Micro Economics - I_Hindi

144 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I gAS 6 nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ dk Lo:i bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd vUrr% mRiknu esa iSekus ds ?kVrs gq, izfrQy dh izo`fÙk ykxw gksrh gSA ;fn vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dh ;g /kkj.kk lgh gS fd izR;sd mRiknd vius ykHk dks ;FkklEHko vf/kd djuk pkgrk gS vkSj mRiknu dh n'kk,a iw.kZ izfr;ksxh gSa] rks LAC oØ dk varr% nkb± vkjs Åij mBuk vko';d gSA nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ (Long Run Marginal Cost Curve) vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr dk vFkZ foLrkj ds lkFk Li”V dj ysus ds ckn nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr dk vFkZ lgt gh le>k tk ldrk gSA nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr ls rkRi;Z mRiknu esa ml le; ,d bdkbZ ifjorZu djus ij dqy ykxr esa ifjorZu ls gkrs k gS tc QeZ ds ikl IykaV dk iSekuk cny dj mRiknu esa okafNr ifjorZu ds fy, i;kZIr le; gksA nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr dh ;g ifjHkk\"kk yxHkx ogh gS tks geus vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr dh nh gSA nksuksa esa vUrj dsoy bruk gS fd tgka vYidky esa mRiknu ds ,d bdkbZ foLrkj ds fy, oreZ ku IykaV Y dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,xk ogka nh?kdZ ky eas IykaV ds iSekus dks Hkh cny fn;k SMC LAC tk,xkA LMC tgka rd nh?kdZ kyhu lhekUr ykxr SATC y kxr oØ vkSj nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ ds chp lEcU/k dk iz'u gS] ;g Bhd ogh gS tks vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ vkSj vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ mRiknu dh ek=k X js[kkfp= 7.13 % nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr vkSj vkSlr ykxr oØ O ds chp gksrk gAS ;g js[kkfp= 7.13 dks ns[kus ls gh Li”V gks tkrk gSA 6. Richard G. Lipsey and K. Alec Chrystal, Principles of Economics (Oxford University Press, Ninth edition, 1999), p. 128. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 145 7.13 lkjka’k (Summary) 1. mRiknu ds fy, dqN lalk/kuksa dh t:jr iM+rh gS ftUgsa mRiknu ds lk/ku ;k vkxr dgrs gSaA 2. vkxrksa dks fLFkj rFkk ifjorhZ vkxrksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA tgk¡ ifjorhZ vkxrksa dh ek=k esa cktkj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i rqjUr ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gS ogk¡ fLFkj vkxrksa dh ek=k esa dsoy nh?kZdky esa gh ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA 3. fdlh Hkh vkxr dk vkSlr mRikn izkIr djus ds fy, dqy mRikn dks vkxr dh iz;Dq r ek=k ls Hkkx fd;k tkrk gSA 4. fdlh Hkh vkxr ds lhekar mRikn ls rkRi;Z dqy mRikn eas ml vkxr dh ,d bdkbZ c<+kus ij gksus okyh o`f) gS (vU; vkxrksa dh ek=k dks fLFkj eku dj)A 5. tc vkSlr mRikn c<+ jgk gksrk gS rks lhekar mRikn mlls vf/kd gkrs k gSA tc vkSlr mRikn vf/kdre gksrk gS rks lhekra mRikn mlds cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj tc vkSlr mRikn fxjrk gS rks lhekar mRikn mlls vf/kd rsth ls fxjrk gSA 6. tc ,d lk/ku dh leku ek=k c<+kbZ tkrh gS vkjS vU; lk/kuksa dh ek=k,a fLFkj j[kh tkrh gSa rks ,d lhek ds ckn mRiknu esa gksus okyh o`f) de gksus yxrh gS] vFkkZr lhekar mRiknu ?kVus yxrk gSA 7. ifjorhZ vuqikr dk fu;e n’kkZus ds fy, cuk, x, mRikn oØksa dks lkekU;r;k rhu voLFkkvksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA voLFkk I eas vkSlr mRikn esa yxkrkj o`f) gksrh gS( voLFkk II eas lhekar mRikn ml fcUnq ls ‘kq: gksdj tgk¡ og vkSlr mRikn ds cjkcj gS yxkrkj fxjrk gS ijUrq /kukRed cuk jgrk gS( voLFkk III eas dqy mRikn fxjrk gS vkjS lhekar mRikn _.kkRed gksrk gSA 8. tc mRiknu esa o`f) lk/kuksa esa o`f) ds vuqikr esa gh gksrh gS rks bls ^iSekus ds leku ;k fLFkj izfrQy* dh izo`fÙk dgrs gSaA mRiknu ds lk/kuksa esa of` ) ds vuqikr ls vf/kd o`f) ^iSekus ds c<+rs gq, izfrQy* dh izo`fÙk vkjS vuqikr ls de of` ) ^ieS kus ds ?kVrs gq, izfrQy* dh izo`fÙk dgykrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

146 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 9. fdlh Hkh mRiknu dh futh ykxr dks mRiknu dk;Z esa yxkbZ xbZ lsokvksa dh Ø; dher vFkok mlds vuqekfur ewY; ds :i esa ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g QeZ }kjk mRiknu izkIr djus ds fy, vko';d dyq ekSfnzd R;kx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA 10. ,d dk;Z ds p;u }kjk fodYi volj ds R;kx dk ewY; dk;Z fo'ks\"k dh fodYi ykxr ;k volj ykxr gksrh gSA 11. QeZ dh vYidkyhu ykxrksa dks fLFkj vkSj ifjorhZ ykxrksa esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gS vr% TC = TFC + TVC 12. mRiknu dh ek=k dqN Hkh D;kas u gks] fLFkj ykxr fLFkj jgrh gS vkSj vYidky esa mRiknu iwjh rjg jksd nsus ij Hkh QeZ dks fLFkj ykxr mBkuh gh iM+rh gSA 13. ifjorhZ ykxr ifjorhZ vkxrksa ij O;; gksrh gS vkSj ;g mRiknu dh ek=k esa ifjorZu ds vuq:i ?kVrh&c<r+ h gAS dqy ifjorhZ ykxr dks mRiknu dh ek=k ls foHkkftr djus ij vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ekywe dh tkrh gSA vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dk oØ vaxzsth ds v{kj U dh rjg gksrk gSA 14. vklS r dqy ykxr vFkok vkSlr ykxr dqy ykxr dks mRiknu dh ek=k ls foHkkftr djus ij ekywe gkrs h gSA vkSlr dqy ykxr dk oØ ikz ;% vxa zsth ds v{kj U dh rjg gksrk gSA 15. mRiknu dh ek=k esa FkksM+h o`f) gksus ij dqy ykxr esa gksus okyh o`f) lhekUr ykxr gksrh gSA ;g oØ Hkh ikz ;% vxa zsth ds v{kj U dh rjg gksrk gSA 16. lhekUr ykxr (MC) oØ vkSj vkSlr dqy ykxr (ATC) rFkk vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr (AVC) oØksa ds chp nks egÙoiw.kZ lEcU/k gksrs gSa % (i) AVC vkSj ATC oØksa ds vius U;wure fcUnqvksa ij igqpa us ls igys gh MC oØ vius U;wure fcUnq ij igq¡p tkrk gSA (ii) tc MC oØ Åij mBrk gS rks og AVC vkSj ATC oØksa dks muds U;wure fcUnqvksa ij dkVrk gSA 17. nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa dks ?ksjrk (envelopes) gAS ijEijkxr fl)kUr eas nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ vxa zsth ds v{kj U dh rjg Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS D;kasfd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 147 ekU;rk ;g gS fd vkjEHk esa mRiknu esa iSekus dk c<+rk izfrQy vkSj fQj iSekus dk leku izfrQy vkSj vUr esa iSekus dk ?kVrk izfrQy izkIr gksrk gSA 18. nh?kZdkyhu lhekar ykxr (LMC) oØ dk nh?kZdkyhu vklS r ykxr (LAC) oØ ds lkFk ogh lEcU/k gS tks vYidkyhu lhekar ykxr oØ (SMC) dk vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ (SAC) ds lkFk gksrk gSA 7.14 eq[; ‘kCnkoyh (Key Words/Abbreviation) 1. mRiknu Qyu% mRiknu Qyu ,d ,slh lkj.kh gS tks vkxrksa ds fdlh fof’k”V legw }kjk] fn gqbZ izkS|ksfxdh dh lgk;rk ls] mRikfnr gkus s okyk vf/kdre mRiknu gSA 2. fLFkj vkxrsa% fLFkj vkxrsa os vkxrs gSa ftudh ek=k dks ckt+kj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu ds vuq:i mRiknu esa ifjorZu ykus ds fy, rjq Ur cnyk ugha tk ldrkA 3. ifjorhZ vkxrsa% ifjorhZ vkxrs os vkxrs gSa ftudh ek=k esa tYn ifjorZu yk;k tk ldrk gSA 4. vYidky% ^vYidky* og le; vof/k gS ftlesa ,d ;k vf/kd vkxrksa dh ek=k fLFkj jgrh gS] mRiknu dh ek=k pkgs tks Hkh gksA 5. nh?kZdky% ^nh?kZdky* og le; vof/k gS ftlesa lHkh vkxrsa ifjorhZ gSA 6. vkSlr mRikn% dqy mRikn dks vkxr dh iz;qDr ek=k ls Hkkx nsdj vkSlr mRikn izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA 7. lhekUr mRikn% fdlh Hkh vkxr ds lhekUr mRikn ls vfHkizk; dqy mRikn esa ml vkxr dh bdkbZ c<+kus ij gksus okyh o`f) gS] tcfd vU; vkxrsa fLFkj jgrh gSA 8. ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e% ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e ds vuqlkj] tc ,d lk/ku dh leku ek=k es o`f) dh tkrh gS rFkk vU; lk/kuksa dh ek=k,a fLFkj j[kh tkrh gaS rks ,d lhek ds ckn mRiknu esa gksus okyh o`f) de gksus yxrh gS] vFkkrZ ~ lhekUr mRiknu ?kVus yxrk gSA 9. iSekus ds izfrQy% ieS kus ds izfrQy dh vo/kkj.kk dk lEcU/k mRiknu dh ml ioz `fRr ls gS tks lHkh lk/kuksa ds ijLij vuqikr dks fLFkj j[k dj mRiknu ds iSekus dks c<+kus ij fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

148 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 10. volj ykxr% dk;Z ds p;u }kjk fodYi volj ds R;kx dk ewY; dk;Z fo’ks”k dh fodYi ykxr ;k volj ykxr gSA 11. ekSfnzd ykxr% mRiknu dh ekSfnzd ykxr mRiknu fo’ks”k dks izkIr djus ds fy, fd, tkus okys dqy ekSfnzd R;kx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA 12. ykxr Qyu% ykxr rFkk mRikn ds chp lEcU/k dks ^ykxr Qyu* dgrs gSaA 13. vYidky% vYidky ml le;kof/k dks dgrs gSa ftleas mRiknu ds dqN lk/ku fLFkj gksrs gSa rFkk mRiknu dh ek=k c<+kus vFkok ?kVkus ds fy, QeZ ifjorhZ lk/kukas ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA 14. nh?kZdky% nh?kZdky le; dh og vof/k gksrh gS ftlesa lHkh lk/ku ifjorhZ gksrs gSa vkSj mRiknu dh ek=k dks fdlh Hkh lhek rd c<k+ ;k tk ldrk gSA 15. fLFkj ykxr% fLFkj ykxr mRiknd }kjk fd;k x;k og mRiknu O;; gS tks vYidky esa mRiknu dh ek=k ?kVus&c<+us ij Hkh fLFkj jgrk gSA 16. ifjorhZ ykxr% ,ls h ykxr tks mRiknu dh ek=k eas ifjorZu ds vuqlkj ?kVrh&c<+rh g]S ifjorhZ ykxr dgykrh gSA 17. dqy fLFkj ykxr (TFC): QeZ }kjk fLFkj vkxrksa ij dqy O;; dks dqy fLFkj ykxr dgrs gSaA 18. dqy ifjorhZ ykxr (TVC): QeZ mRiknu djus ds fy, ifjorhZ vkxrkas ij tks dqy O;; djrh gS] og dyq ifjorhZ ykxr dgykrk gSA 19. dqy ykxr (TC): dqy ykxr] dqy fLFkj ykxr (RFC) rFkk dqy ifjorhZ ykxr (TVC) dk ;ksx gksrh gSA 20. vkSlr dqy ykxr (Average Total Cost or ATC): dqy ykxr dks mRiknu dh ek=k ls foHkkftr djus ij vkSlr dqy ykxr izkIr gksrh gSA 21. lhekUr ykxr (MC): mRiknu dh ek=k esa FkksM+h o`f) gksus ij dqy ykxr esa gksus okyk ifjorZu lhekUr ykxr dgykrk gSA 22. nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ (LAC): vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa dk muds U;wure fcUnqvksa dks Li’kZ djus okyk oØ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 149 Abbreviations 1. Total Fixed Cost (TFC): dqy fLFkj ykxr 2. Total Variable Cost (TVC): dqy ifjorZu’khy ykxr 3. Total Cost (TC): dqy ykxr 4. Average Fixed Cost (AFC): vkSlr fLFkj ykxr 5. Average Variable Cost (AVC): vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr 6. Average Total Cost (ATC): vkSlr dqy ykxr 7. Marginal Cost (MC): lhekUr ykxr 8. Long-run Average Cost (LAC): nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr 9. Short-run Average Cost (SAC): vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr 7.15 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k (Learning Activity) 1. fuEu lkj.kh esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsa rFkk lkj.kh iw.kZ gksus ij ykxrkas dh fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks js[kkfp= }kjk izLrqr djsaA mRiknu dqy ykxr dqy ifjorhZ vkSlr ykxr vkSlr ifjorhZ lhekUr ykxr (Q) (TC) (AC) ykxr ykxr 0 20 (TVC) X 1 – – (AVC) (MC) 2 – 0 35 3 – 30 – XX 4 – – – –– – 25 – 100 – 10 –– __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

150 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 7.16 o.kZukRed iz’u (Descriptive Questions) 1. ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e dh foops uk dhft,A 2. âkleku izfrQy fu;e dh O;k[;k dhft,A 3. vYidky esa ‘kq: esa Je ds lhekar mRiknu ds c<+us vkSj fQj de gksus dh laHkkouk D;ksa gS\\ 4. mRiknu dh rhu voLFkkvksa dk C;kSjk nhft,A ifz rLi/khZ fLFkfr;kas esa dksbZ mRiknd voLFkk II eas gh D;ksa mRiknu djuk pkgsxk\\ 5. dkjd ds izfrQyksa rFkk iSekus ds izfrQyksa ds eè; varHksZn dhft,A iSekus dh cká ,oa vkarfjd fdQk;rksa dks crkb,A 6. iSekus ds izfrQy ,oa lk/ku (dkjd) ds izfrQy esa D;k vUrj gS\\ iSekus dh fdQk;rksa rFkk viO;f;rkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 7. iSekus ds ?kVrs gq, izfrQy ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\\ lk/ku ds âkleku izfrQy dh izo`fÙk ls bldh rqyuk dhft,A 8. vkSlr ykxr vkSj lhekUr ykxr esa lEcU/k Li”V dhft,A ;g fdl rjg gksrk gS fd tc lhekUr ykxrsa c<+ jgh gksrh gSa ml le; vkSlr ykxr ?kV jgh gksrh gS\\ 9. fLFkj vkjS ifjorhZ ykxrksa esa vUrj crkb;sA dher fl)kUr esa bl vUrj dk D;k egÙo gS\\ 10. QeZ ds nh?kZdkyhu ykxr oØksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 11. fuEufyf[kr dks le>kb, % (i) vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ U dh 'kDy ds D;ksa gksrs gSa\\ (ii) vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa ls nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ izkIr dhft,A 12. nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ dh 'kDy D;k gksrh gS vkSj D;ksa\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 151 13. lhekUr ykxr oØ [khafp, tc & (i) vklS r ykxr oØ dk <yku uhps dh vksj gS vkSj lh/kh js[kk gSA (ii) vklS r ykxr oØ dk <yku Åij dh vksj gS vkSj lh/kh js[kk gSA (iii) vkSlr ykxr oØ U vkÑfr dk gSA 14. fLFkj ykxrksa vkSj ifjorhZ ykxrksa ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\\ vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa vkSj nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa esa lEcU/k dh O;k[;k dhft,A 15. vklS r ykxr vkSj lhekUr ykxr dh ifjHkk\"kk nhft,A O;k[;k dhft, fd AC oØ dh vkÑfr U tSlh D;kas gksrh gS\\ vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØksa ls nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr oØ fdl rjg ikz Ir fd;k tkrk gS\\ 7.17 cgqfodfYi; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) 1. fuEu esa ls dkuS lk dFku lgh ugha gS\\ ¼d½ mRiknu Qyu mRiknu dh rduhd }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA ¼[k½ nh?kZdky esa lHkh vkxrsa ifjorhZ gksrh gSaA ¼x½ vYidky esa] mRiknd dks iSekus ds izfrQy feyrsa gSaA ¼?k½ vYidky eas ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA 2. dqy mRiknu dks ifjorhZ vkxr dh i;z qDr ek=k ls Hkkx nsus ij D;k izkIr gksrk gS\\ ¼d½ dqy mRikn (Q) ¼[k½ vkSlr mRikn (AP) ¼x½ lhekUr mRikn (MP) ¼?k½ lhekUr ifjorhZ mRikn (MVP) 3. ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e ds vuqlkj] tc dyq mRikn (Q) vf/kdre gksrk gS] rc lhekUr mRikn (MP) ¼d½ ‘kwU; gksrk gSA ¼[k½ ?kVrk gqvk gksrk gSA ¼x½ ¼d½ rFkk ¼[k½ ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

152 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 4. ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e ds vuqlkj] lhekUr mRikn (MP)] mRiknu dh dkSu lh voLFkk esa vf/kdre gksrk gS\\ ¼d½ igyh voLFkk esa ¼[k½ nwljh voLFkk esa ¼x½ rhljh voLFkk esa ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha 5. ifjorhZ vuqikr fu;e ds vuqlkj] vkSlr mRikn (AP) mRiknu dh dkSu lh voLFkk esa _.kkRed gksrk gS\\ ¼d½ igyh voLFkk esa ¼[k½ nwljh voLFkk esa ¼x½ rhljh voLFkk esa ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha 6. nwljs lcls vPNs fodYi volj ds R;kx ds ewY; dks D;k dgrs gSa\\ ¼d½ volj ykxr ¼[k½ futh ykxr ¼x½ lkekftd ykxr ¼?k½ vkfFkZd ykxr 7. fuEu esa ls dkSu lk ykxr oØ ‘U’ vkdkj dk ugha gksrk\\ ¼d½ volj ykxr oØ ¼[k½ dqy ykxr oØ ¼x½ lhekUr ykxr oØ ¼?k½ vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr oØ 8. vYidky esa ;fn mRiknu ‘kwU; gksus ij dqy ykxr 100 #i;s gS rks fuEu esa ls vkSj fdl pj dk eku 100 #i;s gksxk\\ ¼d½ dqy ifjorhZ ykxr ¼[k½ vkSlr fLFkj ykxr ¼x½ dqy fLFkj ykxr ¼?k½ vklS r ifjorhZ ykxr 9. fuEu esa ls dkSu lk ykxr oØ lekudks.kh; vfrijoy; (Rectangular Hyperbola) vkdkj dk gksrk gS\\ ¼d½ vklS r dyq ykxr oØ ¼[k½ vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr oØ ¼x½ lhekUr ykxr oØ ¼?k½ vkSlr fLFkj ykxr oØ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 153 10. dqy ykxr dks mRiknu dh ek=k ls Hkkx nsus ij D;k izkIr gksrh gS\\ ¼d½ vkSlr ykxr ¼[k½ lhekUr ykxr ¼x½ dqy ykxr ¼?k½ volj ykxr mÙkj% 1. ¼x½] 2. ¼[k½] 3. ¼d½] 4. ¼d½] 5. ¼?k½] 6. ¼d½] 7. ¼[k½] 8. ¼x½] 9. ¼?k½] 10. ¼d½ 7.18 lanHkZ (References) 1. Mishra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. (1998), Vyashti Arthashastra, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. 2. Ahuja, H.L. (1999), Advanced Economic Theory, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. 3. Chopra, P.N. (1998), Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 4. Chopra, P.N. (2006), Advanced Economic Theory, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. Lekhi, R.K., Walia, H.S. & Talwar, S.J. (2003), Micro Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 8 vkxe dk fl)kUr (Theory of Revenue) lajpuk 8.0 mÌs’; 8.1 ifjp; 8.2 vkxe dh vo/kkj.kk,a 8.3 iw.kZ ifz r;ksfxrk esa QeZ dk vkxe 8.4 ,dkf/kdkj +¼rFkk ,dkfdd`r izfr;ksfxrk+½ ds vUrxrZ vkxe oØ 8.5 lkjka’k 8.6 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 8.7 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 8.8 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 8.9 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 8.10 lanHkZ

vkxe dk fl)kUr 155 8.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z dqy] vkSlr vkSj lhekUr vkxe dh vo/kkj.kk,a z vkSlr rFkk lhekUr vkxe oØksa ds chp T;kfefrd lEcU/k 8.1 ifjp; (Introduction) fiNys nks v/;k;ksa esa geus mRiknd ds n`f”Vdks.k ls vFkZ’kkL= ds nks egÙoiw.kZ fo”k;ksa ^mRiknu dk fl)kUr* rFkk ^ykxrksa dk fl)kUr* dk v/;;u fd;kA mRiknd dh fu.kZ; ifz Ø;k dk vxyk vfr egÙoi.w kZ fcUnq gS vkxe dk fl)kUrA bl v/;k; esa ge vkxe dh fofHkUu /kkj.kkvksa tSls dqy vkxe] lhekUr vkxe rFkk vkSlr vkxe ds ckjs eas tkuasxs rFkk buls lacaf/kr oØksa dk Hkh v/;;u djsxa sA 10.2 vkxe dh vo/kkj.kk,a (Concepts of Revenue) dqy vkxe (Total Revenue) oLrq fo'ks\"k dh dqy fcØh ls izkIr gksus okyh leLr ekSfnzd izkfIr dks dqy vkxe dgrs gSaA tkfgj gS fd tc oLrq dh fcØh vf/kd gksrh gS rks dqy ekSfnzd izkfIr vFkkZr dqy vkxe esa o`f) gksrh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd dqy vkxe ds oØ dk <ky lnSo Y /kukRed (positive) gksxkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] dqy TRc vkxe oØ uhps ls Åij nkb± vksj mBxs kA yfs du ;g lk/kkj.khdj.k (generalisation) dj lduk dqy vkxe TRm dfBu gksxk fd oLrq dh fcØh esa o`f) ds lkFk dqy vkxe esa o`f) fLFkj nj ij gksxh vFkok ?kVrh nj ijA tc Hkh fLFkj dher ij oLrq dh vf/kd ek=k csp ikuk laHko gksrk gS] dqy vkxe esa fLFkj X nj ij o`f) gkrs h gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa dqy vkxe O ek=k oØ ewy fcUnq ls izkjaHk gksus okyh lh/kh js[kk gksrk js[kkfp= 8.1% dqy vkxe oØ dk Lo:i CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

156 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I gSA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa QeZ cktkj ekax vkSj cktkj iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;ksa ls fu/kkZfjr gksus okyh dher ij gh oLrq csp ldrh gSA blfy, mldk dqy vkxe oØ js[kkfp= 8.1 esa fn[kk, x, TRc dh Hkkafr gkxs kA vi.w kZ vFkok ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk ;k ,dkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr esa QeZ dher ?kVkdj gh viuh oLrq vf/kd ek=k esa csp ldrh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd fcØh ds lkFk vkxe esa o`f) rks gksrh gS ysfdu o`f) dh nj ?kVrh tkrh gSA js[kkfp= 8.1 eas TRm ,d ,slh QeZ dk dqy vkxe oØ gSA bldk fujarj de gksrk gqvk <ky bl ckr dk izek.k gS fd QeZ dk dqy vkxe oLrq dh fcØh ds vuqikr esa ugha c<r+ kA vkSlr vkxe (Average Revenue) dqy vkxe oØ ds vk/kkj ij vkSlr vkxe oØ izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkSlr vkxe njvly oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ dher gksrh gSA lw= :i esa] dqy vkxe TR vkSlr vkxe (AR) = mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh ek=k Q lhekUr vkxe (Marginal Revenues) lw= :i esa TR MR = Q tgka MR = lhekUr vkxe 'TR = fcØh esa FkksM+h o`f) gksus ij dqy vkxe esa o`f) 'Q = fcØh esa FkksM+k ifjorZuA mi;qZDr vo/kkj.kkvksa dks lkj.kh :i esa Hkh fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh ek=k 1 ls 10 bdkbZ rd gS rks dqy] vkSlr vkSj lhekUr vkxe D;k gksxk] ;g lkj.kh 8.1 eas fn;k x;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkxe dk fl)kUr 157 lkj.kh 8.1% dqy vkxe ls vkSlr vkxe o lhekUr vkxe dh izkfIr mRiknu o fcØh dqy vkxe (TR) vkSlr vkxe (AR) lhekUr vkxe (MR) (#i;s) (#i;s) (#i;s) 1 2 100 100 – 3 190 95 90 4 270 90 80 5 340 85 70 6 400 80 60 7 450 75 50 8 490 70 40 9 520 65 30 10 540 60 20 550 55 10 8.3 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dk vkxe (Revenueof a Firm in Perfect Competition) ekax oØ (Demand Curve) iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj esa rFkk vU; fdlh izdkj ds cktkj esa dke djus okyh Qeks± ds chp ,d eq[; vUrj QeZ ds ekax oØ ds Lo:i dk gSA S Y YD d QeZ E P O dP cktkj dher dherq0 S D X O Q ek=k X Q0 ek=k (a) (b) js[kkfp= 8.2% iw.kZr;k izfr;ksxh cktkj esa QeZ dk ekax oØ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

158 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj esa izR;sd QeZ dk ekax oØ {kSfrt (horizontal) gksrk gS D;ksafd QeZ ds mRiknu esa ifjorZu dk dher ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA1 js[kkfp= 8.2(a) eas iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj esa QeZ dk ekax oØ dd gAS D;kasfd ;g ekax oØ {kSfrt gS (vFkkZr X-v{k ds lekukUrj gS) blfy, cktkj dher OP ij ekax iw.kZr;k ykspnkj gSA QeZ dk ekax oØ gh mldk vkSlr vkxe oØ gSA D;ksafd iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dk vkSlr vkxe oØ {kSfrt gS blfy, lhekUr vkxe oØ Hkh ogh oØ gksxkA cktkj ekax oØ DD rFkk cktkj ifw rZ oØ SS j[s kkfp= 8.2(b) esa fn[kk, x, gSaA ;s nksuksa oØ ,d nlw js dks E fcUnq ij dkVrs gSa blfy, OP cktkj dher fu/kkZfjr gksxhA nksuksa js[kkfp=ksa 8.2(a) rFkk 8.2(b) eas dher v{k ,d leku gSa ijUrq ek=k dk eki (tks X-v{k ij fy;k x;k gS) fHkUu gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd cktkj esa cgqr lh Qes± dke dj jgh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, QeZ ds js[kkfp= 8.2(a) eas ;fn Oq0 dk vFkZ QeZ ds mRiknu dh 10 bdkb;ka gSa rks m|kxs ds js[kkfp= 8.2(b) esa m|ksx dk OQ0 mRiknu laHkor% 10 yk[k bdkbZ;ka gSaA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk eas QeZ ,slk dqN ugha dj ldrh ftlls mlds ekax oØ rFkk cktkj dher esa dksbZ ifjorZu gksA mls bu nksukas dks ^fn;k gqvk* Lohdkj djuk gkxs kA ijUrq ,ls h dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr;ka tks cktkj ekxa ;k cktkj iwfrZ esa ifjorZu ykrh gaS mRiknu dh cktkj dher esa Hkh ifjorZu yk,axh rFkk] blds ifj.kkeLo:i] QeZ ds ekax oØ esa Hkh ifjorZu gkxs kA dqy vkxe oØ (Total Revenue dqy vkxe Y TR Curve) R3 T3 R2 dqy vkxe tSlk fd ge igys Hkh Li”V dj R1 T2 R vk, gSa] dher vkSj oLrq dh mRikfnr o csph gqbZ S ek=k dk xq.kuQy gksrk gSA lw= :i esa] Q TR = P × Q T1 TR = dqy vkxe P = dher O Q1 Q2 Q3 X Q = oLrq dh mRikfnr o csph xbZ mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh ek=k ek=k js[kkfp= 8.3% dqy vkxe oØ 1. Richard G. Lipsey and K. Alec Chrystal, Principles of Economics (Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 1999), p. 142. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkxe dk fl)kUr 159 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa pwafd QeZ dher xzg.k dj oLrq dh dksbZ Hkh ek=k csp ldrh gS] blfy, mldk dqy vkxe csph tkus okyh ek=k esa o`f) ds vuqikr esa c<+rk tkrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd cktkj esa fu/kkZfjr dher ij ;fn QeZ oLrq dks nks xquh ek=k esa csprh gS rks mldk dqy vkxe nks xquk vkSj ;fn oLrq dh rhu xuq h ek=k csprh gS rks dyq vkxe rhu xquk gks tkrk gSA lkj.kh 8.2 ls ;g Li”V gks tkrk gSA lkj.kh 8.2 % mRiknu dh fofHkUu ek=kvksa ds vuq:i vkxe mRiknu o fcØh dh ek=k dher ¾ vkSlr vkxe (#i;s) dqy vkxe (#i;s) lhekUr vkxe (#i;s) 0 10 0 – 1 10 10 10 2 10 20 10 3 10 30 10 4 10 40 10 5 10 50 10 dqy vkxe dk oØ ewy fcUnq ls izkjEHk gksus okyh ,d lh/kh js[kk gkxs h] ;fn csph tkus okyh ek=k vkSj eknS zd ikz fIr esa vkuqikfrd lEcU/k gAS pwafd fcØh dh ek=k eas o`f) ds lkFk dyq ekSfnzd ikz fIr c<+rh gS] blfy, dqy vkxe oØ dk <ky /kukRed (positive) gksxkA nwljs 'kCnkas esa] dqy vkxe oØ uhps ls Åij dh vksj nkb± vksj mBsxkA js[kkfp= 8.3 esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds varxZr QeZ dk dqy vkxe oØ TR fn[kk;k x;k gSA Y v{k ij OR1, OR2, rFkk OR3 ds }kjk fn[kkbZ xbZ nwfj;ka Øe'k% OQ1, OQ2, vkSj OQ3 ek=k eas oLrq ds mRiknu vkSj fcØh ds vuq:i dqy vkxe dks crkrh gSaA js[kkfp= 8.3 esa dqy vkxe eas o`f) mRiknu dh vkuqikfrd gh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd OR1/OQ1 = OR2/OQ2 = OR3/OQ3A T1, T2, vkSj T3 fcUnq mRiknu dh fofHkUu ek=kvksa ds vuq:i dqy vkxe dks izdV djrs gSaA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa QeZ ds dqy vkxe esa mRiknu dh ek=k esa lekuqikrh o`f) gksrh gSA blfy, T1, T2 vkSj T3 ,d lh/kh js[kk ij gksus pkfg,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

160 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I vkSlr vkxe oØ (Average Revenue Curve) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxrZ QeZ dks dher xgz .k djuh gksrh gAS bl dher ij QeZ ftruh Hkh ek=k mlds fy, laHko gks] mRikfnr dj csp ldrh gAS rkRi;Z ;g gS fd oLrq dks vf/kd ek=k esa cspus ds fy, dher dks uhpk djuk vko';d ugha gksrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa QeZ dk vkSlr vkxe tks njvly oLrq dh dher gh gksrk gS] fLFkj jgrk gSA lw= :i esa TR P = Q = AR vc ;fn i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa mRiknu vkSj fcØh esa of` ) gkus s ij dqy vkxe esa lekuiq krh o`f) gkrs h gS ftlls dqy vkxe oØ (TR) dk <ky fLFkj jgrk gS rks vkSlr vkxe dk fLFkj jguk t:jh gSA js[kkfp= 8.3 eas ge ikrs gaS fd Q1T1 Q2T2 Q3T3 P = OQ1 = OQ2 = OQ3 bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd pkgs mRiknu o fcØh Y dh ek=k OQ1 gks ;k OQ2 ;k fQj dksbZ vU; vkSlr vkSj lhekar vkxe P AB C AR = MR ek=k gh D;ksa u gks] vkSlr vkxe (dher) fLFkj O jgrk gSA Q1 Q2 Q3 X js[kkfp= 8.4 esa OP vkSlr vkxe dh mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh ek=k fLFkj jkf'k gSA AR vkSlr vkxe oØ gS tks X v{k ds lekukra j gSA AR dk X v{k ds lekukra j js[kkfp= 8.4% vkSlr vkSj lhekUr vkxe oØ gksuk vkSlr vkxe dh fLFkjrk dks izdV djrk gSA lhekUr vkxe oØ (Marginal Revenue Curve) mRiknu eas ifjorZu ds QyLo:i dqy vkxe esa ifjorZu dks lhekUr vkxe dgrs gSaA lw= :i esa lhekUr vkxe dks fuEufyf[kr <ax ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS % TR MR = Q CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkxe dk fl)kUr 161 8.4 ,dkf/kdkj +¼rFkk ,dkfdd`r izfr;ksfxrk+½ ds vUrxZr vkxe oØ (Revenue Curves under Monopoly (and Monopolistic Competition)) ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ }kjk mRikfnr oLrq dh laiw.kZ ekax gh okLro esa oLrq dh cktkj ekax gksrh gSA blfy, ;fn ,dkf/kdkjh viuh oLrq vf/kd ek=k esa cspuk pkgrk gS rks mls viuh oLrq dh dher uhph djuh iM+rh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ,dkf/kdkjh dk vkSlr vkxe oØ iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk QeZ dh Hkkafr vk/kkj js[kk ds lekukarj u gksdj Åij ls uhps dh vkjs nkb± rjQ vkrk gSA ,ls h fLFkfr esa fcØh dh ek=k dqN Hkh D;kas u gks] lhekar vkxe] vkSlr vkxe (dher) ls de jgrk gSA lkj.kh 8.3 ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxZr QeZ }kjk cps h tkus okyh oLrq dh ekax dh vuqlpw h ds lkFk&lkFk fcØh dh ek=k ls dqy vkxe vkSj lhekUr vkxe dks n'kkZrh gSA lkj.kh ds dkye 1 vksj 2 ekax vulq wph nsrs gSaA buls Li”V gS fd ,dkf/kdkjh dher dks de djds gh oLrq dh vf/kd bdkb;ka csp ldrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ,dkf/kdkjh dk dqy vkxe vkjEHk esa ?kVrh nj ij c<+rk gSA lkj.kh 13.1 ls Li”V gS fd tc dher 10 #i;s ls ?kVkdj 9 #i;s dh tkrh gS rks mRikn dh ekxa 10 bdkbZ ls c<+ dj 20 bdkbZ gks tkrh gSA QyLo:i dqy vkxe 100 #i;s ls c<+dj 180 #i;s gks tkrk gSA ;g izo`fÙk ml le; rd tkjh jgrh gS tc rd dher fxj dj 6 #i;s ugha gks tkrhA dher 6 #i;s gksus ij ekax 50 bdkbZ gSA vr% dqy vkxe 300 #i;s gSA tc dher 5 #i;s gks tkrh gS rks ekax c<+dj 60 bdkbZ gks tkrh gS ysfdu dqy vkxe 300 #i;s gh jgrk gSA dher esa vkSj Hkh deh gksus ij ekax esa o`f) rks gksrh gS ijUrq dqy vkxe esa deh gksrh gSA tc dher fxjdj 1 #i;s gks tkrh gS rks ekxa c<+dj 100 bdkbZ gks tkrh gSA ysfdu ekax esa o`f) ds ckotwn dqy vkxe de gksdj 100 #i;s jg tkrk gSA dqy vkxe esa tc rd o`f) gksrh gS] lhekUr vkxe /kukRed jgrk gSA tc dqy vkxe vf/kdre gks tkrk gS vkSj oLrq dh fcØh c<+us ds ckotwn fLFkj jgrh gS rks lhekUr vkxe 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA dqy vkxe esa fxjkoV dh fLFkfr esa lhekUr vkxe _.kkRed gks tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

162 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I lkj.kh 8.3% ,dkf/kdkj esa ekax vuqlwph] dqy vkxe rFkk lhekUr vkxe dher (vkSlr vkxe) fdlh le; fcUnq ij oLrq dh ekax dqy vkxe lhekUr vkxe #i;s (vFkok csph tkus okyh ek=k) (3) (4) (1) (2) 100 100 10 10 180 80 9 20 240 60 8 30 280 40 7 40 300 20 6 50 300 0 5 60 280 4 70 240 –20 3 80 180 –40 2 90 100 –60 1 –80 100 vkSlr ,oa lhekUr vkxe (Average and Marginal Revenues) ,dkf/kdkj eas cktkj ekax oØ dh lgk;rk ls ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds vkSlr ,oa lhekUr vkxe oØ vklkuh ls izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ,dy dher ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dh fLFkfr esa] mRiknu dh izfr bdkbZ ij vkSlr vkxe dher ds cjkcj gksrk gSA blfy,] cktkj ekax oØ gh ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dk vkSlr vkxe oØ gksrk gSA vc ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds lhekUr vkxe ij fopkj djsaA bls mRiknu dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dh fcØh ls izkIr gksus okys vkxe ds :i esa ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd ,df/kdkjh QeZ ds ekax oØ dh <ky _.kkRed gksrh gS blfy, oLrq dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dh fcØh ds fy, mls lHkh bdkb;ksa ij dher ?kVkuh gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd lhekUr bdkbZ dh fcØh ls mls tks vfrfjDr vkxe izkIr gksxk og oLrq dh dher ls de gksxkA fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy ds vuqlkj ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dk lhekUr vkxe ml dher ls de gksxk ftl ij og viuk mRiknu csprh gSA2 2. “The monopoly firm’s marginal revenue is less than the price at which it sells its output.” ibid p. 156. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkxe dk fl)kUr 163 ,dkf/kdkj rFkk ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr vkSlr rFkk Y lhekUr vkxe dks js[kkfp= 8.5 }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gSA MR oØ y A v{k rFkk AR oØ ds chp dh nwjh dk lef}Hkkx djrk gS] vFkkZr~ B D C js[kkfp= 8.5 eas BC = CDA oLrq dh fcØh OM gkus s dh fLFkfr esa E vkSlr vkxe DM (;k OB), rFkk lhekUr vkxe EM ds cjkcj gksxkA MR AR 8.5 lkjka’k (Summary) O X 1. mRiknu dh laiw.kZ ek=k dh fcØh ls dqy ekSfnzd izkfIr;k¡ M ek=k js[kkfp= 8.5% ,dkf/kdkj esa vkSlr o lhekUr vkxr oØksa dk Lo:i dqy vkxe dgykrh gSaA 2. vkSlr vkxe oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ dher gksrh gSA lhekUr vkxe oLrq dh csph tkus okyh ek=k esa FkksM+h o`f) gksus ij dqy vkxe esa gksus okyh o`f) gksrh gSA 3. tc vkSlr vkxe oØ X-v{k ds lekukarj gksrk gS rks lhekUr vkxe oØ Hkh vkSlr vkxe oØ tSlk gksrk gSA rFkkfi tc vkSlr vkxe oØ ljy js[kh; gksus ds lkFk&lkFk Åij ls uhps dh vksj <kyw gksrk gS rks mlds vuq:i lhekUr vkxe oØ Hkh ljy js[kh; gksrk gS vkSj mldk Åij ls uhps dh vksj <ky vkSlr oØ ds <ky ls nks xq.kk gksrk gSA 8.6 eq[; ‘kCnkoyh (Key Words/Abbreviation) 1. dqy vkxe% oLrq fo’ks”k dh dqy fcØh ls izkIr gksus okyh leLr ekSfnzd izkfIr dks dqy vkxe dgrs gaSA 2. vkSlr vkxe% dqy vkxe dks fcØh dh ek=k ls Hkkx djus ij vkSlr vkxe izkIr gksrk gSA okLro es]a vkSlr vkxe gh oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ dher gksrh gSA 3. lhekUr vkxe% oLrq dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dh fcØh ls dqy vkxe esa gksus okyh o`f) lhekUr vkxe dgykrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

164 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 8.7 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k (Learning Activity) 1. fuEu nks lkj.kh;ksa esa fjDr LFkkuksa dh ifw rZ dj buds vkadM+ksa dh lgk;rk ls vkSlr vkxe oØ] lhekUr vkxe oØ rFkk dqy vkxe oØ dks vyx&vyx ls[kkfp=ksa }kjk n’kkZ,a rFkk bu ls[kkfp=ksa dh rqyuk djsaA ¼d½ fcØh dqy vkxe vkSlr vkxe lhekUr vkxe (Q) (TR) (AR) (MR) 1 – 10 – 2 – 10 – 3 – 10 – 4 – 10 – 5 – 10 – __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ¼[k½ fcØh dqy vkxe vkSlr vkxe lhekUr vkxe (Q) (TR) (AR) (MR) 1 – 10 – 2 – 9– 3 – 8– 4 – 7– 5 – 6– __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 8.8 o.kZukRed iz’u (Descriptive Questions) 1. dqy vkxe] vkSlr vkxe rFkk lhekUr vkxe dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A 2. vklS r vkxe rFkk lhekUr vkxe esa lEcU/k dks js[kkfp= dh lgk;rk ls n’kkZb;sA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkxe dk fl)kUr 165 8.9 cgqfodfYi; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) 1. dher fLFkj jgus ij dqy vkxe oØ dk <ky dSlk gksxk\\ ¼d½ /kukRed rFkk fLFkj ¼[k½ /kUkkRed rFkk ?kVrk gqvk ¼x½ _.kkRed rFkk fLFkj ¼?k½ _.kkRed rFkk ?kVrk gqvk 2. dqy vkxe esa of` ) ('TR) dks fcØh esa o`f) ('Q) ls Hkkx djus ij fdl pj dh izkfIr gksrh gS\\ ¼d½ lhekUr vkxe ¼[k½ vklS r vkxe ¼x½ dqy vkxe ¼?k½ dqy fcØh 3. fuEu esa ls fdl pj dks dher Hkh dgk tkrk gS\\ ¼d½ lhekUr vkxe ¼[k½ vklS r vkxe ¼x½ dqy vkxe ¼?k½ vklS r ykxr 4. fuEu esa ls dkuS lk oØ ‘U’ vkdkj dk gksrk gS\\ ¼d½ lhekUr vkxe oØ ¼[k½ vkSlr vkxe oØ ¼x½ dqy vkxe oØ ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha 5. ;fn vkSlr vkxe oØ x-v{k ds lekukUrj gks] rks fuEu esa ls dkSu lk fodYi lgh gksxk\\ ¼d½ AR > MR ¼[k½ AR < MR ¼x½ ZR > MC ¼?k½ AR = MR 6. fdl ckt+kj lajpuk eas vkSlr vkxe oØ rFkk lhekUr vkxe oØ _.kkRed <+ky okys ugha gkrs s\\ ¼d½ iw.kZ ifz r;ksfxrk ¼[k½ ,dkf/kdkj ¼x½ ,dkf/kd`r izfr;kfs xrk ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkj% 1. ¼d½] 2. ¼d½] 3. ¼[k½] 4. ¼?k½] 5. ¼?k½] 6. ¼d½ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

166 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 8.10 lanHkZ (References) 1. Mishra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. (1998), Vyashti Arthashastra, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. 2. Ahuja, H.L. (1999), Advanced Economic Theory, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. 3. Chopra, P.N. (1998), Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 4. Chopra, P.N. (2006), Advanced Economic Theory, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. Lekhi, R.K., Walia, H.S. & Talwar, S.J. (2003), Micro Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 6. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (2004), Economics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 7. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (1999), Principles of Economics, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 9 Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a (Market Structures) lajpuk 9.0 mÌs’; 9.1 ifjp; 9.2 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dk vFkZ 9.3 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr QeZ dk vYidkyhu lkE; % dyq vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr 9.4 QeZ dk vYidkyhu lUrqyu % lhekUr vkxe vkSj lhekUr ykxr 9.5 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dh vYidkyhu ykHkiznrk 9.6 m|ksx dk nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu 9.7 ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dh vo/kkj.kk 9.8 ,dkf/kdkj esa vYidkyhu lUrqyu 9.9 cg&q dher ,dkf/kdkjh % dher foHksn 9.10 foHksndkjh ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxZr dher fu/kkjZ .k 9.11 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr 9.12 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa vYidkyhu lUrqyu 9.13 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu 9.14 lkjka’k

168 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 9.15 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 9.16 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 9.17 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 9.18 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 9.19 lanHkZ 9.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z iw.kZ ifz r;ksfxrk dk D;k vFkZ gS\\ z iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dk vYidkyhu lkE; fdl izdkj fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS\\ z iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa m|ksx ds nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\\ z ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxZr QeZ ds lkE; dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\\ z dher foHksn D;k gS\\ z dher foHksn ds vUrxZr QeZ ds lkE; dk fu/kkZj.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\\ z ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk D;k gS\\ z ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr QeZ dk lUryq u fdl izdkj fu/kkZfjr gksrk gS\\ 9.1 ifjp; (Introduction) fiNys v/;k;ksa esa miHkksDrk ds O;ogkj rFkk mRiknd ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u djus ds Ik’pkr vc ge fofHkUu ckt+kj lajpukvksa & iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk] ,dkf/kdkj rFkk ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk dk v/;;u djsaxsA bl v/;k; esa ge i.w kZ ifz r;kfs xrk dh fLFkfr eas dher fu/kkZj.k rFkk QeZ ,oa m|ksx ds lkE; dh O;k[;k djsxa sA mlls igys ge ;g tkusxa sa fd iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk D;k gS rFkk bldh D;k fo’ks”krk,a gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 169 tgk¡ ,d vkSj iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa foØsrkvksa dh fo’kky la[;k vkjS ekax dh vuUr yksp okyk ekax oØ ik, tkrs gSaA ,dkf/kdkj esa blds fcYdqy foijhr dsoy ,d foØsrk rFkk de ykspnkj ekax oØ gksrs gSaA bl v/;k; ds vxys Hkkx esa ge ,dkf/kdkj ds vFkZ rFkk blds fofHkUu igywvksa ds ckjs esa foLrkjiwoZd i<+asxsA ^i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk rFkk ,dkf/kdkj* & cktkj ds ;s nksukas :i ,d nwljs ds foijhr gSa rFkk nks vyx&vyx pje fLFkfr;ksa dks iznf’kZr djrs gSaA bu nksuksa dh gh fo’ks”krk,a fy, rFkk vf/kd izpfyr ,d vU; ckt+kj lajpuk gS ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk (Monopolistic Competition)A o”kZ 1933 esa tkWu jksfcUlu (Joan Robinson) dh ‘Economics of Imperfect Competition’ rFkk mlh o”kZ pSEcjfyu (Chamberlin) h “Theory of Monopolistic Compitition” ds izdk’ku ds ckn ,dkf/kdr` izfr;ksfxrk dks cktkj lajpukvksa ds v/;;u dk ,d vfuok;Z Hkkx cu xbZA bl v/;k; eas ge ,dkf/kd`r izfr;ksfxrk ds fo”k; esa Hkh foLRkkjiwoZd i<+saxsA 9.2 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dk vFkZ (Meaning of Perfect Competition) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk cktkj dh og fLFkfr gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkh Øsrk vFkok foØsrk oLrq fo'ks\"k dh dher vius Ø;&foØ; }kjk izHkkfor djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrkA ;fn VsfDudy 'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa izR;sd Øsrk iw.kZ;rk ykspnkj iwfrZ dh fLFkfr dk vkSj foØsrk iw.kZ;rk ykspnkj ekax dh fLFkfr dk lkeuk djrk gSA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds fy, vko';d 'krs± izk;% vU; cktkjksa eas ugha ikbZ tkrhAa blfy, cgrq ls vFkZ'kkL=h iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dks ,d vO;kogkfjd (abstract) ekMy ekurs gSaA rFkkfi dher fo'y\"s k.k ds fy, mldh mi;ksfxrk dks lHkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bl ekMy dks ,d egÙoi.w kZ vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gS ftlds lkFk vU; cktkj lajpukvksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh ekU;rk,a (Assumption of Perfect Competition) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fuEufyf[kr ekU;rk,a gSa % 1. cM+h la[;k esa Øsrkvksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dh mifLFkfr & oLrq fo'ks\"k dk cktkj mlh voLFkk esa iw.kZ izfr;ksxh ekuk tk,xk tc mlesa cM+h la[;k esa Øsrk vkSj foØsrk mifLFkr gkasA lkFk gh buesa ls dksbZ Hkh Øsrk vFkok foØsrk bruk cM+k ugha gksuk pkfg, fd og vius O;ogkj }kjk oLrq dh dher dks izHkkfor dj ldsA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd foØsrk pkgs fcØh dh ek=k dks c<k+ ,] de djs] vFkok eky dks fcYdqy CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

170 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I gh u csps vkSj Øsrk viuh [kjhn esa o`f) djs vFkok deh] bu lc ckrksa dk O;fDrxr :i ls cktkj dh fLFkfr ij bruk de iHz kko gks fd oLrq dh dher vifjofrZr jgsA vFkkrZ foØsrk QeZ dsoy dher xzg.k djus okyh QeZ gksrh gS] og dher esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrhA 2. le:i oLrq & i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr eas lHkh foØsrk fcØh ds fy, le:i (homogeneous) oLrq dks izLrqr djrs gSaA ;fn lHkh foØsrkvkas dh oLrq ewy :i ls ,d gksrs gq, Hkh vkdkj] x.q k] ifS dax vkfn dh n`f”V ls fHkUu gS rks ifz r;ksfxrk iw.kZ ugha gksxhA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd i.w kZ ifz r;ksxh cktkj esa izek.khÑr (standardized) oLrq,a fcØh ds fy, izLrqr dh tkrh gaS vkSj Øsrkvksa dk fdlh foØrs k fo'ks\"k dh oLrq ds izfr [kkl vkd\"kZ.k ugha gksrkA 3. m|ksx dh rqyuk esa QeZ dk de mRiknu & fdlh Hkh QeZ ds fy, mRiknu dk Lrj ftl ij mldh nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr dqy ykxr U;wure gksrh gS] m|ksx ds dqy mRiknu ds Lrj ls de gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd m|ksx ds mRiknu dh rqyuk esa QeZ dk lkE; mRiknu Lrj de gksrk gSA 4. iw.kZ Kku & oLrq fo'ks\"k ls lEcU/k lHkh Øsrkvksa vkSj foØsrkvksa dks ,d nwljs dh xfrfof/k;kas ls iwjh rjg ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,slk u gks rks fofHkUu foØsrk viuh oLrqvksa ds fy, vyx&vyx dhersa izkIr djus esa lQy gks tk,xa sA 5. Qeks± dk Lora= izos'k vkSj cfgxZeu & i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk dh voLFkk esa dksbZ Hkh QeZ vYidky esa nwljh Qeks± }kjk vftZr vf/klkekU; ykHk (supernormal profit) ls vkdf\"kZr gksdj m|ksx esa ioz s'k djus ds fy, Lora= gksrh gS vkSj ;fn m|ksx esa dksbZ vdq'ky QeZ gS tks nh?kZdky esa lkekU; ykHk dek ikus esa vleFkZ gS rks og m|ksx ls ckgj tk ldrh gSA m|ksx esa izos'k (entry) vkSj cfgxZeu (exit) lEcU/kh bl Lora=rk ds dkj.k nh?kZdky esa lHkh Qek±s dks dsoy lkekU; ykHk fey ikrk gSA 6. mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh iw.kZ xfr'khyrk & mRiknu ds lk/ku laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqDr :i ls ,d QeZ ls nwljh QeZ dks xfr'khy jgrs gSaA Jfed Hkh fofHkUu jkts xkjksa ds chp xfr'khy gksrs gSa ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd os lgt gh ubZ dk;Zdq'kyrk izkIr dj ysrs gSaA blds vykok u rks Jfed Je&la?kksa esa laxfBr gkrs s gSa vkSj u gh dPps eky ds L=ksrksa ij fdlh dk ,dkf/kdkj gksrk gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds cktkjksa esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk gksrh gS ftlds vk/kkj ij mRikfnr oLrqvksa ds cktkjksa esa ykxr i{k esa i.w kZ izfr;ksfxrk cuh jgrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 171 7. vf/kdkf/kd ykHk izkIr djuk & i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk ds varxrZ lHkh Qek±s dk y{; vf/kdre ykHk dekuk gksrk gSA blfy, Qes± vU; y{;ksa tSls vf/kdre fcØh djuk] larqfyr fodkl dh nj cuk, j[kuk] bR;kfn ij è;ku ugha nrs haA 8. ljdkjh fu;a=.k u gksuk & iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa ljdkj dk cktkj eas fdlh rjg dk gLr{ksi ugha gksrkA vr% lhek'kqYd] vFkZlgk;rk (subsidy), dher fu;a=.k] mRiknu vkSj ekax dh jk'kfuax ugha gksrsA ljdkjh gLr{ksi ls i.w kZ ifz r;ksfxrk eas ck/k vkrh gS vkSj cktkj esa viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr cu tkrh gSA fu'p; gh mi;ZqDr lHkh fo'ks\"krk,a iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSa ysfdu os vdsys&vdsys i.w kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr cukus ds fy, dkQh ugha gSaA tc ;s lHkh fo'ks\"krk,a ,d lkFk gkrs h gSa rHkh cktkj esa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr curh gSA bu fLFkfr;ksa eas QeZ dh oLrq dh ekax iw.kZ;rk ykspnkj gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh QeZ dher fu/kkZfjr dj ikus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrhA njvly] m|ksx ds fy, oLrq dh dher ekax vkSj iwfrZ dh 'kfDr;ksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS vkSj lHkh Qeks± dks bl dher dks Lohdkj djuk gksrk gS vkSj bl izdkj fu/kkZfjr dher ds vuq:i mRiknu dh ek=k dks r; djuk gksrk gSA blfy, ge fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy ds 'kCnksa esa fuEufyf[kr fu\"d\"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa % ß,d iw.kZr;k izfrLi/kkZRed cktkj og gksrk gS ftlesa O;fDrxr Qek±s dh cktkj 'kfDr 'kwU; gksrh gSAÞ1 9.3 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr QeZ dk vYidkyhu lkE; % dqy vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr (Short Period Equilibrium of the Firm under Perfect Competition : Total Revenue and Total Cost) vYidky ls rkRi;Z ml vof/k ls gkrs k gS ftleas ekax esa ifjorZu gksus ij iwfrZ dks mRiknu dh orZeku {kerk ds }kjk gh lek;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA vYidky esa QeZ ds fy, c<+h gqbZ ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, mRiknu {kerk dk foLrkj dj ikuk lHa ko ugha gkrs kA 1. “A perfectly competitive market structure is one in which individual firms have zero market power.” Richard G. Lipsey and K. Alec Chrystal, Principles of Economics (Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 1999), p. 141. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

172 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr] le;kof/k dksbZ Hkh D;ksa u gks] lHkh Qes± vius ykHk dks vf/kdre djus dk iz;kl djrh gSAa vYidky esa ;|fi QeZ dk y{; rks ;gh gS ysfdu dHkh&dHkh tc mls ykHk ugha gksrk rks og gkfu dk ;FkklEHko de j[kus dk ;Ru djrh gAS ysfdu ;g è;ku jgs fd ;fn QeZ dks gksus okyh dqy gkfu mldh dqy fLFkj ykxr ls vf/kd gks rks fQj og mRiknu ugha djsxhA og dher ftl ij QeZ dsoy viuh vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh HkjikbZ dj ikrh gS rFkk ftl ij og mRiknu djus ;k mRiknu u djus ds fo\"k; ij rVLFk (;k mnklhu) gS] dkecanh dher (shut down price) ;k ykHk&vykHk dher (break-even price) dgykrh gSA blls de dher gksus ij QeZ mRiknu cUn dj nsxhA2 fQygky ge ,d ,slh QeZ ds larqyu dk fo'ys\"k.k djsaxs tks vis{kkÑr dq'ky gS vkSj dqy ykxr dks dqy vkxe ls de djus esa leFkZ gSA bl QeZ dk O;ogkj foosdiw.kZ gS vkSj og vius ykHk dks ;FkklHa ko vf/kd djuk pkgrh gSA ;g QeZ ml le; lra qyu dh fLFkfr eas gksxh tc ;g cktkj ls xzg.k dh dbZ dher ij vf/kdre ykHk vftZr djus eas lQy gksxhA bl QeZ ds lUrqyu dks le>us ds fy, ge js[kkfp= 9.1 dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl js[kkfp= esa QeZ ds dqy vkxe oØ ds lkFk&lkFk dqy ykxr oØ dks Hkh fn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g QeZ ;fn OQ1 ek=k ls de mRiknu djrh gS rks bldh dqy ykxr dqy vkxe ls vf/kd jgrh gS ftlls bls gkfu gksrh gSA OQ1 ek=k dk mRiknu djus ij dqy vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr cjkcj gSAa ;g ykHk&vykHk fcUnq (break-even point) gAS OQ1 vkSj OQ2 ds chp mRiknu djus ij dyq ykxr dqy vkxe ls de jgrh gS ysfdu tSls gh mRiknu dh ek=k OQ2 ls vf/kd gksrh gS] dqy ykxr iqu% dqy vkxe ls vf/kd gks tkrh gSA blfy, QeZ fdlh Hkh gkyr eas u rks OQ1 ls de vkSj u gh OQ2 ls vf/kd mRiknu djxs hA vc gesa ;g ekywe djuk gS fd QeZ OQ1 vkSj OQ2 ds eè; fdl ek=k esa mRiknu djsxhA pwafd QeZ dk mís'; vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djuk gS blfy, QeZ ,slh ek=k dh [kkst esa jgsxh ftl ij mlds dqy vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr dk vUrj lcls T;knk gSA js[kkfp= esa dqy vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr dk vUrj dqy vkxe oØ vkSj dqy ykxr oØ dh yacor nwjh ls ekik tk ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh QeZ dk dqy ykxr oØ tc mlds dqy vkxe oØ ls uhps gksrk gS rks mls ykHk izkIr gkrs k gSA mldk ;g ykHk ml le; vf/kdre gksrk gS tc dqy ykxr oØ dk <ky dqy vkxe oØ ds <ky ds Bhd cjkcj gksrk gSA blh fLFkfr esa dqy vkxe oØ vkSj dqy ykxr oØ dh ycaor nwjh lokZf/kd gksrh gSA pawfd dqy vkxe oØ dk <ky lhekUr vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr oØ dk <ky lhekUr ykxr gksrk gS] blfy, tc dqy vkxe 2. Ibid., p. 143. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 173 oØ vkSj dqy ykxr oØ ds <ky cjkcj gksrs Y STC TR gSa rks ;g lhekUr vkxe vkSj lhekUr ykxr esa lekurk dh fLFkfr gksrh gSA ,slk gksus ij dqy vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr B QeZ larqyu dh fLFkfr esa dgh tkrh gSA R H js[kkfp= 9.1 esa tc QeZ dk mRiknu OQ L C gksrk gS rks dqy vkxe oØ (TR) vkSj vYidkyhu D dqy ykxr oØ STC dh nwjh RC ds cjkcj gS tks K G lokZf/kd gSA bl ckr dk izek.k ;g gS fd C fcUnq Q1 Q Q2 X ij [khaph xbZ Li'kZ js[kk GH dk <ky Bhd ogh gS tks TR dk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd OQ ek=k esa mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh ek=k oLrq dk mRiknu djus ij QeZ dh lhekUr js[kkfp= 9.1% ykHk dekus okyh QeZ dk vYidkyhu lra yq u % dyq vkxe vkSj dqy ykxr dh lgk;rk lsA ykxr (MC) mlds lhekUr vkxe (MR) ds cjkcj gks tkrh gSA tc QeZ vYidky esa ykHk ugha dek ldrh rks mldk iz;kl ;g gksrk gS fd gkfu dks U;wure djsA og ;g Hkh iz;kl djsxh fd gkfu] dqy fLFkj ykxr ls de jgAs bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd QeZ pkgs mRiknu djs vFkok u djs mls vYidky eas fLFkj ykxras rks mBkus gh iM+xas hA blfy, tc Hkh mldh gkfu] fLFkj ykxr ls vf/kd gks tk,xh] og mRiknu djuk cUn dj nxs hA nlw js 'kCnkas e]as QeZ dk i;z kl ;g gkxs k fd dyq vkxe] dqy ifjorhZ ykxr ls vf/kd jgAs og ;fn bl ckr dks lfq uf'pr ugha dj ldrh rks og mRiknu cUn dj nsxhA 12.7 QeZ dk vYidkyhu larqyu % lhekUr vkxe vkSj lhekUr ykxr (Short-run Equilibrium of the Firm : Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost) vYidky esa ykHk vf/kdre djuk & lHkh ykHk vf/kdre djus okyh Qeks± ds fy, fu;e (Short Run Profit Maximisation – Rules for All Profit Maximising Firms) QeZ ds lUrqyu dk fo'ys\"k.k izk;% lhekUr vkxe vkSj lhekUr ykxr oØksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fo'ys\"k.k ewyr% ogh gS tks ge bl vè;k; esa Åij ns pqds gSaA ysfdu bldk js[kkfp=h; izLrqfrdj.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

174 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I fHkUu gSA js[kkfp= 9.2 eas ge ns[k ldrs gaS fd QeZ dks OP dher Lohdkj djuh iM+rh gSA blfy, vkSlr vkxe (AR) oØ {kSfrt rFkk X-v{k ds lekukUrj gSA ;g QeZ dk lhekUr vkxe (MR) oØ Hkh gSA MC QeZ dk lhekUr ykxr oØ gSA fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy rhu fu;eksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa tks lHkh ykHk vf/kdre djus okyh Qek±s ij ykxw gkrs s gSa & pkgs os iw.kZ izfr;kxs h cktkjksa esa dke dj jgh gkas vFkok vU; cktkjksa esAa fu;e 1 bl iz'u dk mÙkj nsus dk iz;kl djrk gS fd D;k QeZ dks mRiknu djuk pkfg, vFkok ugha( fu;e 2 bl iz'u ls lEcfU/kr gS fd QeZ dks fdruk mRiknu djuk pkfg,( rFkk fu;e 3 bl iz'u dk mÙkj iznku djrk gS fd ykHk&vf/kdre djus dh fLFkfr dks ykHk&U;wure djus dh fLFkfr ls dSls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu;e 1 % D;k Qeks± dks mRiknu djuk Hkh pkfg, vFkok ugha\\ (Rule 1 : Should the Firms Produce At All?) vYidky esa QeZ dks fLFkj ykxrksa ls vf/kd gkfu gkus s dh fLFkfr esa mRiknu ugha djuk pkfg,A vU; ‘kCnksa esa] ,d QeZ vYidky esa dos y ml fLFkfr esa gh mRiknu djsxh tc dher vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ds cjkcj ;k mlls vf/kd gks ( P t AVC)A bl lUnHkZ esa fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy us tks fu;e fn;k gS (ftls os fu;e 1 dgrs gSa) fuEufyf[kr gS % QeZ dks ml fLFkfr esa mRiknu ugha djuk pkfg, ;fn mRiknu ds lHkh Lrjksa ij dqy ifjorhZ ykxr mls cspus ls izkIr dqy vkxe ls vf/kd gks] vFkok mRiknu djus dh vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr] ml dher ls vf/kd gks ftl ij mls cspk tk ldrk gSA3 blds vykok] tSlkfd Åij dgk x;k gS] ;fn QeZ ds mRikn dh dher vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ds fcYdqy cjkcj gS rks QeZ mRiknu djus ;k u djus ds chp rVLFk (mnklhu) gksxhA ;fn dher] vklS r ifjorhZ ykxr ls de gks rks QeZ mRiknu ugha djxs hA fu;e 2 % QeZ dks fdruk mRiknu djuk pkfg,\\ (Rule 2 : How Much Should the Firm Produce?) D;ksafd QeZ dk mí's ; ykHk dks vf/kdre djuk gS blfy, og oLrq dk mRiknu rc rd djrh tk,xh tc rd lhekUr bdkbZ dh fcØh ls ikz Ir vkxe mlds mRiknu djus dh ykxr ls vf/kd jgsxkA QeZ ml 3. “A firm should not produce at all, if for all levels of output, the total variable cost of producing that output exceeds the total revenue derived from selling it or, equivalently, if the average variable cost of producing the output exceeds the price at which it can be sold.” Ibid., p. 143. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 175 fcUnq ij vkdj #dsxh tgk¡ ij lhekUr vkxe (MR) lhekUr ykxr (MC) ds cjkcj gks tk,xkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc lhekUr vkxe rFkk lhekUr ykxr ,d nwljs ds cjkcj gks tk,axs rc QeZ laryq u eas gksxhA lhekUr vkxe lhekUr ykxr ls vf/kd jgsxk (vFkkZr MR > MC) QeZ mRiknu djrh jgxs h vkjS dsoy ml fcUnq ij vkdj #dsxh tgk¡ ;s nksuksa ,d nwljs ds cjkcj gks tk,xa sA QeZ dks mruk mRiknu djuk pkfg, ftl ij mldk lhekUr vkxe lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj gks tkrk gSA fu;e 3 % vf/kdre ykHk u fd U;wure (Rule 3 : Maximisation of Profit Not Minimisation) Åij dgk x;k gS fd QeZ ds larqyu dh igyh 'krZ ;g gS fd lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gkAs ;g ykHk dks vf/kdre djus dh vfuok;Z 'krZ rks gS ijUrq dkQh ughaA D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh QeZ ykHk dks U;wure ugha djuk pkgrh blfy, og ykHk dks vf/kdre djus dh f}rh; Øe dh 'krZ (ftls second order condition dgk tkrk gS) <¡w<rh gSA bl 'krZ ds vuqlkj] lhekUr ykxr oØ lhekUr vkxe oØ dks mlds U;wure fcUnq ij dkVuk pkfg, tSlkfd js[kkfp= 9.2 esa fcUnq E ij fn[kk;k x;k gSA fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy bl nwljh 'krZ dks ykHk vf/kdre djus okyh Qeks± ds fy, fu;e 3 ekurs gSaA bl fu;e dks os fuEufyf[kr :i esa O;Dr djrs gSa % ßmRiknu dk og Lrj tgk¡ ij lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gksrh gS ykHk vf/kdre djus okyk Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ykHk U;wure djus okyk HkhA ykHk vf/kdre rHkh gks ldrk gS tc tjk ls de mRiknu&Lrj ij lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ls de gks rFkk tjk ls vf/kd mRiknu&Lrj ij lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ls vf/kd gksAÞ4 js[kkfp= 9.2 eas iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj esa QeZ dk lhekUr vkxe oØ MR gS tcfd mldk lhekUr ykxr oØ MC gSA D;kasfd lkekU; lhekUr ykxr oØ U vkdkj dk gksrk gS blfy, og lhekUr vkxe oØ dks nks fcUnvq ksa ij dkVrk gSA js[kkfp= 9.2 esa ;s dVku fcUnq D rFkk E gSaA igys D fcUnq ij fopkj djsaA ;g U;wure ykHk dk fcUnq gS D;ksfa d mRiknu esa fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa ifjorZu djus ij ykHk esa o`f) gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, OQ1 ls de mRiknu gksus ij] lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ls vf/kd gkxs h blfy, mRiknu 4. “An output where marginal cost equals marginal revenue may be either profit maximising or profit minimising. Profit maximisation requires that marginal cost be less than marginal revenue at slightly lower output and that marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue at slightly higher outputs.” Ibid., p. 144. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

176 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I dh ek=k eas deh djds ykHk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA lhekUr vkxe o lhekUr ykxr Y MC OQ1 ls vf/kd mRiknu gksus ij] lhekUr vkxe D E lhekUr ykxr ls vf/kd gksxkA blfy, mRiknu dh ek=k esa o`f) djds ykHk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA E P MR fcUnq vf/kdre ykHk dk fcUnq gSA ;g ckr bl rF; O Q2 X ls Li”V gS fd OQ2 ls de mRiknu dh fLFkfr esa Q1 lhekUr vkxe lhekUr ykxr ls vf/kd gSA blfy, OQ2 dh fn'kk esa mRiknu esa o`f) djds ykHk dks mRiknu dh ek=k c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh vkjs ] OQ2 ls vf/kd mRiknu dh fLFkfr esa] lhekUr ykxr lhekUr js[kkfp=k 9.2% QeZ dks vf/kdre ykHk rc izkIr gksxk] tc vkxe ls vf/kd gSA blfy, OQ2 dh fn'kk esa lhekUr ykxr oØ lhekUr vkxe oØ dks uhps ls dkVsA mRiknu esa deh djds] ykHk c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA bl fo'ys\"k.k ls Li”V gksrk gS fd dksbZ Hkh QeZ fLFkj larqyu esa rc gksxh (vFkkZr mls vf/kdre ykHk rc izkIr gksxa s) tc fuEufyf[kr nks 'krs± iwjh gksxa h % 1. QeZ dh lhekUr ykxr mldh lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gks vFkkZr MC = MR rFkk 2. QeZ dk lhekUr ykxr oØ mlds lhekUr vkxe oØ dks uhps ls dkVsA Åij O;Dr nwljh 'krZ dks fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy us fu;e 3 dh laKk nh gS rFkk bldh vko';drk U;uw re ykHk fcUnq dks vf/kdre ykHk fcUnq ls vyx djus ds fy, iM+rh gSA 9.5 iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dh vYidkyhu ykHkiznrk (Short-run Profitability of the Firm Under Perfect Competition) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh fLFkfr esa lHkh Qeks± dks ykHk izkIr ugha gksrsA D;ksafd ;s Qes± dsoy dher xzg.k djus okyh Qes± gSa blfy, os m|kxs }kjk fu/kkZfjr dher dks ek=k ^xzg.k* dj ysrh gSa rFkk vius mRiknu esa bl izdkj lek;kstu djrh gSa ftlls vf/kdre ykHk dh izkfIr gks lds ;k fQj gkfu dks U;wure fd;k tk ldsA oLrqr% vYidkyhu ykHkiznrk ds n`f”Vdk.s k ls Qeks± dks rhu eq[; oxks± esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS % (1) ykHk dekus okyh Qes(± (2) Qes± tks ykHk&vykHk fcUnq (break even point) ij gSa( rFkk (3) gkfu mBkus okyh Qes±A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 177 ykHk dekus okyh Qes± (Profit Earning Firms) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dks ykHk rc gksrk gS tc mldh vkSlr ykxr] vkSlr vkxe (;k dher) ls de gksA bl fLFkfr dks js[kkfp= 9.3 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA js[kkfp= eas m|ksx ds fy, ekxa o iwfrZ oØ ,d nlw js dks E fcUnq ij dkVrs gSaA blfy, m|ksx }kjk vYidky esa fu/kkZfjr dher OP gSA js[kkfp= 9.3(b) esa iznf'kZr QeZ bl dher dks Lohdkj djds vius mRiknu dks bl izdkj fuf'pr djrh gS rkfd mls vf/kdre ykHk ikz Ir gksA QeZ dk vYidkyhu larqyu fcUnq R gS tgk¡ ij vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ lhekUr vkxe dks uhps ls dkVrk gS (;g larqyu dk fcUnq D;ksa gksxk bl ckr dks js[kkfp= 9.2 esa Li”V fd;k x;k gS)A bl ckr dk è;ku j[ksa fd QeZ dk mRiknu OQ, m|ksx ds mRiknu OM ls cgqr de gS (QeZ dk mRiknu ^lkS bdkb;ksa esa* rFkk m|ksx dk mRiknu ^yk[k bdkb;ksa* esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS)A larqyu esa QeZ dk dqy vkxe = OP × OQ = OPRQ vk;r dk {ks=Qy dqy ykxr = OP1 × OQ = OP1CQ vk;r dk {ks=Qy blfy, QeZ dk vYidkyhu ykHk = OPRQ – OP1CQ = P1PRC vk;r dk {ks=QyA YD m|ksx QeZ SY SMC SATC ykxr o dher ykxr o dher P EP R AR = MR S P1 C D O MX O Q X mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) (a) (b) js[kkfp= 9.3(a)% QeZ lra yq u esa ykHk dek jgh gS tks js[kkfp= 9.3(b) esa PRCP1 ds cjkcj gAS CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

178 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I ykHk&vykHk fcUnq ij QeZ (Firm Which Just Breaks-Even) vYidky eas dqN Qes± ges'kk ,slh gksaxha ftUgsa 'kwU; ykHk fey jgs gksaxsaA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a dqN Qes± ,slh gksaxha tks ykHk&vykHk dh fLFkfr esa gSa (vFkkZr u rks ftUgsa ykHk fey jgs gSa u gh gkfu gks jgh gS)A ;g fLFkfr rc gksxh tc vkSlr ykxr vkSlr vkxe (;k dher) ds cjkcj gksA bl fLFkfr dks js[kkfp= 9.4 esa n'kk;Z k x;k gSA ;gka bl ckr dks Li”V djuk vko';d gS fd ,slh fLFkfr esa QeZ dsoy lkekU; ykHk izkIr djrh gSA lkekU; ykHk ykxr dk fgLlk gS rFkk ml jkf'k ds cjkcj gS tks QeZ dks m|ksx esa cuk, j[kus ds fy, vko';d gSA YD m|ksx QeZ SY SMC SATC ykxr o dher ykxr o dher P PR AR = MR SD OO Q X MX mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) js[kkfp= 9.4% bl fLFkfr esa ykHk&vykHk dher OP gS blfy, QeZ dks OQ mRiknu ij 'kwU; ykHk izkIr gksrs gSaA m|ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr dher OP gS ftls QeZ viuk mRiknu&Lrj lek;ksftr djus ds fy, Lohdkj dj ysrh gSA QeZ dk larqyu fcUnq R gS tgk¡ vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ SMC lhekUr vkxe oØ MR dks uhps ls dkVrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa dqy vkxe = OP × OQ = OPRQ vk;r dk {ks=QyA dyq ykxr = OP × OQ = OPRQ vk;r dk {ks=QyA D;ksafd dqy vkxe dqy ykxr ds cjkcj gS blfy, QeZ dks 'kwU; ykHk izkIr gksrs gaS (;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd QeZ dks dos y lkekU; ykHk ikz Ir gksrs gSa)A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 179 vYidky esa gkfu mBkus okyh Qes± (Firms Operating at a Loss in the Short Run) ,slh Qes± ftUgsa vYidky esa lkekU; ykHk Hkh izkIr ugha gks ikrs vkjS ftUgsa gkfu mBkuh iMr+ h gS rhu oxks± esa ckaVh tk ldrh gSa % 1. ,slh Qes± ftuds mRiknu dh dher larqyu esa vYidkyhu vkSlr dqy ykxr ls de gSA ijUrq ;s viuh laiw.kZ vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh HkjikbZ dj ysrh gSa rFkk lkFk gh fLFkj ykxr ds dqN va'k dh HkjikbZ dj ysrh gSaA 2. ,slh Qes± ftuds mRiknu dh dher larqyu esa vYidkyhu vkSlr dqy ykxr ls de gSA ijUrq ;s viuh lai.w kZ vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh HkjikbZ dj ysrh gSa rFkk fLFkj ykxr dh ys'kek= HkjikbZ Hkh ugha dj ikrhaA 3. ,ls h Qe±s ftuds mRiknu dh dher bruh de gS fd fdlh Hkh mRiknu&Lrj ij os vius vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh Hkh HkjikbZ ugha dh ikrhA ,slh QeZ tks fLFkj ykxr ds dqN va'k dh HkjikbZ dj ikrh gS (Firm Recovering a Part of Fixed Cost) & js[kkfp= 9.5 esa ,slh QeZ ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS tks viuh laiw.kZ vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ds lkFk&lkFk fLFkj ykxr ds dqN va'k dh HkjikbZ Hkh dj ysrh gSA QeZ OQ mRiknu Lrj ij larqyu esa gSA mRiknu ds bl Lrj ij QeZ dh vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr VQ gS ftldh og iwjh rjg ls YD m|ksx QeZ SMC P SY C SATC S SAVC P1 P D ykxr o dher R AR = MR ykxr o dher V OO Q X MX mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) (b) (a) js[kkfp= 9.5% gkfu mBk jgh QeZ & lia w.kZ ifjorhZ ykxr ds lkFk&lkFk fLFkj ykxr ds ,d va'k dh HkjikbZ eas leFkZA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

180 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I HkjikbZ dj ysrh gSA ijUrq vkSlr fLFkj ykxr tks CQ – VQ = CV gS mldh dsoy dqN va'k rd gh HkjikbZ gks ikrh gSA oLrqr% dher vkSj vYidkyhu vkSlr dqy ykxr esa vUrj CR gS vkSj ;gh fLFkj ykxr dk og fgLlk gS ftldh HkjikbZ ugha gks ikrhA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a QeZ dks izfr bdkbZ mRiknu ij CR ds cjkcj gkfu mBkuh iMr+ h gAS QeZ dks gksus okyh dqy gkfu PRCP1 gAS bl fLFkfr esa QeZ mRiknu djrh jgsxh D;kasfd ,slk djus ls og fLFkj ykxr ds dqN fgLls dh HkjikbZ dj ysrh gSA ;fn og mRiknu djuk cUn dj ns rks mldh dqy gkfu c<+dj dqy fLFkj ykxr ds cjkcj gks tk,xhA ,slh QeZ tks fLFkj ykxr dh fcYdqy Hkh HkjikbZ ugha dj ikrh (Firm Recovering no Part of Fixed Cost) & js[kkfp= 9.6 esa ,slh QeZ fn[kkbZ xbZ gS tks larqyu&fLFkfr esa dsoy vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh gh HkjikbZ dj ikrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa ea]s fLFkj ykxr ds fdlh va'k dh Hkh HkjikbZ ugha gks ikrhA js[kkfp= 9.6(b) eas E fcUnq ij vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gS vkSj vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ lhekUr vkxe oØ dks uhps ls dkVrk gSA blfy, QeZ OQ mRiknu Lrj ij larqyu esa gAS D;kasfd vkSlr fLFkj ykxr AFC = vYidkyhu vkSlr dqy ykxr (SATC)&vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr (SAVC) blfy, OQ mRiknu Lrj ij QeZ dh vkSlr fLFkj ykxr EF gS ftldh HkjikbZ mRiknu dh dher ls ugha gksrhA bl fLFkfr esa QeZ dh dqy gkfu PEFP1 gAS ;fn QeZ mRiknu djrh gS rks Hkh vkSj ;fn ugha Hkh djrh gS rks Hkh gkfu PEFP1 vk;r ds {ks=Qy ds cjkcj jgsxhA blfy, QeZ mRiknu djus ;k u djus esa ls dksbZ Hkh fodYi pqu ldrh gSA YD m|kxs QeZ SY SMC SATC SAVC P1 F PP E AR = MR ykxr o dher ykxr o dher SD OO Q X MX mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) (b) (a) js[kkfp= 9.6% gkfu mBk jgh QeZ & fLFkj ykxr dh HkjikbZ fcYdyq u dj ldus esa leFkAZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 181 ,slh QeZ tks ifjorhZ ykxr dh HkjikbZ Hkh ugha dj ikrh (Firm Fails to Recover Even Variable Cost) – js[kkfp= 9.7 esa ,slh QeZ n'kkZbZ xbZ gS tks fdlh Hkh mRiknu Lrj ij vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr dh Hkh HkjikbZ ugha dj ikrhA ml fcUnq ij Hkh tgk¡ vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr vYidkyhu lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gS] vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr DQ, dher ls vf/kd gSA blfy, QeZ mRiknu cUn dj nsxh rFkk mldh dqy gkfu mldh dqy fLFkj ykxr ds cjkcj gksxhA YD m|kxs SMC SY SATC SAVC ykxr o dher ykxr o dher D PP C AR = MR SS O MX O Q X mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) (a) (b) js[kkfp= 9.7% QeZ mRiknu cUn dj nsxh 9.6 m|ksx dk nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu (Long-Run Equilibrium of Industry) tc iw.kZ izfr;ksxh cktkj eas dk;jZ r Qe±s vYidkyhu larqyu esa gksrh gSa rks os ykHk Hkh dek ldrh gSa] gkfu Hkh mBk ldrh gSa vFkok ykHk&vykHk dh fLFkfr esa gks ldrh gSAa tks Qes± gkfu mBk jgh gSa os fo|eku m|ksx dks NksMu+ k pkgsaxh D;ksafd mUgas vU; m|ksxksa eas ykHk dekus dh laHkkouk fn[ksxhA ykHk dekus okys m|ksx esa nh?kZdky esa ubZ Qeks± ds vkSj vkxeu dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA ;s Qe±s bl ckr dh vk'kk ls m|ksx esa izos'k djus dh dksf'k'k djsxa h fd mUgsa fuos'k ij mruk ykHk rks fey gh tk,xk ftruk fo|eku Qeks± dks m|ksx esa fey jgk gSA vr% tc rd m|ksx dh dqN QesZa ykHk dek jgh gSa ;k dqN QesZa gkfu mBk jgh gSa] rc rd ubZ QeksaZ ds m|ksx esa izos’k ;k iqjkuh QeksZa ds m|ksx dks NksM+us dh izfØ;k pyrh jgsxhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

182 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I ykHk&vykHk dher (The break-even price) – D;ksafd ykHk gksus dh fLFkfr eas m|kxs esa ubZ Qeks± dk izos'k gksrk gS rFkk gkfu dh fLFkfr esa Qeks± dh fudklh gksrh gS] blfy, gesa fuEufyf[kr fu\"d\"kZ izkIr gksxk% iw.kZ izfr;ksxh m|ksx dk nh?kZdkyhu larqyu tc gksrk gS tc Qeks± dks 'kwU; ykHk gksA5 m|ksx dk larqyu (Equilibrium of Industry) iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr m|ksx fo'ks\"k ml le; larqyu dh fLFkfr esa ekuk tkrk gS tc lHkh Qeks± dks 'kwU; ykHk izkIr gks jgk gksA bl ykHk&vykHk dh fLFkfr esa u dksbZ fo|eku QeZ m|ksx esa ls tkuk pkgrh gS vkSj u dksbZ ubZ QeZ m|ksx esa izos'k djuk pkgrh gSA nh?kZdky esa Qeks± dks dsoy lkekU; ykHk izkIr gksrk gS (Firms Earn Only Normal Profits in Long Run) – gkykafd iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk ds v/khu m|ksx esa dk;Zjr lHkh Qeks± dh ykHkiznrk vyx&vyx gksrh gS rFkkfi nh?kdZ ky eas mUgas dsoy lkekU; ykHk dh izkfIr gksrh gSA lkekU; ykHk m|eh dks mRiknu izfØ;k esa fgLlk ysus ds cnys fn;k tkus okyk izfrQy gSA blfy, mldk Lo:i ykxr dk gS vkSj mls mRiknu ykxr esa 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnkas esa] Qeks± dks dsoy 'kwU; ykHk feyrk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Qes± ykHk&vykHk dh fLFkfr esa gSaA blds vykok] D;ksafd ykHk&vykHk dh fLFkfr esa Qeks± dks 'kwU; ykHk fey jgs gSa blfy, ubZ Qeks± dks izos'k djus dh ;k fo|eku Qeks± dks m|ksx NksM+ dj tkus dh dksbZ bPNk ugha gSA blfy, nh?kZdkyhu larqyu dh fLFkfr esa u rks Qeks± dk cfgxZeu gksrk gS vkSj u gh ubZ Qes± m|ksx esa izos'k djrh gSaA iw.kZ izfr;ksxh m|ksx esa nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu gksus ij QeZ dh fLFkfr js[kkfp= 9.8 esa n'kkZbZ xbZ gSA nh?kZdky esa m|ksx }kjk fu/kkZfjr lUryq u dher OP gS ftls lHkh Qes± Lohdkj dj ysrh gSaA js[kkfp= 9.8(b) esa iznf'kZr QeZ dk lUrqyu fcUnq E gS D;ksafd bl fcUnq ij nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr oØ LMC lhekUr vkxe oØ dks mlds U;uw re fcUnq ij dkVrk gSA bl QeZ dk lUrqyu mRiknu Lrj OQ gSA tc QeZ OQ mRiknu djrh gS rks u dsoy nh?kZdkyhu lhekUr ykxr LMC cfYd lhekUr vkSlr ykxr LAC Hkh dher (AR) rFkk lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gSA blfy, QeZ dks dsoy lkekU; ykHk gh izkIr gksrs gSaA 5. Ibid., p. 150. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a m|ksx 183 D SY QeZ Y LMC LAC ykxr o dher ykxr o dher P PE AR = MR SD OO Q X MX mRiknu (lkS bdkb;ka) mRiknu (yk[k bdkb;ka) (b) (a) js[kkfp= 9.8% nh?kZdky eas QeZ dks dos y lkekU; ykHk ikz Ir gkrs s gSAa iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk esa QeZ dh nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu 'krZ gS P = MR = LMC = LAC 9.7 ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dh vo/kkj.kk (The Concept of a Monopoly Firm) dksbZ Hkh QeZ ,dkf/kdkjh ml le; ekuh tkrh gS tc og oLrq fo'ks\"k dh ,dek= iwfrZdrkZ gksrh gSA vr% QeZ }kjk mRikfnr oLrq ds fy, ekax oØ gh oLrq fo'ks\"k dk cktkj ekax oØ gksrk gSA ,df/kdkj dh bl ifjHkk\"kk ds ckjs esa dksbZ fookn ugha gS vkSj ;g izk;% ekU; gSA vLrq] ,dkf/kdkj ds fy, fuEu fLFkfr;ka ,d lkFk ikbZ tkuh pkfg,a % 1. oLrq dk dsoy ,d foØsrk gksuk pkfg,A nwljs 'kCnksa esa] mldk oLrq dh iwfrZ ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj QeZ vkSj m|ksx dk iwfrZ oØ ,d gh gksxkA 2. oLrq fo'ks\"k dh dksbZ LFkkukiUu oLrq ugha gksuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ,dkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr esa izfr;ksfxrk dk iw.kZ vHkko gksrk gSA 3. oLrq ds ,dek= foØsrk dks bl ckr ds fy, vk'oLr gksuk pkfg, fd Hkfo\"; esa dksbZ vU; QeZ mldh izfrLi/kkZ esa ugha vk ldxs hA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

184 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I tc mijfyf[kr rhuksa 'krs± cktkj esa ,d lkFk ikbZ tkrh gksa rks og ,dkf/kdkjh cktkj gksrk gSA D;ksafd cktkj esa oLrq dk ,d gh foØsrk gS blfy, ml oLrq dk cktkj ekax oØ ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dk ekax oØ Hkh gSA bl ekax oØ dh <ky _.kkRed gS ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc mRiknd oLrq dh vfrfjDr ek=k cspuk pkgs rks mls dher dks de djuk gksxkA iw.kZ izfr;ksxh Qeks± ds foijhr tks dsoy dher xzg.k djus okyh Qes± (price taker firms) gksrh gSa] ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ Lo;a viuh cktkj dher fu/kkZfjr djrh gSA vkerkSj ij ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ viuh oLrq dh ,d gh dher fuf'pr djrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa og de mRiknu djrh gS] Å¡ph dher fuf'pr djrh gS rFkk iw.kZ izfr;ksxh Qeks± ls vf/kd ykHk dekrh gSA dHkh&dHkh ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ Øsrkvksa ds fofHkUu oxks± ds fy, ,d gh mRikn dh vyx&vyx dhersa fuf'pr djds ykHk dks vf/kdre djus dk iz;kl djrh gSA bls ,dkf/kdkj esa dher foHksn (price discrimination) dgk tkrk gSA 9.8 ,dkf/kdkj esa vYidkyhu lUrqyu (Short-Run Equilibrium Under Monopoly) vYidky eas ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds lkE; dk fo'ys\"k.k nks izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS % izFke] dqy vkxe rFkk dqy ykxr oØksa dh jhfr }kjk] rFkk f}rh;] lhekUr vkxe vkSj lhekUr ykxr oØksa dh jhfr }kjkA ijUrq ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds vYidkyhu lUrqyu ds vè;;u ds fy, lhekUr vkxe rFkk lhekUr ykxr fo'ys\"k.k vf/kd mi;qDr gSA js[kkfp= 9.9 esa blh fo'ys\"k.k dh lgk;rk yh xbZ gSA ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds lUnHkZ esa] vYidky esa ykHk vf/kdre (;k gkfu U;wure) rc gksrk gS tc lhekUr vkxe mldh vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj gks rFkk vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxe oØ lhekUr vkxe oØ dks uhps ls dkVsA bl fLFkfr esa ,dkf/kdkjh vYidkyhu lUrqyu esa gksrk gSA ykHk vf/kdre djuk (Profit Maximisation) – js[kkfp= 9.9 eas ;s 'krs± rc iwjh gkrs h gSa tc ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ OQ ek=k dk mRiknu djrh gSA OQ ls vf/kd mRiknu djus ij SMC ls MR de gks tkrk gSA blfy, QeZ dk ykHk de gks tkrk gSA OQ ls de mRiknu djus ij SMC ls MR vf/kd jgrk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd QeZ OQ rd mRiknu c<k+ , rks mlds dqy vkxe eas o`f)] dqy ykxr esa gksus okyh o`f) ls vf/kd gksxhA vLrq] QeZ tc OQ ek=k esa mRiknu djrh gS rHkh og lkE; dh fLFkfr esa gksrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 185 lkE; dh fLFkfr esa oLrq dh dher QR vFkok OP rFkk vkSlr ykxr QC vFkok OD gksxhA bl izdkj izfr bdkbZ vf/klkekU; ykHk (vFkkZr lkekU; ykHk ds Åij ykHk) OP – OD = DP vkSj dyq ykHk DP × OQ = DPRC gksxkA YY SMC SMC D C SAC SAC SAVC PR PR ewY; V dher DC O MR AR MR AR Q ek=k X O Q ek=k X js[kkfp= 9.9% ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dk lUrqyu&lhekUr vkxe js[kkfp= 9.10% vYidky eas lUrqyu dh fLFkfr esa rFkk lhekUr ykxr oØkas dh jhfr ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ dks gkfu gkfu dks U;wure djuk (Loss Minimisation) – ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds ckjs esa ,d feF;k /kkj.kk ;g izpfyr gS fd mls vYidky esa vfuok;Z :i ls ykHk gkrs k gSA blesa lansg ugha gS fd izk;% ,dkf/kdkjh Qe±s vYidky eas ykHk vftrZ djrh gSa ysfdu ;g vko';d ugha gSA ;g cgqr lEHko gS fd vYidky esa ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ lkE; dh fLFkfr esa oLrq dh dsoy bruh dher ys lds fd mlls ifjorhZ ykxr rks fudy vk, yfs du fLFkj ykxr fudky ikuk lEHko u gksA js[kkfp= 9.10 eas ,d ,sls ,dkf/kdkjh dh fLFkfr dks fn[kk;k x;k gS tks vYidky esa ykHk vftZr dj ikus esa vleFkZ gSA lkE; dh fLFkfr esa ;g QeZ OQ ek=k eas oLrq dk mRiknu djrh gS vkSj mls RQ dher ij csprh gS ysfdu oLrq dh vkSlr ykxr CQ gAS pwafd CQ > RQ blfy, QeZ dks gkfu gkrs h gS tks {ks= PRCD ds cjkcj gSA ijUrq ;g QeZ dher ls u dsoy vYidkyhu vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxe dks fudky ikus esa leFkZ gS] cfYd fLFkj ykxr dk Hkh dqN va'k olwy dj ysrh gS] blfy, og vYidky esa bl vk'kk ls dqN gkfu ij Hkh oLrq dk mRiknu dj mls cspsxh fd nh?kZdky esa mls lkekU; ykHk ds vfrfjDr Hkh ykHk izkIr gksxkA vYidky esa ,dkf/kdkjh dks rHkh gkfu gkrs h gS tc mldh mRiknu ykxr Åaph vkSj ekax detksj gksrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

186 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 9.9 cgq&dher ,dkf/kdkjh % dher foHksn (Multi-Price Monopolist : Price Discrimination) dHkh&dHkh ,dkf/kdkjh ds fy, viuh oLrq fofHkUu Øsrkvksa vFkok Øsrk lewgksa dks vyx&vyx dherksa ij csp ikuk lEHko ,oa ykHknk;d gksrk gSA ,dkf/kdkjh ds bl O;ogkj dks vFkZ'kkL=h dher foHksn dgrs gSaA tksu jksfcUlu (Joan Robinson) us dher foHksn dh ifjHkk\"kk nsrs gq, fy[kk gS % ß,d gh fu;a=.k ds vUrxZr mRikfnr oLrq fo'ks\"k dks fofHkUu Øsrkvksa dks fofHkUu dherksa ij cspus dk dk;Z dher foHksn dgk tkrk gSAÞ6 fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy }kjk nh xbZ dher foHksn dh ifjHkk\"kk vf/kd mi;qDr gSA muds vuqlkj] dherksa esa lHkh vUrj dher foHksn ugha gksrsA bl lUnHkZ esa mudk dFku gS] ß;fn dher foHksn ykxrksa esa vUrj dks izfrfcafcr djrs gSa rks os foHksndkjh ugha gksaxsA blds foijhr] ;fn dher esa vUrj ,d gh oLrq dk fofHkUu yksxksa }kjk vyx&vyx ewY;kadu dk ifj.kke gS rks dher foHksn vo'; gSAÞ7 dher foHksn ykHknk;d D;ksa gS\\ (Why is Price Discrimination Profitable?) dher foHksn fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls ykHknk;d gksrk gS % 1. ,d gh mRikn ds fy, fofHkUu O;fDr vyx&vyx dhersa nus s dks rS;kj gksrs gSa( ;k 2. ,d gh Øsrk ,d gh mRikn dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx dher nsus dks rS;kj gksrk gSA fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy ds vuqlkj ßdher foHksn dh [kkl ckr ;g gS fd buesa ls fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa foØsrk miHkksDrk dh cpr (consumers’ surplus) dk dqN fgLlk gfFk;kus esa lQy gks tkrs gSa tks vU;Fkk Øsrkvksa dks izkIr gksrkAÞ8 6. “The act of selling the same article, produced under a single control, at different prices to different buyers in known as price discrimination,” Joan Robinson, The Economics of Imperfect Competition (London, Edition 1961), p. 179. 7. “If price differences reflect cost differences, they are not discriminatory. In contrast, when a price difference is based on different buyers’ valuation of the same product, price discrimination does occur.” Lipsey and Crystal, op. cit., p. 161. 8. Ibid., p. 161. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 187 dher foHksn dc lEHko gS\\ (When is Price Discrimination Possible?) ,slk ,dkf/kdkjh tks dher foHksn dj ikus esa lQy gksrk g]S vius mRikn dks fofHkUu Øsrkvksa dks] fdUgha [kkl 'krks± ds v/khu] vyx&vyx dherksa ij cps us eas lQy gksrk gSA dher foHksn ds fy, nks ewyHkwr 'krs± ;s gSa fd cktkj ,d&nwljs ls i`Fkd gksa rFkk vyx&vyx cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp vyx&vyx gksA 1. cktkjksa dk i`FkDdj.k (Market Segmentation) – ,dkf/kdkjh ewY; foHksn dh uhfr lQyrkiwoZd mlh le; viuk ldrk gS tc og oLrq ,d ls vf/kd Øsrkvksa dks vyx&vyx cktkjksa esa csprk gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd cktkj ,d&nwljs ls ijw h rjg vyx gksus pkfg, vU;Fkk cgqr lkjs yksx lLrs cktkj ls ,dkf/kdkjh }kjk csph xbZ oLrq [kjhndj mls eagxs cktkj esa cspus dk i;z Ru djsaxsA muds bl O;ogkj ls dher foHksn lekIr gks tk,xk vkSj nksuksa gh cktkjksa esa oLrq dh dhersa leku gks tk,axhA 2. ekax yksp esa vUrj (Difference in the elasticities of demand) – ,dkf/kdkjh ds fy, dsoy cktkjksa dks vyx&vyx dj yus k ek= gh ykHkdkjh gksxk] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrkA cktkjksa dk vyx&vyx j[kuk dher foHksn dks lEHko rFkk ykHkizn mlh voLFkk esa cukrk gS tcfd vyx&vyx cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp fHkUu&fHkUu gksA ftl cktkj esa ekax dh yksp de gksrh gS] ogka ,dkf/kdkjh lkekU;r;k oLrq dh Åaph dher fu/kkZfjr dj ldrk gS ysfdu mlds }kjk cps h tkus okyh ek=k FkksM+h gksrh gSA blds foijhr ml cktkj esa tgka ekax vf/kd ykspnkj gksrh gS] oLrq dks de dher ij gh cspuk gksrk gS ysfdu izk;% csph tkus okyh ek=k vf/kd gksrh gSA 9.10 foHksndkjh ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxZr dher fu/kkZj.k (Price Determination Under Discriminating Monopoly) izR;sd ,dkf/kdkjh vius ykHk dks ;FkklEHko vf/kd djus] cukus dk iz;kl djrk gS blfy, tc Hkh og ns[krk gS fd u dsoy mlds }kjk mRiknfr oLrq ds fofHkUu cktkjksa dk iw.kZr;k i`FkDdj.k lEHko gS cfYd bu cktkjksa esa oLrq dh fofHkUu dherksa ij ekax dh yksp Hkh vyx&vyx gS rks og dher foHksn dh uhfr viukrk gSA lqfo/kk ds fy, ge eku ysrs gSa fd ,dkf/kdkjh viuh oLrq dks nks cktkjksa esa csp ldrk gSA vc fopkj.kh; ;g gS fd bu cktkjksa esa dher fu/kkZj.k fdl izkdj gksxkA cktkj ,d ls vf/kd gksus ij leL;k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

188 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I FkksM+h lh tfVy vo'; gks tkrh gS ysfdu blls vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUrksa esa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ vUrj ugha vkrkA ,dkf/kdkjh QeZ ds lkE; dk fo'y\"s k.k djrs gq, ge crk vk, gSa fd ;g QeZ vius ykHk dks vf/kdre djus ds fy, mRiknu dh og ek=k fuf'pr djrh gS tgka lhekUr vkxe mldh lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj gksrk gSA cktkj ,d ls vf/kd gksus ij ,dkf/kdkjh vyx&vyx cktkjksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu lhekUr vkxeksa dks lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj djds gh vius ykHk dks vf/kdre dj ldrk gSA izrhd :i eas lkE; dh 'krZ gkxs h% MR1 = MR2 = MC. bl izdkj] ;fn ,dkf/kdkjh nks i`Fkd i`Fkd cktkjksa esa viuh oLrq csp ldrk gS] rks lUrqyu dh 'krZ ;g gksxh fd izR;sd cktkj esa lhekUr vkxe ¼izFke cktkj esa MR1 rFkk f}rh; cktkj esa MR2½] lhekUr ykxr MC ds cjkcj gksA bl fLFkfr esa lUrqyu dh lkekU; 'krZ Hkh iwjh gksxh D;ksafd lexz lhekUr vkxe (aggregate marginal revenue ;k AMR), lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj gksxkA ;fn dgha nksuks cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp ,d tSlh gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gksxk fd muesa vkSlr vkxe oØksa dk uhps dh vksj <ky leku gksxkA bl fLFkfr esa ;fn nksuksa cktkjksa ds chp fdlh Hkh izdkj dk laidZ ugha gS rks blls dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+sxkA bu cktkjksa esa pwafd ekax xq.kkRed n`f”V ls ,d tSlh gS blfy, ,dkf/kdkjh cktkjksa ds chp i`FkDdj.k dk ykHk mBkus esa vleFkZ jgsxkA njvly ;g ,slh fLFkfr gS ftlesa mls nksuksa cktkjksa dks ,d eku dj pyuk gksxkA og bl fLFkfr esa lhekUr vkxe oØksa dk {kSfrt (horizontal) ;ksx ysdj lai.w kZ lhekUr vkxe rFkk lhekUr ykxr esa lekurk LFkkfir djsxk] vkSj blds vuq:i laiw.kZ vkSlr vkxe ds cjkcj nksuksa cktkjksa ds fy, oLrq dh dher fu/kkZfjr djsxkA nksuksa cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp ;fn fopkjk/khu dherksa ij vyx&vyx gS rks tc rd ,dkf/kdkjh ij dher foHksn dh uhfr ds ikyu ds lEcU/k esa dkuwuh :i ls dksbZ izfrcU/k ugha gS] og fu'p; gh vius ykHk dks ;FkklaHko vf/kd cukus ds mís'; ls oLrq fo'ks\"k dks bu cktkjksa esa vyx&vyx dherksa ij cspsxkA vc ;fn ge eku ysa fd ,dkf/kdkjh ij dher foHksn ds ckjs esa fdlh izdkj dk izfrcU/k ugha gS rks bl fLFkfr esa lcls igys mls ;g ekywe djuk gksxk fd D;k ,dek= ,dkf/kdkjh dher ij nksuksa cktkjksa eas ekax dh ykps ,d tSlh rks ugha gSA ;fn nksuksa cktkjksa eas bl dher ij ekax dh yksp leku gS rks vU; lHkh dherksa ij ekax dh yksp vyx&vyx Hkh gks rks Hkh ,dkf/kdkjh ds fay, dher foHksn dh uhfr viukuk lEHko ugha gksxkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 189 dher foHksn ds fy, vko';d ;g gS fd ,dek= ,dkf/kdkjh dher ij nksuksa cktkjksa esa ekax dh yksp fHkUu&fHkUu gksA vc ge dher fu/kkZj.k ij fopkj djsaxsA ge eku ysrs gSa fd izFke cktkj esa ekax dh ykps de vkSj f}rh; cktkj esa ekax dh ykps vf/kd gSA js[kkfp= 9.11 esa ,d ,sls ,dkf/kdkjh dh lkE; fLFkfr dks Li”V fd;k x;k gS ftldh oLrq ds fy, nks i`Fkd cktkjksa esa lHkh dherksa ij ekax dh yksp fHkUu&fHkUu gSA ;g ,dkf/kdkjh] lhekUr ykxr vkjS lai.w kZ lhekUr vkxe ds eè; lekurk ds vk/kkj ij lkE; mRiknu dh ek=k fu/kkZfjr djsxkA js[kkfp= 9.11(c) eas AMR ,dkf/kdkjh dk laiw.kZ lhekUr vkxe oØ gS vkjS MC lhekUr ykxr oØ gSA ;s nksuksa ,d nwljs dks E3 fcUnq ij dkVrs gSa ftlds vk/kkj ij lkE; mRiknu dh ek=k fu/kkfZ jr gkrs h gSA mRiknu dh ;g ek=k nksuksa cktkjkas esa csph tk,xhA ,dkf/kdkjh ;FkklaHko vf/kd ykHk izkIr djus dh n`f”V ls iz;kl djsxk fd nksuksa cktkjksa esa u dsoy lhekUr vkxe cjkcj gksa cfYd lhekUr ykxr Hkh bu cktkjksa ds lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gksA js[kkfp= 9.11(c) ls Li”V gS fd foHksndkjh ,dkf/kdkjh dh lkE; dh fLFkfr esa lhekUr ykxr E3Q3 gksxhA ;g lhekUr ykxr izFke cktkj esa lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj ml le; gksrh gS tc og O1Q1 ek=k csprk gSA blh izdkj f}rh; cktkj esa O2Q2 ek=k cspus ij bl cktkj esa lhekUr vkxe E3Q3 lhekUr ykxr ds cjkcj gks tkrk gSA Y (a) Y (b) Y (c ) MC P1 R1 vkxe vkSj ykxr P2 R2 E3 E1 E2 AMR AR2 Q3 ek=k X MR2 MR1 AR1 O1 Q1 ek=k X O2 Q2 ek=k X O3 js[kkfp= 9.11: foHksndkjh ,dkf/kdkj ds vUrxrZ dher fu/kkZj.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

190 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I vLrq izFke cktkj esa MR1 = MC gksus ij dher = R1Q1 rFkk fcØh dh ek=k = O1Q1 gS f}rh; cktkj esa MR2 = MC gksus ij dher = R2Q2 rFkk fcØh dh ek=k = O2Q2 gS nksuksa cktkjksa esa fcØh dh ek=k gS O1Q1 + O2Q2 = O3Q3 js[kkfp= ls Li”V gS fd f}rh; cktkj dh rqyuk esa iFz ke cktkj eas lHkh dherksa ij ekax dh yksp de gSA blfy, ,dkf/kdkjh ds fy, igys cktkj esa Åaph dher fu/kkfZ jr dj ikuk lEHko gS D;kasfd og tkurk gS fd bl cktkj esa dher Åaph j[kus ij Hkh ekax esa fo'ks\"k deh ugha gksrhA oLrqr% bl cktkj esa dher ,dek= ,dkf/kdkjh dher ls Åaph gksxhA nwljs cktkj esa ekax dh yksp vis{kkÑr vf/kd gS blfy, ;gka ij dher foHksn dh fLFkfr esa bl cktkj esa fu/kkZfjr gksus okyh dher ,dek= ,dkf/kdkjh dher ls de gksxhA 9.11 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk dk fl)kUr (Theory of Monopolistic Competition) ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk bZ-,p- psacjfyu (E.H. Chamberlin) dh nsu gSA os viuh ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks chloha 'krkCnh esa vkfFkZd fopkj/kkjk dh lcls cM+h nsu ekurs FksA ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa cgqr lh Qes± gksrh gSa ftuesa izR;sd ds ikl dqN cktkj 'kfDr (market power) gksrh gS D;ksafd izR;sd QeZ ,d foHksnhÑr (differentiated) oLrq dk mRiknu djrh gSA ijUrq lHkh Qes± ijLij ,d&nwljs ls izfrLiZèkkZ djrh gSa D;ksafd muds mRikn fudV izfrLièkhZ (close substitutes) gksrs gSaA9 9. “Monopolistic competition is characterised by a large number of firms each of which has a little market power because it offers a differentiated product. Yet all the firms are in competition because their products are close substitutes.” G.S. Maddala and Ellen Miller, Microeconomics : Theory and Applications (McGraws Hill Book Company, 1989), p. 375. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 191 tSlkfd igys dgk x;k gS] ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk dh rhu izeq[k fo'ks\"krk,a gSa % 1. cktkj esa cgqr lh Qes± dke dj jgh gSa( 2. oLrq foHksnu gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Qes± ,ls h oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj jgh gSa tks ,d nwljh dh fudV izfrLFkkid rks gSa ijUrq iw.kZ izfrLFkkid ugha( rFkk 3. m|ksx esa Qeks± ds vkokxeu dh ijw h NwV gS ¼vFkkZr Qes± fcuk jksd Vksd ds m|ksx esa 'kkfey Hkh gks ldrh gSa rFkk m|ksx ls ckgj Hkh tk ldrh gSa½A 9.12 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa vYidkyhu lUrqyu (Short-Run Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition) tSlkfd Åij dgk x;k gS] ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa cgqr lh Qes± dke dj jgh gksrh gSaA muds }kjk mRikfnr oLrq,a vyx&vyx rks gksrh gSa ijUrq os ,d nwljs dh izfrLFkkid gSaA blfy, ;|fi ;s lc oLrq,a ,d gh ^mRikn lewg* (product group) esa 'kkfey gksaxh rFkkfi muds ykxr o ekax oØ ,d nwljs ls vyx&vyx gkasxsA ;g ,d tfVy fLFkfr gSA blfy, psacjfyu us ;g ekU;rk yh gS fd lHkh QekZs ds ekax o ykxr Qyu ,d ls gSaA ijUrq ;g ekU;rk vfuok;Z ugha gS rFkk blesa <hy nh tk ldrh gSA pwafd ,dkf/kÑr ifz r;kfs xrk eas fofHkUu Qe±s foHkns hÑr oLrvq kas dk mRiknu djrh gSa blfy, muds ykxr o ekax oØ ,d ls ugha gkasxAas blfy, izR;ds QeZ viuh oLrq ds fy, tks dher fu/kkZfjr djxs h og vU; Qek±s }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh dherkas ls vyx gkxs h gkykfa d gks ldrk gS fd dherkas eas vUrj cgrq T;knk u gkAs vc ge ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr mRiknu djus okyh cgqr lkjh Qeks± esa ls dos y nks Qeks± ds lkE; ij fopkj djsaxsA ;s Qes± nwljh Qeks± dh Hkkafr vius ykHk dks ;FkklEHko vf/kd djus vkSj gkfu dh fLFkfr esa gkfu dks de djus ds fy, iz;kl djsaxhA vr% os viuh dher vkSj mRiknu dh ek=k bl izdkj fu/kkZfjr djsxa h fd mudk ykHk vf/kdre vkSj gkfu U;wure gksA vf/kdre ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, dksbZ QeZ vius mRiknu dks ml fcUnq rd ys tkrh gS tgka mldh vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj gks tkrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd vYidky esa dher vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ls vo'; vf/kd gksuh pkfg,A vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ls de dher feyus ij QeZ mRiknu cUn dj nsxhA vYidky esa ,dkf/kÑr ifz r;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr ,d QeZ ds lkE; dks js[kkfp= 9.12 dh lgk;rk ls le>k tk ldrk gSA js[kkfp= esa vYidkyhu vkSlr ykxr (SAC), vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr (SAVC), vkSj lhekUr ykxr (SMC) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

192 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I oØksa dk Lo:i U dh Hkkafr gSA ekax oØ (AR/D) dk <ky _.kkRed gS vkSj blfy, mlds vu:q i lhekUr vkxe oØ Hkh Åij ls uhps dh rjQ nkb± vkjs <kyw gSA pwafd vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr vkSj lhekUr vkxe OQ ek=k ds mRiknu djus ij cjkcj gksrs gSa] blfy, ;gh lUrqyu mRiknu gSA bl fLFkfr esa oLrq dh dher QR ;k OP fu/kkZfjr gksxh vkSj QeZ dh vkSlr ykxr QC ;k OB jgsxhA bl izdkj] izfr bdkbZ vf/klkekU; ykHk OP – OB = BP gkxs kA QeZ dks dqy ykHk BP × OQ = BPRC gksxkA ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr vYidky esa fdlh Hkh QeZ dh fLFkfr ,ls h Hkh gks ldrh gS fd mldh oLrq dh dher vkSlr ykxr ls uhph fu/kkZfjr gksA js[kkfp= 9.13 esa ,d ,slh gh QeZ ds lkE; dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA lkE; dh fLFkfr esa QeZ }kjk mRikfnr oLrq dh dher tgka MJ fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS] ogka vkSlr ykxr JT ;k OS vkrh gS vkSj bl izdkj QeZ dks ifz r bdkbZ MT ;k NS gkfu gksrh gAS QeZ dh dqy gkfu TM × NM = NSTM gAS ysfdu dher vkSlr ifjorhZ ykxr ls vf/kd gSA vr% ;g QeZ ds fgr esa gS fd og vYidky eas OJ ek=k dk mRiknu djsA mRiknu cUn dj nsus ij QeZ dh dqy gkfu WSTV gksxh tks NSTM ls vf/kd gSA mRikn lewg esa 'kkfey vU; lHkh Qes± Hkh bUgha nks Qeks± dh rjg gh viuh dherksa dk fu/kkZj.k djsaxhA D;ksafd lewg esa 'kkfey izR;sd QeZ viuh ykHk vf/kdre djus dh fLFkfr izkIr djuk pkgsxh blfy, og viuh YY SMC SMC SAC SAC P R SAVC d her T SAVC dher v kSj ykxr S BC NM AR/D WV AR/D MR X MR X O O Q ek=k js[kkfp= 9.12% vYidky esa ,dkf/kÑr ifz r;kfs xrk J ek=k ds vUrxZr ykHk dekus okyh QeZ dk lUrqyu js[kkfp= 9.13% vYidky esa ,dkf/kÑr ifz r;kfs xrk ds vUrxZr gkfu mBkus okyh QeZ dk lUryq u CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ckkt+kj lajpuk,a 193 vYidkyhu lhekUr ykxr dks vius lhekUr vkxe ds cjkcj djsxhA ijUrq rc Hkh fofHkUu Qeks± }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ dhersa dkQh vyx&vyx gksxa hA vYidkyhu larqyu esa] ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr fofHkUu Qeks± dh dhersa ,d nwljs ds vkl&ikl rks gksaxh ijUrq cjkcj ugha gksaxhA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd izR;sd mRiknd dh viuh oLrq dh dher fuf'pr djus eas lhfer LorU=rk gksrh gS D;ksafd cgqr lh vU; Qes± feyrh tqyrh oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrh gSaA 9.13 ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu (Long-Run Equilibrium in Monopolistic Competition) tSlkfd geus bl vè;k; esa igys dgk gS] ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa Qes± iwjh rjg le:i oLrq dk mRiknu ugha djrh gSa vfirq oLrq foHksnu dh uhfr viukrh gaSA blfy, fofHkUu mRikndksa dh oLrqvksa dh [kjhnkjh miHkksDrk viuh ilanxh ls djrs gSaA vr% bu Qeks± ds }kjk mRikfnr oLrqvksa dh ekax] ek=k vkjS yksp dh n`f”V ls vyx&vyx gksuk vko';d gSA vFkkZr] muds ekax oØ vyx&vyx gSaA mudh vyx&vyx dk;Zdq'kyrk ds dkj.k muds ykxr oØ Hkh ,d nlw js ls vyx gkrs s gAaS bl ckr ls ;g Li”V gkrs k gS fd m|kxs dk lUrqyu Kkr djuk ,d tfVy leL;k gSA fo\"k; dks vklku cukus ds fy, ge fuEufyf[kr ekU;rk,a yasx%s 1. legw ds vUrxZr vkus okyh lHkh Qes± yxHkx ,d tSlh oLrq dk mRiknu djrh gSaA 2. lHkh ds ekax oØ fLFkfr vkSj yksp dh n`f”V ls ,d ls gksrs gSaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd cktkj esa lHkh Qeks± dk Hkkx cjkcj gSA 3. mRiknu eas dk;dZ q'kyrk dh n`f”V ls lHkh Qes± leku :i ls dq'ky gSa ftlls ykxr oØ ,d ls gSaA 4.- lewg esa Qeks± dh la[;k bruh vf/kd gS fd izR;sd QeZ vius vkidks nwljh Qeks± ds O;ogkj ls Lora= ekurh gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd QeZ dk dher vkSj mRiknu ls lEcfU/kr O;ogkj nwljh Qeks± dks bruk de izHkkfor djrk gS fd mls QeZ fo'ks\"k vius fu.kZ;ksa dh n`f”V ls egÙoghu ekurh gSA ,dkf/kÑr izfr;ksfxrk ds vUrxZr nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu ds vè;;u ds fy, ;s pkjksa ekU;rk,a vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSaA oLrqr% m|kxs ds nh?kZdkyhu lUrqyu dk vè;;u dos y bu ekU;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij gh lEHko gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)