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Body Systems Flipbook

Published by arya.patil.285, 2020-09-10 20:03:46

Description: This is my body systems flip book. This is for period 4A, health science. I am a sophomore at liberty and my teacher is Mrs.Kuberski.

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Body Systems Flipbook By Arya Patil Period 4A Health Science

Table of Contents INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM Slides 3-8 Slides 9-14 Slides 15-20 SPECIAL SYSTEM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Slides 21-26 Slides 27-32 Slides 33-38 DIGESTIVE SENSES URINARY SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Slides 39-44 Slides 45-50 Slides 51-56 SOURCES 2 Slide 57

Integumentary System Function : ➔ The skin acts as a barrier and covers the body, it protects the underlying tissue from physical damage like ultraviolet rays or disease. ➔ The skin maintains body temperature. ➔ The skin also handles excretion. ➔ The skin has a lot of receptors and nerve endings that detect stimuli related touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. 3

Integumentary System Cont. Key Terms ➔ Derm/o, dermat/o : Skin ➔ Kerat/o : Hard, Horn-shaped tissue ➔ Xer/o : Dry ➔ Xanth/o : Yellow ➔ Erythr/o : Red ➔ Pedicu/o : Lice ➔ Onych/o : Nail ➔ Myc/o : Fungus ➔ Pil/o : Hair, Hair follicle ➔ Lip/o : Fat ➔ Rhytid/o : Wrinkle ➔ Albin/o : White 4

Integumentary System 5 Cont. ➔ Skin : The largest organ in the body. It is composed of 3 layers; the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous layer. The skin protects our tissues from damage. ➔ Hair : An accessory organ that is made up of fiber which are composed of keratin. ➔ Nails : Made of hard keratin. Fingernails cover the dorsal side of the last bone of the finger while the toenails cover the superior side of each toe. ➔ Keratin : This is a fibrous, water-repellant kind of protein. Soft keratin is found in the epidermis and hard keratin is found in the hair and nails. ➔ Dermis : Made up of connective tissue, lymphatic and blood vessels, nerve fibers, etc. This layer is underneath the epidermis. ➔ Epidermis : This layer forms the outermost layer of the skin. It is made up of keratin. ➔ Sweat Glands : These are found in the dermis. They are abundant in the soles of the feet and the palms of our hands. ➔ Subcutaneous Layer : The deepest layer of the skin. ➔ Eczema : An acute or inflammatory skin disease which is characterized by itching or swelling. ➔ Acne : An inflammatory disorder that causes pimples on the skin.

Integumentary System Cont. Diseases/Conditions ➔ Albinism : An inherited condition in which it prevents the production of melanin which can result in pale skin and/or white hair. ➔ Cicatrix : In which a healed wound leaves a scar. ➔ Keloid : A thickened, abnormally raised scar. ➔ Scabies : This is a contagious infection with intense itching, or also called, pruritus. 6

Integumentary System Cont. Careers ➔ Dermatologist : A physician who treats and diagnoses conditions that have to do with the hair, nail, and skin. They can also perform surgeries. Some specialize in different disorders or treatments, a laboratory, or a hospital setting. ➔ Dermatology Technician : A specialized medical assistant that works in the skin-care field and sometimes assist PAs or dermatologists. They take patient histories, vital signs, and preparing a patient for an examination. 7

Integumentary System Cont. 8

Musculoskeletal System Function : ➔ Muscular System ➔ Skeletal System ● Helps with movement ● Supports the body ● Protects the internal ● Protects the internal organs organs ● Storage for calcium and ● Produces body heat phosphorus ● Moves food through ● Bone marrow makes red the digestive system blood cells ● Helps blood flow ● Movement of the muscle and ● Helps with movement to keep the muscles in place of fluids 9

Musculoskeletal System Cont. Key Terms ➔ My/o : Muscle ➔ Myel/o : Bone marrow, spinal cord ➔ Oste/o : Bone ➔ Cost/o : Rib ➔ Crani/o : Skull ➔ -Pexy : Fixation, to put in place ➔ Chondr/o : Cartilage ➔ Arthr/o : Joint ➔ -Plegia : Paralysis ➔ Kinesi/o : Movement 10

Musculoskeletal 11 System Cont. ➔ Axial Skeleton : Contains the bones that lie on the axis of the body. The bones in the axial skeleton is skull, facial bones, ribs, vertebral column, and the sternum. ➔ Appendicular Skeleton : This contains the bones in the appendages of the body. The bones in the appendicular skeleton include the shoulder girdle, the arm, wrist, hand bones, the pelvic girdle, the ankle, leg, and foot bones. ➔ Joint : A joint is a place in the body where 2 or more bones articulate, or connect. ➔ Ligament : A ligament is tissue that connect bone to bone in the joint. ➔ Bone Processes : These are areas of the bone serve as zones of attachment for tendons and muscles. ➔ Voluntary Muscles : Muscles that can be moved with our conscious control. ➔ Involuntary Muscles : Muscles that cannot be moved with our conscious control. ➔ Tendon : Fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone. ➔ Origin : The site of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts. ➔ Insertion : The site of attachment that does move when the muscles contracts.

Musculoskeletal System Cont. Diseases/Conditions ➔ Arthralgia : Joint pain ➔ Fraction : A break that happens in a bone ➔ Atrophy : Shrinking of the muscle ➔ Hemiplegia : The total paralysis that happens on one side of the body 12

Musculoskeletal System Cont. Careers ➔ Sports Medicine Physician : This kind of physician prevents and treats sport-related injuries that have to do with the muscle, bones, and joints. ➔ Chiropractor : These kind of doctors treat injuries and illnesses of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes the nerves, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. 13

Musculoskeletal System Cont. 14

Nervous System Function : ➔ One function of the nervous system is sensory input. Sensory input is the electrical impulse sent by the sensory organs to the CNS. ➔ The second function is integration, which is when the CNS processes the information sent by the sensory organs. This happens without conscious control. ➔ The third function is motor output, which is when the CNS send messages to the muscles and glands in the body to generate a response. There are two ways motor output can happen, voluntary movement, which is made by the skeletal muscle, and involuntary movement, like the cardiac muscle in the heart. 15

Nervous System Cont. Key Terms ➔ Neur/o : Nerve ➔ Encephal/o : Brain ➔ Myel/o : Bone marrow, spinal cord ➔ Ambul/o : Walking ➔ -Esthesia : Feeling, sensation ➔ Mening/o : Meninges ➔ Psych/o : Mind ➔ Concuss/o : Shaken together 16

Nervous System Cont. 17 ➔ Neurons : Neurons are the nerve cells, which are the fundamental cells of the nervous system. They are found in the peripheral cells, the brain, and the spinal cord. They conduct the electrical impulses in the body. ➔ CNS : The central nervous system includes the spinal cord and the brain. The CNS receives, processes, and responds to the impulses that come from all over the body. The CNS is also known as the command center of the body. ➔ PNS : The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that extend from and reach into the spinal cord and brain. The PNS is the liaison between the rest of the body and the CNS. ➔ Frontal Lobe : Located in the anterior part of the cerebrum, the frontal lobe controls the movement, planning, reasoning, speech, emotions, and problem solving. ➔ Parietal Lobe : Lies in the superior part of the cerebrum, in charge of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. ➔ Occipital Lobe : Lies in the posterior part of the cerebrum, this lobe controls vision. ➔ Temporal Lobe : Lies in the lateral sides of the cerebrum, this lobe controls hearing, smelling, memory, and processing language. ➔ Midbrain : Is a passageway between the spinal cord and brain for electrical impulses. ➔ Pons : Connects the entire brain to the cerebellum. ➔ Medulla Oblongata : Connects the spinal cord to the brain by the pons. This conducts neural impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. This structure also regulates heart rate, breathing, body temperature, and blood pressure.

Nervous System Diseases/Conditions ➔ Alzheimer’s Disease : This is a form of dementia that results from an atrophy of the occipital and frontal lobes. The effects of this disease include irreversible memory loss, deterioration of intellect, gait and speech, disorientation, and apathy. ➔ Hemiparesis : This is the paralysis of one side of the body, this is also called hemiplegia. ➔ Seizure : This is a disruption of electrical activity in the brain that can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, or sensory disturbances. ➔ Syncope : This is a temporary loss of consciousness that is a result of inadequate amount of blood flow into the brain, this is also known as fainting. 18

Nervous System Cont. Careers ➔ Neurosurgeon : This is a kind of doctor that deals with treating diseases and conditions that have to do with the nervous system. They also perform surgeries to treat these diseases. They also assess and diagnose diseases and conditions pertaining to the nervous system. ➔ Physician Anesthesiologist : This kind of doctor administers anesthesia to patients before a surgery. They are an important part of a surgery team, they have to work well with many different kinds of doctors. They have the responsibility of making sure that the patients do not feel any pain during the surgery. They also monitor the patient’s vitals during the procedure. 19

Nervous System Cont. 20

Special Senses Function : ➔ Involved in sensory input, which is a function in the nervous system (refer to nervous system page). ➔ Monitors the stimuli, or changes in the internal and external environment. ➔ When the neural receptors are in the organs involved in the special senses, a neural impulse is then sent to the brain which the impulse is then interpreted by the brain and gets acted upon by the body. 21

Special Senses Cont. Key Terms ➔ Irid/o : Iris ➔ -Cusis : Hearing ➔ -Opia : Vision condition ➔ Ot/o : Ear ➔ Tympan/o : Tympanic membrane (eardrum); ear drum ➔ Opthalm/o : Eye ➔ -Metry : Process of measuring 22

Special Senses Cont. 23 ➔ Conjunctiva : A colorless, clear mucus membrane that covers the anterior portion of the eyeball and lines the eyelids. ➔ Sclera : It is known as the white part of the eye. This is the fibrous layer of the eye that helps maintain the shape of the eye and protects the tissue in the eye. ➔ Retina : This is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back part of the eye internally. It is located in between the posterior chamber and the choroid. ➔ Auricle : This is also called the pinna. The auricle is the shell-shaped structure on the outer ear. ➔ Malleus : This is the outermost, hammer shaped auditory ossicle. ➔ Incus : This is the anvil shaped, middle auditory ossicle. ➔ Stapes : This is the stirrup-shaped, innermost auditory ossicle. ➔ Olfactory Bulb : This is the structure in the brain, which is where the olfactory nerves originate from. This is also where the information about odors are processed. ➔ Taste Buds : These are sensitive, small, bulb-like structures that allow you to make sense of a variety of tastes as the food touches your tongue. ➔ Basilar Membrane : This is a stuff band of tissue that runs between the scala tympani and the scala media.

Special Senses Cont. Diseases/Conditions ➔ Blepharitis : This is the inflammation of the eyelid. This can result with swelling, redness, and crusting along the eyelid. ➔ Esotropia : This is when both or one of the eyes turn inward. This is a form of strabismus. ➔ Otalgia : This is when the ear pains, it is also called an earache. ➔ Otosclerosis : This is when the bony tissue in the middle ear starts to harden. 24

Special Senses Cont. Careers ➔ Optometrist : This kind of doctor performs eye exams a they also diagnose injuries and diseases related to the eye. They also prescribe glasses and medication to treat eye conditions. They also determine whether surgery is necessary to treat a condition or impairment to the eye. ➔ Audiologist : This is a kind of doctor that deals with conditions pertaining to hearing and balance. They test for patients who might have hearing loss. They also help clients with rehabilitations such as hearing aids. They assess the vestibular system. They can also design and implement hearing safety programs, school hearing screenings, and newborn hearing screening programs. 25

Special Senses Cont. 26

Cardiovascular System Function : ➔ The main function is to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. ➔ Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. 27

Cardiovascular System Cont. Key Terms ➔ Cardi/o : Heart ➔ Angi/o : Vessel (blood) ➔ Hem/o, Hemat/o : Blood ➔ Brady- : Slow ➔ Tachy- : Fast ➔ Thromb/o : Clot ➔ -Emia : Blood condition ➔ Leuk/o : White ➔ Erythr/o : Red ➔ Arteri/o : Artery 28

Cardiovascular System 29 Cont. ➔ Epicardium : This is a thin layer of muscle in the pericardium. This is the outermost layer. ➔ Myocardium : This the middle layer of the heart and is made up of cardiac muscle. ➔ Endocardium : This is the innermost layer of the heart. This covers the the valves of the heart and lines the 4 chambers of the heart. ➔ Septum : The septum divides the heart into left and right parts. This created a double pump system in the heart. ➔ Veins : The veins carry blood that has no oxygen to one of the vena cavae. ➔ Aorta : This is the largest artery in the body. The blood is pumped through here through the process of systemic circulation. ➔ Arterioles : These are small arterial branches that lead to capillaries. The blood is pumped from the arteries to the arterioles. ➔ Pulmonary Circulation : This is process in which the blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back. The right heart is the pump for pulmonary circulation. ➔ Systemic Circulation : This process is where the heart pumps blood to the entire body. The pump for systemic circulation is the left heart. ➔ Pericardium : This is a fibrous sac that encloses the heart.

Cardiovascular System Cont. Diseases/Conditions ➔ Bradycardia : This is when you have a slow heart rate. ➔ Tachycardia : This is when you have a fast heart rate. ➔ Myocarditis : This is when the myocardium become inflated. ➔ Heart Murmur : This is when a abnormal sound is heard during the auscultation of the heart. For examples, a whooshing sound made by a valve not closing. Most of the time, heart murmurs are harmless. 30

Cardiovascular System Cont. Careers ➔ Cardiologist : This is a physician who deals with treatments and diagnosis of heart diseases and conditions. They order tests to help with the diagnosis or treatments, tests such as sonographic imagery. They do not perform surgery but they might perform invasive diagnostic procedures like stent insertion or balloon angioplasty. ➔ Telemetry Nurse : This is a kind of nurse that monitors a patient’s heart rhythm using specific equipment. They work with physicians to develop treatment plans for patients who have disease pertaining to cardiovascular system or other serious conditions. These nurses usually work in clinics, hospitals, and outpatient facilities. 31

Cardiovascular System Cont. 32

Respiratory System Function : ➔ Helps us breathe in fresh air (oxygen). ➔ Exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen between the bloodstream and the tiny tiny air sacs on the lungs. ➔ Helps us breathe out old air. 33

Respiratory System Cont. Key Terms ➔ Bronch/o : Bronchus, bronchial tube ➔ Cyan/o : Blue ➔ Laryng/o : Larynx, voice box ➔ -Oxia : Oxygen ➔ Oxy- : Sharp, oxygen ➔ Pleur/o : Pleura, serous membrane that enfolds the lungs ➔ Pneum/o : Lung, air ➔ Pulmon/o : Lung ➔ Thorac/o : Chest ➔ Trahce/o : Trachea, windpipe 34

Respiratory System 35 Cont. ➔ Ventilation : This is the process of which air moves into and out of the lungs. Mechanical ventilation can be a life-sustaining function when a person cannot properly breathe on their own. ➔ Respiration : This is the process in which gas exchange happens. This can divide into 2 different types of respirations, internal and external respiration. ➔ Inspiration : This is the process of breathing in. ➔ Expiration : This is the process of breathing out. ➔ Upper Respiratory Tract : This structure of the body is responsible for the humidification and inhalation of air. This also transports air to the lower respiratory tract. The structures in this tract are the the sinus cavities, larynx, pharynx, the nose, and the nasal cavities. ➔ Pharynx : This is also called the throat. This structure is the passageway in which air, liquids, and food travels through. This is divided into 3 sections; the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx. ➔ Lower Respiratory Tract : This structure is responsible for the transportation of air to the lungs. They are also responsible for the exchanging of carbon dioxide and oxygen. The structures in this tract include the bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, lungs, and the alveoli. ➔ Trachea : The air that enters the trachea comes from the larynx. This is also called the windpipe. Half-way down the chest, this structure divides into two branches called the bronchi. ➔ Alveoli : This structure is located in the alveolar sacs. This structure hosts the gas exchange. ➔ Respiratory Rate : This is the number of breaths a person can take in a minute. This is a kind of vital sign that is used to measure the respiratory system’s function.

Respiratory System Cont. Diseases/Conditions ➔ Bradypnea : This is a condition in which a person breathes slower than normal. ➔ Hyperventilation : This is a condition in which a person breathes deeper and faster than normal. ➔ Bronchitis : This is a condition in which the bronchial tubes start to become inflamed. ➔ Pharyngitis : This is a condition in which the pharynx starts to become inflamed. . 36

Respiratory System Cont. Careers ➔ Pulmonologist : This is a kind of doctor that treats diseases and conditions of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels. ➔ Thoracic Surgeon : This is a kind of doctor that performs surgeries on the chest organs. They treat diseases pertaining to the respiratory system. One example is lung cancer. They perform surgeries such as lobectomy and lung transplants. 37

Respiratory System Cont. 38

Digestive System Function : ➔ Ingestion : The intake of food and liquid into the body. ➔ Digestion : This is the breakdown of food. ➔ Absorption : This is absorbing the valuable nutrients in the food and into the body. ➔ Elimination : The elimination of waste from the body. 39

Digestive System Key Terms ➔ Cholecyst/o : Gallbladder ➔ Enter/o : Intestines (usually the small intestine) ➔ Col/o, Colon/o : Colon, large intestine ➔ Hepat/o : Liver ➔ Gastr/o : Stomach ➔ Or/o : Mouth ➔ -Pepsia : Digestion ➔ Chol/e : Gall; bile ➔ Proct/o : Rectum; anus 40

Digestive System 41 ➔ Tongue : This is a muscular organ that is attached to the floor of the mouth. It helps with mastication and it has taste buds, which help us taste the food we eat. ➔ Nasopharynx : This is one part of the pharynx. The structures in this part are the throat and nose. This is the airway for the respiratory system. ➔ Oropharynx : This is another part of the pharynx. This is right in between the mouth’s soft palate and the epiglottis. This is where air passes from the nasopharynx to the laryngopharynx. This is also where food passes from the mouth to the esophagus. ➔ Laryngopharynx : This is the final part of the pharynx. This is right behind and below the opening to the throat. This is a pathway for fluids, air, and food. ➔ Small Intestine : This is where chemical digestion continues and this is also where the absorption of nutrients begins. There are three sections : the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum ➔ Duodenum : This section of the small intestine receives food from the stomach, pancreatic juice from the pancreas, and bile from the liver and gallbladder. ➔ Jejunum : This section is where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. These nutrients include carbs, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fats. ➔ Ileum : This section is where vitamin B is absorbed. ➔ Amylase : This enzyme helps break down carbohydrates like sugars. ➔ Lipase : This enzyme helps break down fats.

Digestive System Diseases/Conditions ➔ Cholecystitis : This is the inflammation of the gallbladder. ➔ Cirrhosis : This is when the liver becomes scarred because of drugs, alcohol, or a virus. For example, hepatitis. ➔ Enteritis : This is when the intestines become inflamed. This can be shown by diarrhea. ➔ Hepatitis : This is when the liver becomes inflamed. This is usually caused by a virus. 42

Digestive System Careers ➔ Gastroenterologist : This is a type of physician who specializes in the disease and conditions of the digestive system. ➔ Registered dietitian : This is a person who supervises serving and preparation of food in hospitals, schools, and more. 43

Digestive System 44

Urinary System Function : ➔ Filtration : The kidneys separate metabolic waste from the blood. ➔ Waste Storage and Excretion : The urinary bladder is storage for urine until it is excreted from the body. ➔ Hormone Production : The kidneys produce hormones for the body to use. ➔ Homeostasis Maintenance : This system helps maintain homeostasis in the body. 45

Urinary System Key Terms ➔ -Cele : Hernia, swelling, protrusion ➔ -Lysis : Breakdown, separation, loosening ➔ Cyst/o : Cyst, fluid sac, bladder ➔ Nephr/o : Kidney ➔ Ren/o : Kidney ➔ -Uria : Urination, condition of urine ➔ -Pexy : Surgical fixation ➔ -Ectasis : Dilation, dilatation, widening ➔ Pyel/o : Renal pelvis 46

Urinary System ➔ Renal cortex : this is the outer layer of the kidneys. ➔ Nephron : this is a functional unit and basic structure of the kidney. They are in charge of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. ➔ Ureter : this is the tube that urine goes through from the renal calyces to the urinary bladder. ➔ Hilum : this is the depression that works as a passageway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. ➔ Urinary bladder : this is a hollow, muscular organ that is located in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity. This is a storage place for urine until it is expelled from the body. It is capable of holding 16 oz of urine before it has to be expelled. ➔ Urethra : this is a tube that takes urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. ➔ Filtration : this is when the body separates waste from the blood. ➔ Reabsorption : this is when the blood absorbs useful substances from the filtrate that goes through the renal tubules. ➔ Secretion : this is when waste is excreted out of the body. ➔ Renal calyces : these are cavities shaped like cups that collect urine. 47

Urinary System Diseases/Conditions ➔ Anuria : this is when there is no urine production. ➔ Diuresis : this is when the production of urine is increased. ➔ Dysuria : this is when urination starts to become painful or difficult. ➔ Cystitis : this is when the bladder becomes inflamed. 48

Urinary System Careers ➔ Urologist : this is a kind of physician who specializes with diseases pertaining to the urinary system and the male reproductive tract. ➔ Dialysis technician : this is a kind of doctor that works with machines that removes wastes and fluids from patients whose kidneys are not working correctly. 49

Urinary System 50


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