Micro Economics - I_Hindi

BACHELOR OF ARTS O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= - I BAQ108 oh- ds- iqjh Hkkjr Hk”w k.k

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) Parag Diwan Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & Tourism Management) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Co-ordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Co-ordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Prof. (Dr.) Inderpreet Kaur Executive Director – Management Director – IDOL Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Executive Director – Liberal Arts © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning

Micro Economics-I Course Code: BAQ108 Credits: 3 Course Objectives: z To enable the students to describe the working of an economy at the micro level. z To analyze and understand the behaviour of consumers in the different markets. z To evaluate, analyze and interpret factor affecting the behaviour of producers. Syllabus Unit 1: Concept of Economics: Meaning, Nature and Scope of Economics Unit 2: The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice Unit 3: The question of what to produce, how to produce and how to distribute output? Unit 4: Utility Analysis and Indifference Curve Unit 5: Consumers Surplus and its Measurements Unit 6: Law of Demand: Law of Demand and its Exceptions; Elasticity of demand and its measurement, Law of Supply. Unit 7: Production Function: Concept and Types of Production Function, Laws of Returns to Scale and Law of Variable Proportions, Cost Concepts and Cost Curves in Short and Long period. Unit 8: Revenue: Behaviour of Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue under Perfect and Imperfect Competition; Relationship between Average Revenue. Unit 9: Price and Output Determination of the Firm and Industry: Under Perfect Competition in the Short and Long run; Firm’s Equilibrium under Monopoly in the Short and Long run; Discriminating Monopoly, and Monopolistic Competition. Unit 10: Concept of Rent and Quasi Rent: Ricardian Theory and Modern Theory of Rent; Concept of Interest, Classical and Loanable Funds Theory; Concept of Profit, Gross and Net Profit, Risk and Uncertainty Theories of Profit. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

References: 1. Ahuja, H.L. (1999). Advanced Economic Theory. New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. 2. Chopra, P.N. (1998). Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 3. Chopra, P.N. (2006). Advanced Economic Theory. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 4. Lekhi, R.K., Walia, H.S. & Talwar, S.J. (2003). Micro Economics. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers. 5. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (2004). Economics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 6. Mandal, R.K. (2007). Micro Economics Theory. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. 7. Ray, N.C. (1980). An Introduction to Micro Economics. New Delhi: The Macmillan Company of India. 8. Salvatore, D. (2003). Micro Economics: Theory & Applications. New York: Oxford University Press. 9. Singh, M. (1971). Mang Sidhant Ate Mishrat Arth-Vivstha Vich Arthik Ganana. Patiala: Punjabi University. 10. Vohra, P. & Mehta, R. (2007). Micro Economics. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers. Web Sources: 1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microeconomics 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFtOcNbej0o&list=PLFNFJbo2hfBGRTCMuroZ GykNzacwmAH2L CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1 – 14 15 – 24 ?kVd 1. vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 25 – 32 ?kVd 2. vkfFkZd leL;k% nqyZHkrk ,oa p;u 33 – 65 ?kVd 3. vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a 66 – 78 ?kVd 4. mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 79 – 113 ?kVd 5. miHkksDrk dh cpr 114 – 153 ?kVd 6. Ekkax vkSj iwfrZ dk fl)kUr 154 – 166 ?kVd 7. mRiknu rFkk ykxrksa dk fl)kUr 167 – 201 ?kVd 8. vkxe dk fl)kUr 202 – 236 ?kVd 9. Ckkt+kj lajpuk, ?kVd 10. forj.k dk fl)kUr CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 1 vFk’Z kkL= dk vFk]Z i—z fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh (Meaning, Nature and Scope of Economics) lajpuk 1.0 mÌs’; 1.1 ifjp; 1.2 vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ 1.3 vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh 1.4 vFkZ’kkL= dh i—z fr 1.5 D;k vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS\\ 1.6 vFk’Z kkL= dk dyk i{k 1.7 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= dk dk;Z{ks= 1.8 lkjka’k 1.9 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 1.10 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 1.11 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 1.12 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 1.13 lanHkZ

2 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 1.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z vFkZ'kkL= D;k gS\\ z vFkZ'kkL= dh fo\"k; lkexzh D;k gS rFkk fofHkUu vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds bl fo\"k; eas D;k fopkj gS\\ z vFkZ'kkL= dh ç—fr D;k gS] vFkkZr~ vFkZ'kkL= ,d foKku gS ;k dyk\\ z vFkZ'kkL= dk dk;Z{k=s D;k gS\\ 1.1 ifjp; (Introduction) vFkZ’kkL= ds v/;;u dh viuh egÙoiw.kZ ;k=k ‘kq# ls igys vkids fy, ;g tkuuk vko’;d gS fd vFkZ’kkL= D;k gS\\ vr% bl izFke v/;k; esa ge laf{kIr :i ls vFkZ’kkL= dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjkvksa ij ppkZ djsaxsA ge bl fo”k; ij Hkh fopkj djsaxs fd vFkZ’kkL= dks dyk ekuk tkuk pkfg;s ;k foKku vFkok nksuksaA bl iqLrd esa O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh le>kbZ xbZ gSA vr% ge O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= ds dk;Z{ks= dh ppkZ Hkh bl vkjafHkd v/;k; eas djsxa sA 1.2 vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ (Meaning of Economics) vFkZ’kkL= esa O;fä;ksa] ifjokjksa] O;olkf;;ksa ,oa lekt esa dk;Zjr vU; vkfFkZd bdkbZ;ksa ds vkcaVu fu.kZ;ksa (allocative decisions) ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh] bl ckr ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS fd lekt] lexz :i ls vius lalk/kuksa dk vkcaVu dSls djrk gSA tgk¡ rd lalk/kuksa dk lEcU/k gS] bUgsa pkj oxksaZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS& (1) Hkfw e] (2) Je] (3) iwta h] rFkk (4) m|ehA lkewfgd :i ls bu lalk/kuksa dks mRiknu ds lk/ku (factors of production) dgk tkrk gSA bu lalk/kuksa dk ç;ksx oLrqvksa ¼tSls Vsyhfotu] ,;j dMa h’kuj] dkjsa bR;kfn½ rFkk los kvkas ¼tSls f’k{kk] LokLF; lsok,a bR;kfn½ ds mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh jk”Vª esa dqy oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dk ;ksx ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (Gross Domestic Product) dgykrk gSA oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds fuekZ.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 3 dh çfØ;k ^mRiknu* dgykrh gS rFkk ekuo vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, muds ç;ksx dh çfØ;k ^miHkksx* dgykrh gSA 1.3 vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k;lkexzh (Subject – Matter of Economics) vFkZ’kkL= ij fopkj dj ysus ds i’pkr~ bl foKku dh fo”k;lkexzh fu/kkZfjr djus dk dk;Z çk;% ljy ekywe iMr+ k gSA ijarq okLro esa tc bl fn’kk esa ç;Ru djuk iM+rk gS rks Li”V gks tkrk gS fd ;g dk;Z fdruk dfBu gSA ijhHkk”kkvksa ds çfriknu esa vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa us ,d nwljs ls fHkUu –f”Vdks.k viuk, gSa vkSj muesa ekfS yd vra j gSA ;gka ij ge vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k;lkexhz ds lEcU/k esa rhu egRoiw.kZ –f”Vdks.kksa ij gh fopkj djsaxs% çFke] ijaijkoknh vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa (classical economists) dk] f}rh;] HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh vFkZ’kkfL=;kas (welfare economists) dk] vkSj r`rh; jksfcUl (Lionel Robbins) dkA ijaijkoknh fopkj/kkjk (Views of Classial Economists) ijaijkoknh fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okys vFkZ’kkL=h vFkZ’kkL= dks /ku ls lEcU/k djrs gSaA ,Me fLeFk (Adam Smith) dk fopkj Fkk fd vFk’Z kkL= dk mí’s ; jk”Vªksa dh lia fÙk ds Lo:i ,oa dkj.kkas dh [kkst djuk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa eas] bldk çfrik| fo”k; /ku gSA blh –f”Vdk.s k dks viukdj mUgksaus ;g Li”V djus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd /ku D;k gS] bldh ç—fr D;k gS rFkk os D;k dkj.k gSa tks fdlh jk”Vª ds /ku dh ek=k esa o`f) djus esa ;kxs nku djrs gaSA ts- ch- ls (J. B. Say) vkSj okdj (Walker) us bl lEcU/k esa ,Me fLeFk ds er dk gh leFkZu fd;k gSA HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh fopkj/kkjk (Welfare Oriented Concepts) HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh fopkj ds fodkl esa ftu vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa dk ;ksxnku gS] og vFkZ’kkL= dk çfrik| fo”k; ekuo dh fØ;kvksa ds ml va’k dks ekurs gSa ftldk HkkSfrd dY;k.k ls xgjk lEcU/k gksrk gSA ek’kZy (Marshall)] ihxw (Pigou), dSuu (Cannan) vkfn fo}ku dkoZj (Carver) ds bl dFku ls iw.kZ :i ls lger gSa fd ^vFkZfoKku dh fo”k; lkexzh vkfFkZd oLrq,a ugha gS] vkfFkZd fØ;k,a gSaA* Li”V gS fd vU; lkekftd foKkukas dh Hkkafr vFkZ’kkL= dh foospuk dk vkfn vkSj var Hkh ekuo gh gSA bl foKku esa /ku dk egRo dsoy blfy, gS fd bldh lgk;rk ls euq”; dh vko’;drk,a larqf”V gksrh gSA /ku Lo;a esa lk/; ugha gSA og rks y{;kas dks iw.kZ djus dk lk/ku ek= gSA vr% ek’kZy] ihxw vkfn fo}kukas us ijaijkoknh fopkj/kkjk dks vLohdkj dj ;g Li”V fd;k gS fd vFkZ’kkL= ds varxZr ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk v/;;u vkrk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I gSA ijarq ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk {ks= cgrq O;kid gSA blfy, bu vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa us fo”k; lkexhz dh lhek fu/kkZfjr djus ds earO; ls dgk gS fd vFkZ’kkL= eas O;fäxr vkjS lkekftd fØ;kvkas ds dsoy mlh va’k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS ftldk HkkSfrd dY;k.k ds lk/kuksa dh çkfIr vkSj mi;ksx ls fudV dk lEcU/k gSA ek’kZy us vFkZ’kkL= dh ifjHkk”kk nsrs gq, ;g çdV :i ls dgk gS fd vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh esa /ku vkSj euq”; nksuksa vkrs gSa] ijarq blesa ekuo dk LFkku ç/kku vkSj /ku dk LFkku xkS.k gSA lhferrkoknh fopkj/kkjk (Scarcity Oriented Concept) ik’pkR; vFkZ’kkL=h vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh ds lEcU/k esa jksfcUl ds –f”Vdks.k dks vf/kd ;qfälxa r] oSKkfud rFkk rdZ dh dlkSVh ij [kjk ekurs gSaA jksfcUl dk fopkj gS fd vFkZ’kkL= dk fo”k; ekuo dh dqN fof’k”V fØ;k,a u gksdj lHkh fØ;kvksa esa fo|eku og va’k gS tks fofo/k mi;ksx okys lhfer lk/kuksa vkSj de&vf/kd egRoi.w kZ y{;ksa ds lEcU/k ls curk gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa] vFkZ’kkL= dk çfrik| fo”k; ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk fu.kZ; fo/kk;d igyw gSA jksfcUl us bls gh vkfFkZd igyw dgk gSA 1.4 vFkZ’kkL= dh iz—fr (Nature of Economics) vFkZ’kkL= dh ç—fr ij fopkj djrs le; ;g Li”V djuk vko’;d gS fd vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS vFkok dyk ;k bls nksuksa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA Li”V gS fd foKku ds fofo/k :i gksrs gSa] tSls HkkSfrd foKku] çk—frd foKku] lkekftd foKku rFkk ekuoh; foKkuA vFkZ’kkL= dh ç—fr dh foops uk esa geas ;g Li”V djuk gksxk fd vFkZ’kkL= fdl çdkj dk foKku gSA foKku dk ,d vU; oxhZdj.k Hkh gS ftlds vulq kj bls okLrfod vkSj vkn’kZ esa foHkDr fd;k tkrk gSA gesa fopkj djuk gksxk fd vFkZ’kkL= dk bl oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj oSKkfud Lo:i D;k gSA 1.5 D;k vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS\\ (Is Economics a Science?) vFkZ’kkL= dk ;g ,d vR;f/kd fookn iw.kZ fo”k; gS fd vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS vFkok ugha] vkSj ;fn foKku gS rks bldk fuf’pr Lo:i D;k gSA foKku dh lk/kkj.k rFkk çpfyr ifjHkk”kk gS fd ;g fdlh fo”k; ls lEcU/k O;ofLFkr Kku gSA vfHkçk; ;g gS fd tc fdlh fo”k; ds v/;;u ls mudk iw.kZ vkSj Øec) Kku çkIr gks lds rks mls foKku dh laKk nh tk ldrh gSA xkuZj (Garner) ds ‘kCnksa es]a ^^foKku fdlh fo”k; ls lacaf/kr ml Loh—r Kku ds HkaMkj dks dgrs gSa tks fof/kor~ i;Zos{k.k] vuqHko vkSj v/;;u }kjk çkIr gqvk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 5 gks vkSj ftlesa rF;kas dk ijLij lkeatL; ij mudk Øec) oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gkAs ** foKku dh bl ifjHkk”kk dks lgt gh Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ç—fr ds fofHkUu foHkkxksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu vk/kkjHkwr ,drk,a gksrh gSaA çR;sd foKku ds varxZr ç—fr ds fdlh u fdlh foHkkx esa fufgr ,drk dk v/;;u dj lqfuf’pr ço`fÙk;ksa dks [kkstus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ;gh ço`fÙk;ka foKku fo’ks”k ds fu;e dgykrh gSA vFkZ’kkL= ekuoh; vkpj.k ds bl igyw ls lacaf/kr ewyHkwr ,drk dk v/;;u djrk gS vr% bls foKku Lohdkj djuk gh rdZlxa r gAS jksfcUl us rks bl lEcU/k esa ;gka rd fy[kk gS% oSKkfud lk/kkj.khdj.kksa dk ;g y{k.k gS fd os ;FkkFkZ dk mYys[k djrs gSaA bl –f”V ls ;g Li”V gS fd vFkZ’kkL= ds fl)kar vU; foKkuksa ds Lrj ij gh gaSA1 vFkZ’kkL= dks vf/kdka’k fo}kuksa us foKku ekuk gSA okLro esa ;g –f”Vdks.k Bhd gh gS D;ksafd vFkZ’kkL= esa dk;kasZ ds dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k dh O;k[;k gkrs h gSA ijarq ckjcjk owVu (Barbara Wootton) dk fopkj gS fd vFkZ’kkL= foKku ugha gSA mUgksaus fy[kk gS% ßvFkZ’kkfL=;ksa dh ;g vknr lh iM+ xbZ gS fd os vius v/;;u ds ‘kkL= dks cgqr c<+k&p<+kdj crkrs gSa] vkSj vius fy, lqanj vkSj Åaph inoh Lo;a çkIr dj ysrs gSaA lS)kfUrd vFkZ’kkL=h vius v/;;u dks cgq/kk foKku dk uke nsrs gSa] tks ,d dYiuk ek= gSAÞ vFkZ’kkL= dk oSKkfud :i (The Scientific Nature of Economics) vFkZ’kkL= ds lEcU/k esa bruk rks lansg ds ijs gS fd og ekuo foKku gSA ijUrq ekuo foKku ds nks :i gksrs gSa% çFke] lkekftd foKku] rFkk f}rh;] ‘kq) ekuo foKkuA lkekftd foKku esa ekuo dks lekt dh bdkbZ ekudj mldk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS tcfd ‘kq) ekuo foKku esa ,slk vko’;d ugha gSA ek’kZy us vFkZ’kkL= dks lkekftd foKku ekuk gAS os bls vU; lkekftd foKkukas dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fodflr vkSj fuf’pr ekurs gaSA eqæk ds ekinaM dh lgk;rk ls ekuo ds O;kolkf;d thou mís’;ksa dk eki ljyrkiwoZd laHko gks ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vFkZ’kkL= vU; lkekftd foKkuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lqfuf’pr gSA ek’kZy ds ‘kCnksa esa% 1. “It is a characteristic of scientific generalisation that they refer to reality.... In this respect, it is clear, the propositions of Economics are on all fours with the propositions of all other science.” Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (London : Macmillan & Co. Ltd., Second edition, 1952), p. 104. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I ftl çdkj jlk;u ‘kkL= dh rqyuk us mls vU; HkkSfrd foKkuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd lqfuf’pr cuk fn;k gS( mlh Hkkafr vFkZ’kkL= dh rqyk ¼eqæk½ us ?kfV;k vkSj viw.kZ gksrs gq, Hkh vFkZ’kkL= dks lkekftd foKkuksa dh vU; ‘kk[kkvksa ls vf/kd lqfuf’pr cuk fn;k gSA2 vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gS vFkok vkn’kZ foKku\\ (Is Economics a Positive Science or a Normative Science?) ;g ç’u cgqr fookniw.kZ gS fd vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gS vFkok vkn’kZ foKkuA çk;% vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa esa bl fo”k; ij dksbZ erHkns ugha gS fd vFk’Z kkL= foKku gSA ijUrq dkQh vkykspuk&çR;kykspuk ds ckotwn vFkZ’kkL=h bl fo”k; ij ,der ugha gks ldrs gSa dh vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gS vFkok vkn’kZ foKkuA vc ge bl lEcU/k esa dqN egRoiw.kZ fopkjksa dks çLrrq djsxa sA vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku ds :i esa% okLrfod foKku esa oLrq fLFkfr dk o.kuZ fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlh Hkh rF; ls lEcU/k dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k dk gh v/;;u fd;k tk, rks og okLrfod foKku dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA blesa mfpr&vuqfpr dh foospuk ugha dh tkrhA vFkZ’kkL=h ,- lh- ihxw ds vuqlkj okLrfod foKku ds nks :i gksrs gSa% çFke] ‘kq) foKku ftldk dk;Z dkj.kkas dh [kkst djuk gh gksrk gS( f}rh;] ;FkkFkZoknh foKku tks okLrfodrk ls lacaf/kr gksrk gSA ‘kq) foKku] ‘kq) xf.kr dh rjg fofHkUu rF;ksa ds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dks crykdj jg tkrk gS] vkSj mldk vFkZ’kkL=h ds fy, vf/kd egRo ugha gSaA iksbud;s j (Poincare) us fy[kk gS% ßfoKku rF;ksa ls mlh çdkj curk gS tSls edku iRFkj ds VqdM+ksa lsA ijarq rF;ksa dk ladyu ek= mlh çdkj foKku ugha gS tSls iRFkjkas dk <sj edku ugha gksrkAÞ3 vFkZ’kkL= ds fofHkUu fu;eksa ds Lo:i ls Li”V gS fd vFk’Z kkL= okLrfod foKku (positive science) dk ;FkkFkZoknh (realistic) :i gSA lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkz l fu;e] ekxa vkSj iwfrZ ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr ewY; fu/kkZj.k ds fl)kar] mRifÙk ds fu;e lHkh ;FkkFkZ dk o.kZu dj dkj.k vkSj ifj.kke ds e/; lEcU/k LFkkfir djrs gSaA ;s lHkh fl)kar ^D;k gS* dk mÙkj nsrs gSa vkSj ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* ds çfr mnklhu gSA 2. “Just as the chemist’s fine balance has made chemistry more exact than most other physical sciences; so this economist’s balance (money), rough and imperfect as it is, has made economics more exact than any other branch of social science”. Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics CELBS, Macmillan & Co. Ltd., Eighth edition, (1962), p. 62. 3. “Science is built up of facts as a house is built of stones, but an accumulation of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house.” M. Poincare, Science and Hyposthesis, p. 141. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 7 vFkZ’kkL= vkn’kZ foKku ds :i esa% ijia jkoknh vFk’Z kkL=h vFkZfoKku dks dsoy okLrfod foKku ekurs FkAs muds vuqlkj vFkZ’kkL= esa mfpr&vuqfpr dh foospuk ugha gksrhA mfpr&vuqfpr ij fopkj djuk uhfr’kkL= dk dk;Z gS vkSj ;fn vFk’Z kkL= bl fn’kk eas ç;kl djrk gS rks viuh lhek dk mYy?a ku djrk gSA jkfs cUl vkSj muds vuq;k;h Hkh vFkZ’kkL= ds vkn’kZoknh :i dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA jkfs cUl ds vulq kj vFkZ’kkL= y{;ksa ds pquko ds çfr iw.kZr;k rVLFk gSA tc rd fdlh Hkh y{; dh çkfIr lhfer lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj djsxh] og vFkZ’kkL=h ds v/;;u {ks= esa ‘kkfey gksxkA ijUrq y{; D;k gksxk] vFkZ’kkL= dk blls dksbZ eryc ugha gSA4 bldk vfHkçk; ;g gS fd jksfcUl ds vuqlkj] vFkZ’kkL=h dks y{;ksa ds vkSfpR; ls dksbZ ljksdkj ugha gSA y{; cqjs Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj vPNs Hkh ijarq y{; dk pquko djuk vFkZ’kkL=h dk dke ugha gSA ;g dke rks uhfr’kkL= (Ethics) dk gSA vFkZ’kkL=h dk dke rks dsoy bruk gS fd ;g crk, fd puq s g,q y{; dks fdl çdkj çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk/kqfud vFkZ’kkL=h ^vFkok* dk ç’u gh ugha mBkrAs vFkkZr~ muds –f”Vdk.s k esa ;g ç’u dh vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gS ^vFkok* vkn’kZ foKku csekuh gSA vFkZ’kkL= ,d foKku gS ftlds ^okLrfod* igyw Hkh gS vkSj ^vkn’kkZRed* igyw HkhA okLrfod igyw dk lEcU/k bl ç’u ls gS fd ekuo dk O;ogkj ^dSlk gS* rFkk vkn’kkZRed igyw dk lEcU/k bl ç’u ls gS fd ekuo O;ogkj ^dSlk gksuk pkfg,A* loZçFke ge bl ckr dk v/;;u djrs gSa fd D;k gks jgk gS vkSj ^D;ksa* gks jgk gSA rRi’pkr~ ge vPNs fu”iknu ds vkn’kZd ekinaM (normative standards) ifjHkkf”kr djrs gSa ¼;Fkk] mPp vk;&Lrj] uhph eqækLQhfr nj] de csjkst+xkjh] bR;kfn½A blds ckn ge okLrfod fu”iknu dh rqyuk bu ifjHkkf”kr ekinaMksa ls djrs gSaA bl fo’ys”k.k ls geas ;g tkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS fd ^D;k djuk pkfg,* vFkkrZ ~ dkSu lh vkfFkdZ uhfr viukuh pkfg,A bl çdkj] lkekftd mí’s ; fn, gksus ij vFkZ’kkL=h ^D;k g*S (what is) dh tkudkjh ds tfj, leL;k dk fo’ys”k.k dj ldrs gSa vkSj ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* (what ought to be) ds ckjs esa lq>ko ns ldrs gSAa tSlk dh jkls Mh- ,sDVZ rFkk fjpMZ ,p- ys¶Vfop (Ross D. Eckert and Richard H. Leftwich) us dgk gS% 4. “... Economics is entirely neutral between ends, that, in so far as the achievement of any end is dependent on scarce means, it is germane to the preoccupations of the economist Economics is not concerned with ends as such.” Lionel Robbins, op. cit., p. 24. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I vkfFkZd uhfr&fu/kkZj.k --- LoHkko esa ewyr% vkn’kkZRed gSA ijUrq ;fn vkfFkZd uhfr&fu/kkZj.k dks vkfFkZd dY;k.k c<+kus esa çHkkodkjh cuuk gS rks ;g vko’;d gS fd og etcwr okLrfod vkfFkZd fo’ys”k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksA5 oLrqfLFkfr rks ;g gS fd lkoZtfud foÙk ds fl)karksa] dY;k.kxr vFkZ’kkL= ds fl)karksa rFkk lao`f) vFkZ’kkL= ds fl)karksa ds fiNys pkj&ikap n’kdksa esa fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vFkZ’kkL= ds vkn’kkZRed igyqvksa dk egRo cgqr c<+ x;k gSA ljdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa foLrkj ds lkFk&lkFk ¼fo’ks”krkSj ij vYifodflr ns’kksa esa½ vkfFkZd rFkk vU; xfrfof/k;ksa ij O;kid çHkko iM+k gSA vkfFkZd uhfr;ka vc vkfFkZd lao`f) dh nj c<+kus] vk;&vlekurk,a de dju]s xjhch mUewyu ds fy, ç;kl djus rFkk vU; dbZ mís’; çkIr djus ds fy, ç;Ru’khy gSaA bu lc ç;klksa esa yxkrkj bl ckjs esa uhfrxr ewY;&fu.kZ; (value judgements) ysus iM+rs gSa fd fdu oLrvq ksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk,] fdu LFkkuksa ij mudk mRiknu fd;k tk,] vk/kkfjr lfq o/kkvksa dk foLrkj fdl çdkj fd;k tk,] lsokvksa dk Lo:i D;k gks] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd dY;k.k xfrfof/k;ksa dk çlkj dSls gks] bR;kfnA bl çdkj vkn’kkZRed eqís vc vFkZ’kkL= ds dasæh; fcanq gSA 1.6 vFkZ’kkL= dk dyk i{k (Economics as An Art) dyk ls vfHkçk; fufnZ”V mís’;ksa dks çkIr djus dh jhfr ls gksrk gSA fp=dkj dkxt ij rwfydk ls jax Hkjdj fp= cukus ds y{; dks çkIr djuk pkgrk gSA blds fy, og ftl jhfr dk ç;ksx djrk gS] og dyk gSA foKku esa rF;ksa dk fo’ys”k.k gksrk gS vkSj dyk esa dk;Z djus dh ç.kkyh dkA nksukas esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk lgt ugha gSA çk;% tks fo”k; foKku gksrk gS og dyk ugha gksrk vkSj tks dyk gS og foKku ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g ç’u mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd vFkZ’kkL= pwadh foKku gS rks D;k bldk dksbZ dyk i{k ugha gSA blesa lansg ugha gS fd vFkZ’kkL= fo’kq) :i ls rks dyk ugha gS] ijUrq ge blds O;ogkfjd i{k ls Hkh foeq[k ugha gks ldrsA vFkZ’kkL= çk;% fofHkUu mís’;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, jkLrk fn[kykrk gS] tks okLro esa dyk dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA fofHkUu vkfFkZd ;kts ukvksa dk v/;;u vkt vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh dk vfHkUu vxa gSA vkt ds ;qx esa vFkZ’kkL=h dk ;g fuf’pr :i ls dk;Z gS fd og cryk, fd fdl jhfr dk vulq j.k dj jk”Vªh; vk; esa o`f) gks ldrh gS] ykxs ksa dk thou Lrj mUur fd;k tk ldrk gS] [kk| rFkk csjkst+xkjh dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku laHko gS vkfnA 5. “Economic policymaking is essentially normative in character. But it economic policymaking is to be effective in improving economic well-being, it must obviously be rooted in sound positive economic analysis” Ross D. Eckert and Richard H. Leftwich, The Price System and Resource Allocation (New York, Tenth edition, 1988), p. 10. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 9 vk/kqfud vFkZ’kkL=h;ks esa ,- lh- ihxw bl er ds çcy leFkZd gSA muds erkuqlkj ekuo tc Hkh fdlh fo”k; dh tkap djrk gS rks mldh [kkst dk mís’; Kku dk miktZu rFkk O;kogkfjd Qy dh çkfIr nksuksa gksrk gSA ek’kZy vkSj ihxw ds mDr er ds foijhr jksfcUl vkSj dsUl (Keynes) bls dyk ugha ekursA mudk dguk gS fd vFk’Z kkL=h dk dk;Z O;kogkfjd thou esa lacaf/kr leL;kvkas dk gy [kkts uk ugha gAS lkekftd thou esa vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk LFkku dkQh egRoiw.kZ gS] ijarq dksbZ Hkh vkfFkZd leL;k iw.kZ :i ls jktuhfrd] lkekftd rFkk ufS rd leL;kvkas ls i`Fkd dj lqy>kbZ ugha tk ldrhA vr,o vFkZ’kkL= vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq dksbZ Hkh O;kogkfjd lq>ko nsus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSA fu”d”kZ% mi;qZDr fofHkUu fopkjksa dh foospuk ds mijkar vc gesa Lo;a ;g fu/kkZfjr djuk gS fd vFkZ’kkL= dh okLrfod izÑfr D;k gAS ;g vkt fufoZokn gS fd vFkZ’kkL= foKku gSA ,me fLeFk] Tk-s ch- ls] lhfu;j] ek’kZy] ihx]w dsUl] jksfcUl vkfn lHkh vFkZ’kkL=h bl fo”k; esa ,der gS fd vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gSA ;|fi ts- ch- ls] lhfu;j] jksfcUl vkfn blds vkn’kZoknh igyw dks Lohdkj ugha djrs] rFkkfi bl lEcU/k esa ek’kZy vkSj ihxw dk er vf/kd ;qfälaxr gAS gkVsª (Hawtrey) us Bhd gh fy[kk gS% ßvFkZ’kkL= dks uhfr ls i`Fkd ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksafd y{;ksa ds e/; rVLFk jguk laHko ugha gSA vFkZ’kkL= ;|fi dyk rks ugha gS] fQj Hkh ;g ,slk foKku gS tks O;kogkfjd leL;kvksa ds lEcU/k esa ç;Ru’khy gSAÞ 1.7 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= dk dk;Z{ks= O;”Vh vFkZ’kkL= dk dk;Z{k=s dkQh foLrr` gSA blesa fuEu pkj çeq[k leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk g%S 1. dher fu/kkZj.k 2. mRiknu Qyu 3. forj.k 4. mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds vkcVa u eas dq’kyrk 1. dher fu/kkZj.k (Price Determination) & nh?kZdky rd vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa us dher fu/kkjZ .k dh leL;k ij fo’ks”k /;ku fn;k gSA ijaijkoknh vFkZ’kkL=h ewY; ds Je fl)kar ij tksj nsrs FksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I vkfLVª;u laçnk; ds vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa us lhekar mi;kfs xrk dks ewY; dh O;k[;k dk vk/kkj cuk;kA rc ls O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= esa +¼ftls igys dher fl)kar ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk½] miHkksDrk ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkus yxk gSA vktdy mi;ksfxrk fo’y”s k.k] vuf/keku oØ lEcU/kh O;k[;k rFkk miHkksDrk dh cpr dh vo/kkj.kk dk v/;;u dher fl)kra dks le>us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA 2. mRiknu Qyu (Production Function) & mRiknu Qyu dh leL;k njvly mRiknu dh fofHkUu rduhdksa esa ls mi;qä rduhd ds pquko dh leL;k gAS ge lHkh tkurs gSa fd fdlh oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, lk/kuksa dks fofHkUu vuqikrksa esa yxk;k tk ldrk gSA mRiknd ykxr dks U;wure j[kus dk ç;kl djsxk vkSj bl –f”V ls og mu lk/kuksa dks vf/kd ek=k esa yxk,xk ftudk lkisf{kd ewY; de vkSj mRikndrk vf/kd gAS vFkZ’kkL= esa mRiknd ds bl O;ogkj dk v/;;u O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= ds {ks= esa vkrk gSA 3. forj.k (Distribution) & jk”Vªh; vk; dk fofHkUu O;fä;ksa vFkok oxZ legw ksa esa forj.k v/;;u dh –f”V ls cgqr fnypLi fo”k; gSA ge lHkh tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd O;fä fo’ks”k vFkok fdlh lk/ku fo’ks”k dh vk; fdlh çdkj fu/kkZfjr gksrh gS vkSj og vU; yksxksa dh vk; ls de vFkok vf/kd D;ksa gksrh gSA O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= esa bl leL;k dk Li”Vhdj.k feyrk gSA 4. mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds vkcaVu esa dq’kyrk (Efficiency in the use of Factors Production) & mRiknu dk;Z esa dq’kyrk ykuk vFkok viO;; dks jksduk ,d egRoi.w kZ leL;k gSA vFkZ’kkL=h çk;% mu fLFkfr;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa ftuesa mRiknu O;oLFkk dq’ky ekuh tkrh gSA ijsrks] fgDl] dSYMksj] cXkZlu bR;kfn us bl {ks= esa dkQh dke fd;k gSA buds ç;klksa ls O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= esa ^dY;k.k vFkZ’kkL=* (Welfare Economics) ds uke ls ,d i`Fkd ‘kk[kk dk fodkl gqvk gSA 1.8 lkjka’k (Summary) 1. vFkZ’kkL= esa O;fä;ksa] ifjokjksa] O;olk;ksa ,oe~ lekt esa dk;Zjr vU; vkfFkdZ bdkb;ksa ds vkcaVu fu.kZ;ksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh] bl ckr ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS fd lekt lexz :i ls] vius lalk/kuksa dk vkcaVu dSls djrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 11 2. lalk/kuksa dks pkj oxksaZ esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk g%S (1) Hkfw e] (2) Je] (3) iwta h] rFkk (4) m|ehA 3. vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh ds lEcU/k esa rhu egÙoiw.kZ –f”Vdk.s k gS% çFke] ijaijkoknh vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa (classical economists) dk] f}rh;] HkkfS rd dY;k.koknh (material welfare economists) dk] vkSj r`rh; jksfcUl (Robbins) dkA 4. ijaijkoknh vFkZ’kkL=h] ¼tSls ,Me fLeFk½ vFk’Z kkL= dks /ku ls lEcU/k djrs gSaA 5. HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okys vFk’Z kkL=h] tSls Mk- ek’kZy] vFk’Z kkL= dk çfrik| fo”k;] ekuo dh fØ;kvksa ds ml va’k dks ekurs gSa ftldk lEcU/k HkkSfrd dY;k.k ls gksrk gSA 6. lhferrkoknh fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okys vFkZ’kkL=h] tSls jksfcUl ds vuqlkj] vFkZ’kkL= dk fo”k; ekuo dh dqN fof’k”V fØ;k,a u gkds j lHkh fØ;kvksa esa fo|eku og va’k gS tks fofo/k mi;ksx okys lhfer lk/kuksa rFkk vlhfer vko’;drkvksa ds lEcU/k ls curk gSA 7. vFkZ’kkL= dh ç—fr ij fopkj djrs le; ge ;g Kkr djus dh ps”Vk djrs gSa fd vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS vFkok dyk ;k bls nksuksa ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA 8. ;fn vFkZ’kkL= dks ,d foKku ekuk tkrk gS rks ç’u mBrk gS fd vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku gS vFkok vkn’kZ foKkuA 9. dyk ds :i esa vFkZ’kkL= fofHkUu vkfFkZd mís’;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, jkLrk fn[kkrk gSA 1.9 eq[; ‘kCnkoyh (Key Words/Abbreviation) 1. okLrfod foKku (Positive Science)% okLrfod foKku esa oLrqfLFkfr dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls fd fdlh Hkh rF; ls lEcU/k dkj.k o ifj.kke dk v/;;u] ;k csjkstxkjh dh orZeku nj vkfnA 2. vkn’kZ foKku (Normative Science)% vkn’kZ foKku mfpr&vuqfpr dh foospuk djrk gSA bu dk dsæa fcUnq ^D;k gksuk pkfg,* (what ought to be) ij gksrk gSA tSls] ;g dguk fd ljdkj dks csjkts xkjh nj ?kVkuh pkfg,A 3. dyk (Art)% dyk ds :i esa vFkZ’kkL= fofHkUu mís’;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, jkLrk fn[kkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 1.10 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k (Learning Activity) 1. tula[;k o`f)] fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh tSls fo”k;ksa ij dqN vkadMas ,df=r djsAa mu vkdMksa ds v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij vius fopkj] rFkk laHkkO; uhfrxr mik; fyf[k,A __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. vkids }kjk ,df=r vkadMsa+ vFkZ’kkL= dks ,d okLrfod foKku ds :Ik esa n’kkZrs gSa tcfd bu ij vkids fopkj rFkk uhfrxr mik;ksa lEcU/kh lq>ko vFkZ’kkL= dks vkn’kkZRed foKku ds :Ik esa n’kkZrs gaSA __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 1.11 o.kZukRed iz’u (Descriptive Questions) 1. vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ D;k gS\\ mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa le>kb,A 2. vFkZ’kkL= dh fo”k; lkexzh ds ckjs esa HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh fopkj/kkjk D;k gS\\ ;g lhferrkoknh fopkj/kkjk ls dSls fHkUu gS\\ 3. vFkZ’kkL= ds foKku gksus ds nkos dh tkap dhft,A 4. ^vFkZ’kkL= y{;ksa ds pquko ds çfr rVLFk gSA* D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS\\ 5. ^vFkZ’kkL= okLrfod foKku vkSj vkn’kZ foKku nksukas gSAa * bl dFku dh vkykspukRed leh{kk dhft,A 6. ^vFkZ’kkL= foKku gS vFkok dyk*\\ rdZ lfgr mÙkj nhft,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZ’kkL= dk vFkZ] iz—fr rFkk fo”k; lkexzh 13 1.12 cgqfodfYi; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) 1. fuEu esa ls fdl vFkZ’kkL=h us vFkZ’kkL= dh /ku lEcU/kh ¼ijEijkoknh½ ifjHkk”kk nh gS\\ ¼d½ Mk- ek’kZy ¼[k½ ,Me fLeFk ¼x½ vekZR; lsu ¼?k½ feYVu ÝhM+eSu 2. Mk- ek’kyZ us vFkZ’kkL= dh fuEu esa ls dkSu lh fopkj/kkjk nh gS\\ ¼d½ ijEijkoknh fopkj/kkjk ¼[k½ HkkSfrd dY;k.koknh fopkj/kkjk ¼x½ lhferrkoknh fopkj/kkjk ¼?k½ fodkl dsfUnzr fopkj/kkjk 3. fdl vFkZ’kkL=h us vFkZ’kkL= dks fofo/k mi;ksx okys lhfer lk/kuksa rFkk vlhfer vko’;drkvksa ds lEcU/k dk v/;;u ekuk gS\\ ¼d½ jksfcUl ¼[k½ ,Me fLeFk ¼x½ Mk- ek’kZy ¼?k½ dsUt+ 4. fuEu esa ls dkSu ls dFku dks ,d okLrfod foKku dk dFku (Statement of Economics as a Positive Science) ekuk tk ldrk gS\\ ¼d½ ljdkj dks csjkstxkjh nwj djus ds mik; djus pkfg,A ¼[k½ dher o`f) ij fu;a=.k djuk vko’;d gSA ¼x½ Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd o`f) nj fiNys o”kZ 4.5% jghA ¼?k½ vkfFkZd o`f) nj esa dHkh fpUrk dk fo”k; gSA 5. dher fu/kkZj.k ds fo”k; esa ijEijkoknh vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa dk eq[; fopkj&fcUnq D;k Fkk\\ ¼d½ lhekUr mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k ¼[k½ ewY; dk Je fl)kUr ¼x½ mRiknu Qyu ¼?k½ vk; dk forj.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 6. ^dY;k.k vFkZ’kkL=* (Welfare Economics) ds lanHkZ esa fuEu esa ls fdl vFkZ’kkL=h dk uke lokZf/kd mYys[kuh; gS\\ ¼d½ ts- ch- ls (J. B. Say) ¼[k½ ,Me+ fLeFk (Adam Smith) ¼x½ feYVu ÝhM+eSu (Milton Friedman) ¼?k½ ijsrks (Pareto) mÙkj% 1. ¼[k½] 2. ¼[k½] 3. ¼d½] 4. ¼x½] 5. ¼[k½] 6. ¼?k½ 1.13 lanHkZ (References) 1. Mishra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. (1998), Vyashti Arthashastra, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai. 2. Ahuja, H.L. (1999), Advanced Economic Theory, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. 3. Chopra, P.N. (1998), Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 4. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (2004), Economics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 5. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (1999), Principles of Economics, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 6. Eckert and Leftwich, (1988), The Price System and Resource Allocation, Tenth Edition, New York. 7. Marshall, Alfred (1962), Principles of Economics, Eighth edition. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 2 vkfFkdZ leL;k% nyq HZ krk ,oa p;u (The Economic Problem: Scarcity and Choice) lajpuk 2.0 mÌs’; 2.1 ifjp; 2.2 nqyZHkrk ,oe~ p;u 2.3 p;u rFkk volj ykxr 2.4 mRiknu laHkkouk ifjlhek 2.5 lkjka'k 2.6 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 2.7 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 2.8 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 2.9 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 2.10 lanHkZ

16 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 2.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z nqyZHkrk rFkk p;u dh leL;k D;k gS\\ z volj ykxr dh vo/kkj.kk z mRiknu lHa kkouk ifjlhek rFkk bldh lgk;rk ls p;u] nqyZHkrk rFkk volj ykxr dk fp=.k 2.1 ifjp; (Introduction) lkekU;r% ekuuh; vko’;drk,a vlhfer gksrh gSa] fdUrq mudks iwjk djus ds lk/ku lhferA LokHkkfod gS fd bu lhfer lk/krksa ds }kjk vlhfer vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djuk vlaHko gSA blds vfrfjDr] lhfer gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ;s lk/ku cgqmi;ksxh gksrs gSa] vFkkZr~ lk/kuksa dks ,d ls vf/kd mÌ’;kas ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% gesa ;g fu.kZ; ysuk iM+rk gS fd fdu lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx ge fdu mÌs’;ksa ds fy, djsa rFkk fdu vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djsaA ;gh fu.kZ; ifz Ø;k vFkZ’kkL= ds v/;;u dk vk/kkj Hkh gSA bl v/;k; esa ge blh fo”k; ij ppkZ djsaxsaA 2.2 nqyZHkrk ,oe~ p;u (Scarcity and Choice) vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk mís'; ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk gSA ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh nks izeq[k fo'ks\"krk,a ;g gSa fd ,d rks os dbZ izdkj dh gksrh gSa rFkk nwljs lkewfgd :i ls mUgsa le;ksifj iwjh rjg larq”V djuk laHko ugha gksrkA ijUrq bu vko';drkvksa dks ijw k djus ds fy, lalk/ku lhfer ek=k esa miyC/k gksrs gSaA bl izdkj tgka ekuoh; vko';drk,a vlhfer gksrh gSa] ogk¡ bUgsa larq”V djus ds fy, lk/ku lhfer gksrs gSaA ;gh nqyHZ krk dk igyw gSA nqyZHkrk dks ekax (;k vko';drk) ds ifjizs{; eas ns[kuk vko';d gAS ;fn ekax dh rqyuk esa dksbZ oLrq cgrq k;r esa miyC/k gS rks mls nyq ZHk ugha ekuk tk ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy, ftl gok esa ge lkal ysrs gSa rFkk lkxj esa ty] vkfFkZd :i ls nqyZHk ugha gSaA ;fn dksbZ oLrq lhfer ek=k esa miyC/k gS ijUrq mldh dksbZ ekxa ugha gS rks bl izdkj dh oLrq dks Hkh nqyZHk ugha dgk tk ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] [kjkc vaMs (bad eggs) gkykafd vPNs vaMkas (good eggs) dh rqyuk esa la[;k esa cgqr de gksrs gSa rFkkfi os nqyZHk ugha gSa D;kasfd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkfFkZd leL;k% nqyZHkrk ,oa p;u 17 mudh dksbZ ekax ugha gksrhA nwljh vksj] ns'k esa [kk|kUuksa ds djksM+ksa Vu HkaMkj ds ckotwn os nqyZHk gks ldrs gSa ;fn mudh ekax] vkiwfrZ dh rqyuk esa] vf/kd gSA bl izdkj] nqyZHkrk dks vko';drkvksa ds ifjizs{; esa ns[kuk pkfg,A vPNs Hkkstu] oL=ksa] ?kj] rFkk vU; oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dh vko';drkvksa dh rqyuk esa] muds miyC/k HkMa kj vis{kkÑr cgqr de gkrs s gSa ftlls nqyZHkrk dh leL;k iSnk gksrh gSA blh nqyZHkrk ds dkj.k yksxksa dks bl ckr ij fu.kZ; ysuk gksrk gS fd os fdl vuqikr esa vius lhfer lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, djsaA bl izdkj] yksxksa dks p;u (;k pquko) djuk gksrk gSA nqYkZHkrk dh leL;k] p;u dh leL;k dks tUe nsrh gSA oLrqr% vkfFkZd leL;k iSnk gh pquko ds dkj.k gksrh gSA ;fn yksxksa dks p;u u djuk gks rks vkfFkZd leL;k foyqIr gks tk,xhA bruk gh ughaA ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd nqyZHk lk/kuksa ds oSdfYid (alternative) mi;ksx laHko gksaA ;fn ge vius lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dsoy fdlh fuf'pr vko';drk ds fy, gh dj ldas rFkk vU; vko';drkvksa ds fy, ugha rks p;u dk iz'u gh iSnk ugha gksxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa rks ge mu lk/kuksa dks dsoy mlh vko';drk ds fy, gh [kpZ dj ldasxsA dsoy tc lk/kuksa ds oSdfYid iz;ksx laHko gksa rHkh ;g iz'u mBsxk fd fdu mi;ksxksa esa mudk bLrseky fd;k tk, vkSj fdu eas ughAa blfy, dsoy blh fLFkfr esa p;u dh vko';drk mBsxh vkSj] bl izdkj] vkfFkZd leL;k iSnk gkxs hA mijfyf[kr foospu ls ;g ckr Li”V gksrh gS fd fdlh leL;k ds vkfFkZd gksus ds fy, rhu 'krks± dk iwjk gksuk vfuok;Z g&S (1) vlhfer ekuoh; vko';drk,]a (2) lk/kuksa dh nqyZHkrk] rFkk (3) nyq ZHk lk/kuksa ds oSdfYid mi;ksxA vkfFkZd leL;k rHkh iSnk gksxh tc ;s rhuksa 'krs± ,d lkFk iwjh gks jgh gksAa dsoy ,d ;k nks dk gksuk dkQh ugha gSA vFkZ'kkL= esa vf/kdrj leL;k,a lalk/kuksa & Hkwfe] Je rFkk iawth & ds mi;ksx esa iSnk gksrh gSaA lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx oLrqvksa ,oa lsokvksa ds mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftudk miHkksx rc ifjokj viuh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, djrs gSaA D;ksafd gekjs ikl brus lk/ku ugha gksrs fd ge mu lc oLrqvksa dk mRiknu dj ldsa ftudk ge miHkksx djuk pkgrs gSa blfy, gesa ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gkrs k gS fd D;k fd;k tk, vkSj D;k u fd;k tk,( fdu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk, vkSj fdu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu u fd;k tk,; oLrqvksa dh fdruh ek=kkvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk,; fdu yksxksa dh ekax dks iwjk fd;k tk, rFkk fdu yksxksa dh ekxa dks vlar”q V NksM+ fn;k tk,A fdlh oLrq dh vf/kd ek=k ds gksus dk vFkZ Lor% ;g gS fdlh vU; oLrq dh de ek=k gksukA lHkh lektksa esa lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks bl leL;k dk lkeuk djuk gksrk gS vkSj fdlh izdkj bl fo\"k; ij fu.kZ; ij igq¡puk gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 2.3 p;u rFkk volj ykxr (Choice and Opportunity Cost) tSlk fd Åij dgk x;k gS] fdlh oLrq dh vf/kd ek=k ds gksus dk vFkZ gS fdlh vU; oLrq dh de ek=k gksukA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku ysa fd dksbZ miHkksDrk vius ifjokj dh xsg¡w dh lkIrkfgd ekax dks iwjk djus ds fy, 10 fdyksxzke xsgw¡ [kjhnus ij fopkj dj jgk gSA bl ykxr dks #i;ksa esa ekik tk ldrk gS (mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn xsgw¡ dh dher 18 #i, izfr fdyksxzke gS rks ykxr gksxh 180 #i,)A ijUrq ykxr dks ns[kus dk nwljk n`f”Vdks.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd bl O;fDr us xsgw¡ [kjhnus ds fy, fdl oLrq dk ifjR;kx fd;kA eku ysa fd 180 #i, esa ;g O;fDr fiTt+k (Pizza) [kjhn ldrk FkkA vc ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd 10 fdyksxzke xsgw¡ dh dher ,d fiTt+k gSA ;gk¡ ij ykxr dks ifjR;Dr fodYi (alternative foregone) ds :i esa fy;k x;k gSA bls vFkZ'kkL= esa volj ykxr dgrs gSAa bl ladYiuk dks lgh vFkZ nus s ds mís'; ls vFkZ'kkL=h loksZÙke ifjR;Dr fodYi (best alternative foregone) dh ckr djrs gSaA blls geas volj ykxr dh fuEufyf[kr ifjHkk\"kk izkIr gksrh gS% tc ge dksbZ pquko djrs gSa (;k fu.kZ; ysrs gSa) rks ftl loksZÙke fodYi dk ge ifjR;kx djrs gSa og ml pquko dh volj ykxr gSA volj ykxrsa blfy, iSnk gksrh gSa D;ksfa d lalk/ku nqyZHk ;k lhfer gaSA ,d oLrq izkIr djus ds fy, gesa fdlh vU; oLrq dk ifjR;kx djuk iM+rk gSA u dsoy O;fDr;kas dks bl idz kj puq ko djuk gksrk gS vfirq lai.w kZ lekt dks Hkh bl rjg dk puq ko djuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lekt dks ;g fu.kZ; ysuk gksxk fd lUS ; oLrqvksa dk fdruk mRiknu fd;k tk, vkSj vlSfud oLrvq ksa dk fdrukA nwljs idz kj dk pquko ;g gksxk fd lkotZ fud {ks= esa fdruk mRiknu fd;k tk, vkSj futh {ks= esa fdrukA 2.4 mRiknu laHkkouk ifjlhek (Production Possibility Boundary) izR;sd n's k dks fdl izdkj p;u djuk gksxk bldk fp=.k mRiknu laHkkouk ifjlhek ¼;k mRiknu laHkkouk oؽ dh lgk;r ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ifjlhek ¼;k oؽ bl ckr dks Li”V djrk gS fd fn, x, lalk/kuksa o rduhd ls fof'k”V oLrvq ksa o lsokvksa dh fdruh vf/kdre ek=k dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA lgh ifjHkk\"kk fuEu :i eas nh tk ldrh gS% CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkfFkZd leL;k% nqyZHkrk ,oa p;u 19 mRiknu laHkkouk oØ vf/kdre mRiknu ds mu lc laHkkfor la;kstuksa dks n'kkZrk gS ftudk mRiknu fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkj ¼fn, x,½ lalk/kuksa ,oa nh gqbZ mRiknu rduhdksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions) mRiknu laHkkouk oØ n'kkZus ds fy, gesa ;g ekU;rk ysuh gksxh fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa dsoy nks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu gks jgk gSA bl ekU;rk dks rFkk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dh mijfyf[kr ifjHkk\"kk esa fufgr ekU;rkvksa dks fuEu izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS % 1. dq'kyrk ;k n{krk (Efficiency) & lHkh lk/kuksa dk dq'kyrk ls iz;ksx gks jgk gS vFkkZr vFkZO;oLFkk i.w kZ jkstxkj rFkk iw.kZ mRiknu dh ifjfLFkfr;kas esa dke dj jgh gSA 2. fLFkj lalk/ku (Fixed resources) & vFkZO;oLFkk eas miyC/k lla k/kuksa dh ek=k fLFkj o nh gqbZ gSA lk/kuksa dh ek=k esa o`f) ls mRiknu laHkkouk oØ f[kld tk,xkA 3. fLFkj izkS|ksfxdh (Fixed technology) & vFkZO;oLFkk fo'ks\"k dk rduhdh Kku fn;k gqvk gS vkSj mlesa fdlh le; fcUnq ij dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA 4. fof'k”Vrk ugha (Non-specificity) & dksbZ Hkh lk/ku iwjh rjg fof'k”V (specific) ugha gSA vFkkZr ,slk ugha gS fd fdlh lk/ku }kjk ,d gh oLrq dk mRiknu fd;k tk lds vkSj nwljh oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, og fcYdqy vuqi;qDr gksA 5. nks oLrqvksa dk mRiknu (Two products) & js[kkfp= }kjk fu:i.k rHkh laHko gS tc ge dsoy nks oLrqvksa ij gh fopkj djsa D;ksafd ge dsoy f}ferh; (two dimensional) js[kk gh [khap ldrs gSAa mRiknu laHkkouk oØ cukus ds fy, ge ;g ekU;rk ysaxs fd vFkZO;oLFkk esa dsoy nks oLrqvksa&canwdksa ;k xsg¡w&dk mRiknu gks jgk gSA ;gk¡ cna wdkas ls rkRi;Z lSU; oLrqvkas (military goods) rFkk xsgw¡ ls rkRi;Z vlSfud oLrqvksa (civilian goods) ls gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dk js[kkfp=h; fu:i.k (Graphical Depiction of Production Possibility Curve) mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dh lajpuk ds fy, lkj.kh 2.1 esa nh xbZ mRiknu laHkkouk lkj.kh (production possibility schedule) ij fopkj djsAa bl lkj.kh esa lSU; o vlSfud oLrvq ksa ds dqN ,sls la;kts u fy, x, gSa ftudk vFkZO;oLFkk fo'ks\"k eas fn, x, lalk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl lkj.kh esa geus lSU; o vlSfud oLrvq ksa ds lkr la;kstu n'kkZ, gSa ftudk mRiknu vFkZO;oLFkk esa fd;k tk ldrk gAS ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh lla k/kuksa dk mi;ksx lSU; oLrvq ksa ds mRiknu ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS rks og mudh 500 djksM+ bdkb;kas dk izfr o\"kZ mRiknu dj ldrh gSA blls fcUnq A ikz Ir gksrk gSA nlw jk la;kstu B ;g n'kkrZ k gS fd ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk vlSfud oLrvq ksa dh 100 djksM+ bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu djrh gS rks og lSU; oLrqvksa dh T;knk ls T;knk 480 djksM+ bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu dj ik,xh] bR;kfnA vkf[kjh la;kstu G bl ckr dk ifjpk;d gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk vius laiw.kZ lalk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dsoy vlSfud oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ij dj jgh gSA bl fLFkfr esa vlSfud oLrqvksa dk izfr o\"kZ mRiknu 600 djksM+ bdkb;k¡ gSa tcfd lSU; oLrqvksa dk mRiknu 'kwU; gSA A, B, C, D, E, F rFkk G l;a kstuksa dks oØ }kjk tksM+ nsa rks AG oØ izkIr gksrk gS tks mRiknu laHkkouk oØ gSA lkj.kh 2.1% lSU; o vlSfud oLrqvksa dh mRiknu laHkkouk,¡ la;kstu lSU; oLrq,¡ ¼mRiknu djksM+ bdkb;ksa esa izfr o\"kZ½ A 500 vlSfud oLrq,¡ B 480 C 450 0 D 400 100 E 330 200 F 225 300 G 0 400 500 600 p;u] nqyZHkrk rFkk volj ykxr dk fp=.k (Choice, Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Illustrated) & mRiknu laHkkouk oØ Åij of.kZr p;u] nqyZHkrk rFkk volj ykxr dk fp=.k djrk gSA nqyZHkrk mRiknu ifjlhek ds ckgj vizkI; la;kstu gSa ¼tSls js[kkfp= 2.1 eas fcUnq U }kjk O;Dr la;kstu½A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkfFkZd leL;k% nqyZHkrk ,oa p;u 21 p;u dk iz'u blfy, iSnk gksrk gS D;ksafd gesa Y mRiknu ifjlhek ij izkI; fcUnqvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks pquuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lekt ;k fcUnq 600 B ij gks ldrk gS ;k fcUnq C ijA og nksuksa fcUnqvksa ij ,d lkFk ugha gks ldrkA volj ykxr mRiknu lSU; oLrq,a (djksM+ bdkb;ka izfr o\"kZ) A B laHkkouk oØ ds _.kkRed <ky }kjk O;Dr dh xbZ 500 C gSA tSls&tSls vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu ifjlhek ij pyrh gS oSls&oSls ,d oLrq dh vf/kd ek=k nlw js dh de 400 D U (vizkI; l;a kts u) ek=k dh dher ij izkIr gksrh gSA1 300 E dq'ky mRiknu (Efficient production) & VF 200 (vdq'ky la;kstu) 100 GX 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 vlSfud oLrq,a (djksM+ bdkb;ka izfr o\"kZ) js[kkfp= 2.1% mRiknu laHkkouk oØ AG oØ ds lHkh fcUnq bl vFkZ eas dq'ky ;k n{k (efficient) gSa fd os ml vf/kdre mRiknu Lrj ds ifjpk;d gSa tks vFkZO;oLFkk vius lk/kukas ds mi;ksx }kjk izkIr dj ldrh gSA mRiknu laHkkouk oØ AG ds uhps ds lHkh fcUnq lk/kuksa ds vd'q ky mi;ksx ds ifjpk;d gSa D;kasfd mUgha lk/kuksa ds csgrj mi;kxs }kjk lSU; oLrqvksa dh] vlSfud oLrvq ksa dh] vFkok nksuksa oLrqvksa dh T;knk bdkb;ksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fcUnq V ij fopkj djsaA lalk/kuksa ds dsoy csgrj mi;ksx }kjk vFkOZ ;oLFkk fcUnq D ij tk ldrh gS ¼tks igys ftruh vlSfud oLrqvksa dh bdkb;ksa ijUrq vf/kd lSU; oLrqvkas dh bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu dk ifjpk;d gS½ ;k fcUnq F ij tk ldrh gS ¼tks igys ftruh lSU; oLrqvkas dh bdkb;kas ijUrq vf/kd vlfS ud oLrqvksa dh bdkb;ksa ds mRiknu dk ifjpk;d gS½ ;k fcUnq E ij tk ldrh gS ¼tks lSU; oLrqvksa rFkk vlSfud oLrqvksa nksukas ds vf/kd mRiknu dk ifjpk;d gS½A mRiknu laHkkouk oØ ds Åij ds lHkh fcUnq vikz I; (unattainable) gaS D;kasfd vFkZO;oLFkk esa miyC/k lla k/kuksa dh enn ls muds }kjk iznf'kZr mRiknu Lrjksa dks izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bl izdkj] fcUnq U vizkI; gSA blls ;g Li”V gksrk gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ AG ij cuh jgsxh vkSj bl oØ ij mlds lalk/kuksa dk dq'kyre iz;kxs gkxs kA lk/kuksa dh nqyZHkrk (scarcity) ds dkj.k dq'kyrk ;k n{krk vko';d gAS dq'kyre mRiknu dks U;wure&ykxr mRiknu fof/k (least-cost method of production) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 2.5 lkjka'k (Summary) 1. vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa dk mís'; ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk gSA tgk¡ ekuoh; vko';drk,a vlhfer gksrh gSa ogk¡ bUgsa lUrq”V djus ds fy, lk/ku lhfer gksrs gSaA blls nqyZHkrk dh fLFkfr iSnk gkrs h gSA ekuoh; vko';drkvksa dh rqyuk esa lalk/kuksa dh nqyZHkrk ds dkj.k p;u dh leL;k iSnk gksrh gSA 2. tc ge pquko djrs gSa ¼;k fu.kZ; ysrs gSa½ rks ftl loksZÙke fodYi dk ge ifjR;kx djrs gSa og ml pquko dh volj ykxr dgykrk gSA volj ykxrsa blfy, iSnk gksrh gSa D;ksafd lalk/ku nqyZHk ;k lhfer gSaA 3. mRiknu lHa kkouk oØ vf/kdre mRiknu ds mu lc laHkkfor la;kstuksa dks n'kkZrk gS ftudk mRiknu fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fLFkj ¼fn, x;s½ lalk/kuksa ,oa nh gqbZ mRiknu rduhdksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dk <ky Åij ls uhps dh vksj ck,a ls nk,a gksrk gS rFkk og ewy fcUnq dh vksj urkns j gksrk gSA oØ ds eyw fcUnq dh vkjs urkns j gkus s dk dkj.k c<+rh gqbZ volj ykxras gAS 2.6 eq[; 'kCnkoyh (Key Words/Abbreviation) 1. nqyZHkrk% vlhfer vko’;drkvksa ls iwjk djus ds fy, ^lhfer* lk/kuksa dk gksukA 2. volj ykxr% loksZÙke ifjR;Dr fodYi 3. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ% mRiknu lHa kkouk oØ vf/kdre mRiknu ds mu lc laHkkfor la;kstuksa dksa n’kkZrk gS ftudk mRiknu fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fn, x, lalk/kuksa ds iw.kZ rFkk n{krkiw.kZ mi;ksx rFkk nh gqbZ mRiknu rduhdksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2.7 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k (Learning Activity) 1. vkids }kjk fy, x, lHkh fu.kZ;kas esa dgha p;u rFkk volj ykxr fofgr gSA fo|kfFkZ;kas ls muds }kjk fy, x, rhu fu.kZ;ksa esa p;fu; fodYi rFkk mldh volj ykxr dh ppkZ Hkh gksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vkfFkZd leL;k% nqyZHkrk ,oa p;u 23 __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2.8 o.kZukRed iz’u (Descriptive Questions) 1. nqHkZyrk dh lda Yiuk Li”V dhft,A blls vkfFkZd leL;k,a dSls iSnk gksrh gSa\\ 2. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ D;k gS\\ ;g vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks le>kus esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gS\\ 3. fuEufyf[kr ij lfa {kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k, % (i) vDlj ykxr dh ladYiuk Li”V dhft,A (ii) c<+rh volj ykxr dk fu;e D;k gS\\ (iii) mRiknd laHkkouk oØ ck,a ls nk,a uhps dh vksj D;ksa >qdrk gS rFkk og ewy fcUnq dh vksj urksnj D;ksa gksrk gS\\ 2.9 cgqfodfYi; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) 1. fdlh leL;k ds vkfFkZd leL;k gksus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl@fdu ‘krZ Fkk ‘krksaZ dk iwjk gkus k vfuok;Z gS\\ ¼d½ vlhfer ekuuh; vko’;drk,a ¼[k½ lk/kuksa dh nqyHZ krk ¼x½ lk/kuksa ds oSdfYid mi;ksx ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh 2. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ (Production Possibility Frontier) cukus ds fy, fuEu esa ls fdl ‘krZ dk iwjk gksuk vko’;d ugha gSa\\ ¼d½ n{krk (Efficiency) ¼[k½ fLFkj izkS|ksfxdh ¼x½ c<rs gq, izfrQy dk fu;e ¼?k½ iw.kZ jkst+xkj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

24 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 3. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh /kkj.kk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ }kjk le>kbZ tkrh gS\\ ¼d½ volj ykxr ¼[k½ vklS r ykxr ¼x½ dqy vkxe ¼?k½ vklS r vkxe mÙkj% 1. ¼?k½] 2. ¼x½] 3. ¼d½ 2.10 lanHkZ (References) 1. Mishra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. (1998), Vyashti Arthashastra, Himalaya Publishing House. 2. Ahuja, H.L. (1999), Advanced Economic Theory, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi 3. Chopra, P.N. (1998), Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics, Kalyani Publishers. 4. Lekhi, R.K., Walia, H.S. & Talwar, S.J. (2003), Micro Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (2004), Economics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. 6. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (1999), Principles of Economics, Ninth Edition, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 3 vFkOZ ;oLFkk dh dUs nhz ; leL;k,a (Central Problems of An Economy) lajpuk 3.0 mÌs’; 3.1 ifjp; 3.2 vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a 3.3 mRiknu fdu oLrqvksa dk gks 3.4 mRiknu dk <ax D;k gks 3.5 mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk, 3.6 lkjka'k 3.7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 3.8 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 3.9 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 3.10 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 3.11 lanHkZ

26 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 3.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z fdu oLrqvksa dk rFkk mudh fdruh ek=k dk mRiknu fd;k tk, z oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fdl izdkj fd;k tk, z mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk, 3.1 ifjp; (Introduction) tSlk fd geus fiNys v/;k; esa i<+k Fkk] ekuoh; vko’;drk,a vlhfer rFkk mUgsa iwjk djus ds lk/ku lhfer rFkk oSdfYid mi;ksxksa okys gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k izR;sd vFkZO;oLFkk dks dqN leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iMr+ k gSA bUgh leL;kvksa dks vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a dgk tkrk gAS bl v/;k; esa ge bUgh dsUnzh; leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djsxa aA 3.2 vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a (Central Problems of an Economy) fo'o dh izR;sd vFkZO;oLFkk dks] pkgs og fodflr gks ;k fodkl'khy] dqN leL;kvksa dk fujUrj lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bu leL;kvkas dks vFkZO;oLFkk dh dUs nzh; leL;k,¡ dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk dh dk;Ziz.kkyh tkuus ds fy, gesa bldh dsUnzh; leL;kvksa ij fopkj djuk gksxkA LFkSfrd (static) n`f”Vdks.k ls lSE;qylu us rhu ewyHkwr ,oa ikjLifjd lacaf/kr vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dh ppkZ dh gSA ;s leL;k,¡ gSa% 1. fdu oLrvq ksa dk (rFkk mudh fdruh ek=kvksa dk) mRiknu fd;k tk,\\ 2. oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fdl idz kj fd;k tk, (vFkkZr mRiknu dk <ax D;k gks)\\ 3. mRiknu fdu yksxksa ds fy, fd;k tk,\\1 1. Paul A Samuelson, Economics (1976), pp. 17-18. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a 27 ;s rhu cqfu;knh leL;k,¡ gSa rFkk lHkh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks (pkgs mudk Lo:i fdlh Hkh izdkj gks) bu leL;kvksa dk fu;fer :i ls gy [kkstuk gh gksxkA bu rhu cqfu;knh leL;kvksa ds vykok rhu vkSj egÙoiw.kZ leL;k,¡ gaS ftudh vkjs fjpMZ th- fyIls us è;ku vkdf\"kZr fd;k gSA ;s leL;k,¡ gaS % 1. iw.kZ jkts +xkj dk Lrj dSls izkIr fd;k tk,\\ 2. mRiknu lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx esa n{krk ;k dq'kyrk (efficiency) dSls izkIr dh tk, rFkk mRikfnr eky dk forj.k dSls fd;k tk,\\ 3. fodkl dh vf/kdre laHkkfor nj dSls izkIr dh tk,\\2 buesa ls dqN leL;kvkas dh O;k[;k ds fy, mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dkQh mi;ksxh midj.k gS tSlkfd fuEufyf[kr fooj.k ls Li”V gS % 3.3 mRiknu fdu oLrqvksa dk gks\\ (What to Produce?) mRiknu ds lk/ku lhfer gSa tcfd gekjh Y vko’;drk,a vlhferA LokHkkfod gS fd bu lSU; oLrq,a P A lhfer lk/kuksa ls gekjh lHkh vko’;drkvkas dh R U iwfrZ ugha gks ldrhA ;fn ge vius lk/kuksa dk S vf/kd mi;ksx ‘A’ oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, B djasxs] rks ‘B’ oLrq ds mRiknu ds fy, gekjs ikl T VC de lkk/ku cpsaxsA blls p;u dh leL;k mRiUUk gkrs h gS] vFkkrZ ~ gesa fu.kZ; yus k iM+rk gS fd fdrus lk/ku] fdruh ek=k eas] fdu oLrvq ksa ds mRiknu O Q M N P1 X ds fy, yxk, tk,aA bls lk/kuksa ds c¡Vokjs (Allocation of resources) dh leL;k Hkh dgk vlSfud oLr,q a tk ldrk gSA rks igyh dsUnhz ; leL;k esa bl js[kkfp= 3.1% mRiknu laHkkouk oØ vFkZO;oLFkk dh dUs nzh; leL;kvkas dh O;k[;k djrk gS ckr ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS fd mRiknu fdu oLrqvksa dk gksA js[kkfp= 3.1 eas mRiknu laHkkouk oØ PP1 ds fcUnqvksa A rFkk C ij fopkj djsaA ;s fcUnq lSU; o vlSfud oLrqvksa ds fofHkUu la;kstuksa dks izdV djrs 2. Richard G. Lipsey, An Introduction to Positive Economics (1976), pp. 52-56. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I gSa ftudk vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu dj ldrh gSA bu fcUnvq ksa ds vykok mRiknu lHa kkouk oØ ij vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs fcUnq ns'k fo'ks\"k dh lSU; o vlSfud oLrqvksa dh mRiknu laHkkoukvksa ds la;kstu fn[kkrs gSaA vc gesa fopkj djuk gS fd ns'k vius lk/kuksa dk iw.kZ vkSj dq'kyre mi;ksx djrs gq, lSU; o vlfS ud oLrqvksa ds fofHkUu la;kstuksa eas ls fdl la;kstu dk p;u djsxkA Li”V gS fd ns'k miyC/k mRiknu laHkkoukvksa dk og la;kstu pqusxk tks mldh jk”Vªh; uhfr;ksa ds vuq:i gksxkA ;fn ns'k 'kkafrfiz; gksxk rks fcUnq C puq sxk ;k C ls P1 ds chp dk dkbs Z fcUnqA nlw jh vksj] ;fn dksbZ rkuk'kkg jktlÙkk ij gS rks og laHkor% A puq sxk vFkok ,slk dksbZ la;kstu pqusxk ftlesa lSU; oLrqvksa dk mRiknu vf/kd rFkk vlSfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu de gksA js[kkfp= 3.1 ij xkSj djus ij ;g Hkh Li”V gks tkrk gS fd vlSfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu c<+kus ds fy, lSU; oLrqvksa dk mRiknu de djuk gksxk vkSj lSU; oLrqvkas dk mRiknu vf/kd j[kus dk vFkZ gS fd vlSfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu de gksxkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn ns'k fo'ks\"k B fcUnq }kjk fn[kk;k x;k mRiknu dk la;kstu pqurk gS rks lSU; oLrqvkas ds mRiknu dh ek=k OS vkSj vlSfud oLrqvksa ds mRiknu dh ek=k OM gksxhA B fcUnq ls C ij igqapus dk vFkZ ;g gS fd lSU; oLrqvksa dh ek=k esa ST ds cjkcj deh gksxh vkSj vlfS ud oLrqvkas dh ek=k eas MN ds cjkcj o`f) gksxhA bl izdkj vlSfud oLrvq ksa ds mRiknu eas MN ds cjkcj o`f) izkIr djus ds fy, lSU; oLrvq ksa ds mRiknu eas ST ds cjkcj deh gksxhA 3.4 mRiknu dk <ax D;k gks\\ (How to Produce?) nwljh dsUnzh; leL;k mRiknu dh jhfr ds pquko dh leL;k gSA bls izk;% rduhd ds p;u dh leL;k Hkh dgrs gSaA fdlh ns'k ds }kjk ;fn lgh rduhd dk pquko ugha fd;k tkrk rks okLrfod mRiknu laHkkO; mRiknu ls de gksrk gSA ;fn js[kkfp= 3.1 eas ns'k fo'k\"s k dk okLrfod mRiknu V fcUnq ij gks rks bl ckr dh vk'kadk gS fd mRiknu rduhd lgh ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ek=k lgh rduhd ds p;u ls gh mRiknu ds Lrj dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lgh mRiknu dh rduhd ls ns'k fcUnq V ls fcUnq A ij tk ldrk gS] C ij tk ldrk gS vFkok A o C ds chp fdlh fcUnq ij (tSls fcUnq B)A ;fn ns'k fcUnq A ij igqaprk gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd vlSfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu rks iwooZ r~ jgsxk ijUrq lSU; oLrqvksa dk mRiknu c<+ tk,xkA ;fn ns'k fcUnq C ij igqaprk gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd lSU; oLrqvkas dk mRiknu rks iwoZor~ jgsxk ijUrq vlSfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu c<+ tk,xkA ;fn n's k A o C ds chp fdlh fcUnq ij igqapsxk (tSls fd fcUnq B) rks lSU; oLrqvksa vkSj vlfS ud oLrqvkas nksuksa dk gh mRiknu c<+k;k tk ldsxkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a 29 mRiknu dk okLrfod Lrj laHkkO; Lrj ls uhps gksus ds nks vU; dkj.k Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ;s dkj.k gSa% mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds vkcVa u esa vdq'kyrk vkSj Je rFkk vU; lk/kuksa dh cjs ktxkjhA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa lk/kuksa dk vkcaVu ftruk de dq'ky gkxs k mRiknu dk okLrfod Lrj Hkh mRiknu laHkkouk oØ ls mruk gh nwj gksxkA blh izdkj csjkstxkjh ftruh vf/kd gksxh] okLrfod mRiknu dks lwfpr djus okyk fcUnq mRiknu lHa kkouk oØ ls mruk gh nwj vkSj ewy fcUnq (point of origin) ds mruk gh ikl gksxkA 3.5 mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk, (For Whom to Produce) ;g leL;k okLro esa tula[;k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa eas (ykxs ksa esa) dqy mRiknu ds forj.k dh gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g ckr bl ij fuHkZj djrh gS dh jk”Vªh; vk; dk c¡Vokjk lk/ku vk; ds :i esa vFkkZr~ etnjw h] yxku] C;kt rFkk ykHk esa fdl izdkj ls gksrk gSA futh {ks= esa lk/ku vk; dk fu/kkZj.k dher la;a= }kjk vFkkZr~ ekxa o ifw rZ dh ‘kfDr;kas dh vUrZfØ;k }kjk gksrk gS tcfd lkoZtfud {ks= esa lk/ku vk; dk fu/kkZj.k djrs le; lkekftd U;k; rFkk dY;k.k ds fl/kkUrksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA bldk ,d vU; i{k Hkh gSA ^mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk,* & ;g leL;k bl nqfo/kk dk Hkh v/;;u djrh gS fd vf/kd mRiknu /kuh oxZ ds fy, fd;k tk, vFkok fu/kZu oxZ ds fy,A /kuh oxZ ds fy, vf/kd mRiknu gksus dk vFkZ gS fd foykflrk dh oLrvq ksa dk mRiknu vf/kd gksxk tcfd fu/kZu oxZ ds fy, vf/kd mRiknu gksus dk vFkZ gS fd vfuok;Z miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu vf/kd gksxkA fdUrq ;gk¡ Hkh mRiknd oxZ bl fu.kZ; dks ysrs le; mudh Ø; {kerk dks gh /;ku esa j[ksxk tksfd lk/ku vk; ds c¡Vokjs ij fuHkZj djsxhA 3.6 lkjka'k (Summary) 1- lHkh vFkOZ ;oLFkkvksa dks dqN vkfFkZd leL;kvksa ls fujUrj tw>uk iM+rk gS] ftUgs vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a dgk tkrk gSA 2- igyh dsaUnzh; leL;k bl ckr ij /;ku nsrh gS fd fdu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk, rFkk fdruh ek=k esa fd;k tk,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 3- lk/ku lhfer] rFkk vko’;drk,a vlhfer gksus ds dkj.k ge lHkh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ugha dj ldrs] vr% gesa mijksDr vkfFkZd leL;k ds vulq kj] fu.kZ; ysuk iM+rk gS fd fdu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fd;k tk,] vkjS fdruh ek=k esa fd;k tk,A 4- vFkZO;oLFkk dh nwljh dsUnhz ; leL;k rduhd ds pquko ls lacaf/kr gS] vFkkrZ ~ mRiknu dk <ax D;k gSA 5- vFkZO;oLFkk dh rhljh dsaUnhz ; leL;k bl c+kr ij /;ku nsrh gS fd mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk,A bl leL;k dks jk”Vªh; vk; ds etnwjh] yxku] C;kt rFkk ykHk esa c¡Vokjs ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 3.7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh (Key Words/Abbreviation) 1. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ (Production Possibility Curve or Production Possibility Frontier)% mRiknu laHkkouk oØ nks oLrqvksa ds mu lHkh la;kstuksa dks n’kkZrk gS ftudk mRiknu fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa fn, x, lalk/kuksa ds iw.kZ rFkk n{krkiw.kZ mi;ksx rFkk nh gqbZ mRiknu rduhdksa dh lgk;rk ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2. laHkkO; mRiknu Lrj (Potential Level of Output)% tc ,d vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ ij gksrh gS vFkkZr~ fn, x, lk/kuksa rFkk rduhd dk iw.kZ rFkk n{krki.w kZ mi;ksx djrh gS] rks mRiknu dk Lrj laHkkO; mRiknu Lrj gksrk gSA 3.8 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k (Learning Activity) 1. eku yhft, vkids ikl mRiknu ds lk/kuksa dh ,d fuf’Pkr ek=k gS ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, 10 [ksr o 10 Jfed½A eku yhft, fd vk; bu lk/kuksa dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djds 5 fDoaVy xgs wa rFkk 1 fDoaVy pkoy mxk ldrs gksA ¼d½ mUgh lk/kuksa ds iw.kZ iz;ksx }kjk vki xsgwa o pkoy ds vkSj dkSu ls la;kstu izkIr dj ldrs gks\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k,a 31 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ¼[k½ mu la;kstuksa dh ,d lwph cukb;s rFkk mlds vk/kkj ij ,d mRiknu laHkkouk oØ dh jpuk dhft,A ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3.9 o.kZukRed iz’u (Descriptive Questions) 1. ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dks dkSu lh dsUnzh; leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\\ 2. mRiknu laHkkouk oØ D;k gS\\ ;g vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dks le>kus esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gS\\ 3.10 cgqfodfYi; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions) 1. fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu dk okLrfod Lrj laHkkO; Lrj ls uhps gksus ds@dk laHkkfor dkj.k gS% ¼d½ mRiknu ds fy, lgh rduhd dk pquko u gksuk ¼[k½ mRiknu ds lk/kuksa ds vkcVa u esa vdq’kyrk ¼x½ csjkst+xkjh ¼?k½ mijksDr lHkh 2. fuEu esa ls D;k ,d vFkZO;oLFkk dh dsUnzh; leL;k ugha gS\\ ¼d½ C;kt nj dk fu/kkZj.k ¼[k½ fdu oLrvq ksa dk mRiknu gks\\ ¼x½ mRiknu fdl <ax ls gks\\ ¼?k½ mRiknu fdlds fy, fd;k tk,\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

32 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 3. ;fn vFkZO;oLFkk mRiknu laHkkouk oØ ls uhps ds fcUnq ij g]S rks bldk vFkZ gS fd ¼d½ lalk/kuksa dk iw.kZ mi;ksx ugha gks jgkA ¼[k½ vFkZO;oLFkk esa csjkst+xkjh dh fLFkfr gSA ¼x½ ‘A’ rFkk ‘B’ nksuksa fodYi lgh gSaA ¼?k½ mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA mÙkj% 1. ¼?k½] 2. ¼d½] 3. ¼x½ 3.11 lanHkZ (References) 1. Mishra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. (1998), Vyashti Arthashastra, Himalaya Publishing House. 2. Ahuja, H.L. (1999), Advanced Economic Theory, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi 3. Chopra, P.N. (1998), Micro Economic Theory and Welfare Economics, Kalyani Publishers. 4. Chopra, P.N. (2006), Advanced Economic Theory, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 5. Lekhi, R.K., Walia, H.S. & Talwar, S.J. (2003), Micro Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 6. Lipsey, R.G. & Chrystal, K.A. (2004), Economics, Oxford University Press, New Delhi. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

?kVd 4 mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k (Utility Analysis) lajpuk 4.0 mÌs’; 4.1 ifjp; 4.2 mi;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk 4.3 âkleku lhekar mi;kfs xrk fu;e 4.4 le&lhekar mi;kfs xrk fu;e 4.5 le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e ds mi;ksx 4.6 Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk dh ladYiuk 4.7 vuf/keku oØ dk vFkZ 4.8 lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj 4.9 vuf/keku oØksa dh fo'ks\"krk,a 4.10 ctV js[kk 4.11 miHkksDrk dk larqyu 4.12 vk; izHkko 4.13 izfrLFkkiu izHkko

34 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 4.14 dher izHkko 4.15 lkjka'k 4.16 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 4.17 f’k{k.k xfrfof/k 4.18 o.kuZ kRed iz’u 4.19 cgqfodfYi; iz'u 4.20 lanHkZ 4.0 mÌs’; (Objectives) vki bl v/;k; ds v/;;u ds ckn fuEu fo”k;ksa dks le> ldsxa s% z mi;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk D;k gS\\ z lhekar mi;ksfxrk ,oa dqy mi;ksfxrk D;k gS\\ z âkleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e D;k gS\\ z le&lhekUr mi;ksfxrk fu;e D;k gS\\ z le&lhekUr mi;kfs xrk fu;e ds D;k mi;ksx gSa\\ z Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk dh ladYiuk D;k gS\\ z vuf/keku oØ D;k gS\\ z lhekUr ifz rLFkkiu nj D;k gS\\ z vf/keku oØksa dh D;k fo’ks”krk,a gSa\\ z ctV js[kk D;k gS\\ z miHkksDrk dh larqyu fLFkfr fdl fcanq ij izkIr gksrh gS\\ z vk; izHkko] izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk dher izHkko D;k gS\\ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 35 4.1 ifjp; (Introduction) oLrqvksa o lsokvksa dh ekax dk fo’ys”k.k O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA fdlh oLrq ;k lsok dh ekax mlls feyus okyh mi;ksfxrk ds dkj.k gh dh tkrh gSA vr% ekxa dk fo’ys”k.k djus ds fy, mi;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk dks le>kuk vko’;d gSA bl v/;k; eas igys ge mi;ksfxrk ds x.kukokpd fo’ys”k.k dk o.kZu djasxsA fdUrq vkykspdkas us vO;ogkfjd ekU;rkvksa fo’ks”kdj mi;ksfxrk ds x.kukokpd eki dh ekU;rk ds vk/ kkj ij bl fo’y”s k.k dh vkykspuk dh gAS bu vFkZ’kkfL=;ksa us Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk fo’y”s k.k dh ladYiuk nh gSA vr% bl v/;k esa ge Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk fo’y”s k.k ij Hkh foLrr` ppkZ djsxa sA 4.2 mi;ksfxrk dh vo/kkj.kk (The Concept of Utility) mi;ksfxrk fdlh oLrq dh vko';drk iwfrZ dh 'kfDr gSA vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=h mi;ksfxrk dh x.kukokpd (cardinal) rFkk Øeokpd (ordinal) vo/kkj.kk dh ppkZ djrs gSaA bueas vUrj tkuuk vko';d gAS x.kukokpd ladYiuk esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd mi;ksfxrk dk eki laHko gS vFkkZr~ gekjs fy, ;g crk ikuk laHko gS fd fdlh oLrq dh vyx&vyx bdkb;ksa ls fdruh mi;ksfxrk feyrh gSA bl ladYiuk ds leFkZd vFkZ'kkL=h;ksa tSls fofy;e LVsuyh tsola (William Stanley Jevons), dkyZ esatj (Karl Menger), fyvksu okyjk (Leon Walras), vY›sM ek'kZy (Alfred Marshall) bR;kfn dk fo'okl gS fd ftl izdkj nw/k ;k ikuh dks fyVj esa] m¡pkbZ dks ehVj eas] njw h dks fdykes hVj esa] Toj dks fMxzh esa ekiuk laHko gS] mlh izdkj mi;ksfxrk dks Hkh ekik tk ldrk gSA bl vo/kkj.kk ds leFkZd dqN vFkZ'kkL=h ;g ekurs gSa fd mi;ksfxrk dks eqnzk ds :i esa ekik tk ldrk gS (fdlh oLrq dh ,d bdkbZ [kjhnus ds fy, miHkkDs rk tks jkf'k nsus dks rRij gS og ml bdkbZ dh mi;ksfxrk ekuh tk,xh)A dNq vU; vFkZ'kkL=h mi;ksfxrk dks dkYifud bdkbZ (tSls ;wfVy) esa ekiuk vf/kd mi;qDr le>rs gSaA vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkL=h ekurs gSa fd mi;ksfxrk dk eki laHko ugha gSA ijUrq fu'p; gh miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dks mi;ksfxrk&vuqlkj ,d Øe (rank) esa j[k ldrk gSA ;g mi;ksfxrk dh Øeokpd ladYiuk gSA bl ladYiuk ij tksj nsus okyksa esa izeq[k vFkZ'kkL=h gSa& ts-vkj- fgDl (J.R. Hicks), LyV~Ldh (Slutsky), rFkk iSjsrks (Pareto)A bu vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj] miHkkDs rk vf/keku ds Øekuqlkj (scale of preference) oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds fofHkUu la;kstuksa dks Øe esa j[k ldrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I lhekUr mi;ksfxrk (Marginal Utility) lhekUr mi;ksfxrk miHkksx dh tkus okyh vFkok [kjhnh tkus okyh oLrq dh lhekar (vfUre) bdkbZ dh mi;ksfxrk gksrh gSA lw= :i eas lhekar mi;ksfxrk dh ifjHkk\"kk ge fuEufyf[kr :i eas dj ldrs gaS % MU = TU – TU n n n–1 bl lw= eas MU n oha bdkbZ dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk vkSj TU rFkk TU Øe'k% n ,oa (n – 1) bdkb;ksa n n n–1 dh dqy mi;ksfxrk,a gSaA vktdy vFkZ'kkL=kh pyu dyu (calculus) dh Hkk\"kk esa lhekar mi;kfs xrk dh ifjHkk\"kk nsuk ilan djrs gSa tks bl izdkj gS % d TU MU = dQ x bl izdkj X oLrq dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk mldh ek=k esa cgqr FkksM+s ifjorZu ds dkj.k dqy mi;ksfxrk esa gksus okyk ifjorZu gSA dqy mi;ksfxrk (Total Utility) tc fdlh O;fDr ds ikl fdlh oLrq ds LVkWd esa ,d ls vf/kd bdkb;ka gksrh gSa rks mldks viuh lHkh bdkb;ksa ls feyus okyh mi;ksfxrk dk ;ksx dqy mi;ksfxrk dgykrk gSA dqy mi;ksfxrk dh eki dk lw= fuEufyf[kr gS % TU = MU + MU + MU + ... + MU n n123 lw= esa TU , n bdkbZ;ksa dh dqy mi;ksfxrk vkSj MU , MU rFkk MU Øe'k% igyh] nlw jh vkSj n n 12 n oha bdkb;ksa dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 37 4.3 âkleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e (Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility) vko';drk fdruh gh rhoz D;kas u gks vkjS mls larq”V djus ds fy, vko';d oLrq fdruh gh fiz; D;ksa u gks] vko';drk fQj Hkh lra q”V dh tk ldrh gS] vkSj oLrq fo'ks\"k dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dk ,d lhek ij igaqp dj 'kwU; gksuk vko';d gSA O;fDr viuh vko';drk dks larq”V djus ds fy, tSls gh fdlh oLrq dk miHkksx izkjaHk djrk gS] vko'drk dh rhozrk ?kVus yxrh gS vkSj oLrq ftldk miHkksx fd;k tkrk gS] de mi;ksxh gksrh tkrh gS vkSj var esa ,d ,slh fLFkfr vkrh gS tc O;fDr dks oLrq fo'ks\"k ds miHkksx ls dksbZ mi;ksfxrk ugha feyrhA ;fn miHkksx dk Øe yxkrkj pyrk jgrk gS rks miHkksDrk dks oLrq ls v#fp gks tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa mi;ksfxrk _.kkRed gks tkrh gSA okLro esa ;g ,d lkoZHkSfed ioz `fÙk gS tks dqN ekU;rkvksa ds lkFk izR;sd oLrq ds miHkksx esa ikbZ tkrh gSA vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us bl izo`fÙk dk lk/kkj.khdj.k dj bls ^ákleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e* dgk gSA lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkl fu;e dh foospuk vusd vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us dh gSA bl fu;e ds laca/k esa yxHkx lHkh fo}ku ,der gSa vkSj mUgksaus tks dqN fy[kk gS] mlesa dsoy Hkk\"kk dk vUrj gSA ek'kZy ds 'kCnksa eas % ßfdlh O;fDr dks mlds ikl fdlh oLrq dh ek=kk esa of` ) gkus s ls tks vfrfjDr ykHk izkIr gksrk gS] og ml oLrq dh ekax esa gksus okyh izR;sd o`f) ds lkFk ?kVrk tkrk gSAÞ1 fyIls ,oa ØkbLVy }kjk nh xbZ ifjHkk\"kk ds vuqlkj % ßvU; oLrqvksa dk miHkksx fLFkj j[kus ij] fdlh oLrq ds dqy miHkksx esa tSls&tSls o`f) dh tkrh gS oSls&oSls miHkksDrk dks mldh izR;sd vfrfjDr bdkbZ ls izkIr gksus okyh mi;ksfxrk yxkrkj de gksrh tkrh gSAÞ2 1. “The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase of his stock of a thing, diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has.” Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics (London : Macmillan and Co. Ltd., ELBS, edition 1962), p. 79. 2. “The marginal utility that any consumer derives from successive units of a particular product diminishes as his or her total consumption of that commodity increases, while holding constant the consumption of all other products.” Richard G. Lipsey and K. Alec Chrystal Principles of Economics (Oxford University Press, Ninth edition 1999), p. 87. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I mnkgj.k }kjk fu;e dh O;k[;k (Explanation of the Law with the Help of an Example) âkleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e dh fØ;k'khyrk dk {ks= bruk vf/kd O;kid gS fd bldh ioz `fÙk dks lHkh O;fDr izfrfnu vius miHkksx esa ikrs gSaA vc ge mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls bl fu;e dks Li”V djsaxsA ge eku ysa fd nw/k dh fofHkUu ek=kvksa ls lhekar mi;ksfxrk lkj.kh 4.1 eas fn, x, vkda M+ksa ds vuqlkj izkIr gksrh gSA lkj.kh 4.1% âkleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk 28 Y A nw/k dh bdkb;ka lhekar mi;ksfxrk nw/ ls feyus okyh lhekar mi;ksfxrk (#i;ksa esa) 7 X (fyVj esa) (#i;ksa esa) 24 C 20 1 24 MU 2 20 18 3 14 4 8 12 5 +2 6 0 8 7 –4 4 B 0 1 2 3 456 &4 nw/k dh bdkb;ka &8 bl lkj.kh esa nh xbZ tkudkjh dks js[kkfp= js[kkfp= 4.1% âkleku mi;ksfxrk fu;e dk fu:i.k 4.1 }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gAS bl fp= eas X v{k ij nw/k dh ek=k (fyVj esa) rFkk Y v{k ij bu fofHkUu ek=kvksa ls izkIr gksus okyh lhekar mi;kfs xrk dks fy;k x;k gSA lhekar mi;kfs xrk oØ ck,a ls nk,a uhps dh rjQ >dq rk gqvk gS tks bl ckr dk |ksrd gS fd tSls tSls nw/k dk miHkksx c<+rk gS mldh lhekar mi;ksfxrk de gksrh tkrh gSA tc miHkksx 6 yhVj rd igq¡p tkrk gS rks lhekra mi;ksfxrk 'kwU; gks tkrh gAS ;g js[kkfp= 4.1 esa fcUnq B gSA bl fcUnq ds ckn lhekar mi;ksfxrk _.kkRed gks tkrh gSA dsusFk bZ- cksfYaMx ds vuqlkj] âkleku lhekar mi;kfs xrk fu;e ds ykxw gksus ds nks dkj.k gSa % (i) oLrq,a ,d nwljs dh viw.kZ izfrLFkkid gSa; rFkk (ii) lHkh vko';drkvksa dks ijw k fd;k tk ldrk gS (all wants are satiable)A3 igys rdZ ij è;ku nsaA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd oLrq,a ,d nwljs dh iw.kZ LFkkukiUu ugha gSaA blfy, mudk mi;Dq r vuiq krkas esa miHkkxs djuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] McyjksVh vkSj eD[ku ds 3. Kenneth E. Boulding, Economic Analysis (London, 1955), p. 683. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 39 miHkksx ij fopkj djsaA tSls&tSls ge McyjksVh dh ,d fuf'pr ek=k ij eD[ku dh Øe'k% vkSj bdkbZ;ka yxkrs pys tkrs gSa oSls&olS s eD[ku dh c<+rh gqbZ bdkb;ka gekjs vkuUn eas igys ls de o`f) djrh gSaA cgqr tYn ge ,ls h fLFkfr esa ig¡qp tkrs gSa tgk¡ eD[ku yxkus ds fy, McyjksVh de iM+ tkrh gSA cksfYaMx dk nlw jk rdZ bl lPpkbZ ij vk/kfjr gS fd dksbZ fof'k”V vko';drk ,slh ugha gS ftls iwjk u fd;k tk ldAs mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge vU; oLrqvksa dh pkgs fdruh gh vf/kd ek=kvksa dk miHkksx djsa] ued dh ekax ,d fuf'pr ek=k ls vf/kd ugha gksxhA iw.kZ larqf”V dk fcUnq vo'; vk,xk vkSj rc lhekar mi;ksfxrk 'kUw ; gks tk,xhA miHkksx dh de ek=kvksa ij lhekar mi;ksfxrk èkukRed gksxh vkSj dyq mi;ksfxrk c<+ jgh gksxhA ßmiHkksx ds ml Lrj ij tgk¡ lhekar mi;ksfxrk /kukRed gS rFkk miHkksx ds mPp Lrj ij tgk¡ lhekar mi;ksfxrk 'kwU; gS] ds chp vo'; gh lhekar mi;kfs xrk fxj jgh gksxhAÞ4 âkleku lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e dh ekU;rk,a (Assumptions of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility) lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkl fu;e dqN fo'ks\"k ifjfLFkr;ksa esa gh fØ;k'khy gksrk gSA vFkZ'kkL=h bUgha dks lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkl fu;e dh ekU;rk,a crykras gSaA ;s fuEufyf[kr gaS % 1. miHkksDrk dk O;ogkj foosdiw.kZ gSA 2. mi;ksfxrk dk eqnzk ds ekè;e ls x.kukokpd eki laHko gSA 3. miHkksx dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk fLFkj jgrh gSA 4. miHkksx dh tkus okyh oLrq dh bdkb;ka xq.k rFkk ifjek.k esa ,d lh gkus h pkfg,A 5. miHkksx dk Øe chp eas VwV tkus ij Hkh lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkl fu;e ykxw ugha gksrkA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd Øe VVw tkus ij vko';drk,a igys dh Hkkafr rhoz gks tkrh gSaA 6. lhekar mi;ksfxrk âkl fu;e dh fØ;k'khyrk ds fy, vko';d gS fd miHkkDs rk dh vk;] #fp] vknr vkjS QS'ku esa ifjorZu ugha gkus k pkfg,A 4. Ibid., p. 683. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

40 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I 4.5 le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e (Law of Equi-Marginal Utility) le&lhekar mi;kfs xrk fu;e dh O;k[;k djrs gq, ek'kyZ (Marshall) us fy[kk gS % ;fn fdlh O;fDr ds ikl ,slh oLrq gS ftls og dbZ rjg ls mi;ksx esa yk ldrk gS rc og ml oLrq dks mu mi;ksxksa esa bl izdkj ckaVsxk fd izR;sd mi;ksx esa ml oLrq dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk leku jgs] D;ksafd ;fn bldh lhekar mi;ksfxrk fdlh ,d mi;ksx esa nwljs mi;ksx dh rqyuk esa vf/kd gS rks nwljs mi;ksx ls gVdj igys mi;ksx esa ykus ls mls ykHk gksxkA5 vfHkizk; ;g gS fd ftu oLrqvksa ds vusd mi;ksx gksrs gSa mUgsa O;fDr fofHkUu mi;ksxksa ds chp bl idz kj ckaVrk gS fd lHkh mi;ksxksa esa oLrq dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk cjkcj jgrh gSA Li”V gS fd eqnzk dk iz;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS] eqnzk }kjk fofHkUu oLrq,a [kjhnh tk ldrh gSaA blfy, eqnzk dks O;; djrs le; O;fDr dk iz;Ru ;g gksxk fd eqnzk ds cnys esa izkIr dh tkus okyh lHkh oLrqvksa dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk leku gkAs bl laca/k esa ts-vkj- fgDl (J.R. Hicks) fy[krs gSa % ßtc izR;sd fn'kk eas O;; dh lhekar bdkb;ksa ls mi;ksfxrk esa leku o`f) izkIr gksrh gS rks mi;ksfxrk vf/kdre gks tkrh gSAÞ6 fgDl dk ;g dFku fooknjfgr gSA bl lac/a k esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks vius O;kogkfjd vuqHko ls bruk Kku rks jgrk gh gS fd ;fn vk; ds O;; }kjk vf/kdre mi;ksfxrk izkIr djuh gS rks iz;Ru ;g gksuk pkfg, fd [kjhnh tkus okyh oLrqvksa (X, Y vkSj Z) dh lhekra bdkb;ksa ls leku mi;ksfxrk izkIr gksA vFkkZr] MU = MU = MU xy z vkb, vc le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e dks ,d mnkgj.k dh lgk;rk ls Li”V djsaA eku ysa fd miHkksDrk ds ikl dqy eqnzk jkf'k 8 #i, gS ftls og nks oLrqvkas – X rFkk Y – ij [kpZ djuk pkgrk gSA izR;sd oLrq dh izfr bdkbZ dher 1 #i;k gSA blfy, miHkksDrk nksuksa oLrqvksa dh dqy feykdj vkB bdkb;ka [kjhn ldrk gSA lkj.kh 4.2 esa miHkksDrk dks X rFkk Y dh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa ls izkIr gksus okyh lhekar mi;ksfxrk n'kkbZ Z xbZ gSA 5. “If a person has a thing which he can put to several uses, he will distribute it among these uses in such a way that it has the same marginal utility in all. For if it had a greater marginal utility in one use than another, he would gain by taking away some of it from the second use and applying it to the first.” Alfred Marshall, op. cit., p. 98. 6. “Utility will be maximised when marginal unit of expenditure in each direction brings in the same increment of utility.” J.R. Hicks, op.cit. p. 20. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 41 lkj.kh 4.2 % X rFkk Y ls izkIr gksus okyh lhekar mi;ksfxrk oLrq X oLrq Y bdkb;ka lhekar mi;ksfxrk bdkb;ka lhekar mi;ksfxrk 1 MU (#i;ksa esa) 1 MU (#i;ksa esa) 2 2 3 x 3 y 4 4 5 3.00 5 4.00 6 6 7 2.60 7 3.50 2.20 3.00 1.70 2.60 1.20 2.20 0.70 1.90 0.20 1.60 lkj.kh 4.2 ls Li”V gS fd ;fn miHkksDrk dsoy 1 #i;k [kpZ djuk pkgrk gS rks og Y oLrq dh ,d bdkbZ [kjhnsxk D;ksfa d blls mls vf/kdre mi;ksfxrk (4 #i,) ikz Ir gksrh gAS og nwljk #i;k Hkh Y oLrq dh nwljh bdkbZ [kjhnus ds fy, [kpZ djsxk D;ksafd blls izkIr gksus okyh mi;ksfxrk (tks 3.50 #i, gS) X oLrq dh igyh bdkbZ ls feyus okyh mi;ksfxrk ls T;knk gSA vxys nks #i, og X oLrq vkSj Y oLrq dh ,d&,d bdkbZ [kjhnus ij [kpZ djsxk D;ksafd buls mls 3 #i, ds cjkcj mi;ksfxrk izkIr gksrh gSA ikapos vkjS NBs #i, dks Hkh X rFkk Y dh ,d&,d bdkbZ [kjhnus ij [kpZ fd;k tk,xk (nksuksa ls 2.60 #i, ds cjkcj mi;ksfxrk izkIr gksrh gS)A blh izdkj lkrosa vkSj vkBosa #i, dks X dh ,d bdkbZ rFkk Y dh ,d bdkbZ [kjhnus ij [kpZ fd;k tk,xk vkSj nksuksa ls ikz Ir gksus okyh lhekar mi;ksfxrk 2.20 #i, gksxhA blh izdkj] miHkksDrk ogka vkdj #dsxk tgk¡ nksuksa oLrqvksa ls izkIr gksus okys lhekra mi;ksfxrk cjkcj gS vFkkZr MU = MU xy Åij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa miHkksDrk vUrr% X dh rhu rFkk Y dh ikap bdkb;ka [kjhnsxk vkSj ,slk djus ls nksuksa oLrqvksa ls izkIr gksus okyh lhekar mi;ksfxrk cjkcj gksxhA bl fLFkfr esa miHkksDrk dks vf/kdre dqy mi;ksfxrk izkIr gksxhA ;fn miHkksDrk mijksDr Øe ls [kjhnkjh ugha djrk rks mls oLrqvksa dh lhekar bdkb;ksa ls leku mi;ksfxrk izkIr ugha gksxh vkSj dqy mi;ksfxrk vf/kdre ugha gksxhA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn miHkksDrk oLrq X ,oa Y nksuksa dh pkj&pkj bdkb;ka [kjhnrk gS rks mldh dqy mi;ksfxrk 50 iSls CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 O;f”V vFkZ’kkL= & I de gks tk,xhA ;fn og X dh 2 rFkk Y dh 6 bdkb;ka [kjhnrk gS rks mldh dqy mi;ksfxrk 30 iSls de gks tk,xhA js[kkfp= }kjk le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e dk fu:i.k (Diagrammatic Illustration of the Law of Equi-Marginal Utility) js[kkfp= 4.2 esa le&lhekar 4Y mi;ksfxrk fu;e dk fu:i.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl js[kkfp= eas X v{k 3 lhekar mi;ksfxrk (#i;ksa esa) 1 2 rFkk X v{k Øe'k% X rFkk Y oLrqvksa MUy 2 X2 dh bdkb;ka n'kkZrs gSa rFkk Y v{k ij X rFkk Y nksuksa dh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dks fy;k x;k gSA MU oØ X oLrq 1 x MUx dh rFkk MU oØ Y oLrq dh lhekar y X1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 mi;ksfxrk n'kkZrk gSA bl js[kkfp= ls X dh bdkb;ka Y dh bdkb;ka ;g rqjUr ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd X js[kkfp= 4.2% le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e oLrq dh 3 rFkk Y oLrq dh 5 bdkb;ka [kjhnus ij miHkksDrk dks bu nksuksa oLrqvksa ls cjkcj lhekar mi;ksfxrk (2.20 #i,) izkIr gksrh gAS bl fLFkfr esa Nk;kafdr {ks= (shaded area) dqy mi;ksfxrk n'kkZrk gS tks vf/kdre gSA ;fn miHkksDrk viuh eqnzk&jkf'k dk O;; X rFkk Y ds fdlh Hkh vU; la;kts u ij djrk gS rks mldh dqy mi;ksfxrk de gks tk,xhA 4.5 le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e ds mi;ksx (Applications of the Law of Equi-Marginal Utility) le&lhekar mi;kfs xrk fu;e vFkZ'kkL= dk ,d vk/kkjHkwr fu;e gSA ;g euq\"; ds O;ogkj ds gj {ks= esa fØ;k'khy gSA lhekUr lUrqyu dh 'krZ ftldk mYys[k geus Åij fd;k gS] lSE;qylu ds vuqlkj ßvFkZ'kkL= dk gh fu;e ugha gS, og rks rdZ'kkL= dk fu;e (law of logic) gAS Þ7 geus mij foLrkj ds 7. Paul A. Samuelson, Economics (McGraw-Hill Kogakusa Ltd. 1976), p. 436. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mi;ksfxrk fo’ys”k.k 43 lkFk Li”V fd;k gS fd miHkksDrk le&lhekar mi;ksfxrk fu;e dk ikyu djrs g,q fdl rjg viuh lhfer vk; ls vf/kdre larqf”V izkIr djus dk iz;kl djrk gAS blh izdkj mRiknd vius lhfefr lalk/kuksa dh lgk;rk ls bl fu;e ds vuq:i dk;Z djrs gq, vf/kdre mRiknu izkIr djrk gSA ,slk djrs gq, og mRikn dh izfr bdkbZ ykxr dks U;uw re djrk gAS fofue; eas fofue;drkZ viuh oLrvq ksa dks rc rd ifz rLFkkfir djrs jgrs gSa tc rd fofue; dh tkus okyh oLrqvksa dh lhekUr mi;ksfxrk cjkcj ugha gks tkrhA izfrLFkkiu dk ;g fu;e forj.k vkSj ykds foÙk ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh mi;ksxh gSA bl fu;e ds ckjs esa ek'kZy dk dFku gS fd bldh fØ;k'khyrk vkfFkZd [kkst ds yxHkx izR;sd {ks= rd foLr`r gSA8 4.6 Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk dh lda Yiuk (The Concept of Ordinal Utility) vk/kqfud vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd miHkksDrk mi;ksfxrk dks lgh&lgh eki ugha ldrkA ijUrq miHkksDrk vf/keku ds Øekuqlkj (according to scale of preference) oLrqvksa dks ,d Øe (rank) esa j[k ldrk gSA bls mi;kfs xrk dk Øeokpd eki dgrs gSaA bl ladYiuk ds vuqlkj] miHkksDrk oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds fofHkUu la;kstuksa dks ,d fuf'pr Øe esa j[k ldrk gSA bl izdkj miHkksDrk ;g crk ldrk gS fd D;k og oLrqvksa ds nks la;kstukas esa ls fdlh ,d dks vf/keku nsrk gS vFkok og bu nksuksa ds chp mnklhu gSA vFkkZr] miHkkDs rk fofHkUu oLrq la;kstuksa dks vius vf/keku ds vuqlkj Øec) dj ldrk gSA 4.7 vuf/keku oØ dk vFkZ (Meaning of An Indifference Curve) vuf/keku oØ oLrqvksa ds ,sls la;kstu n'kkZrk gS ftuls miHkksDrk dks leku larqf”V izkIr gksrh gSA blfy, miHkksDrk vuf/keku oØ ds fdUgha nks fcUnqvksa ij O;Dr la;kstuksa ds izfr mnklhu gksrk gSA9 8. Alfred Marshall, op. cit., (1962). p. 284. 9. “An indifference curve shows combinations of products that yield the same satisfaction to the consumer. A consumer is indifferent between the combinations indicated by any two points on one indifference curve.” Richard G. Lipsey and K. Alec Chrystal, Principles of Economics (Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition, 1999), p. 88. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)