 3. (i) The automobile industry is located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and 1. India is an important iron and steel producing Bengaluru. country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to : (ii) The potash (K) is entirely imported in India as the country does not have reserves of commercially (i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal. usable potash or potassium compounds in any (ii) Lower productivity of labour. form. (iii) Irregular supply of power. (iii) Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of (iv) Poor infrastructure. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 India. 1+1+1=3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] 2. The factors responsible for the concentration of 4. (i) Steel production is the backbone of any iron and steel industries in and around the ‘Chhota country’s economy since it is the basic unit for Nagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows the development of the nation. (i) Low cost of iron are. Iron mines are located in the (ii) Almost every industry depends on iron and steel nearby areas. for its manufacturing and production. (iii) In today’s era of globalisation, consumption of (ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded bulky raw materials like, cooking coal, line stone are that growth in production of steel is regarded as also available in proximity. the index of country’s development. 5 (iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkand and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.  1×3=3 WORKSHEET-128 Solutions (ii) This industry is said to be a major foreign exchange earner. 1. Software Technology Park: Software technology parks provide single window service and high data (iii) It has helped in the growth of the service sector. communication facility to software experts. (iv) It provides employment to innumerable men and women. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 Significance of IT industry : 3. (i) The introduction of new and contemporary (i) A major impact of this industry has been an models stimulated the demand for vehicles in the employment generation. Upto 31st March, 2005, the market. IT industry employed over one million persons. (ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new (ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 percent of the technology and aligned the industry with global people employed in this sector are women. developments. (iii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner in the last two or three years because of its The two centres of automobile industry are Jamshedpur and Gurugram. 2+1=3 fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing (BPO) sector. 4. Concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhotanagpur Plateau Region : (iv) The continuous growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of the IT industry (i) High grade raw material in proximity. in India. (Any two) 1 + 2 =3 (ii) Availability of labour. (iii) Raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy 2. The importance of IT sector is as follows: and bulky containing heavy transport cost. (i) It has provided employment to over one million (iv) Road and rail transport facilities are available. people. S OLUT I ONS P-87

(v) Vast growth potential in the home market. (ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are (vi) Low cost iron ore. also available in proximity. (Any other relevant point) (iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and Any five points to be explained.  1 × 5 = 5 Odisha, cheap labour is available in abundance.  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] (iv) This region is well connected with roadways and Detailed Answer : railways that help in the swift movement of raw The factors responsible for the concentration of materials and finished goods to the industry and market areas, respectively. iron and steel industries in and around the ‘Chhota Nagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows : (v) Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this (i) Low cost of iron ore. Iron mines are located in the nearby areas. area. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 WORKSHEET-129 Solutions (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 1. Impacts of liberalisation on automobile industry 3. (i) An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini are: steel plant. (i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced. (ii) Mini steel plant uses steel scrap and sponge iron (ii) The coming of new and contemporary models. while integrated steel plant uses basic raw materials, (iii) Healthy growth of the market. i.e., iron ore for making steel. (iv) FDI in new technology. (v) Aligned the industry with global development. (iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel while (vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump. integrated steel plant produces only steel. ½×6=3 1×3=3 2. Iron and steel industry is the basic industry as : (i) All the other industries depend on it for their 4. (i) The iron and steel industry is the basic industry because all other industries, whether they are machinery. heavy, medium or light industries, depends on it (ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of for their machinery. 1 engineering goods. (ii) Iron and steel is a heavy industry because all the (iii) It provides variety of consumer goods. raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy (iv) Construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs. 2 scientific equipments, etc., are the gift of iron and (iii) In 2016 with 95·6 million tonnes of crude steel steel industry. production, India ranked 3rd among the world crude steel producer. It is the largest producer of sponge iron. In 2016 per capita consumption of steel in the country was only around 63 kg per annum against the world average of 208 kg. 2 TOPIC-4 Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation WORKSHEET-130 Solutions (iii) Industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers causing water pollution. 1. Increasing number of industries exerting (iv) Multiplying urban centres, due to industries, has pressure on fresh water resources : caused pressure on water resources. (Any other relevant point) (i) Industries are heavy users of water. (Any three points to be explained) 1×3=3 (ii) More demand of hydroelectric power. (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) P-88 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Detailed Answer : Ans. [Topper's Answer, 2016] 2. (i) Water pollution is caused by organic and (ii) There is an increasing requirement to adopt a inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged further sustainable model. into the rivers. (iii) Industries must produce eco-friendly products (ii) Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, and dump wastes responsibly. brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that (iv) Use of latest technology can help industries to ignore pollution norms. control pollution and lead towards sustainable mode of operation. (iii) Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth (v) Industries use – Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach. defects and miscarriages. 1+1+1=3 (vi) Treatment of hot water and effluents before 3. (i) On one hand, industries lead to extensive releasing them in rivers and ponds should be industrial growth and expansion but on done. There should be no thermal plants in the the other hand, these are also the cause of cities. environmental degradation which prompt to the different type of air and water pollution. (Any five points to be explained) 5 [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme-2020] S OLUT I ONS P-89

WORKSHEET-131 Solutions (ii) Undesirable gases like carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide cause air pollution. 1. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. (iii) Industrial water contains toxic metals which pollute land and soil. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iv) Unwanted loud sound from industries also causes (iii) Treatment of hot water and effluents before pollution and damages the hearing system of living releasing them in rivers and ponds. beings. (iv) Chimneys should be fitted with electrostatic (v) Industrial effluents are discharged into the rivers. precipitators to prevent release of suspended They include both organic and inorganic matter particulate matters.  (Any three) 1×3=3 such as coal, dyes, soaps, pesticides and fertilizers, plastics and rubber. These are major water 2. Three steps to minimize the environmental pollutants. degradation caused by industrial development in India are : (vi) Sometimes, solid industrial waste is dumped into isolated pockets of land. This leads to land and soil (i) Minimizing use of water for processing by pollution in adjoining areas. (Any five points) 5 reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. 4. Five types of industrial pollution : (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water 1. Air pollution. requirements. 2. River water pollution. (iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. 3. Underground water pollution. (iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by 4. Noise pollution. fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial 5. Soil pollution. separators. 6. Any other relevant point. (v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. (Any five points to be explained) 5 (vi) Machinery and equipments can be used and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] generators should be fitted with silencers. Detailed Answer : (vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Five types of industrial pollution : (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (i) Air Pollution : It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur 3. Industries responsible for environmental dioxide and carbon monoxide. It adversely affects degradation in India : human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole. 1. Pollution of land, water and air from industries caused environmental (ii) Water Pollution : It is caused by organic and degradation. inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. It affects every level of the ecosystem, 2. Burning of fossil fuels in big and small including human health. factories emit smoke in the air. (iii) Soil Pollution : It is caused by dumping of wastes, 3. Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents are discharged into rivers. effluents, packaging, salts and garbage. It renders the soil useless. When rainwater percolates to the 4. Dumping of wastes from industries renders soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the the soil useless. ground water also gets contaminated. 5. Rain water carrying pollutants from wastes (iv) Thermal Pollution : It occurs when hot water from dumped by industries percolates and factories and thermal power plants is drained into contaminates the ground water. rivers and ponds before cooling. It causes cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. 6. Any other relevant point. (v) Noise Pollution : It is caused by industrial (Any five points to be explained with and construction activities, machinery, factory examples) 1×5=5 equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills. It not only results in irritation [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019] and anger, but also causes hearing impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among Detailed Answer : other physiological effects. Industries are responsible for environmental degradation in India in the following ways : (i) Industries emit smoke and pollute water and air very badly. P-90 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-132 Solutions Detailed Answer : 1. Freshwater resources are polluted by organic After Independence, the number of industries has and inorganic wastes and effluents discharged been increasing at a rapid pace and this has become by industries into rivers. The main culprits are a reason for pressure on existing fresh - water paper and pulp, chemical, textile, petroleum resources. Fresh water is almost limited, though refineries, tanneries, electroplating industries, etc. 3 renewable in India, but over exploitation and mismanagement of this resource by industries is 2. Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are aggravating the water stress day-by-day. listed below : (i) Industries, especially heavy industries, use huge (i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes to amount of fresh water for industrial purpose and reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a process pollute and waste such water. called pollution prevention. (ii) These industries, for their energy requirements, (ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made depend on hydroelectric projects and this electricity and are designed to cool the heated water from is generated through the construction of dams in industries by evaporation, condensation and the rivers’ upstream. So, the river almost dries up in radiation. the lower stream areas. (iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants (iii) Again, industries dump the chemical waste in the attached to industries. rivers lakes, etc. which then consequently pollute the water dangerously for human survival. These (iv) Instructing industries to be set up far from also contaminate the ground water through seepage residential areas. of industrial wastes. So, the increasing number of industries exerts pressure on existing freshwater (v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a resources. number of laws − acts, rules and notifications. 1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] 4. The pro-active approach adopted by the 3. Control of industrial pollution of fresh water : National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC) for preserving the natural environment : (i) Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing. (i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water (ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash requirement. utilisation. (iii) Treating hot water and effluents before (iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological releasing them in rivers and ponds. balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation. (iv) Regulation of use of ground water by (iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash industries. pond management, ash water recycling system (v) Installing water treatment plants at the and liquid waste management. industrial sites for recycling. (v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and (Any other relevant points to be explained) online database management for all its power (Any five) 1×5=5 stations. 1×5=5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] WORKSHEET-133 Solutions rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, 1. Industries are responsible for four types of pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum, pollution: refineries and electroplating industries that let out (i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of a high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories. chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc., into (ii) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic the water bodies. industrial wastes and effluents discharged into (iii) Noise pollution is due to industrial and construction activities. Machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills cause hearing problems and irritation. 1×3=3 S OLUT I ONS P-91

2. (i) There are three treatments : precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or (a) Primary treatment gas instead of coal in factories. 2 (b) Secondary treatment (iii) Machinery and equipment can be used and (c) Tertiary treatment 1 generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost (ii) The particulate matter in the air can be reduced by all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic efficiency and for reducing the noise. 2 VOerbyjeSchtoivrteATnyspweeQr TuyepsetiQonusestions ((11mmaarrkk eeaacchh)) WORKSHEET-134 Solutions 10. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. 11. 1. manufacturing 1. (i)-(c), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a) 12. 2. Agriculture 2. Option (c) is correct. 13. 3. fragmented nature of cotton processing 3. (A) - Iron and Steel, Machine tools 14. Option (a) is correct. 15. In the 1950s, China and India produced almost the (B) - Agro Based Industry 4. Option (c) is correct. same quantity of steel. Today China is the largest 5. Option (b) is correct. producer of steel. 6. Option (b) is correct. 16. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer. 7. Option (b) is correct. 17. The Incorrect option is (b) : They move away from 8. Option (b) is correct. each other. 9. Sugar Industry. Correct answer is : They move hand in hand. WORKSHEET-135 Solutions 8. Vishakhapatnam. 9. Chennai, 1904 1. (i)-(d), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(a), (iv)-(b) 10. Liberalisation, entrepreneurs 2. Option (a) is correct. 11. Option (c) is correct. 12. Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in 3. (A) - Bajaj Auto Ltd. the ratio of 4 : 2 : 1. (B) - Oil India Ltd. (OIL) 13. Light industries use light raw materials and produce (C) - Cooperative Sector Industry light goods such as electrical goods industries. 14. The Incorrect option is (c) : The weaving, knitting (D) - Public Sector Industry 4. Option (d) is correct. and processing units can use much of the high 5. Option (a) is correct. quality yarn that is produced in the country. 6. Option (c) is correct. Correct answer is : The weaving, knitting and 7. Industries which are owned and operated by processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. government agencies is called Public sector Industries.  P-92 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

CHAPTER 5 - LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY TOPIC-1 Means of Transport WORKSHEET-136 Solutions Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super 1. Major problems faced by road transport: Highways. (i) The road network is inadequate. (ii) About half of the roads are unmetalled. (iii) The State Public Works Department (PWD) in States (iii) This limits their usage during the rainy season. and Union Territories constructs and maintains the (iv) The roadways are highly congested in cities. State Highways. 1+1+1=3 (v) Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. 3. Merits of Road Transport are: (vi) Most of the roads are not fit for smooth running. (i) Roads need less capital than railways. (vii) Any other relevant point. (ii) Road transport provides door-to-door service.  (Any three points to be explained) 1 × 3 = 3 (iii) The road transport provides flexible service to men and materials.  (CBSE Marking Scheme ,2018) 2. (i) The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called (iv) Road transport is useful for small distances. National Highway No. 1 between Delhi and (v) Road transport is helpful to carry huge loads and Amritsar. bulky goods production of perishable goods as it (ii) The government has launched a major road facilitates the distribution of perishable goods from development project linking Delhi-Kolkata- point of production to point of consumption. (vi) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 WORKSHEET-137 Solutions (ii) Development of country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as 1. Efficient network of transport is pre-requisite for movement to their destinations. local and national development : (iii) Transport helps in both production and distribution of goods. (i) The movement of the goods and services from (iv) Supports all sectors of the economy. their supply locations to demand locations (v) Any other relevant point. necessitates the need for transportation. (Any three points to be analysed) 3 × 1 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Detailed Answer : Ans. P-93 S OLUT I ONS

(Topper's Answer, 2018) 2. Advantages of railways in India are as follows : 3. Roads as compare to railways lines can negotiate higher gradients of slopes easily (i) It is both convenient and safer to travel long 4. and as such can traverse mountains like 5. Himalayas. distances by railways. 6. Road transport is economical in transportation of people and goods for (ii) They give employment to a large number of people. 7. shorter distances. Roads provide door-to-door service, which (iii) Railways also make it possible to conduct railways cannot do. Road transport is also used as feeder to multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, other modes of transport and provide a link between airports, sea ports and railway and pilgrimage along with transportation of stations. Any other relevant point. goods over longer distances. 1×3=3 (Any five points to be explained with examples) 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3. Roadways have edge over Railways in India : 1. Roads are easy to build and maintain as compare to railways. 2. Constructions cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. Detailed Answer : P-94 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

Solutions [Topper's Answer, 2018] 1. Pipeline transport network is the new mode of WORKSHEET-138 transport these days. In the past, pipelines were 3. Features of waterways in India are : (i) India has been one of the seafaring countries. used to transport water to cities and industries. (ii) Seamen sailed far and near; carrying and Now, these are used for transporting crude oil, spreading Indian commerce and culture. (iii) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. petroleum products and natural gas from oil and (iv) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and natural gas fields to refineries, fertiliser factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be bulky goods over a long distance. transported through a pipeline when converted (v) It is fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode into a slurry. of transport. Merits: (vi) 95% of the country’s trade volume is moved by (i) Useful in transporting liquids and solid slurry from faraway locations. sea. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (ii) Subsequent running costs after laying down the [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] network are minimal. Demerits: 4. Air Transport is considered as an important (i) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high. means of transport in the north-eastern part of (ii) Pipelines can burst or can have leakage leading to our country because : wastage of valuable resource like water, mineral oil, etc. 1 + 1+ 1 = 3 (i) Big rivers: Presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra make it difficult to construct roads [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] and railways. Airways are suitable when rivers get flooded. 2. Following are the factors that accord airways prominence as a mode of transportation : (ii) Dissected relief: Uneven surface-not suitable for the construction of roadways and railways. (i) They are the fastest mode of transportation. This can be easily travelled by airways. (ii) They are the best means of transport for remote, inaccessible and hostile areas. (iii) Dense forests: Dense forests hamper the (iii) Airways play a vital role in the event of natural construction of roadways and railways. and human-made calamities like floods, famines, earthquake, epidemics and war by virtue of their (iv) International frontiers: International borders of swiftness. 1×3=3 Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, etc., can be easily travelled by airways without much hassles. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1¼ × 4 = 5 S OLUT I ONS P-95

5. (i) This pipeline is about 1700 km long. (iv) The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. (ii) Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassein with (v) Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide western and northern India. popularity in the country. 1×5=5 (iii) This artery has provided an impetus to India‘s gas [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] production. WORKSHEET-139 Solutions 4. The distribution pattern of the railway network : 1. The importance of railways as the principal (i) The Northern Plains with their vast level land, mode of transportation for freight and passengers high population density and rich agricultural in India is : resources provide the most favourable condition for their growth. (i) Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious (ii) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. along with transportation of goods. (iii) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are (ii) It is suitable for long distance travel. unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of (iii) Plays an important role in national integration. economic opportunities. (iv) Railways bind the economic life of the country. (iv) It was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plains of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, (v) It accelerates the development of the industry forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and agriculture. Odisha and Jharkhand. (vi) Today the railways have become more important (v) The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be than all other means of transport put together. crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats). (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] (vi) The development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated the movement of 2. Rural roads in India passengers and goods. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 (i) Rural roads link rural areas and villages with [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] towns. 5. The statement ‘Road Transport’ and ‘Rail (ii) These roads received special impetus under the Transport’ in India are not competitive, but Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana. complementary to each other is justified in the following ways : (iii) Special provisions are made so that every village (i) Road transport is more suitable for short distances in the country is linked to a major town in the whereas rail transport is more suitable for long country by an all season motorable road. distances. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1×3=3 3. Air transport is more popular in north-eastern (ii) Road transport is economical in the transportation of a few persons and a relatively smaller amount India because: of goods over a short distances, whereas rail (i) Big and wide rivers are present there, due transport is more suitable for large number of to which rail or road bridges over them are difficult and costly to construct. These rivers people and heavy goods. (iii) It is beneficial for perishable goods to be carried also get flooded frequently, due to which by roads in short period of time, whereas non- surface communication links are damaged. perishable and bulky are transported by railways (ii) This area has dissected relief features, for a longer distance. preventing durable construction of rail and road links. (iv) Road transport increases the efficiency of railways. (iii) Dense forests in this region create many (vi) The deficiency of railways is compensated by difficulties in the construction of railway lines road transport. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 and roads. 1×3=3  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] P-96 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

WORKSHEET-140 Solutions (iii) In the hilly terrain of the peninsular region, railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps or 1. Advantages of roadways are : tunnels. (iv) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are (i) Construction cost of roads is economical . unfavourable for the construction of railway lines (ii) Roads can be constructed easily in hilly terrains and due to high relief, sparse population and lack of undulating topography. economic opportunities. (iii) Roadways act as a feeder to other modes of (v) It is equally difficult on the sandy plain of transport, as they provide a link between railway stations, airports and seaports. 1×3=3 western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha 2. The four advantages of pipeline transportation are : and Jharkhand. (Any two) (i) Both solid (when converted into a slurry) liquid and Economic Factors: gases can be transported through pipelines. (i) There are several economic factors that affect the distribution of railways e.g. state funding plays a (ii) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent vital role in the development of railways across running costs are minimal. the nations. (iii) Trans-shipment losses and delays are minimal. (ii) The state with flexible laws supports the (iv) It is economical to transport petroleum, natural gas, growth of railways. Along with this, the fertiliser to interior places. (Any three) 3 places that are highly industrialised attract the 3. (i) Conversion of meter gauge to broad gauge. development of railways. Since the growth of both is complementary to each other e.g. (ii) Steam engines have been replaced by diesel and recently railways network is enhancing along the electric engines. This has increased the speed and industrial corridors. haulage capacity.  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 5 (iii) The replacement of steam engine run by coal has improved the environment of stations and their 5. (i) Commodities transported by pipelines: surroundings. Crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and even solids in the form of a slurry. (iv) Railways routes have been extended to areas where there was no railway line earlier. (Any three) 3 (ii) Network : 4. Rail transport is the most convenient mode of (a) From upper Assam to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), transportation. Though the railway network is via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has not evenly distributed across the country. The branches from Barauni to Haldia via Rajbandh, distribution pattern of the railway network Rajbandh to Mourigram and Guwahati to Siliguri. in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative (b) From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab factors. via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Physiographic Factors: Gujarat) Chakshu and other places. (i) The Northern Plains with their vast level land, (c) From Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in Uttar high population density and rich agricultural Pradesh gas pipeline via Vijaypur in Madhya resources provide the most favourable condition Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, for the growth of railway networks. Shahjahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar (ii) The uneven terrain like hills, mountains, rivers Pradesh.5 with wide beds have posed a severe obstacle in the infrastructural development of railways like [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] laying tracks, construction of bridges and so on. WORKSHEET-141 Solutions Highways are the primary road system which links extreme parts of the country. 1 +2 = 3 1. (i) Metalled roads are made of either cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal therefore, these 2. (i) The Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways is are durable over the unmetalled road. Unmetalled a major road development project linking Delhi – roads go out of use in rainy season. Kolkata – Chennai – Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. (ii) Border roads play an important role in connecting (ii) The two major objectives of this project are to (a) strategically important difficult areas and help in reduce the time and (b) distance between the mega the economic development of the area. National cities of India. S OLUT I ONS P-97

(iii) The North-South Corridor linking Srinagar (Jammu (v) They have been helpful in binding the economic and Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) and life of the country and cultural fusion. East-West Corridor connecting Silchar (Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat). 1+1+1=3 (vi) They have accelerated the development of the industry and agriculture. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 3. Railways are the most important mode of transport in India due to the following reasons:  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014] (i) Railways are the principal mode of transportation 4. Five problems faced by road transport in India for freight and passengers in India, as they link are given below : different parts of the country. (i) Volume of traffic and passengers is very large. (ii) They carry huge loads and bulky goods for long (ii) Road network is inadequate. distances. (iii) Half the roads are unmetalled, which limits their (iii) Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious usage in rainy seasons. activities like business, sightseeing, and (iv) National highways too are inadequate. pilgrimage along with goods transportation over (v) Roadways are highly congested in cities and longer distances. most bridges and culverts are old and narrow. (iv) Railways have been a great integrating force for 1×5=5 the nation, for more than 150 years now. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013] WORKSHEET-142 Solutions (iv) Caters exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrialised states. 1. Problems faced by Indian railways are: (v) Free trade zone. 1×5=5 (i) It lacks repair and maintenance of tracks and bridges. 4. (i) For development, advancement and globaliza- (ii) Shifting from one gauge to another is a problem. tion. 1 (iii) Rail traffic has increased and the old tracks are not (ii) (a) They are the very basis of industries and able to carry the increased load and thus accidents trade of country. are frequent. (b) Create job employment opportunities. (iv) Many passengers travel without tickets, causing loss to the railways. (c) Help to grow economy. (v) Thefts and damaging of railway property may lead (d) Transport maintains the movement of to severe accidents (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 persons and products from one region to another region of the country. 2. (i) Border Roads Organization was established in 1960. (e) Sending and receiving messages. (ii) It constructs and maintains roads in the bordering (f) Interlinking world. areas of India. (g) Increases awareness among the people at (iii) It develops the roads of strategic importance in the national level. northern and the north-eastern border areas. (h) Help in defending the independence and the national unity of a country. (iv) These roads have improved accessibility in areas of (Any other relevant point) difficult terrain. (Any two points to be explained) 2 (v) These roads have enabled the economy to develop (iii) (a) Trade between nation and countries are the in the border areas. 1×5=5 index to its economic prosperity. 3. Characteristics of Kandla port : (b) It generates employment. (c) It helps in earning foreign exchange. (i) First port developed soon after India got Independence. (Any two points to be explained) (ii) Reduced the volume of traffic on Mumbai port. (iii) Tidal port. [CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 2 P-98 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X

TOPIC-2 Means of Communication Solutions WORKSHEET-143 1. (i) In India, there is a uniform rate of STD facilities, (b) The Indian postal network handles parcels as which has been made possible by integrating well as personal written communication. the development in space technology with communication technology. (c) Cards and envelopes, posts and telegraphs, emails. (ii) The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films. (d) Telephone services like STD, ISD provide an easy and comfortable network to a large number of (iii) The other name of All India Radio is Akashwani. people. It broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories (ii) Mass communication : of people, spread over different parts of the (a) It is the communication through which country. 1+1+1=3 one can communicate with several people at the same time. 2. Classification of communication services in two (b) It provides entertainment and creates categories : awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. (i) Personal communication. (c) It includes print media like newspapers, (ii) Mass Communication. magazines, books, etc., and electronic Features : media like radio, television, etc. (i) Personal communication  1+2+2=5 (a) Communication between two or more persons at  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] personal level. WORKSHEET-144 Solutions (c) Significance of mass communication is presented in the following points: 1. Personal communication means a communica- (i) Covers more than 95% of India’s total population. tion between two persons either through an oral, (ii) Source of education and entertainment. letter or through telephone etc, while mass (iii) Most instant means of mass information. (iv) Brings all classes of people together. (Any three) communication includes the use of radio, television, 1+1+3=5 press, films, etc. for a wider public audience. 3. (i) Personal Communication and mass communica- The importance of mass communication is: tion including television, radio, press, film, etc. are (i) It provides entertainment. the major means of communication in the country. (ii) It creates awareness among people about various 1 national programmes and policies. 1+2=3 (ii) Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail 2. (a) Mass communication: Mass communication and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. The second-class mail includes book provides entertainment as well as information to a large number of people at the same time. As packets, registered newspapers and periodicals. They are carried by surface mail, covering land and they are the means of communication with the water transport. 2 masses, they are known as mass communication. (iii) To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns Means (like electronic media) which covers and cities, six mail channels have been introduced a large number of people at the same time. recently by the postal network, they are called (b) D ifferent means of communication are radio, Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, television, films and the internet, newspapers Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical and magazines. Channel. 2 S OLUT I ONS P-99

TOPIC-3 International Trade and Tourism WORKSHEET-145 Solutions (vi) The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. (vii) It has enriched our life and added substantially to 1. Tourism Industry in India has grown growing amenities and facilities for the comforts substantially over the last three decades : of life. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (i) Foreign tourism arrival in the country had seen  [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017] an increase contributing ` 21,828 crore of foreign exchange. 3. Advancement of International Trade: (ii) More than 15 million people are directly engaged (i) Trade between two countries through sea, air in tourism industry. or land route helps in the development of the country. (iii) Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year. (ii) No country can survive without international trade. (iv) Tourism also promotes national integration and provides support to local handicrafts. (iii) Export and import are the components of trade. (Any three) 3 × 1 = 3 (iv) Commodities in export include agriculture and (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017) allied products, ores and minerals, gems and jewellery etc. 2. Transport and communication for local, national and global trade : (v) The commodities imported to India include petroleum and its products, precious stones, (i) Today, the world has been converted into a large chemicals etc. 1 × 5 =5 village with the help of efficient and fast moving transport.  (CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018) (ii) Transport has been able to achieve this with 4. (i) The means of transportation help in the the help of equally developed communication production and movement of goods and services. system. (ii) Transport like railways helps us in conducting (iii) Therefore, transport, communication and trade various activities like business, sightseeing, are complementary to each other. pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances. (iv) Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic (iii) Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and and socio-cultural plurality. natural gas to refineries and factories. (v) Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, (iv) Water provides the cheapest means of transport radio, television, cinema and the internet have and is useful for international trade. been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. (v) Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport. 1×5=5 Solutions WORKSHEET-146 1. Significance of tourism as a trade in India : (i) Tourism in India has grown substantially over (v) Tourism also promotes national integration. (vi) It helps in the development of international the last three decades. (ii) Foreign tourist’s arrival has witnessed an understanding about our culture and heritage. increase, thus contributing to foreign exchange. (vii) Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, (iii) More than 15 million people are directly engaged eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical and business tourism. in the tourism industry. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 (iv) It provides support to local handicrafts and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] cultural pursuits. P-100 SOC I AL S C I ENC E - X