BAQ111_History - I_Hindi

144 bfrgkl & I vxys nks lEçnk; lEçnk;fon vkSj Hkæckgq Fks] tks dYi lw= ds jpf;rk FksA laHkqrfot; us dgk fd mlh o\"kZ e`R;q gks xbZ Fkh ftlesa paæxqIr ekS;Z flagklu ij p<+s FksA Hkæckgq ,d egku fo}ku Fks vkSj mUgsa 14 ^iqjk.kksa* ds Kku ds vf/kdkjh ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA iqjkus tSu xzaFkksa ds xzaFk tks egkohj us Lo;a vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks fl[kk, FksA tSfu;ksa ds foHkktu dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr djrh gSa] ,d 'osrkacj ¼'osr&jksM+k½ vkSj nwljk fnxacj ¼LdkbDyM] uXu½A paæxqIr ds 'kkludky ds var esa 12 o\"kks± rd pys ,d xaHkhj vdky us ekS;Z lezkV] paæxqIr lfgr tSfu;ksa dk ,d egku iyk;u fd;kA Hkæckgq] ftUgksaus çokl dk usr`Ro fd;k] mlus uXurk ds fu;e dh vo/kkj.k ij tksj fn;k tks egkohj us LFkkfir fd;k FkkA laHkqrfot; ds f'k\";] 'krqyHkæ] tks dbZ tSu yksxksa ds lkFk ex/k esa jgs] mUgksaus dqN vkpj.k ds fu;eksa dks la'kksf/kr fd;k vkSj vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks lQsn oL= iguus dh vuqefr nhA tSu /keZ ewy :i ls dksly] fonsg] ex/k vkSj vax ds jkT;ksa rd lhfer FkkA mn;fxfj vkSj [kaMfxfj igkfM+;ksa ij fLFkr dfyax xqQk nwljh lnh bZlk iwoZ esa tSu /keZ ds vfLrRo ds fy, i;kZIr xokgh nsrh gSA vksfM'kk esa v'kksd ds iksrs] laçfr us dgk fd lqgkfLVu }kjk tSu /keZ esa ifjofrZr fd;k x;k Fkk] ml /keZ ds çpkj esa enn dh] tSlk fd v'kksd us ckS) /keZ ds ekeys esa fd;k FkkA mUgksaus vQxkfuLrku] vka/kz vkSj rfey ns'kksa esa fe'kufj;ksa dks HkstkA mTtSu vkSj eFkqjk tSu /keZ ds x<+ cu x,A eFkqjk esa ik, x, bZlkbZ ;qx ds igys nks 'krkfCn;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dbZ f'kykys[kksa ls irk pyrk gS fd tSu /keZ us eFkqjk vkSj mlds iM+ksl esa vf/kxzg.k fd;k FkkA }kjdk tUe LFkku gksus ds lkFk&lkFk chlosa tSu rhFk±dj vfj\"Vusfe dh fe'kujh xfrfof/k;ksa dk eq[; dsaæ FkkA ckn ds le; esa 'osrkEcj laçnk; dkfB;kokM+] xqtjkr] vkSj jktLFkku ds dqN fgLlksa esa cgqr yksdfç; Fkk] tcfd fnxacj] nD[ku] vk/kqfud eSljw vkSj nf{k.k gSnjkckn ds e/; Hkkx esa çeq[k FksA Jo.k csyxksyk ds dqN f'kykys[kksa esa nf{k.k Hkkjr esa tSu inkuqØe vkSj tSu f'k{kdksa ds mÙkjkf/kdkj ds lUnHkZ gSaA pkyqD; 'kkld] dqekjiky] ftUgksaus ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa xqtjkr vkSj dkfB;kokM+ ij 'kklu fd;k Fkk] tSu /keZ ds 'osrkEcjk Ldwy ds ,d mRlkgh odhy FksA mUgksaus ,d egku tSu fo}ku] gsepaæ ds usr`Ro esa iaFk ds lq/kkj dh LFkkiuk dhA ysfdu laçnk; us viuh e`R;q ds rqjar ckn viuk cgqr çHkko [kks fn;kA nf{k.k esa] fnxacj us e/;;qxhu dky esa mnkj 'kkgh laj{k.k dk vkuan fy;k Fkk] tks fd lfS oTe vkSj oS\".kookn ds mn; ds dkj.k vius çHkko dks [kks fn;k FkkA tSu /keZ ekSfyd :i ls ukfLrd gSA nsorkvksa ds vfLrRo ls bUdkj ugha djrs gq,] ;g mUgsa czãkaM dh viuh ;kstuk esa i`\"BHkwfe esa cny nsrk gSA l`f\"V ;k fouk'k ds fy, dksbZ bZ'oj vko';d ugha gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 145 nsork dsoy vknfe;ksa vkSj tkuojksa dh rjg vkfyaxuc) vkRek,¡ gSAa eqä vkRek nsorkvksa ds Åij gSa D;ksafd os fQj dHkh iSnk ugha gksrs gSaA Hkfä ;k Hkfä dk tSu /keZ esa dksbZ LFkku ugha gSA vkRe&cks/k vkRek dh Lora=rk vkSj /;ku dh mPp lM+d gSA czãkaM 'kk'or gS vkSj vuar la[;k esa pØksa esa foHkkftr gS] çR;sd esa lq/kkj dh vof/k ¼utsarpini½ vkSj ,d vkSj fxjkoV ¼va asarpini½ 'kkfey gSA lai.w kZ czãkaM tho vkSj vftok ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrk gSA tho Hkksxh gS vkSj vtho HkksxA vftok dks nks eq[; oxks± esa ckaVk x;k gS] ,d fcuk :i ¼:ik½] tSls /keZ] v/keZ] varfj{k ¼vksdklk½] le; ¼dkyk½] vkSj nwljk :i ¼:i½] iqn~xyk ;k æO; ds :i esaA tho vkSj vtho ds feyu dh dM+h deZ gSA tSuksa ds vuqlkj deZ HkkSfrd ç—fr dk gS vkSj tSu /keZ esa] deZ Lopkfyr :i ls dk;Z djrk gSA ,d O;fä ds fopkjksa] 'kCnksa vkSj —R;ksa ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gS% ;s fdlh dh vkRek esa ,d çdkj dk inkFkZ vkdf\"kZr djrs gSa ftlds ifj.kke vPNs ;k cqjs gksrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh] Hkxoku ugha] bl fnup;kZ esa gLr{ksi dj ldrk gSA ;g tSu /keZ dh cgqr fo'ks\"krk gSA tSuksa dk rdZ gS fd] vkRek vkSj varfj{k dks NksM+dj nqfu;k esa lc dqN inkFkZ ;k iqn~xyk ls mRiUu gksrk gS] ckn okyk nqfu;k dk HkkSfrd vk/kkj gSA lekjk ekeys esa thok dh nklrk ds vykok dqN ugha gSA thok vkSj iqn~xyk nks lfØ;k æO; ;k dq'ky dkj.k gSa] tks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij tkrs gSaA /keZ vkSj v/keZ dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu] ysfdu u rks çR;{k dkj.k gSa vkSj u gh ifjorZu dh ?kk;y fLFkfr;ka gSa vkSj blfy, bUgsa lfØ;k] fuLØ;k] }Srokn dgk tkrk gSA tho vkSj vftok ds lkFk deZ dk mRiknu] Qy vkSj fouk'k] tSu /keZ ds fl)kar gSaA ^vkRek* tquwu ds dCts esa gksus ds dkj.k] bl ekeys dks vkRelkr djrh gS tks deks± ds fuekZ.k ds fy, mi;qä gSA ;g ca/ku] ca/ku gSA eks{k dsoy thok dks vkthfodk ls phjdj vkSj deZ dks cgkdj gh çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA deZ dk loZuk'k ¼futZjk½ riL;k ds ek/;e ls gksrk gS vkSj vkRek esa ijk;s inkFkZ ds çokg ¼vL=o½ dh jksdFkke ¼lEokjk½ vkSj ckn ds ca/ku ¼cU/k½ dks lko/kkuhiwoZd vuq'kkflr vkpj.k }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA tks ekxZ bldh vksj tkrk gS] mlesa lE;d fo'okl] lE;d Kku] vkSj ifjiw.kZ vkpj.k dh ifo= f=ewfrZ gksrh gSA fuokZ.k çkIr djus ds fy, ,d vkneh dks vius diM+ksa lfgr lHkh VªkesYl dks R;kxuk pkfg,A fo'okl vkSj Kku j[kus okys ds ik¡p xquk vkpj.k esa ln~xq.k gksrs gSaA ¼1½ eklwfe;r ;k vfgalk ¼vfgalk½] ¼2½ nku vkSj lR; cksyuk] ¼3½ lEekutud vkpj.k tSls pksjh u djuk] ¼4½ 'kCn] fopkj vkSj deZ esa 'kq)rk] vkSj ¼5½ lHkh lkalkfjd fgrksa dk R;kxA tSu /keZ dh eq[; fo'ks\"krk vfgalk ds çfr viuh fu\"Bk dk ikyu gS ;k thou dh gj pht ls la;e dk lEeku gSA tSfu;ksa ds vuqlkj] /kS;Z lcls cM+k iq.; gS vkSj ;g iki dk L=ksr gSA /;ku dks c<+k;k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

146 bfrgkl & I tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g gesa eu dh 'kfä çkIr djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA fuokZ.k ;k m)kj vkRek dk loZuk'k ugha gS] cfYd ,d vk'khokZn esa mldk ços'k gS ftldk dksbZ var ugha gSA ,d O;fä ds fnekx dk ihNk djrs gq,] nqfu;k ds ek/;e ls mldh ;k=k vkSj mldk vafre m)kjA tSu ds /kkfeZd fopkj ds eq[; fo\"k;A euq\"; dh tUetkr xq.koÙkk ij cy fn;k tkrk gS tc tSu ;g dgrs gSa fd euq\"; lHkh phtksa dk ekid gSA [kq'kh dks QSykus ds fy,] 'kkjhfjd vkjke ls cpuk vkSj ekal dk ykyp fojks/k djuk fdlh Hkh vkneh ds fy, ,d eqf'dy dke gSA vkRek ds LFkwydj.k dh rqyuk /kwy ds NhaVksa }kjk ,d pednkj rSyh; lrg ds Øfed ckny ls dh tkrh gSA viuh vafre fjyht rd vkRek dks ekeys ls iwjh rjg vyx ugha fd;k x;k gSA tc deZ 'kjhj ls fdukjk dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks og viuh vkRek ds ?kj igq¡p tkrk gSA tSu rdZ ds fof'k\"V fl)kar dks L;knokn ;k lIrcaxh ;k okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa Hkfo\";ok.kh ds lkr :iksa ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA gj çiksty gesa flQZ ,d ^'kk;n* ;k ^lS;n* nsrk gSA phtksa dh varghu tfVyrk esa fufoZokn ;k fuf'pr dqN Hkh ugha gSA fdlh pht ds eapu ds lkr vyx&vyx rjhds gSa& ¼1½ gS ¼2½ gS] ¼3½ gS vkSj ugha gS] ¼4½ vçR;kf'kr gS] ¼5½ gS vkSj vçR;kf'kr gS] ¼6½ ugha gS vkSj vçR;kf'kr gS] vkSj ¼7½ gS] vçR;kf'kr ugha gSA ;g fl)kar çfrKku vkSj fu\"ks/k ds lglaca/k ij tksj nsrk gSA lHkh phtsa vfLrRoxr vkSj vfLrRoghu gSAa tSu /keZ ;g fl)kar cukrk gS fd lPpkbZ gekjs LVSaM&i‚baV~l ds lkis{k gS] ,d cqfu;knh ;k ekSfyd vo/kkj.kk gSA tSfu;ksa ds vuqlkj Kku] Lo;a ds fy, ugha cfYd eqfä ds fy, ihNk djuk gSA tSu vf/kdre dk ikyu djrs gSa& tkuus ds fy, ugha thrs gSa] ysfdu thus ds fy, tkurs gSaA Kku vkRek esa gS vkSj iw.kZ Kku langs ls eqä gS ¼laLdkj½ fo—fr ¼fouksgk½ vkSj vfuf'prrk ¼foHkze½A tSuksa dk ekuuk gS fd tUetkr vkRek gh vkRek gS] iw.kZrk esa ls ,d gS tks ck/kk,a gVk, tkus ij çdV gks ldrh gSA tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds fl)karksa esa lekurk,a gSaA ;g rdZ fn;k x;k gS fd nks ç.kkfy;ka ,d gSa vkSj tSu /keZ dsoy ckS) /keZ dk ,d vijk/k gSA ekS;Z 'kkldksa }kjk nksuksa /keks± dk laj{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA egkohj vkSj xkSre cq) nksuksa 'kkgh tUe ds Fks vkSj yxHkx ledkyhu FksA nksuksa us osnksa dh çkekf.kdrk ls bUdkj fd;k vkSj Hkxoku ds fopkj dks utjvankt dj fn;kA nksuksa ds fy,] thou ,d vkink gS ftls gj dher ij Vkyk tkuk pkfg,A os xjhch dk efgekeaMu djrs gSa & ifo=rk] vkSj 'kkafrA tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds chp] muds uSfrd igyqvksa esa mYys[kuh; lekurk] bu nks /keks± ij czkã.kokn ds çHkko ds dkj.k gSA ysfdu ,d djhch ijh{kk esa] vko';d fcanvq ksa esa nks ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp ,d fpfUgr fopyu [kkstk tk ldrk gSA vkRek ds tSu fl)kar vkSj Kkuh ckS) /keZ ls dkQh vyx gSaA tSu /keZ dk uSfrd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 147 lafgrk ckS)ksa dh rqyuk esa dgha vf/kd dBksj gSA tSu /keZ] lU;klh ds vkn'kZ] vkn'kZ vFkkZr~ uXurk] vkRe&;kruk] vkSj Hkq[kejh ls e`R;q dks fuokZ.k çkIr djus dk lcls lqjf{kr ek/;e ekurk gSA ;g vkRegR;k dks eatwjh nsrk gS] ckS) /keZ }kjk çfrikfnr ,d rF;A nwljh vksj] ckS) /keZ] ,d e/; iFk dks fodflr djrk gS& ,d rjQ vkRe&;kruk ls eqä ,d ljy thou] vkSj nwljh rjQ yDtjh vkSj vkRe&HkksxA tSu /keZ iwjh rjg ls fganw /keZ ls nwj ugha gqvk gS vkSj czkã.kksa dks jkstxkj nsrk gS] D;ksafd tUe vkSj e`R;q lekjksg ds çn'kZu vkSj ;gka rd fd eafnj iwtk ds fy, ?kjsyw jFkA tSu yksx ml tkfr O;oLFkk ds fojks/kh ugha gSa tks os fl)kar :i esa] fdlh ds vkpj.k ls lEcfU/kr gSaA ^fdlh ds deks± ls] dksbZ czkã.k] ;k {kf=;] ;k oS'; ;k dksbZ ’kwæ cu tkrk gSA* tSu /keZ us /keZ dks leqnk; dk vfHkUu vax cuk fn;k gS] tcfd ckS) /keZ esa bl Hkwfedk dh dksbZ egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ugha gSA ckS) eq[; :i ls la?k ij fuHkZj Fks & mudh fe'kujh xfrfof/k dk eq[; lk/kuA ßczkã.k] tSu] vkSj ckS) lHkh ,d leku Kku dh çkfIr ds mís'; ls gSaA ysfdu czkã.k viuh xk;=h çkFkZuk ds }kjk] ,d loksZPprk ij viuh fuHkZjrk dks lHkh Kkfu;ksa ds L=ksr ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSa] tcfd tSu vkSj ckS) /keZ ds lw= gSAa cl ekuork ds nsoRo esa muds fo'okl dh vfHkO;fä & ekuo mnkgj.k dh çHkkodkfjrk] vkSj vçHkkfor ekuo ç;kl dh 'kfäAÞ ;g lq>ko fn;k x;k gS fd tSu /keZ Hkkjr esa thfor jgk] tcfd ckS) /keZ vius ewy dh Hkwfe esa cp x;k vkSj u;k fons'kh Hkwfe esa vf/kxzg.k fd;kA ,d le; esa tSu /keZ us Lrwiksa ds iaFk dk leFkZu fd;k vkSj rhFk±djksa dks çrhd ds :i esa eafnjksa esa iwtk x;kA 6.6 Hkkjrh; thou ij tSu /keZ ds çHkko çR;sd /keZ dqN fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gS tks O;fä;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk lekt dks Hkh çHkkfor djrs gSaA tSu /keZ us Hkkjrh; thou ds gj {ks= dks çHkkfor fd;kA bldk çHkko uhps of.kZr fofHkUu {ks=ksa ij eglwl fd;k x;kA 1. detksj tkfr O;oLFkk% tSu /keZ us tkfr;ksa ds ca/kuksa dks detksj fd;kA blus lekt esa HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok fn;kA 2. lekt lsok dh Hkkouk% tSu /keZ us gesa lekt lsok dk ikB i<+k;kA tSu yksxkas ds dY;k.k ds fy, fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhA blls u dsoy yksxksa dks enn feyh] cfYd vU; /keks± us Hkh bl Hkkouk dh 'kq#vkr dhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

148 bfrgkl & I 3. fganw /keZ esa lq/kkj% tSu /keZ dh mUufr ds dkj.k fganw /keZ esa dbZ lq/kkj fd, x, FksA tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa us fganw /keZ dh cqjkb;ksa dh dM+h vkykspuk dhA tSu /keZ ds fl)kar cgqr ljy Fks vkSj yksxksa us mUgsa ilan fd;kA czkã.kksa us i'kqcfy vkSj vU; vuq\"Bkuksa dks Hkh can dj fn;k vkSj oSfnd /keZ Hkh ljy gks x;kA 4. vfgalk% vkt fganw /keZ Hkh vfgalk dks ,d egku fl)kar ekurk gS vkSj bldk Js; tSu /keZ dks tkrk gSA tSu mins'kdksa us lcls igys vfgalk ds fl)kar dks lgh Bgjk;kA fganw Hkh bls tSu /keZ ls ns[krs gSaA 5. 'kkafriw.kZ okrkoj.k% tSu /keZ ds vfgald fl)kar ds dkj.k yksx 'kkafrfç; gks x,A bl /keZ dk ikyu djus okys jktkvksa us ;q) can dj fn,A ns'k esa 'kkafr dk okrkoj.k LFkkfir gqvkA 6. Hkkjrh; dyk esa fodkl% tSu dykvksa ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; dyk Hkh fodflr gqbZ] ftUgksaus vius ^rhFk±djksa* dh Le`fr esa lqanj eafnj LFkkfir fd,A ;s eafnj vius }kj vkSj ewfrZ;ksa ds fy, çfl) FksA ekÅaV vkcw ds fnyokM+k tSu eafnj 'kkunkj tSu dyk dk ,d 'kkunkj mnkgj.k gSA dukZVd dh tSu ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh 'kkunkj gSAa ekÅaV vkcw dk tSu eafnj] ,yksjk dh xqQk,¡ vkSj [ktqjkgks dk eafnj Hkh tSu dyk ds lqanj uewus gSAa 7. lkfgR; dk fodkl% tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa us LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks yksdfç; cuk;kA mudk vf/kdka'k lkfgR; LFkkuh; Hkk\"kkvksa esa fy[kk x;k FkkA mUgksaus dUuM+] fganh] xqtjkrh vkSj ejkBh Hkk\"kkvksa esa dkQh ;ksxnku fn;kA 6.7 Hkkjr esa tSu /keZ ds vyksdfç;rk ds dkj.k 1. dfBu riL;k% tSu /keZ us vius vuq;kf;;ksa ij dBksj riL;k dhA blds vuqlkj yksxksa dks dbZ fnuksa rd Hkw[ks&I;kls jgdj dfBu riL;k djuh pkfg,A lk/kkj.k yksx ,slk ugha dj ldrs FksA blfy,] /keZ us viuh yksdfç;rk [kks nhA 2. çpkj ds çfr mnklhu% tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa us /keZ ds çpkj ds fy, dne ugha mBk,A ;gka rd fd egkohj /keZ ds çpkj ds eqís ij pqi FksA ugha] ^la?k* dh LFkkiuk tSuksa }kjk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj çpkj çlkj dh deh ds dkj.k /keZ vyksdfç; jgkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 149 3. dfBu fl)kar% tSu /keZ dh vfgalk dk fl)kar cgqr dBksj FkkA dhVk.kq dks ekjuk Hkh iki gSA tSuk fHk{kqvksa ds fy, muds eqga vkSj iSjksa ds pkjksa vksj ,d iêh ds lkFk uaxs iSj HkVdrs FksA ysfdu vke yksxksa ds fy, ,slk djuk cgqr eqf'dy FkkA 4. ’kkldksa dk mnklhu joS;k% vtkr'k=q vkSj fcfEclkj dh e`R;q ds ckn] tSu /keZ dks 'kkgh enn ugha fey ldhA tSu /keZ ds vuq;k;h xjhc cus jgs bl otg ls os vius /keZ dk çpkj ugha dj ldrs FksA 5. ckS) /keZ dh yksdfç;rk% ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ ,d gh ckj esa mBsA ysfdu ckS) /keZ dk çlkj cgrq tksj ls gqvkA blds fl)kar tSu /keZ ds fl)karksa dh rqyuk esa ljy FksA yksx ckS) /keZ viukus yxs vkSj tSu /keZ NksM+ fn;kA 6. ços'k dh dfBu 'krsZa% egkohj tkfr;ksa esa fo'okl ugha djrs FksA muds thou dky esa /keZ ds }kj lHkh ds fy, [kqys FksA ysfdu mudh e`R;q ds ckn] muds vuq;kf;;ksa us tSu /keZ esa ’kwæk ds ços'k dks can dj fn;kA 7. /keZ dh cqjkb;k¡% tSu /keZ ds fl)kar 'kq#vkr esa cgqr ljy FksA tks yksx oSfnd /keZ ls mRihfM+r Fks] mUgksaus bls vklkuh ls Lohdkj dj fy;kA ysfdu dqN cqjkb;k¡ bl /keZ esa Hkh O;kIr gSaA ;g viuh vyksdfç;rk ds fy, ftEesnkj cu x;kA 6.8 Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa tSu /keZ dk ;ksxnku tSu /keZ Hkkjr ds /kkfeZd leqPp; esa ifjorZu dk vxznwr FkkA blus dbZ igyqvksa esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks Hkh le`) fd;kA fuEufyf[kr bu igyqvksa dh ,d laf{kIr ppkZ gSA 1. {ks=h; Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR;% egkohj us v/kZ&ex/kh Hkk\"kk esa mins'k fn;kA bls ^ex/kh* vkSj ^lwjlsuh* Hkk\"kkvksa dks tkuus okys yksx vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSaA 'kq#vkr esa] ;s nksuksa Hkk\"kk,¡ csgn yksdfç; FkhaA vkxs pydj] tSu iqLrdsa çk—r Hkk\"kk esa fy[kh xbZaA oLrqr%] blfy,] tSu lkfgR; us LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa dks le`) fd;kA ^vax*] ^miax*] ^vkxe* vkSj ^dYilw=* tSls tSu xzaFk Hkh laL—r esa fy[ks x, FksA ;s n'kZu'kkL=] n'kZu vkSj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa vf}rh; jpuk,¡ FkhaA bl çdkj] tSu /keZ us Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa vkSj lkfgR; ds lao/kZu esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

150 bfrgkl & I 2. jktuhfr esa çHkko% jktuhfr ds {ks= esa] tSu /keZ us ,d rqdZ dh lsok dhA blds çHkko ls jktkvksa vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp nq'euh vkSj nq'euh dks de djus esa enn feyhA paæxqIr ekS;Z tSls ijkØeh lezkV dks ,d lkgc ls feyok;k x;kA 'kfä'kkyh vkSj vnE; lkezkT;oknh vkSj dfyax lezkV [kkjosy ds xkSjo dks tSu /keZ ds ea= ds rgr ,d n;kyq] lfg\".kq vkSj la;eh 'kkld cuk;k x;k FkkA bl rjg ds mnkgj.k dbZ gSaA tSu /keZ ds varxZr vkus okys jktkvksa vkSj njckfj;ksa dks la;e] n;k vkSj lfg\".kqrk ds inksa ij j[kk x;k FkkA 3. vfgalk dk fl)kar% egkohj vfgalk ds ç.ksrk FksA mUgksaus oSfnd /keZ ds tfVy laLdkjksa vkSj tfVy vuq\"Bkuksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZA tkuojksa ds çfr n;kyqrk muds çeq[k voS/k çf'k{k.k FksA mUgksaus fl[kk;k fd lHkh oLrqvksa] pkgs psru ;k futhZo] esa vkRek,a Fkha vkSj ,d dks nwljksa dks pksV ugha igqapkuh pkfg,A ije /keZ ds :i esa vfgalk dh mudh vo/kkj.kk] le; ds lkFk] Hkkjr ds vanj vkSj ckgj ds usrkvksa vkSj lq/kkjdksa dks xgjkbZ ls çHkkfor djus ds fy, vkbZA 4. LoLFk lekt dk fuekZ.k% tSu /keZ us Hkh ,d tUetkr vkSj LoLFk lkekftd thou dks fodflr djus esa enn dhA Åaph tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa us fupyh tkfr;ksa dk 'kks\"k.k fd;kA tSu /keZ us bl O;oLFkk dk var dj fn;kA tSu /keZ tkfr O;oLFkk esa fo'okl ugha djrk Fkk vkSj lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj djrk FkkA blds vuq;kf;;ksa] pkgs os ftl Hkh tkfr ds gksa] ,d&nwljs dks HkkbZ&cgu ekurs FksA lekt vc lekurk ds fl)kar ij cuk;k x;k FkkA VªsfMax dE;qfuVh dk mn; 'kq#vkr esa] tSu /keZ O;kikfj;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds chp cgqr yksdfç; gks x;kA os diV vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ls ca/ks gq, FksA blus O;olk; ^fxYM* dk xBu fd;kA ^vijkf/k;ksa* us O;kikj dks lqpk: :i ls pykus esa enn dhA c<+rh lkekftd ekU;rk vkSj fLFkfr ds lkFk] nks\"kh iq#\"k 'kkld oxZ ds djhc vk x,A bl çdkj] tSu /keZ us O;kikfj;ksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dks c<+kok nsus esa enn dhA 5. Hkkoh :ikarj.k dh tk¡p dh% vke vkneh oSfnd /keZ ds tky esa my>k gqvk FkkA og ihfM+r Fkk] mlds /kS;Z ij dj yxk;k x;k Fkk] vkSj thou mlds fy, vlguh; FkkA tSu /keZ us mUgsa jkgr nhA blus mUgsa tkfr vkSj lkekftd 'kks\"k.k ls eqä fd;k vkSj ,d Lokxr ;ksX; lsokfuo`Ùk ds :i esa vk;kA vxj ,slk ugha gksrk vkSj czkã.kokn xSj&czkã.kksa dk ne ?kksaVrk jgrk] rks os bLyke vkSj vU; fe'kujh /keks± dh vksj eqM+ tkrsA tSu /keZ us :f<+oknh fganqvksa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 151 dks cqf)eku cuk;k vkSj le;&le; ij fganw /keZ dks ljy cukus ds fy, lq/kkjdksa dk ekxZ [kksykA 6. /kekZFkZ laLFkk,¡% tSu /keZ us yksxksa dks mnkj vkSj enn djus ds fy, ,d çksRlkgu fn;kA tSu /keZ ds 'kkgh laj{kdksa us tSu esafMlsaV ¼tSls [kkjosy vkSj mn;fxfj xqQkvksa½ ds mi;ksx ds fy, igkM+ksa esa xqQkvksa dh uDdk'kh dh vkSj muds Hkkstu vkSj iks\"kkd ds fy, çko/kku fd,A le; ds lkFk vU; yksxksa us bldk vuqlj.k fd;kA yksdfç; leFkZu ds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ /kekZFkZ laLFkku lkeus vk,A lkekU; :i ls yksxksa ds fy, lkekftd dY;k.k ,d u;k çsjd dkjd cu x;kA dyk vkSj okLrqdyk dk fodkl tSu dyk vkSj ewfrZdyk us Hkh Hkkjrh; dyk dks vya—r fd;kA çkjaHk esa Lrwi vkSj xqQk,a vkSj ckn esa tSu rhFk±djksa ds fp=ksa dh uDdk'kh egRoiw.kZ tSu dyk cu xbZ vkSj 'kkgh laj{k.k ds lkFk ewfrZdyk vkSj fodflr gqbZA mÙke tSu fp= eFkqjk] cqanys [kaM vkSj mÙkjh e/; çns'k esa ik, tkrs gSaA dukZVd ds Jo.kosyxksyk esa ckgqcyh dh Nfo] ftls xksers'oj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] tSu ewfrZdyk dh le`f) dk ,d thoar çek.k gSA mudh dykRed lkexhz esa leku :i ls vf}rh; Hkqous'oj] e/; çns'k] ,yksjk vkSj egkjkLVª dh mn;fxfj dh xqQk dyk gSA ikÜoZukFk igkM+h] fcgkj esa ikokiqjh vkSj jktxhj] dkfB;kokM+ dk fxjukj vkSj ikfyrku; jktLFkku esa fnyokM+k Åij ls ekmaV vkcw vkSj mM+hlk esa [kaMfxfj vkSj mn;fxfj çfl) tSu /kkfeZd dsaæ gSaA fnyokM+k tSu eafnj dh mR—\"V ^ltkoVh dyk* vkt Hkh nqfu;k Hkj esa [kkSQ vkSj vk'p;Z dk vuqHko djkrh gSA fu\"d\"kZ egkohj ds tSu /keZ us ^czkã.kokn* ds f[kykQ igyh fojks/kkRed vkokt mBkbZA bl çdkj] ;g fganw /keZ ds czkã.koknh ,dkf/kdkj ds f[kykQ ,d /kkfeZd Økafr ds :i esa vk;kA muds thou dk cfynku] mudh lknxh vkSj muds euHkkou mins'kksa us egkohj dks tu&tu rd igq¡pk;kA tSu /keZ 'kkgh laj{k.k ds ek/;e ls Nykax vkSj lhek esa QSy x;kA egkohj dh e`R;q ds ckn] tSu nks xqVksa esa caV x,] ;kuh ^fnxacj* vkSj ^’osrkacj*A fo}kuksa us tSu /keZ dks >Vdk fn;kA tSu /keZ us Hkkjr dh dyk] okLrqdyk vkSj ewfrZdyk ij viuh Nki NksM+h gSA le;&le; ij ßyksdfç;rk dh viuh xfr [kksusÞ ds ckotwn] ;g lfn;ksa ls vkt rd thfor gSA blesa tSu /keZ dh fof'k\"Vrk dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

152 bfrgkl & I tSu ijaijk esa 24 rhFk±dj FksA igys dh rqyuk esa _f\"koukFk] 23 osa esa ikÜoukFk vkSj 24 osa rhFkd± j egkohj tSu Fks ¼lsokvksa ds vafre½A egkohj ds v/;kiu esa rhu TosYl ¼f=jRu½ 'kkfey Fks] ik¡p çfrKk,¡ ¼vfgalk] lR;] vLrs;] vifjxzg] czãp;Z½ mUgksaus fcuk thfor ds Hkh] thfor jgus dk ,d fl)kar çfrikfnr fd;kA mUgksaus deZ 'kjhj vkSj vkRek dks ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k vkSj vkRek ds mnkjhdj.k ds fy, 'kdZjk çnku dhA mUgksaus vfgald dkjZokbZ dk fl)kar fn;kA tSu /keZ dk çlkj laHko Fkk% (i) bldh lknxh] (ii) egkohj dk O;fäRo] (iii) jkt?kjkuksa dk laj{k.k ¼vtkr'kYru] mn;] uan] [kkjosy½] (iv) tSu eqfu;ksa vkSj tSu nk'kZfudksa dk ;ksxnku] ;g fVdkÅ ugha Fkk D;ksfa d & 1. vfgalk ds fy, bldk l[r ikyu] 2. thou dh rqyuk esa e`R;q dk iwoZ ladsr] 3. rRdkyhu ’kkldksa dh mnklhurk dh dehA 6.9 tSu lkfgR; ijaijk ds vuqlkj egkohj }kjk fl[kk, x, ewy fl)kar pkSng iqjkus xzaFkkas iqjk.kksa esa fufgr FksA pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds djhc] 'krqyHkæ us ikVfyiq= esa ,d egku ifj\"kn dk xBu fd;k vkSj pkSng iqjk.kksa dks myVrs gq, ckjg dks.kksa ;k [kaMksa esa tSu laxBu dk iqufuZekZ.k fd;kA ;g laxBu dsoy 'osrkacj }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA fnxacjksa us nkok fd;k fd iqjkus laxBu mEehn ls gkj x, FksA ekStwnk xzFa kksa dks varr% ikapoha 'krkCnh bZLoh esa oYyHkh esa ,d ifj\"kn esa fy[kuk vkSj de djuk can gks x;k Fkk] bl le; rd ckjgoha vaxk xqeukeh esa [kks x;k Fkk] tcfd miaxksa ;k ekewyh oxks± vkSj fofHkUu dke ds :i esa u, ifjorZu fd, x, FksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 153 tSu lxa Bu ds ifo= lkfgR; dks v/kZ&ex/kh uked çk—r esa fy[kk x;k gS vkSj bls fuEukuqlkj lewfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS% z ckjg vaxl z ckjg miax z nl çdh.kZu z N% lw= z pkj ewylw= z fofo/k xzaFkA z ckjg vaxkjksa esa ls] v;kjexk&lw= ¼vpjaxk lw=½ vkSj Hkxorh lw= lcls egRoiw.kZ gSaA tcfd iwoZ esa tSu lafgrk ds ikyu ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ckn esa tSu fl)kar O;kid :i ls lkeus vkrs gSa vkSj egkohj vkSj muds iwoZofrZ;ksa ds ckjs esa fdaonafr;ksa dk mYys[k djrs gSa] tks xksfoan eD[kyhi= ds ,d fnypLi [kkrs ds lkFk gSa] tks vthfodk laçnk; ds laLFkkid gSaA z ckjg miax T;knkrj o.kks± esa xw<+] gB/kehZ vkSj ikSjkf.kd gSaA nwljh cs;ilus Sft;k dqN lkfgfR;d ;ksX;rk fn[kkrh gS D;ksafd ;g rsU;k fHk{kq dslh vkSj ,d jktk iklh ¼laHkor% dksly dk çlsuftr½ ds chp ,d laokn dk o.kZu djrh gSA [kxksy foKku] Hkwxksy vkSj czãk.M foKku ikaposa] NBs vkSj lkrosa miaxksa dh fo\"k; oLrq cukrs gSaA z nl çdh.kZu ¼fc[kjs gq,½ i| lkSns esa ^fofHkUu fl)karoknh ekeyksa* ds lkFk fy[ks x, gSaA z N% NBlw= fdaonafr;ksa ls dbZ –\"Vkarksa] fHk{kqvksa vkSj uuksa ds fy, vuq'kklukRed fu;eA lcls çfl) dke Hkæckgq dks ysdj dYilw= gS] ftlesa egkohj] tSu ds fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa vkSj fHk{kqvksa }kjk ns[ks tkus okys fu;eksa ij fo'ks\"k tksj nsus ds lkFk tSfu;ksa ds thou dk o.kZu gSA ysfdu tSu eqfu;ksa vkSj uuksa ds vkpj.k ds fu;eksa ij çeq[k xzaFk ,d nwljk dYi&lw= gS tks ik¡pok¡ NB lw= cukrk gSA z pkj ewyl=w tSu xzaFkksa ds dusZy cukrs gSAa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

154 bfrgkl & I z vyx&vyx fofgr xzaFkksa esa mYys[k uanh lw= ¼uanh lw=½ vkSj vuq;ksxnkjk ¼vuq;ksxæo½ dk gks ldrk gS] ,d çdkj dk fo'odks'k gS ftlesa tSu /keZ ds Kku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dk o.kZu gSA tSfu;ksa ds Hkk\";] dkO;] xhr] vkfn ds :i esa fo'kky xSj&fofgr lkfgR; gS] gfjHkæ] lcls çfl) fVIi.khdkjksa esa ls ,d] tks ukSoha 'krkCnh , Mh dh nwljh Nekgh esa Qyk&Qwyk] 1444 —fr;ksa dh jpuk djus ds fy, çfrf\"Br gSA 'kkafrlqjh] nsoasæxkuh vkSj vHk;nso vU; fVIi.khdkj Fks tks 11 oha 'krkCnh esa jgrs FksA , Mh tSuksa ds ikl ,d O;kid dkO; lkfgR; gS] ftls pfj= vkSj çHkkl dgk tkrk gS] tks T;knkrj pfj= esa çpfyr gSaA e'kgwj gfLr;ksa esa gsepaæ ,d lR;fu\"B Fks] ftuds Kku esa O;kdj.k] Hkk\"kkfoKku] dkO; ehfVªDl vkSj n'kZu 'kkfey FksA pkSyqD; jktk t;flEgk fl)jkt ¼1094-1143 bZ-½ vkSj muds mÙkjkf/kdkjh dq¡ekjiky ¼1143-1171 bZ-½ ds laj{k.k esa xqtjkr dh jkt/kkuh esa viuk vf/kdka'k thou O;rhr djus ds ckn] gsekpan us viuh Lekjdh; —fr f='kf\"Vdkyd] 'kq)k] pkfjrk ¼thou dh jpuk fy[kh] 63 iq#\"k½] tSuksa dk egkdkO; lkfgR; ekuk tkrk gSA ysfdu lkfgfR;d bfrgkl ds –f\"Vdks.k ls] bl iqLrd dk ifjf'k\"V ftruk vf/kd ewY;oku gS] mruk gh ikfjJfed&ijou ;k JhfoFkkoyh&pfj= tSu /keZ ds çkjafHkd f'k{kdksa dh thouh gSA es#rqxa k dh çHkk&fparkef.k tSlh v/kZ&,sfrgkfld jpuk,¡ gSaA jkt'ks[kj dk ijcandkslk ¼1349 A-D-½A ftulsuk ds gfjoa'k iqjk.k ¼783 A-D-½] gfjHkæ ds lekjkpk;Z vkSj fl)kFkZ ds ¼906 A.D.½ miekfr&Hkko&çiap&dFkk dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSu] mekLokfr ;k mekLokfeu] vferkxfr vkSj pkeqaMk&egkjktk }kjk mPp vuqeku esa j[ks tkus okys dqN vU; ys[kdksa esa lcls egRoiw.kZ gSaA 7 oha 'krkCnh esa mekLokrh] tks , Mh esa Qys&Qwys] us 500 ls de dk;ks± esa ;ksxnku ugha fn;kA ysfdu mudk rroFkhZ&xe&l=w tks czãkaM foKku] rRoehekalk vkSj uSfrdrk ls lEcfU/kr gS] dks fnxacj vkSj 'osrkacj nksuksa }kjk vkf/kdkfjd dk;Z ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA 6.10 fu\"d\"kZ NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- Hkkjr esa /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkanksyuksa dh lfa {kIr lk{kh egkohj ds mins'k us ihfM+r ekuork dks csgrj vkSj egku thou ds fy, eqfä dk ekxZ fn[kk;kA ;|fi] tSu /keZ u rks Hkkjr esa çeq[k /keZ cu x;k vkSj u gh fons'kksa esa QSyk] fQj Hkh] ;g dHkh Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d 'kfä'kkyh laçnk; cuk jgkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 155 6.11 lkjka'k NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- nqfu;k esa /kkfeZd lq/kkj ds bfrgkl esa ;qx vkSj 'kkunkj ehy dk iRFkj ns[kk x;kA z bl 'krkCnh ds nkSjku /kkfeZd gB/kfeZ;ksa vkSj va/kfo'oklksa] lkekftd çfrekuksa ds ekudhdj.k] /keZ ds deZdkaMksa ds :i] iqtkjh f'kYi dh iw.kZ 'kfä vkSj ,d e`r laL—fr ds e`r otu ds f[kykQ foæksg vk;ksftr fd, x, FksA z Hkkjr esa tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds mn; ds fy, dbZ dkjd ftEesnkj FksA z tSu /keZ dh mRifÙk jgL; esa Mwch gqbZ gSA tSu ijaijkvksa ds vuqlkj ;g /keZ oSfnd /keZ ftruk iqjkuk gSA vius fookn ds leFkZu esa os crkrs gSa fd oSfnd lkfgR; esa tSu rhFk±djksa esa ls nks _\"kHk vkSj vfj\"Vusfe ds ckjs esa mYys[k gSaA z ikÜoZukFk vkSj egkohj rsbZloas vkSj pkSchlosa rhFk±dj FksA ;g /;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd tSfu;ksa ds vuqlkj] tSu /keZ dh f'k{kk,¡ pkSchl rhFk±djksa ;k iSxEcjksa ds mins'kksa dk ifj.kke gSaA z ik'kZ~oukFk ,d {kf=; jktdqekj FksA og cukjl ds 'kkld v'olsu dk iq= FkkA rhl lky rd ,d x`gLFk ds :i esa viuk thou fcrkus ds ckn og ,d riLoh cu x, vkSj riL;k djus yxsA mUgksaus pkj phtksa ij tksj fn;k& ¼i½ vfgalk; ¼ii½ lR;rk;] ¼iii½ xSj&pksjh vkSj ¼iv½ xSj&dCtsA z o/kZeku tSu /keZ ds 24 osa rhFk±dj FksA ckn esa egkohj dks egkohj ¼egku uk;d½ ;k thuk ¼fotsrk½ ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA mudk tUe 540 bZlk iwoZ esa ,d {kf=; ifjokj esa eqt¶Qjiqj ¼fcgkj½ ftys ds dqanxzke esa gqvk FkkA z egkohj fdlh u, laçnk; ds laLFkkid ugha Fks] cfYd ,d vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir iaFk ds lq/kkjd FksA tSu rhFk±djksa ds mins'kksa dks ckjg vaxks esa ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA tSu /keZ us ikp¡ fl)karksa ij tksj fn;kA tSu /keZ ds f=jRu ¼rhu jRu½ gSa% ¼1½ lE;d fo'okl] ¼2½ lE;d Kku vkSj ¼3½ lE;d vkpj.kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

156 bfrgkl & I 6.12 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z tSu /keZ % tSu /keZ ikjaifjd :i ls tSu /keZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ,d izkphu Hkkjrh; /keZ gSA tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks ßtSuÞ dgk tkrk gS] ;g ’kCn ftuk ls fy;k x;k gS tks uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed thou ds ek/;e ls deZ dks u\"V djds iqutZUe dh thou /kkjk dks ikj djus esa fot; ds ekxZ dk mYys[k djrk gSA z egkohj % egkohj] ftUgsa o/kZeku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tSu /keZ esa chlosa rhFkZadj Fks ftUgksaus /keZ dks iquthZfor vkSj iquxfZ Br fd;kA os 23 osa rhFkZadj ikÜoZukFk ds vk/;kfRed mRrjkf/kdkjh FksA z o/kZeku % o/kZeku (ftldk vFkZ gS ßle`)Þ) ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd O;fDr Fkk] tks HkVdus okys rifLo;ksa (Je.kksa) ds ,d laiznk; dk usrk cu x;k] tks Hkkjr esa ml le; ekStwn dbZ laiznk;ksa esa ls ,d FkkA z vaxk % vaxl igys rhFkZda jka }kjk t;ygu ’kkL=ksa dh Jsf.k;ksa esa ls ,d gSaA blfy, ;s ladyu vaxkl dgykrs gSaA z miax % miax] vaxl dk Li\"Vhdj.k gSA z tekyh % tkeyh dqN tSu ijaijkvksa ds vuqlkj (’osrkacj eq[; :i l)s ] nkekn vkSj rhFkZadj egkohj ds igys f’k\"; FksA 6.13 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. Hkkjr esa tSu /keZ dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl dk o.kZu dhft,A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. tSu /keZ dh eq[; f'k{kkvksa ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fy[ksaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 157 6.14 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds mn; ds fy, ftEesnkj dkjdksa dk o.kZu djsaA 2. egkohj ds thou vkSj fl)karksa ij ,d fuca/k fy[ksaA 3. tSu /keZ ds çHkko ij ppkZ djsaA 6.15 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. egkohj dk fookg ________ ls gqvk FkkA (a) ;'kksnk (b) ;'kks/kjk (c) lqtkrk (d) ekyrh 2. egkohj dk ewy uke ________ FkkA (a) xkSre (b) jkgqy (c) egsaæ (d) o/kZeku 3. egkohj dk tUe ________ o\"kZ esa gqvk FkkA (a) 539 bZ-iw- (b) 540 bZ-iw- (c) 542 bZ-iw- (d) 567 bZ-iw- 4. tSu /keZ us fdl vuq\"Bku dks vLohdkj dj fn;k\\ (a) czkã.koknh vkSj oSfnd (b) czkã.koknh vkSj xSj&oSfnd (c) oS\".ko (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugh mÙkj% 1. (a), 2. (d), 3. (b), 4. (a) 6.16 lUnHkZ 1. ,- nso] ßlH;rk dh dgkuhÞ vkSj ßHkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,aÞ] NCERT] 1999A 2. ,y-,l- pansy] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl fu;ekoyhÞ] 2001A 3. ds- jktkjke] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

158 bfrgkl & I 4. oh-ds- vfXugks=h] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2002A 5. ds-,y- [kqjkuk] ,oa vkj-lh- 'kekZ] ßflaiy fgLVªh v‚Q ,af'k,aV bafM;kÞ] 1988A 6. ih eSrh] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 7. ,y- ck'ke] ßn oaMj nSV bf.M;kÞ] [kaM 1A 8. vkj-,l- 'kekZ] ßHkkjr ds çkphu vrhrÞ] 2005A 9. vkj- Fkkij] ßn isaxqbu fgLVhª v‚Q vyhZ bafM;k v‚Q n vksfjftUl Ý‚e n 1300 bZLohÞ] 2002A 10. ,e-,u- nkl] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2003A 11. ts- iVuk;d] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 1993A 12. ch-,u- ywfu;k] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1992A 13. ;w- flag] ßçkphu vkSj çkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2009A 14. ds-ds- jsìh] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 15. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clra ] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd lsfVax vkSj iwoZ&,sfrgkfld laL—fr;ksa dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 16. ,p- ikaMk] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2014A 17. Ogh-lh- ikaMs] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1991A 18. canksik/;k;] ,oa ch-vkj- fo|k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 19. pan] ,l- f=ikBh] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2017A 20. ts-ds- pksiM+k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2007A 21. ds-,u- >k] ßçkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu HkkjrÞ] 2007A 22. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clra ] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 23. ih-lh- nkl] ,oa vkj LoSu] ßySaMekdZ bu bafM;u fgLVªhÞ] 2014A 24. ch-ih- 'kkg] ,oa ds-,l- csgjk] ßHkkjr dk çkphu bfrgklÞ] 1996A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 159 ?kVd 7 egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ Lakjpuk 7.0 mís'; 7.1 ifjp; 7.2 L=ksr 7.3 xkSre dk çkjafHkd thou 7.4 cq) ds mins'k 7.5 ckS) /keZ dk çlkj 7.6 ckS) /keZ dk çHkko 7.7 ckS) /keZ ds mn; ds fy, vxz.kh dkj.k 7.8 ckS) /keZ ds iru ds dkj.k 7.9 ckS) /keZ dk ;ksxnku 7.10 ckS) /keZ dk fodkl 7.11 ckS)dkyhu xzaFk 7.12 ckS)dkyhu eB 7.13 fu\"d\"kZ 7.14 lkjka'k 7.15 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 7.16 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 7.17 o.kZukRed ç'u 7.18 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 7.19 lUnHkZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

160 bfrgkl & I 7.0 mís’; bl ?kVd dk v/;;u djus ds ckn] vki fuEu dj ldsaxs% z ckS) /keZ dh mRifÙkA z ckS) /keZ ds L=ksrA z cq) dk çkjafHkd thouA z cq) dh f'k{kk,A¡ z Hkkjrh; laL—fr ij ckS) /keZ dk çHkkoA z ckS) /keZ ds iru ds dkj.kA 7.1 ifjp; ;g ckS) /keZ Fkk ftlus 6 oha 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa czkã.kokn dks Hkkjh >Vdk fn;k FkkA vke yksxksa dks cgqnsookn vkSj ,d dBksj tkfr O;oLFkk ls ?k`.kk FkhA xkSre cq) us czkã.koknh ,dkf/kdkj ds rgr yk[kksa yksxksa dks cpkus ds fy, ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus egkohj dh rqyuk esa ckS) /keZ ds vius fl)karksa dk vf/kd ljy vkSj vkd\"kZd rjhds ls çpkj fd;kA çrkfM+r lekt us bls lq[knk;d cke ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA yksxksa dks igyh ckj irk pyk fd vkRek ;k eks{k çkfIr dk lcls vklku jkLrk ;gh FkkA ckS) mins'kksa ds jgL;oknh fopkjksa us turk dks vKkurk ls psruk dh vksj [khapkA lSdM+ksa yksxksa us vius vki dks mlds pj.kksa esa j[k fn;k vkSj ckS) /keZ xzg.k fd;kA vKku ls çdk'k dh vksj ys tkus okyk ekxZ] tSlk fd cq) }kjk fn[kk;k x;k gS] us mUgsa fof/kor ^n ykbV v‚Q ,f'k;k* ds :i esa çfl) fd;k gSA 7.2 L=ksr L=ksr% cq) ds mins'k ds ckjs esa gekjs lUnHkZ ds fy, lcls igys miyC/k L=ksr gSa] fnXx fudk;] efT>ek fudk;] lE;qrrk fudk;] vaxqêk fudk;] [kqìdk fudk; vkSj e/; ,f'k;k vkSj rqdsZLrku esa [kksts x, muds laLdj.k laLdj.kksa ds dqN va'k Hkh gSAa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 161 7.3 xkSre dk çkjafHkd thou oS'kk[k ds ifo= eghus ds ifo= iwf.kZek ds fnu] xkSre cq) dk tUe usiky esa dfiyoLrq ds yqfEcuh m|ku esa 576 bZ-iw- ;k 566 bZ-iw- esa gqvkA muds firk ’kq)ks/ku dfiyoLrq ij 'kd lkezkT; ds ,d {kf=; 'kkld FksA mudh eka ek;knsoh FkhaA ckS) ^tkrd* ds o.kZu ds vuqlkj] lksrs le; mldh gkFkhnkar&fcLrj ij jgus okyh ek;knsoh us ,d lQsn gkFkh dk liuk ns[kk] ftlus ,d lQsn dey dks /kkj.k fd;k] pkj ckj mlds fcLrj dh ifjØek dh vkSj fQj mlds xHkZ esa ços'k fd;kA viuh jkuh ls ;g lqudj] ’kq)ks/ku us T;ksfrf\"k;ksa ls ijke'kZ fd;k] ftUgksaus Hkfo\";ok.kh dh Fkh fd tks csVk muls iSnk gksxk og Hkfo\"; esa ,d fo'o çfl) lezkV ;k lar gksxkA gkykafd çlo lkekU; Fkk] xkSre us viuh eka dks tUe ds ,d lIrkg ds Hkhrj [kks fn;kA mudh ijofj'k dk dk;Z mudh pkph egkçtkifr xkSreh ds fy, fufgr FkkA pkph xkSreh }kjk muds iks\"k.k ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa xkSre uke fn;k x;k FkkA mudk nwljk uke fl)kFkZ FkkA yqfEcuh /khjs&/khjs ckS) /keZ dk ,d çfl) dsaæ cu x;kA lezkV v'kksd vius ^/keZ* vfHk;ku ¼/keZ;k=k½ ds nkSjku ogk¡ x, FksA bls eukus ds fy,] mUgksaus ogka ,d LraHk&f'kykys[k LFkkfir fd;kA ;g lHkh ckS)ksa ds fy, rhFkZLFky gSA f'k{kk ikB] ^yfyrfoLrkj*] xkSre dh f'k{kk dh ckr djrk gSA egy esa] mUgsa fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk nh xbZ FkhA rhjankth] ryokjckth] ?kqM+lokjh Hkh ,sls çf'k{k.k Fks ftuesa mUgksaus vius çf'k{k.k ds nkSjku [kqn dks Js; fn;kA lqn'kZuk us mUgsa {kf=; lekurk ds :i esa rS;kj djus ds fy, lHkh laHko dne mBk,A 'kknh vk'p;Ztud :i ls] xkSre us viuh f'k{kk iwjh djus ds ckn] 'kklu esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha fn[kkbZA ,d ckj ’kq)ks/ku us mnklhu jktdqekj ds eu dks mlds fy, HkO;rk vkSj vkjke çnku djus ds ckjs esa lkspkA u`R;] laxhr] foykflrk vkSj ukSdjksa ds ek/;e ls xíhnkj fcLrj] fpdus O;atu] vkSj euksjatu ds fy, çpqjrk ds çko/kku okys jktdqekj ds fy, rhu egy cuk, x, FksA fQj Hkh] ;s lHkh jktdqekj ds fnekx dks lalkfjd ekeyksa esa ugha eksM+ ldrs FksA ’kq)ks/ku cgqr fpafrr Fks vkSj mlus vius csVs dh 'kknh djus dk QSlyk fd;k rkfd la;qXe vkuan vkSj oSokfgd ca/ku mlds volkn dks nwj dj ldsaA xkSre dk fookg vlk/kkj.k lqanj ;'kks/kjk ¼xksi½ ds lkFk fd;k x;k Fkk] tks 'kkD; dqy dh iq=h gSA /kwe/kke vkSj jgL;ksn~?kkVu] 'kkunkj thou vkSj ;gka rd fd ;'kks/kjk dh mnkj lqanjrk xkSre dks lar\"q V djus ds fy, cgqr de lkfcr gqbZA og gj jkst vkSj vf/kd lrdZ gks x;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

162 bfrgkl & I xkSre ds pkj n`’; vkSj ifjorZu Pkkj n`’;ksa ds ek/;e ls jktdqekj ij ,d cM+k cnyko vk;k] og vius jFk ij dfiyoLrq dh xfy;ksa esa ?kwers gq, mUgksus ns[kkA igfy n`f\"V ,d cw<s+ vkneh ds lkFk NM+h ds lkFk cgqr /khjs py jgs Fks] NUUk us crk;k fd thou dk ;g pj.k ,d fnu gj thfor ekuo ds fy, vk,xk] xkSre vf/kd fopkj’khy cu x,A nwljk ,d jksxxzLr vkSj ihfM+r O;fDr dh n`f\"V FkhA ;g muds fy, ,d lcd Fkk fd ;g ,d n`f\"V gS tks xkSre fc[kj x;kA ;g ,d ’kksd larIr ifjokj ds lnL; ds jksus ls vafre laLdkj ds eSnku ds fy, tk jgk FkkA muds lkjFkh us mUgsa crk;k fd ;g thou dk vafre pj.k gSA HkkSfrd thou dh {k.kHkaxqj izd`fr dh izkfIr us mls lkalkfjd phtksa ds izfr vf/kd ?k`.kk iSnk dj nhA var esa] mUgksaus ,d [kq’kgky _f\"k dks ns[kk] ftUgksaus vius ?kj vkSj lkalkfjd vklfä;ksa dks R;kx fn;k Fkk] lM+dksa ij HkVd jgs FksA ;g utkjk mls xgjkbZ ls ys x;kA lkalkfjd ca/kuksa ls eqDr djus ds ckn gh dksbZ Hkh _f\"k ds :i esa [kq’k gks ldrk gSA tc og bl fnu dks rksM+us gq, xqtj jgs Fks] rks muds vkSj mudh iRuh ds fy, ,d csVk iSnk gqvkA Ekgku R;kx ,d csVs dk tUe ’kk;n gh xkSre dh d`ik ls gqvk gksA mUgksaus u, tUes csVs dks nqfu;k dks R;kxus vkSj laU;klh ;k _f\"k ds thou dks ysus ds vius QSlys ij ck/kk ds :i esa ekukA muds iq= dk uke jkgqy Fkk] ftldk vFkZ Lusg dk ca/ku FkkA fQj Hkh] jktegky thoudh pdkpkSa/k ls Hkjiwj] ;’kks/kjk dk eueksgd lkSan;Z vkSj jkgqy dk fQYeh lalkj xkSre dks lkalkfjd thou esa cka/k ugha ldkA blfy,] mlus ,d jkr lc dqN NksM+ fn;k vkSj lR; dh [kkst esa ,d _f\"k ds :i esa fudy iM+kA ckS) xzaFk bl ?kVuk dks ^egku R;kx* ds :i esa of.kZr djrs gSa] D;ksafd xkSre us vkReKku ikus ds fy, lkalkfjd thou vkSj ca/ku dks R;kx fn;kA _f\"k ds :i esa thou mlds lkjFkh us mls dfiyoLrq ls ckgj daFkd uked ?kksMs ij lokj fd;kA tc Hkksj gks xbZ] rks mUgksaus vius lkjFkh dks ’kkgh iks\"kkd nsus vkSj dfiyoLrq ykSVus ds fy, dgus ds ckn NUuk vkSj daBd dks fonkbZ nhA blds ckn xkSre us viuk flj eqaMok fy;k] dslfj;k iks\"kkd iguh vkSj lkalkfjd nq[kksa dk fuokj.k [kkstus ds fy, ,d _f\"k ds :i esa HkVd x,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 163 oS’kkyh esa] og ,d le; ds fy,] izfl) fo}ku vykjdykek ds laj{k.k esa FkkA ogk¡ls] mUgksaus jktx`g ds fy, ik¡p vU; czápkjh lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk cSBd dhA ;gha ij #nzdk jkeiq= uked ,d f’k{kd us mUgsa ;ksx fl[kk;k FkkA ysfdu ;ksx us Kku ds fy, viuh vr`Ir I;kl dks lra q\"V ugha fd;kA blfy,] vius lkfFk;ksa dh daiuh esa og cks/kx;k esa fujatuk unh ds fdukjs m#fook ds taxy esa lsokfuo`Rk gq,A yacs Ng lky rd mUgksaus [kqn dks xgjs /;ku esa Mqcks;kA mudk ’kjhj iryk gks x;k vkSj muds psgjs us /;ku dh xaHkhjrk ds dkj.k viuh ped [kks nhA fQj Hkh lR; ds Kku us mls vyx dj fn;kA ,d ;qok] nw/k nklh lqtkrk us mUgsa nw/k fiyk;k vkSj mudh tku cpkbZA mUgsa vc riL;k dh fujFkZdrk dk ,glkl gqvkA çcks/ku vkReKku xgjh riL;k ds ek/;e ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS u fd vkRe ;kruk riL;k ds ek/;e lsA xkSre dks bldk ,glkl gqvkA blfy, ,d fnu] fujatuk unh esa Luku djus ds ckn] og unh fdukjs ,d ihIiy ds isM+ ds uhps xgjs /;ku esa cSBsA ;ksfxd pdkpkSa/k ds ewM esa] vkReKku ml ij p<+ x;kA og viuh [kkst esa lPpkbZ dk jkLrk [kkstus ds fy, vkf[kj esa lkalkfjd yxkoksa ls ckgj fudyus ds jkLrs esa lQy jgkA iSarhl lky dh mez esa xkSre us vkf[kjdkj çcq) Kkuh dks çkIr fd;k vkSj blfy, mUgsa cq) ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA cksf/k dk vFkZ gS Kku vkSj ^cq)* dk vFkZ gS çcq)A fiIiy o`{k ftldh Nk;k esa mlus Kku çkIr fd;k] mls ^cksf/k o`{k* ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA dkykarj esa vkReKku ds fy, muds /;ku dk LFkku cks/kx;k ;k cq)x;k ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA cq) ds lans'k dks ckS) /keZ ds :i esa tkuk tkus yxkA Lkekftd fLFkfr esa cnyko cq) dqN le; ds fy, Bhd Fks fd çcks/ku dk inkFkZ QSyk;k tk, ;k ughaA var esa] mUgksaus bls vKkuh vkSj ihfM+r ekuork ds cM+s fgr esa QSykus dk QSlyk fd;kA og okjk.klh ds ikl lkjukFk x, vkSj ogka fgj.k ikdZ esa] mUgksaus vius lkFk vk, ikap czkã.kksa dks viuk igyk min's k fn;kA os muds igys f'k\"; cusA vius lan's k dks QSykus ds fy, mudh cksyh dk ;g igyk mnkgj.k gS] ^VfuaZx Oghy v‚Q y‚*A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

164 bfrgkl & I ckS) /keZ dk çpkj bl çdkj lkjukFk ds #lhiêu esa fgju&ikdZ ls ckS) /keZ ds çpkj dh çfØ;k 'kq: dh xbZA og lkjukFk ls QÙkstdjhgk x;k vkSj blds egku 'kkld fcfEclkj vkSj ;qok jktdqekj vtkr'k=q dks ckS) /keZ esa ifjofrZr fd;kA dksly ds jktk çlsuftr us viuh jkuh efYydk vkSj cguksa lksek vkSj ldqyk ds lkFk] ckS) /keZ xzg.k fd;kA dksly] vukFkfiafMdk ds çfl) O;kikjh us u dsoy ckS) /keZ xzg.k fd;k] cfYd tsrkou esa çfl) vkSj egaxs eBksa ds fy, Hkh [kjhnkjh dhA cq) us dfiyoLrq esa tkdj vius ekrk&firk] iq= vkSj fudV vkSj fç; yksxkas dks vius fo'okl esa cny fy;kA oS'kkyh dh çfl) os';k] vkezikyh us Hkh ckS) /keZ xzg.k fd;kA ekfy;k ds yksdrkaf=d jkT; ds fo\"k; Hkh ckS) /keZ esa ifjofrZr gks x,A le; ds lkFk] cq) us vius mins'kksa dks lQyrkiwoZd JkoLrh] ukyank] dkS'kkach] paik] ikok] dqflukjk vkfn rilq vkSj ofYydk esa çpkfjr fd;k] mRdy ds nks O;kikjh muds igys f'k\";ksa esa ls FksA lkfjiqÙk] ekSnxY;k;u] vkuan vkSj mikyh tSls f'k\"; iwjh rjg ls ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, lefiZr FksA cgqr de le; ds Hkhrj] ckS) /keZ iwjs Hkkjr esa rsth ls QSy x;kA ekSr cq) us 45 o\"kks± rd Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa vius mins'kksa dk çpkj fd;kA muds mins'kksa ds tknw us mUgsa vkSj muds fo'okl dks vkdf\"kZr fd;kA 487 bZ-i- oS’kk[k ds ifo= iwf.kZek ds fnu mÙkj çns'k ds xksj[kiqj ftys ds dq'khukjk esa vLlh o\"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksaus vafre lkal yhA ¼486 bZ-iw- dqN ds vuqlkj½A ckS) /keZxzaFkksa us bl ?kVuk dks ^egkifjfuokZ.k* ¼egku eks{k½ ds :i esa of.kZr fd;k gSA ckS)ksa ds fy, oS'kk[k dh iwf.kZek cq) ds tUe] Kku vkSj e`R;q ds volj ds :i esa vR;ar ifo= gSA mudh e`R;q ds ckn] cq) ds vuq;kf;;ksa us iwjs Hkkjr esa muds lan's k dks QSykus dk dke fd;k vkSj ml fe'ku esa vR;f/kd lQy jgsA 7.4 cq) ds mins'k mUgksaus ckj&ckj vuq;kf;;ksa dks pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dh le> ls lPpkbZ rd igq¡pus dk funsZ'k fn;kA os gSa nq%[k] lenq k;] fujks/kk vkSj ekxZA nq%[k% euq\"; dk thou nq%[k ls Hkjk gS mlds fy, thou nq[kksa vkSj d\"Vksa ds dkj.k nq[kh gSA e`R;q nq%[k gSA lq[kn ds lkFk laidZ nq%[k gSA gj dkeuk v/kwjh gS nq%[kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 165 leqnk;% ¼dkj.k dk nks\"k½ & dkeuk gh nqD[k dk ewy gSA dkeuk ;kfu yacs thou dh dkeuk] dkeqd vkuan] 'kfä vkfn ls nq%[k nwj gksrk gSA fujks/kk% ¼dSls tkp¡ dh tk ldrh gS½% nq%[k dks tkp¡ dj dkeuk dh tk ldrh gSA eXxk ¼os½% mUgksaus dkeuk dh tkap djus ds fy, vkB egku xquk jkLrs lq>k, tks nq%[k dh vksj ys tkrs gSAa ;s vkB rg iFk gSa & lR; Kku] lR; fopkj] lR; ,D'ku] lR; fyfoax] lR; ,QVZ~l] lR; ekbaMQqyusl] lR; fparuA bl ekxZ dks efT>ek ;k e/;ek ikB Hkh dgk tkrk gS ;kuh nks Nksjksa ds chp dk ekxZA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lq[k vkSj foykflrk ij vk/kkfjr czkã.kokn dh pje ç—fr vkSj tSu /keZ ds chp ,d ekxZ vkRe&e`R;q ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g thou ds 'kq) vkSj vuq'kkflr rjhds ij vk/kkfjr iFk gS ftlesa uSfrdrk ij ruko fn;k x;k Fkk] tSls& nl fl)kar% >wB cksyus ds fy, ugha] pksjh djus ds fy, ugha] laHkksx esa fyIr gksus ds fy, ugha] yksHk djus ds fy, ugha] fgalk dk vH;kl djus ds fy, ugha] Qwy vkSj xa/kdksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, ugha] xkus vkSj u`R; djus ds fy, ugha] efgykvksa ds lkFk ugha] [kkus ds fy, ugha] fuf\"k) le; ij vkSj uje fcLrj ij ugha lksuk pkfg,A bl ekxZ ij dksbZ D;k çkIr djsxk\\ & fdlh dks fuokZ.k ;k eks{k feysxkA fuokZ.k D;k gS% ;g vkReKku dh ,d voLFkk gS] tgk¡ u rks tUe gksrk gS vkSj u gh e`R;q] gksrh gSA og tUeksa vkSj e`R;q ds pØh; Øe ls bPNkvksa vkSj foyqIr gksus dk iw.kZ foyksiu gSA ckS) /keZ esa bls e`R;q ds ckn ugha] cfYd bl nqfu;k esa çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA deZ dk fl)kar% mlds fy, dksbZ Hkh R;kx ;k çkFkZuk iki dks ugha /kks ldrh gSA euq\"; tks chtrk gS ogh dkVrk gSA dksbZ Hkh nsoh ;k nsork bls cny ugha ldrsA og vius deks± ds ifj.kkeksa ls cp ugha ldrk gS vius deks± dk Qy ikus ds fy, og ckj&ckj tUe ysrk gSA bl çdkj] og vius HkkX; vkSj nq[kksa dk fuekZrk gSA ,d ,d dk Lokeh vkSj j{kd Hkh gSA og bl çdkj nqfu;k ds igys rdZoknh gSaA mlds fy, ;fn dksbZ O;fä iki ugha djrk gS rks og vkSj ugha ejrk gS vkSj tc og ugha ejrk gS rks mldk tUe ugha gksrk gS vkSj bl çdkj og vafre vkuan dk thou thus ds fy, vkrk gSA ckS) /keZ esa bl voLFkk dks fuokZ.k vFkkZr~ vkReKku] tUe vkSj e`R;q ds pØh; Øe ls eqä dgk tkrk gSA iqutZUe esa fo'okl% mudk ekuuk Fkk fd euq\"; viuh bPNk vkSj xoZ ds dkj.k ckj&ckj tUe ysrk gSA tc ,d O;fä çcq) gksrk gS rks og dqN vkSj ugha pkgrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

166 bfrgkl & I osn] bZ'oj] R;kx] ;K] tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj riL;k esa fo'okl ugha djrs FksA vfgalk ;kfu vfgalk dks ckS) /keZ dk vfHkUu vax ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu tSu /keZ dh rjg dBksj ughaA cq)% egkRek cq) dh e`R;q us xksj[kiqj ds ikl dq'khuxj esa 80 o\"kZ dh vk;q esa 487 bZ-iw- esa gqvk FkkA ckS) /keZ dh ç—fr% ckS) /keZ euq\";ksa ds uSfrd mRFkku ds fy, ,d vkpkj lafgrk dk ikyu djrk gS] tks tkfrxr iaFkksa vkSj jax ds ckotwn ljy] O;kogkfjd vkSj lHkh ds fy, [kqyk gSA dbZ yksxksa ds fy, ß;g oSfnd vkSj tSu /keks± ds chp ,d la'ys\"k.k FkkÞA vU; ds fy, ;g fganw /keZ dh fo—fr;ksa ds f[kykQ ,d çfrfØ;k FkhA 7.5 ckS) /keZ dk çlkj ckS) /keZ dks O;kid Loh—fr feyh vkSj bldh yksdfç;rk iwjs Hkkjr esa taxyh vkx dh rjg QSy xbZA ckS) /keZ ds mn; ds fy, fofHkUu dkj.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ntZ le; esa] ns'k ds çR;sd uqDdM+ vkSj dksus esa fHk{kqvksa ¼fHk{kqvksa½ vkSj ys&mikldksa ¼mikfldksa½ dh çkFkZukvksa ds lkFk xwat mBsA le; dk çHkko NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ le; FkkA ;g ,d le; Fkk tc yksx va/kfo'oklksa] tfVy vuq\"Bkuksa vkSj laLdkjksa vkSj va/kfo'oklksa ls rax vk pqds FksA cq) dk lans'k czkã.kokn ds neudkjh Hkkj ds rgr igys ls gh yksxksa ds fy, ,d jkgr ds :i esa vk;kA viuh vkLFkk vkSj viuh /kkfeZd lfg\".kqrk dh lknxh ls os vklkuh ls ckS) /keZ esa vk x, FksA ljy fl)kar tSu /keZ dh rqyuk esa] ckS) /keZ vfuok;Z :i ls ljy FkkA blus yksxksa dks Hkzfer ugha fd;kA cfYd blds vk;Z lR; ^vkB xquk iFk vfgalk dh vo/kkj.kk* bruh ljy Fkh fd yksx bUgsa vklkuh ls le> vkSj ikyu dj ldrs FksA ckS) /keZ esa tSu /keZ dh xaHkhjrk ds lkFk&lkFk oSfnd vuq\"Bkuksa dh tfVyrk dk Hkh vHkko FkkA oSfnd /keZ ds czkã.koknh tksM+&rksM+ ls igys ls gh rax vk pqds yksx ckS) /keZ dks lq[knk;d vkSj rktk cnyko ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSaA ljy Hkk\"kk cq) us vius lans'k dks tu&tu dh ljy Hkk\"kk esa QSyk;kA cq) us ftl çk—r Hkk\"kk dk ç;ksx fd;k og Hkkjr dh cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk FkhA oSfnd /keZ dks dsoy laL—r Hkk\"kk dh enn ls le>k tkrk Fkk tks CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 167 czkã.kksa dk ,dkf/kdkj FkkA ckS) /keZ vklkuh ls le> esa vk x;k vkSj yksxksa us blds ljy n'kZu vkSj euHkkou lan's k ds ckjs esa vk'oLr gksus ds ckn bls Lohdkj dj fy;kA cq) dk O;fäRo cq) ds O;fäRo us mUgsa vkSj muds /keZ dks tu&tu rd igq¡pk;kA cq) n;kyq vkSj vgadkjh FksA mudh 'kkar jpuk] ljy n'kZu ds ehBs cksy vkSj muds thou ds R;kx us mUgsa tu&tu rd [khapkA mUgksaus yksxksa dh leL;kvksa ds fy, uSfrd lek/kku rS;kj fd;k FkkA vius ikiksa vkSj iqutZUe ls ekuork dks cpkus ds fy, nqfu;k dks R;kxus okys ,d jktdqekj dk mudk mnkgj.k vkSj yksxksa dks vius lan's kksa vkSj mins'kksa ds lkFk eukus ds fy, txg&txg HkVduk LokHkkfod :i ls muds vkSj muds /keZ ds yksxkas ds fy, foLe;] ç'kalk vkSj Lohdkj djus ds fy, vk;k FkkA bl çdkj ckS) /keZ dk çlkj rsth ls gqvkA de [kphZyk /keZ dh fo'ks\"krk okys egaxs vuq\"Bkuksa ds fcuk] ckS) /keZ FkkA O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk] u fd laLdkj vkSj egaxs vuq\"Bku] bldh chdu fo'ks\"krk ds :i esa vk, vkSj lekt esa ,d LoLFk ijaijk LFkkfir djus esa enn dhA blus vuq\"Bkuksa vkSj migkjksa ds ek/;e ls nsorkvksa vkSj czkã.kksa dks lar\"q V djus ds fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd nkf;Roksa ds fcuk vk/;kfRed ekxZ dh odkyr dhA yksxkas us ckS) /keZ xzg.k djus dh çfrLi/kkZ dhA dksbZ tkfr ck/kk ugha ckS) /keZ tkfr&Hksn esa fo'okl ugha djrk FkkA blus ml tkfr O;oLFkk dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa dks leku :i ls ekukA blds vuq;k;h viuh tkfr dks Hkwydj ,d lkFk cSBs vkSj uSfrdrk ij ppkZ dhA xSj&czkã.k fo'ks\"k :i ls] bldh rg esa x,A bldh yksdfç;rk Nykax vkSj lhek ls QSy xbZA 'kkgh laj{kd ckS) /keZ ds 'kkgh laj{k.k esa Hkh rsth ls o`f) gqbZA cq) Lo;a ,d {kf=; jktdqekj FksA çlsuftr] fcfEclkj] vtkr'k=q] v'kksdk] dfu\"d vkSj g\"kZo/kZu tSls jktkvksa us ckS) /keZ dk laj{k.k fd;k vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa vkSj ckgj Hkh blds çlkj esa enn dhA v'kksd us ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, vius cPpksa] egsaæ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

168 bfrgkl & I vkSj la?kfe=k dks Jhyadk esa fu;qä fd;kA dfu\"d vkSj g\"kZo/kZu us iwjs Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, vFkd ç;kl fd;kA fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk çeq[krk ckS) /keZ ds çlkj esa ukyank] r{kf'kyk] iq\"idftjh vkSj foØef'kyk esa fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh FkhA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu fgLlksa ls vkSj Hkkjr ds ckgj ls vk, Nk=] bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa i<+rs gq,] ckS) /keZ ds çfr vkdf\"kZr gq, vkSj bls viuk;kA mUgksaus [kqn dks ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, Hkh lefiZr fd;kA çfl) phuh rhFkZ;k=h ºosu Rlkax ukyank fo'ofo|ky; ds Nk= FksA blds f'k{kd tSls f'kykonjk] /keZiky] paæiky vkSj fnokdjfe= çfl) fo}ku Fks] ftUgksaus ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, [kqn dks lefiZr fd;kA blds ckn vkus okys vU; yksxksa esa fnXuukxk] /keZdhfrZ] olqca/kq vkfn FksA ckS) fHk{kq vkSj la?k ckS) fHk{kqvksa vkSj ckS) ^v‚MZj* ¼la?k½ us ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, vrqyuh; los k dhA cq) ds f'k\";ksa esa çeq[k Fks vkuan] lkfjiqÙk] ekSnxY;k;u] lqnÙk vkSj miyh vkfn os iwjs Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ dks QSykus ds fy, –<+ ladfYir Fks vkSj lefiZr FksA ckS) la?k iwjs Hkkjr esa viuh 'kk[kk,¡ LFkkfir djus ds fy, vk;k FkkA tYn gh LFkkuh; yksxksa dks budh vksj [khapk x;k] ckS) ^v‚MZj* dh 'kk[kk,¡] os ;k rks fHk{kq cu x, ¼fHk{kq½ ;k mikld ¼mikld½ vkSj vkSfpR;ghu thou thrs gSaA muds mnkgj.k us vf/kd ls vf/kd yksxksa dks bldk ikyu djus ds fy, çHkkfor fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i] ckS) /keZ rsth ls QSy x;kA ckS) ifj\"kn ckS) ifj\"knksa us Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ds f'k{k.k vkSj çlkj ds fy, egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA Hkxoku cq) dh e`R;q ¼egkifjfuokZ.k½ ds ckn] igyh ckS) ifj\"kn 487 bZlk iwoZ ¼;k 486 ch&lh½ jktx`g esa ex/k dh jkt/kkuh esa] vtkr'k=q ds usr`Ro esa vkSj egkd';i dh v/;{krk esa gqbZ FkhA bl ifj\"kn esa yxHkx 500 ckS)ksa us Hkkx fy;kA ;g bl ifj\"kn esa Fkk fd cq) dh f'k{kkvksa dks ^f=fiVd* uked 'kkL=ksa esa ladfyr vkSj lafgrkc) fd;k x;k FkkA ^f=fiVd* esa l=w fiVd 'kkfey gSA fou;k fiVd vkSj vfHk/keZ fiVd] lw= fiVd esa cq) dh lykg 'kkfey FkhA fou; fiVd us laLdkj ds ekunaM vkSj fu;e fu/kkZfjr fd,A vfHk/kEe fiVd esa ckS) n'kZu fufgr FkkA bl ifj\"kn us ckS) /keZ dks yksdfç; cukus esa ,d yack jkLrk r; fd;kA Bhd lkS lky ckn] 387 bZ-i-w ¼;k 386 ch- lh-½ nwljh ckS) ifj\"kn dks dylksdk dkdouhZ dh ns[kjs[k esa oS'kkyh esa cqyk;k x;k FkkA bl ifj\"kn us ckS) /keZ ds dqN fl)karksa tSls ued dks CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 169 lajf{kr djuk] e/;kUg ds ckn nksigj dk Hkkstu ysuk] lksuk vkSj pkn¡ h çkIr djuk vkSj blh rjg vkjke fd;kA jk; ds la?k\"kZ us ckS) vkns'k dks nks lewgksa ;k xqVksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k] ,d Fkh ^LFkfoj* vkSj nwljh] ^egklaf?kdk*A 251 esa bZ-iw- vkSj lezkV v'kksd ds 'kkunkj 'kkludky ds nkSjku] rhljh ckS) ifj\"kn ex/k dh jkt/kkuh ikVfyiq= esa vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA çfl) ckS) fHk{kq eksxfyiqÙk frLlk us bl ifj\"kn dh v/;{krk dhA ijLij fojks/kh fopkjksa ds eqíksa ij ppkZ djus vkSj loZlEefr ds vk/kkj ij lek/kku ij igqapus ds fy, ifj\"kn esa ç;kl fd;k x;k FkkA la?k esa dbZ lq/kkj Hkh fd, x,A eq[; mís'; lHkh fo—fr;ksa ds lkax dks lkQ djds 'kq)rk dks cgky djuk FkkA dq\"kk.k lezkV dfu\"d us vk;ksftr fd;k] igyh 'krkCnh ds nkSjku d'ehj ds dqaMyck.k fogkj esa pkSFkk ckS) ifj\"kn oklqfe= blds v/;{k Fks vkSj v'o?kks\"k blds mik/;{kA bl ifj\"kn us ckS) /keZ ds lkeus vkus okyh dbZ vO;ä leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls ppkZ dhA ;g ifj\"kn vf}rh; Fkh D;ksafd ;gka lHkh ppkZ,a laL—r esa dh xbZa vkSj ckS) /keZ ds fo'ys\"k.k dks ckS) /keZ ds ,d fo'odks'k ds :i esa cuk;k x;k ftls ^egkfHk\"kk* dgk tkrk gSA dfu\"d us lHkh ppkZvksa ds lkj dks ,d Lrwi ds iRFkj&d{kksa esa lajf{kr djus ds fy, rkacs IysVksa ij mRdh.kZ djus dk vkns'k fn;kA v'o?kks\"k ds usr`Ro esa ,d ubZ 'kk[kk dk mn; gqvkA bl xqV dks ^egk;ku* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA bl lewg ds vuq;k;h cq) dh Nfo dh iwtk djus ds fy, vk, FksA bl çdkj] pkSFkh ckS) ifj\"kn us ckS)ksa dks nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k] vFkkZr~ ^ghu;ku* vkSj ^egk;ku*] ^egk;ku* laçnk; dks jkT;&/keZ ?kksf\"kr fd;k x;kA ;s ckS) ifj\"knsa fu;fer varjky ij vk;ksftr dh tk jgh FkhaA blfy, yksdfç; ilan dks ckS) /keZ ds çfr fujarj j[kk tk ldrk gSA yksx bu ifj\"knksa ds fopkj foe'kZ dk ckjhdh ls vuqlj.k dj jgs Fks vkSj rsth ls bldh rg esa tk jgs FksA ;g ckS) /keZ dh fujarj yksdfç;rk ds fy, ftEesnkj FkkA etcwr çfr}af};ksa dh vuqifLFkfr bZlk iwoZ 6 Bh 'krkCnh esa FkhA bZlk iwoZ ls ckS) /keZ dk dksbZ çfr}anh ugha FkkA gkykafd tSu /keZ yksdfç; gks x;k] ysfdu blds dkuwuksa dh xaHkhjrk us yksxksa dks blls nwj j[kkA ckS) /keZ dk fe'kujh mRlkg ledkyhu fganw /keZ esa fof'k\"V :i ls vuqifLFkr FkkA czkã.koknh fo'okl dks 'kq) djus vkSj mls vius 'kq) :i esa yksxksa esa QSykus ds fy, dksbZ lq/kkjd ugha Fkk] bLyke vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ dk tUe gksuk vHkh ckdh FkkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i] ckS) /keZ iwjs Hkkjr esa ,d cstksM+ cksyckyk FkkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

170 bfrgkl & I 7.6 ckS) /keZ dk çHkko lkekftd çHkko lkekftd lejlrk% cq) dh f'k{kk,¡ tkfr O;oLFkk ds fo#) Fkha vkSj bl çdkj mUgksua s lkekftd lejlrk fodflr dhA yksxksa us HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk ls 'kkafr vkSj ln~Hkko ds lkFk jguk 'kq: dj fn;k D;ksafd blls tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj czkã.k dk çHkqRo u\"V gks x;kA ubZ mitkfr;ksa dk fodkl% foMacuk ;g Fkh fd ckS) /keZ ds iru ds ckn vf/kdka'k vuq;kf;;ksa us fganw /keZ Lohdkj dj fy;k vkSj bl rjg dbZ ubZ mitkfr;ka vfLrRo esa vkbZaA Hkkstu dh vknr% ckS) /keZ us Hkkjrh;ksa dh Hkkstu dh vknr esa tcjnLr cnyko yk;k D;ksafd vuq;k;h T;knkrj 'kkdkgkjh cu x,A lkekftd lsok% cq) us dgk] ßtks dksbZ Hkh gS] fHk{kq esjh lsok djrs gSa] mls chekjksa dh lsok djuh pkfg,AÞ bl çdkj blus detksj] pkgus okys vkSj xjhcksa ds fy, mnkjrk dh Hkkouk dks c<+kok fn;kA yksxksa us t:jreanksa ds lkFk&lkFk efUnjksa esa Hkh fHk{kk nsuh 'kq: dj nhA uSfrd mRFkku% uSfrdrk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr ckS) /keZpy jgk FkkA tc fl)karksa us yksdfç;rk gkfly dh rks yksxksa us ifo=rk vkSj 'kq)rk dk thou th;kA jk\"Vªh; ,drk% blus Hkkjrh;ksa esa jk\"Vªh; ,drk vkSj jk\"Vªh; Hkkouk dk iks\"k.k fd;kA bZ-ch- gsosy us lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd {ks= esa lgh fVIi.kh dh gS] ckS) /keZ us Hkkjr esa ,d jk\"Vªh; Hkkouk dh vge djus esa ogh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS tks bZlkbZ /keZ us 7 oha 'krkCnh esa lSDlu gk;jkdhZ ds fofo/k rRoksa dks ,dh—r djus ds fy, fd;k FkkA blus czkã.kh çHkqRo dks u\"V dj fn;k vkSj lkFk gh ,d oxZ de vkSj tkfrfoghu lekt dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj bl rjg vuko';d laLdkjksa vkSj fjoktksa dks gVk fn;kA vc va/kfo'oklksa vkSj vkilh erHksnksa us csgrj lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd le> dks tUe fn;k] ftlds fy, ekS;Z ,d cM+k lkekz T; LFkkfir dj ldrs FksA lkoZHkkSfed 'kkafr% ckS) /keZ us lkoZHkkSfed 'kkafr dk çpkj fd;k] ftldk v'kksd ij vf/kd çHkko iM+kA gtkjksa lky igys v'kksd us bldh O;kogkfjdrk dks fn[kk;k Fkk ftlds fy, ;w-,u-vks- bl var dks çkIr djus ds fy, fujarj ç;kl dj jgk gSA vkt Hkh gesa blls çsj.kk feyrh gS ftlds fy, gekjh Hkkjr ljdkj us v'kksd pØ dks jk\"Vªh; çrhd ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 171 ijksidkjh jktk% ckS) /keZ us v'kksd] dfu\"d vkSj g\"kZo/kZu tSls jktkvksa dks mPp vkn'kks± dks viukus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA turk dh HkykbZ ds fy, dke djuk mudk çeq[k vkn'kZ cu x;kA ifj.kkeLo:i lkoZtfud dk;ks± tSls lM+dksa] ugjksa] dqvksa vkSj lM+dksa ds fdukjs o`{kkjksi.k vkSj ljk; ds fuekZ.k ij tksj fn;k x;kA fons'kh ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/k% ckS) /keZ ,d /keZfujis{k /keZ Fkk tks ,f'k;k vkSj ;wjksi ds fofHkUu ns'kksa esa QSyk gqvk Fkk vkSj bl çdkj mu ns'kksa ds lkFk ,d lkekftd] lkaL—frd] jktuhfrd vkSj okf.kfT;d lEcU/k dks çksRlkfgr fd;kA bfrgkl ds L=ksr% gkykafd vufxur ckS) lkfgR; lkexhz esa /kkfeZd gSa] fQj Hkh ;g rRdkyhu Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd vkSj lkaL—frd bfrgkl ij çdk'k iM+rk gSA 'kkgh lsuk dh ek'kZy Hkkouk dks u\"V dj fn;k% ckS) /keZ ds dbZ vfgalk fl)kar çkphu 'kkldksa ds fy, cgqr ?kkrd lkfcr gq,A v'kksd dh vfgalk dh uhfr dqN gn rd ekS;Z lkezkT; ds iru ds fy, ftEesnkj Fkh D;ksafd mlus lsuk dh etcwrh dh ijokg ugha dh vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i lkezkT; detksj gks x;k vkSj VqdM+s&VqdM+s gks x;kA /kkfedZ czkã.kokn ij çHkko% blus czkã.kokn ij ekuoh; çHkko MkykA eg¡xh vkSj vuko';d jhfr&fjoktksa] laLdkjksa] cfynkuksa vkSj dBksj fl)karksa ds mUewyu us czkã.kksa ds ,dkf/kdkj dks rksM+ fn;kA vc czkã.k&fganw /keZ esa cgqr lq/kkj gqvkA fofHkUu vU; nks\"k% bu lq/kkjksa us vfgalk vkSj Hkfä ds fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkxor /keZ tSls dbZ vU; nks\"kksa dks vkdkj fn;kA ewfrZ iwtk% ;g rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd ewfrZ iwtk fganvq ksa ds chp O;ogkj esa ugha FkhA ;g ckS) /keZ ds egk;ku :i ds çlkj ds ckn cq) vkSj cksf/klRoksa dh ewfrZ;kas dh iwtk dh xbZ FkhA fganw /keZ ij bldk thfor çHkko iM+k vkSj fganqvksa us vius nsorkvksa ds fofHkUu nsorkvksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dh iwtk djus dh çFkk dks viuk;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

172 bfrgkl & I Lrwi vkSj eafnj okLrqdyk% ewfrZ iwtk ls igys fganqvksa us [kqyh gok esa [kqyh osfn;ksa ij cfynku dk vH;kl fd;kA ewfrZ iwtk ds dkj.k eafnj Lrwi vkSj fogkj dk fuekZ.k fganqvksa vkSj ckS)ksa us Hkh fd;kA /khjs&/khjs lqanj vkSj 'kkunkj eafnj vkfn Hkkjr esa QSy x,A ;g ckS) /keZ dk egku ;ksxnku FkkA eB% mlh çfØ;k esa tSls eafnjksa esa] ckS)ksa }kjk eBksa dh LFkkiuk us fganqvksa dks çHkkfor fd;kA fganw n`\"Vk vkSj larksa us bldk vuqlj.k fd;k vkSj vius /keZ ds çpkj ds fy, eBksa dh LFkkiuk dhA lkaL—frd çHkko lkfgR;% fofHkUu :iksa esa ckS) xzaFk tSls f=fiVd] tkrd dFkk,¡ vkfn us Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dks le`) fd;k gS tSls fd osn] mifu\"kn vkSj iqjk.k vkfnA gkyk¡fd 'kq#vkrh ckS) xzaFk ikyh esa fy[ks x, Fks] ysfdu ckn esa mudk vuqokn fofHkUu tu Hkk\"kkvksa esa fd;k x;kA ,sfrgkfld –f\"Vdks.k ls ckS) lkfgR; çkphu Hkkjr ds çkjafHkd bfrgkl dks tksM+us esa gekjh enn djrk gSA f'k{kk% ckS) laxrkas vkSj fogkjksa us f'k{kk ds fodkl vkSj çlkj esa egRoi.w kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ukyank] r{kf'kyk vkSj foØef'kyk tSls fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk phu] frCcr bR;kfn ns'kksa ds Nk=ksa dh ck<+ vk xbZ] tgk¡ gj rjg ds fo\"k;ksa dh f'k{kk egku çfrHkk ds fo}kuksa }kjk nh tkrh FkhA dyk% dyk dh lHkh 'kk[kk,¡ & okLrqdyk] ewfrZdyk vkSj fp=dyk ckS) /keZ ds laj{k.k esa fodflr gqbZA ckS)ksa us xqQk eafnjksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj lefirZ djus ds mnkgj.k LFkkfir fd, vkSj fganqvksa vkSj tSuksa us bldk ikyu fd;kA lkaph] Hkjr vkSj vejkorh esa lqanj Lrwi vkSj fogkj vkSj v'kksd ds iRFkj ds [kaHks vkSj dugj ¼c‚Ecs½] ikjys ¼iq.ks½ vkSj ukfld ds xqQk eafnj ckS) okLrqdyk ds çeq[k VqdM+s ekus tkrs gSaA ewfrZ;ksa ds {ks= esa Hkxoku cq)] cksf/klRoksa vkSj Hkxoku cq) ls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu dgkfu;ksa dks thoar :i ls iRFkj ds :i esa cuk;k x;k gS] tks fd fganqvksa vkSj tSfu;ksa }kjk vius lEcfU/kr iaFk fp=ksa dks vkdkj nsus ds fy, Hkh udy dh xbZ FkhA isafVaXl ds {ks= esa ckS) /keZ dk ;ksxnku tcjnLr FkkA xqQkvksa vkSj eafnjksa dh nhokjsa lqanj fHkfÙkfp=ksa ls le`) FkhaA ckS) dyk vfuok;Z :i ls ekuo ç—fr ds fy, ,d xgu Hkkouk vkSj lHkh thou] ekuo] i'kq ,drk dh ,d Toyar le> FkhA vtark] ,yksjk] ck?kk vkSj lkxzhok ¼lhyksu½ xqQkvksa vkfn esa bl dyk ds vo'ks\"k mu mLrkn dykdkjksa ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN c;ka djrs gSaA fQj xa/kkj Ldwy v‚Q vkVZ ckS) laj{k.k dk ifj.kke gSA blus xzhdks&jkseu rduhd ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; fo\"k;ksa vkSj /kkfeZd xHkkZ/kku dh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 173 O;k[;k djus dh dksf'k'k dhA ch-lh- xks[kys] dh fof/k ckS) dyk ,d fujarj dFku vkSj ç;ksx dh tkus okyh rduhd Fkh tks Le`fr fp=ksa esa ls ,d FkhA fons'kh ns'k% lkLa —frd lEcU/k Hkkjr vkSj mu fons'kh ns'kksa ds chp LFkkfir fd, x, Fks] tgka ckS) /keZ fe'kujh xfrfof/k;ksa ls iuik FkkA ckyh cksfuZ;ks] cekZ] fl;ke] pEik lhyksu] phu] eyk;k] frCcr] lhfj;k feL=] xka/kkj vkSj tkiku tSls ns'kksa us Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh Js\"Brk dks Lohdkj fd;k vkSj Hkkjr dks rRdkyhu fo'o dk vk/;kfRed xq# ekuk x;kA 7.7 ckS) /keZ ds mn; ds fy, vxz.kh dkj.k fganw /keZ dh vyksdfç;rk% le; chrus ds lkFk fganw /keZ us viuk ewy Lokn [kks fn;kA va/kfo'okl] gB/kfeZrk] vuko';d vuq\"Bku] cfynku vkSj cksf>y laLdkj blesa 'kkfey gSaA dBksj tkfr O;oLFkk vkSj czkã.kksa ds gkFkksa gq, mRihM+u us vke yksxksa dks viuk psgjk blls nwj djus ds fy, etcwj dj fn;kA ;g ckS) /keZ Fkk] ftlus czkã.kokn ds neudkjh nynyksa ls nwj gksus dk volj çnku fd;kA laxr okrkoj.k% [kphZys vkSj cksf>y czkã.k /keZ ds cks> rys vlarks\"k ds pyrs vke yksx djkg jgs FksA yksxksa dks ;g oSfnd /keZ çsjd ugha yxk vkSj mudh vkRek dks blesa dksbZ 'kkafr ugha feyhA blfy, ljy vkSj cgqr O;kogkfjd ckS) /keZ us mUgsa vkdf\"kZr fd;kA tkfr;ksa dk fojks/k% fganw /keZ dk lcls cM+k mik/;{k tkfr dk çHkqRo FkkA bl tkfr lajpuk esa czkã.kksa us mPp LFkku ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj Hkxoku vkSj 'kkL=ksa ds uke ij vU; tkfr;ksa dks lrk;k x;k] D;ksafd czkã.kksa ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh lLa dkj ;k vuq\"Bku ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA lqnkl uked vNwrksa dk thou bl tkfr vk/kkfjr fganw /keZ esa lcls vfuf'pr gks x;kA pwafd ckS) /keZ bl tkfr ds çHkqRo ds f[kykQ foæksg Fkk] blus xSj&czkã.kksa dk i{k çkIr fd;k vkSj yksdfç; gks x;kA ljy /keZ% /keZ cgqr egRoi.w kZ] vklku] le>us ;ksX; vkSj lHkh tfVyrkvksa ls eqä FkkA ;g tSu /keZ dh pje lhekvksa vkSj czkã.kokn ds neudkjh LoHkko ds chp dk /keZ FkkA bldh uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrdrk dk dksM bl rjg ds vR;kpkj ls eqfä ds :i esa vk;kA cq) us O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk ij tksj fn;k tks yksxksa ds fy, vuqlj.k djuk vklku FkkA rdZ dk dkj.k% cq) us yksxksa ds lkeus rdZ ds vk/kkj ij thou dk ,d u;k n'kZu çLrqr fd;kA muds vdkVî rdZ] tcjnLr rdZ vkSj muds /kkjkçokg] ehBs vkSj çsjd mins'k us mUgsa [kqyh cgl vkSj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

174 bfrgkl & I ppkZvksa esa vius czkã.k fojksf/k;ksa ij thr gkfly djus esa l{ke cuk;kA /keZ esa yphykiu% ckS) /keZ ds çlkj dk ,d vkSj dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;g ,d yphyk /keZ FkkA blds fl)karksa dks txg] yksxksa vkSj le; dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj cnyk tk ldrk FkkA Ogh-,- ds 'kCnksa esa] ßvU; ns'kksa esa bldh çxfr dk eq[; dkj.k bldh vuqdwyu'khyrk FkhA ;g vR;f/kd mnkj Fkk vkSj lHkh ns'kksa dh t:jrksa ds vuqlkj bls la'kksf/kr dj ldrk FkkA dqN la'kks/kuksa ds lkFk ;g fdlh Hkh LFkku ds vuq:i gks ldrk gSAÞ yksdrkaf=d –f\"Vdks.k% ;g ,d Loh—r rF; gS fd xkSre cq) yksdfç; bPNk dk lEeku djrs FksA ;g vkuan Fkk tcfd efgykvksa dks ckS) la?k cq) esa vuqefr nsus ij tksj nsrs gq, mUgksaus bls vius fl)kar ds foijhr gksus fn;kA ckS) lEesyu% /keZ ds lq/kkj ds fy, le;&le; ij ckS) lEesyu cqyk, x,A blesa /keZ ds nks\"kksa dks nwj djus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ FkhA bl mís'; ds fy, pkj lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA ikyh lkfgR; ds vuqlkj] cq) ds egkifjfuokZ.k ds rqjar ckn jktx`g esa igyh ifj\"kn vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA egkdlIik us bl ifj\"kn dh v/;{krk dh vkSj mikyh vkSj vkuan ds lkFk 500 fHkD[kqvksa us ifj\"kn esa Hkkx fy;kA nwljh ifj\"kn yxHkx 387 bZ-iw- oS'kkyh esa tgka fou; fiVd dks la'kksf/kr fd;k x;k FkkA v'kksd ds 'kklu ds var esa ikVfyiq= esa rhljh ifj\"kn dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k FkkA pkSFkh ifj\"kn dks dfu\"d ds 'kklu ds nkSjku d'ehj ¼tqyqaMwj esa dqN½ esa cqykbZ xbZ FkhA olqfe= v/;{k Fks vkSj v'o?kks\"k mik/;{k FksA bu lHkh lEeys uksa esa f=fiVdksa dks lq/kkjus vkSj vuq;kf;;ksa ds chp erHksnksa dh tkap djus ds fy, erHksnkas dks nwj djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA ljy Hkk\"kk% egkRek cq) us mins'k fn;k vkSj yksxksa dh Hkk\"kk esa muds mins'kksa dk çpkj djus dk funsZ'k fn;kA ;g fuf'pr gks x;k vkSj vke tu Hkh u, /keZ dh vkarfjd lkefxz;ksa dks eglwl dj ldrk Fkk tks /keZ ds lEcU/k esa muds eu esa dbZ 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku dj ldrk FkkA bl çdkj muds /keZ ds dkj.k yksxksa dh lcls cM+h vihy gqbZA fHk{kqvksa ds mPp uSfrd pfj=% ckS) /keZ ds çlkj esa ;ksxnku nsus okys lcls egRoi.w kZ dkjd ckS) fHk{kqvksa dk mPp uSfrd pfj= FkkA ckS) /keZ us fHk{kqvksa ds fy, vkSj ckn esa uuksa ds fy, ,d vkn'kZ thou thus ds fy, fofHkUu fl)karksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k FkkA mudh ifo=rk vkSj 'kq)rk dk thou yksxksa dks ilan vk;k vkSj os bldh pisV esa vk x,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 175 ckS) lekxe% ckS) /keZ ds çlkj esa ckS) lekxe dh LFkkiuk us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA fHk{kqvksa dks Hkxoku cq) ds lqlekpkj dk çpkj djus ds fy, txg&txg ls tkuk FkkA cq) us dgk] ßrqe fHk{kk tkvks vkSj lalkj ds ykHk ds fy, HkVdks; ykHk ds fy,] nsorkvksa vkSj iq#\"kksa ds dY;k.k ds fy,AÞ bl çdkj fHk{kqvksa dks /keZ dk çpkj djus ds fy, muds xq# }kjk Bgjk;k x;kA ckS) lkfgR;% ckS) lkfgR; cgqr gh O;kid Fkk vkSj bldh lknxh ds fy, vke yksxksa dks Li'kZ fd;k x;k FkkA ikyh esa f=fiVd vkSj tkrd dFkk,¡ vkSj ckn esa fofHkUu vU; fons'kh ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa esa Hkh vuqokn fd;k x;k vkSj bl rjg /keZ ds çlkj esa enn dhA fonsf'k;ksa dks vkdf\"kZr djus dh {kerk% fonsf'k;ksa dks vkdf\"kZr djus ds fy, fganw /keZ us viuh 'kfä [kks nh FkhA blds foijhr] ckS) /keZ ds fl)kar cgrq ljy Fks] rdZ ij vk/kkfjr] rkfdZd vkSj cgqr O;kogkfjd FksA blfy, blus fonsf'k;ksa dks vkdf\"kZr fd;kA cq) dk O;fäRo% ckS) /keZ ds çlkj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dkjd blds laLFkkid xkSre cq) dk vkn'kZ uSfrd pfj= FkkA og lR;] vfgalk] çse vkSj n;k ds çrhd FksA og vius mins'k ds çfr cgqr O;kogkfjd Fkk vkSj yksxksa ds eu esa vius /keZ dk ikyu djus ds fy, vkRefo'okl iSnk dj ldrk Fkk tks O;kogkfjd vkSj mfpr FkkA 'kkgh laj{k.k% fcfEclkj] ç|ksr] mn;u] v'kksd] dfu\"d vkSj g\"kZo/kZu tSls jktkvksa ds 'kkgh laj{k.k us bl /keZ dks ns'k ds vanj vkSj ckgj cgqr yksdfç; cuk;kA v'kksd vkSj dfu\"d us Hkxoku cq) ds lqlekpkjksa dk çpkj djus ds fy, fons'k esa fe'ku HkstsA v'kksd us /keZ dk çpkj djus ds fy, vius csVs egsaæ vkSj csVh lefe= dks lhyksu HkstkA mUgksaus bl /keZ ds çpkj ds fy, dbZ LraHk vkSj f'kykys[k Hkh cuok,A bl /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, v'kksd }kjk /keZegkrU= uked vf/kdkfj;ksa dk ,d fo'ks\"k oxZ fu;qä fd;k x;k FkkA fojksf/k;ksa dh deh% ;g ckS) /keZ ds çlkj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gS fd ml le; ckS) /keZ dks pqukSrh nsus ;k eqdkcyk djus dh fLFkfr esa dksbZ /keZ ugha FkkA czkã.kokn viuk XySej [kks pqdk FkkA dBksjrk vkSj xSj&fe'kujh pfj= ds dkj.k tSu /keZ viuh idM+ [kks jgk FkkA blfy, ckS) /keZ dks fdlh Hkh frekgh ds fojks/k dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

176 bfrgkl & I fo'ofo|ky;ksa dk jksy% ukyank] r{kf'kyk vkSj foØef'kyk tSls çkphu fo'ofo|ky;ksa us u dsoy Hkkjr ls cfYd frCcr] phu vkfn ls Hkh Nk=ksa dks vkdf\"kZr fd;k vkSj bl rjg fons'kksa esa vkSj fons'kksa esa ckS) /keZ dks QSykus esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA 7.8 ckS) /keZ ds iru ds dkj.k tfVyrkvksa dk mn;% ckS) /keZ viuh ewy lknxh dks cuk, j[kus esa foQy jgkA fnu&çfrfnu csrqdh vkSj vrkfdZd çFkkvksa us bls [kRe dj fn;k vkSj /keZ dks tfVy cuk fn;kA ;g egk;ku ckS) /keZ dh ewfrZ iwtk ds fodkl ds lkFk Fkk] dBksj laLdkj vkSj vuq\"Bku Lohdkj fd, x, FksA ;g uSfrdrk dk ljy dksM ugha FkkA blfy, yksxksa us blesa viuk fo'okl [kks fn;kA uSfrd iru% fnu&çfrfnu 'kq)rk] fu\"Bk] ifo=rk vkfn fHkD[kqvksa ls nwj gks xbZA mUgksaus foykflrk esa jksy fd;k vkSj ,d fHkD[kq ds ewy drZO;ksa dh mis{kk dhA cfYd eB lHkh Hkz\"Vkpkjksa dk dsaæ cu x,A blfy, yksxksa us blesa fo'okl [kks fn;kA ,d ekLVj mins'kd dh vuqifLFkfr% cq) dh e`R;q ds ckn ,slk dksbZ egku O;fäRo lkeus ugha vk;k tks ckS) /keZ dks mlh mRlkg ds lkFk vkxs c<+k ldsA blfy, ekxZn'kZd cy dh vuqifLFkfr us bl /keZ ds Hkfo\"; dks /kqa/kyk dj fn;kA 'kkgh laj{k.k dh vuqifLFkfr% ,d /keZ ds çlkj ds fy, j‚;y laj{k.k ,d ekinaM gSA ;g dfu\"d ds ckn fdlh Hkh 'kkld us ckS) /keZ ds fy, viuk laj{k.k ugha fn;kA rks ;g mlds iru ls eqykdkr dhA jktkvksa dk vR;kpkj% ekS;Z lkezkT; ds iru ds ckn iq\";fe= 'kqax us ckS)ksa ij vR;kpkj fd,A ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus ,d ckS) fHk{kq ds flj ds fy, nl lksus ds flDdksa dh ?kks\"k.kk dh FkhA caxky dk jktk llkadk Hkh ckS)ksa ds çfr cgqr Øwj FkkA g\"kZ dky ds ckn ds xqIr vkSj jktiwr jktkvksa us ckS) /keZ dks ugha ekukA vr% ckS) /keZ dk iru vo';EHkkoh gks x;kA fons'kh vkØe.k% gw.kksa vkSj rqdksaZ tSls fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us Hkh ckS) /keZ ds iru dks rst dj fn;kA mUgksaus eBksa dks rksM+k] ckS) lkfgR; dks tyk;k vkSj ckS) fHk{kqvksa ds flj dkV fn,A blfy, fonsf'k;ksa dh bu xfrfof/k;ksa us blds iru esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 177 jktiwrksa dh çfrdwyrk% jktiwrksa dh ,d ek'kZy tkfr gksus ds dkj.k mUgksaus ckS) fopkj/kkjk dh lnL;rk ugha yhA mUgsa vkØkedrk vkSj mxzrk dh uhfr esa fo'okl FkkA blfy, jktiwr jkT;ksa ds mn; us ckS) /keZ dh yksdfç;rk dks ,d ?kkrd >Vdk fn;kA laL—r Hkk\"kk dk mi;ksx% ckS) /keZ yksdfç; gks x;k Fkk D;ksafd ;g LFkkuh; Hkk\"kk esa çpkfjr fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu ckn esa fganw /keZxzaFkksa dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, ckS)ksa us Hkh laL—r Hkk\"kk esa viuh fdrkcsa fy[khaA blfy, vke yksxksa us bu laL—r xzaFkkas ls viuk /;ku gVk fy;kA ckS) lekxe dh detksjh% le; chrus ds lkFk gh v;ksX; yksxksa us ckS) lekxe esa ços'k djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA os ckS) /keZ ds l[r fl)karksa dk ikyu djus esa foQy jgs vkSj bl rjg ls vke yksxksa ij çHkko ugha Mky ldsA blfy, mUgksaus lek vkSj /keZ ij viuk fo'okl [kks fn;kA ckS) lekxe esa efgykvksa dk ifjp;% cq) efgykvksa dks ckS) lekxe dh vuqefr nsus ds i{k esa ugha FksA ;g mudh iRuh] ;'kks/kjk vkSj ilanhnk f'k\";] vkuan dk yxkrkj vuqjks/k Fkk fd og efgykvksa dks lekxe esa vkus dh vuqefr nsus ds fy, lger gq,A ysfdu ,d nwjn'khZ O;fä ds :i esa mUgksaus muds fy, l[r fl)kar fu/kkZfjr fd, FksA ysfdu mldh vk'kadk lp fudyh] fHk{kqf.k;ksa us fl)karksa dk ikyu ugha fd;kA ckS) lekxe esa Hkz\"Vkpkj fnu dk Øe cu x;kA bl çdkj ;g ckS) /keZ ds iru dk dkj.k cukA çfr}a}h laçnk;ksa dk mn;% oS\".kookn] lSfot~e vkSj dqN vU; laçnk;ksa ds mn; us ckS) /keZ dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj blfy, ckS) /keZ ds iru esa Hkh ;ksxnku fn;kA ckS) /keZ esa foHkktu% ;g dfu\"d ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku ckS) /keZ us egk;ku vkSj ghu;ku uked nks laçnk;ksa esa viuk igyk /keZ ns[kkA fganw /keZ esa lq/kkj vkSj vkRelkr% ckS) /keZ ls çHkkfor gksdj fganw /keZ us lq/kkjksa dks vius ikys esa yk;kA blds vfrfjä fganw /keZ dh vfLerkoknh 'kfä us peRdkj dj fn;kA blesa ,fy;u /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa] fl)karksa vkSj laL—fr;ksa dks vkRelkr djus dh i;kZIr {kerk gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk czkã.kokn us og lc viuk;k tks ckS) /keZ esa loZJs\"B FkkA blus viuh rg esa fons'kh yksxksa tSls ldkl vkSj gw.kksa dks Hkh vkRelkr dj fy;kA urhtru] fganw /keZ us vuq;kf;;ksa dks gkfly djuk tkjh j[kk] tcfd ckS) /keZ esa fxjkoV vkbZA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

178 bfrgkl & I egku fganw çpkjd% ;g 8 oha / 9 oha 'krkCnh esa Fkk fganw /keZ dqekfjy Hkê vkSj 'kadjkpk;Z tSls dbZ /kkfeZd f'k{kdksa dk mRiknu dj ldrk gS ftUgksaus ,d ckj fQj fganw /keZ dks etcwr vk/kkj ij j[kkA vkSj bl rjg fganw /keZ dh yksdfç;rk us ckS) /keZ dks vius iru dh vksj /kdsy fn;kA fganw /keZ ds fy, 'kkgh laj{k.k% ;g fo'ks\"k :i ls xqIr 'kkldksa ds laj{k.k esa Fkk tks fganw /keZ dks iquthZfor djrs gSaA mUgksaus fganw /keZ dks jktdh; /keZ ?kksf\"kr fd;kA ;g fganw /keZ ds mn; vkSj ckS) /keZ ds iru ds fy, ,d c<+kok FkkA 7.9 ckS) /keZ dk ;ksxnku Hkkjr esa vius yacs le; ds nkSjku] ckS) /keZ Hkkjr dh laL—fr dks çHkkfor djus ds fy, vk;k FkkA fuEu [kkrk mlh ds fy, cksyrk gSA ljy /keZ% ,d ljy] le>nkj vkSj yksdfç; fo'okl ds :i esa] ckS) /keZ Hkkjr esa igyk mnkgj.k FkkA blus oSfnd /keZ ds tfVy vuq\"Bkuksa vkSj tfVy n'kZu ds f[kykQ lQyrkiwoZd viuh vkokt mBkbZ FkhA blus ckS) /keZ dks Rofjr le; esa iwjs Hkkjr esa yksdfç; cuk fn;kA fo'okl dh ljyrk us bls turk rd igq¡pk;kA uSfrd f'k{kk% ckS) /keZ us euq\"; dks dbZ vPNs xq.kksa tSls lR;] vfgalk] d#.kk] fe=rk vkfn dk fodkl djuk fl[kk;kA ,sls lHkh xq.kksa us ekuo O;fäRo dks le`) fd;k vkSj pfj=&fuekZ.k esa enn dhA bl çdkj ckS) /keZ us Hkkjrh;ksa dks O;kogkfjd] uSfrdrk fl[kkbZA blus mUgsa vius vkn'kZ pfj= ds fuekZ.k esa çsfjr fd;kA foi{kh tkfr O;oLFkk% ckS) /keZ us lekt esa O;kIr tkfr O;oLFkk dk fojks/k fd;kA bls lHkh tkfr;ksa ds yksx leku ekurs FksA bl çdkj] ckS) /keZ cjkcjh ds lekt ds fy, [kM+k Fkk] tgka czkã.k lqæ ls Js\"B ugha FksA ckS) /keZ dk ;g lerkokn xka/khth vkSj vacsMdj dks cgqr çHkkfor djrk gSA cq) us çse vkSj fe=rk dk ekxZ fn[kk;k tks lkekftd Hksnksa dks u\"V dj ldrk gS vkSj cjkcjh dk lekt LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA Hkk\"kk vkSj lkfgR; dk fodkl% cq) us ljy Hkk\"kk esa viuk lan's k QSyk;kA 'kq#vkr esa mUgksua s çk—r Hkk\"kk vkSj ckn esa] ikyh Hkk\"kk dk mi;ksx vius lqlekpkj dks QSykus ds fy, fd;kA dfu\"d ds le; esa] laL—r ek/;e cu x;kA bu fofHkUu Hkk\"kkvksa ds ek/;e ls ckS) lan's kksa dk çlkj bu Hkk\"kkvksa] vkSj muds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 179 lkfgR; dks le`) djus ds fy, gqvkA ikyh Hkk\"kk esa fy[ks x, dbZ ckS) xzaFk bldh xokgh nsrs gSaA laL—r ikB] ^egkHkk\";* Hkh bl lEcU/k esa ,d vkSj çek.k gSA fganw /keZ ij çHkko% fganw /keZ ij ckS) /keZ dk çHkko xgjk FkkA vfgalk ds vykok] ckS) /keZ us fganw /keZ esa Nfo&iwtk dh O;oLFkk esa ;ksxnku fn;kA cq) dh Nfo dh egk;ku iwtk ls çsfjr gksdj] fganqvksa us vc eafnjksa vkSj eafnjksa esa fofHkUu nsoh&nsorkvksa dh Nfo;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k vkSj bu Nfo;ksa dh iwtk 'kq: dhA tfVy vuq\"Bkuksa vkSj laLdkjksa us çkFkZuk vkSj /;ku dks jkLrk fn;kA ;g ckS) /keZ ds çHkko ds dkj.k FkkA eB% ckS) /keZ us eBksa dh laLFkk vkSj ç.kkyh dh 'kq#vkr dhA ckS) fHk{kq] uu vkSj mikld ¼vuq;k;h½ eB esa jgsA ,d yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds bnZfxnZ eB dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ,d eB dk eqf[k;k] vius fuokfl;ksa }kjk oksV nsdj pquk x;k FkkA ckn ds le; esa] eBksa dh bl ç.kkyh dks fganw /keZ esa viuk;k x;k FkkA 'kadjkpk;Z us Hkkjr ds pkj fgLlksa esa pkj eB LFkkfir fd,A ckn ds le; dh Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd O;oLFkk esa eBksa dh O;kid ç.kkyh ckS) /keZ dk ,d egRoi.w kZ ;ksxnku gSA dyk] okLrqdyk] ewfrZdyk vkSj fp=dyk% Hkkjr dh dyk esa vrqyuh; ckS) ;ksxnku gSA okLrqdyk vkSj ewfrZdykA ckS) /keZ ls igys] fdlh Hkh egRo ds ,dek= fuekZ.k iaMky] vfXu&;K ds fy, ckM+s ¼;K'kkyk½ vkSj LraHk FksA ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds lkFk ckS) dyk vkSj ewfrZdyk vk xbZA dyk vkSj okLrqdyk esa vlksdu dky ls iRFkj dk bLrseky fd;k tkus yxkA dbZ Lrwi] pkSR; vkSj /kkfeZd LraHk cuk, tkus yxsA lkaph] lkjukFk] #feUnsbZ] Hkjgqr] dUgsjh] vksgqyh] t;x<+ vkfn esa ixksMk ¼Lrwi½ ckS) dyk] okLrqdyk vkSj ewfrZdyk dh efgek dks n'kkZrk gSA le; ds lkFk&lkFk cq) ds dbZ fp= dyk ds xa/kkj vkSj eFkqjk Ldwyksa ds vuqlkj cuk, x,A dkysZ] ckx] vtark vkSj ,yksjk tSlh txgksa ij ckS) fp=ksa us mUgsa dyk dk çfl) dsaæ cuk fn;kA cq)] jktkvksa] 'kkgh njckj] isM+ksa] yrkvksa] Qwyksa] LoxZnwrksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh Nfo;ka iRFkj esa rjk'kh xbZaA iRFkj esa fufeZr ixksMk vkSj esgjkcksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ckS) dyk vkSj ewfrZdyk us Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks le`) fd;kA çHkko ,drk% Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ckS) /keZ ds fof'k\"V çHkko dks n'kkZrk gSA vfgalk dh bldh vo/kkj.kk us Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ikBîØe dks dkQh gn rd cny fn;kA dfyax ;q) usa panklksdk dks ^/keZ'kksdk* esa cny fn;kA v'kksd us ckS) /keZ viuk fy;k vkSj ex/k lkezkT;okn ij jksd yxk nhA lR; vkSj vfgalk dh vo/kkj.kk dks xka/kh us vaxzstksa ds f[kykQ Hkkjrh; jk\"Vªoknh vkanksyu esa feyk;k Fkk] vkSj] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

180 bfrgkl & I fgalk ij vfgalk dh thr dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k xka/khoknh ;qx ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; LorU=rk&la?k\"kZ dh dgkuh gSA jk\"Vhª ; ,drk% ckS) /keZ Hkkjr ds çR;sd uqDdM+ vkSj gkL; ds fy, QSy x;kA tSls] blus jk\"Vªh; ,drk vkSj ,dtqVrk ds fopkj ds fodkl dks lqfo/kktud cuk;kA efgykvksa ¼fHk{kqf.k;ksa½ dks ^v‚MZj* esa 'kkfey djds] ckS) us efgykvksa dh lkekftd eqfä ij ,d egku ç;kl fd;kA igyh fHk{kqf.k;k mudh lkSrsyh ek¡ xkSreh FkhaA lkoZHkkfS edrk ckS) /keZ us fofHkUu fons'kh Hkwfe esa Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh le`f) dk çpkj fd;kA le; ds lkFk] ckS) /keZ nwj&nwj rd QSy x;k] Jhyadk ls phu rd] cekZ ls tkiku rd vkSj frCcr ls tkok vkSj lqek=k rdA lekz V v'kksd fons'kksa esa lkoZHkkSfed HkkbZpkjs ds lans'k dks QSykus ds fy, mRlqd FksA ckS) /keZ esa fons'kh /kekZUrfjr Hkkjr dks ,d ifo= Hkwfe ds :i esa ekurs gSaA ljy fo'okl vkSj O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk ds vius lan's k ds çlkj ds ek/;e lsA ckS) /keZ nqfu;k ds ckdh fgLlksa dks Hkkjrh; laL—fr dh fo'kkyrk vkSj lef` ) ds ckjs esa ,d fopkj nsus ds fy, vk;k FkkA ckS) /keZ Hkh tYn gh ,f'k;k esa çpfyr /keZ cu x;kA ,f'k;k ds vU; fgLlksa esa QSyus ds lkFk] ckS) /keZ Hkkjr ds O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vk;kA blus r{kf'kyk] ukxktqZudksaMk] ukyank vkSj foØef'kyk tSls vkoklh; fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk dks c<+kok fn;kA 7.10 ckS) /keZ dk fodkl pkj tujy dkmafly us ckS) /keZ vkSj lkfgR; ds bfrgkl esa igys pkj pj.kksa dks fpfUgr fd;kA z cq) dh e`R;q ds rqjar ckn jktx`g dh jkt/kkuh ex/k esa igyh ckS) ifj\"kn vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA bl ifj\"kn esa] mikyh çeq[k f'k\";ksa esa ls ,d] fou; fiVd ;k vkns'k vkSj vkuan ds fu;eksa dk ikB djrs Fks] ,d vU; f'k\"; us fl)kar vkSj uSfrdrk ds ekeyksa ij cq) ds mins'kksa ds egku laxzg lqÙkfiVd (ckS) /keZ dk ,d xzaFk) dk ikB fd;kA z cq) dh e`R;q ds ,d lkS lky ckn oS'kkyh esa nwljh ckS) ifj\"kn gqbZ FkhA bl ifj\"kn esa] ckS) vkns'k esa ,d fo}kurk Fkh] tks fd eB ds vuq'kklu ds NksVs fcanqvksa ls vf/kd FkhA blus ppZ dks nks 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr fd;k] egklaf?kdk vkSj LFkfojokfnu ¼ikyh Fksjokn½A ;k :f<+oknh CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 181 –f\"Vdks.k dks lhyksu ckS) /keZ ds oa'kt iwoZt dgk tkrk gSA Fksjosn /khjs&/khjs X;kjg iaFkksa vkSj egklaf?kdk ;k vkpk;Zokn esa lkr esa foHkkftr gks x;kA ;s lHkh 18 laçnk; ekSfyd :i ls ghu;kuoknh Fks] egklaf?kdk lewg ds dqN mi&laçnk;ksa us dqN u, fl)karksa dh 'kq#vkr dh] ftlus egkKkuokn dks tUe fn;kA z v'kksd ds laj{k.k esa ikVfyiq= esa vk;ksftr rhljh ckS) ifj\"kn dh v/;{krk fo}ku fHk{kq eksXxfyiqÙk frLlk us dhA ifj\"kn ds fopkj&foe'kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i dbZ fo/kfeZ;ksa dk fu\"dklu vkSj LFkkiuk ;k ^foHkkTTofnal* ¼Fksjokfnu½ gq,A euksfoKku vkSj esVk&HkkSfrdh ds lkFk O;ogkj djrs gq,] vfHk/kEefiVd ds ikyh xzaFkksa esa ,d u;k [kaM tksM+k x;kA ;g cM+s iSekus ij v'kksd ds ç;klksa ds ek/;e ls Fkk fd ckS) /keZ ,d fo'o /keZ cu x;kA mlus d'ehj ls lhyksu vkSj ;gka rd fd lhfj;k ds ,afVvksdl f}rh;] feL= ds V‚yseh f}rh;] eSlsMksfu;k ds ,aVhxksul xksukVl] lkbjsu ds esx vkSj ,fijl ds vysDtsaMj f}rh; rd fe'kufj;ksa dks HkstkA iq\";fe= 'kqax ds rgr dfFkr mRihM+u ds ckotwn] fo'okl c<+rk jgkA bZlkbZ ;qx dh 'kq#vkr rd] fo'okl vius vHkwriwoZ fodkl rd igqap x;k vkSj dqN fons'kh 'kkldksa ls laj{k.k çkIr fd;kA xzhd jktk esusaMj vHkh Hkh ckS) ijaijk vkSj çfl) xzaFk] fefyaMk&iUgk ;k jktk fefyaMk ¼;k esusaMj½ vkSj f'kadksV ¼cktkSj½ ds f'kykys[k esa ,d egRoi.w kZ LFkku j[krk gS] ;g lkfcr djrk gS fd mlus igkM+h {ks= esa fganqdq'k vkSj fla/kq ds chp ckS) /keZ ds çpkj esa enn dhA z dfu\"d ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku olqfe= vkSj egku fo}ku vlo?kkslk ds usr`Ro esa d'ehj esa ckS) ppZ dh pkSFkh ckS) ifj\"kn vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA ;g loZLokfnokfn;ksa dk ,d lkaçnkf;d ekeyk Fkk] ftuds fl)kar dks ,d lkjka'k esa egkfoHkk ds :i esa dksfMr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls oSHkkf\"kd vkanksyu dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA bl Ldwy ds vuq;kf;;ksa us loZf'kokM+k Ldwy ds vfHk/kEefiVd dh enn ls ckS) /keZ ds ewy fl)karksa dh O;k[;k dhA mUgksaus l=w ds vf/kdkj dks iwjh rjg ls [kkfjt dj fn;k vkSj vuqHko djus dh vihy dhA bl Ldwy ds vuqlkj] cq) ,d lk/kkj.k balku Fks; cq) esa ,dek= fnO; rRo mudk lgt Kku FkkA vfHk/keZfiVd vkSj foHkwfr;ksa ds vf/kdkj dks vLohdkj djrs gq,] lkS=kfUrdksa us cuk, j[kkA lw=kas ds vuqlkj cq) dh f'k{kkvksa dk çkekf.kd L=ksr FkkA lkS=kfUrdksa rd oLrq,a lw{e psruk dh Nfo;ksa ds vykok vkSj dqN ugha FkhaA pkSFkh ifj\"kn dk vf/kos'ku ckS) /keZ esa ,d u, laçnk; ds mn; ds lkFk&lkFk egk;ku dgk tkrk gSA egk;ku lHkh çkf.k;ksa dks vkLFkk] çse vkSj Kku }kjk eks{k çnku djrk gSA ;g Hkfä dh Hkkouk ls gS] lfØ; d#.kk ds mins'k ds lkFk la;qä gS fd iaFk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

182 bfrgkl & I us vke yksxksa dh lgkuqHkwfr dks c<+k;k gSA egk;ku dk vko';d vkn'kZ cksf/klRo gS ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh og x`gLFk gks ;k oSjkxh gks] og cq)Ro dks çkIr djus ds fy, fuf'pr es/kkoh —R;ksa ¼ikjferkvksa½ dks djus dk vf/kdkjh gSA ;s xq.k gSa nkuk ¼nku½] oh;kZ ¼HkkX;½] flyk ¼uSfrdrk½] {kkafr ¼/kS;Z½] /;ku ¼/;ku½ vkSj çtuk ¼lR; dh çkfIr½A 7.11 ckS)dkyhu xzaFk ckS)ksa ds ikyh dSuu esa rhu fird ;k f=fiVd 'kkfey gSa ftUgsa fou;k] lqÙk vkSj vfHk/kEe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA igyk laU;klh vuq'kklu] nwljk uSfrd fl)kar vkSj vafre rRoehekalk fl)kar ls lEcfU/kr gSA fou;kfiVd esa fuEufyf[kr xzaFk 'kkfey gSa% ikfeeksD[k] lqÙk foHkkax] da/kkdl] vkSj ifjokjkA z lqÙk fiVd] ckS) lkfgR; dk ,d cgqr egRoi.w kZ Hkkx ikp¡ laxzgksa ;k fud;l] 1. nh?kk] 2. efT>ek] 3. lE;qr] 4. vaxqÙkkjk vkSj 5. [kqídk esa foHkkftr gSA ;s ;k rks cq) ds mins'k gSa tks x| esa laf{kIr ifjp; ;k laoknksa ls igys gSaA z nh?kk fud;k 34 lqÙk ls ;qä yacs mins'kksa dk ,d laxzg gS tks czãkaM dh mRifÙk] iqu% tUe] vkRe&fu;U=.k] ri] fuokZ.k] tkfr O;oLFkk dh —f=erk] vkfn dh O;k[;k djrk gSA çR;sd lwä blesa iw.kZ gS vkSj bl volj dk o.kZu djus ls igys ,d NksVk lk ifjp; fn;k tkrk gS] ftl ij cq) us fn;k FkkA z ekftfgfuV fudk; ¼e/;e lqÙkks dk laxzg½ 50 lqÙkks dh rhu fdrkcksa ls cuk gS tks O;kogkfjd :i ls ckS) /keZ ds lHkh fl)karksa] tSu /keZ ds lEcU/k] ri ds fofHkUu :iksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA z lE;q fudk;] lqÙk ds 56 lewgksa ¼lSevq Vyl½ dk ,d laxgz gS] tks eq[; :i ls euks&uSfrd vkSj nk'kZfud leL;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g fudk; cq) ds vPNs Kku] mudh yksp] xgjh mRlqdrk] lkgl vkSj xfjek vkSj lHkh çkf.k;ksa ds fy, dksey d#.kk dks mtkxj djrh gSA ,y vaxqVkjk fud;k] Øfed :i ls vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr dh xbZ] X;kjg [kaMksa esa 2,300 ls vf/kd lqÙk O;ofLFkr gSAa la;e vkSj O;ogkfjdrk ls çsfjr] vaxrkjk ckj&ckj dqN fl)kar fcanqvksa ij tksj nsrk gSA efgykvksa ds lkFk vkSj fnu ds vkijkf/kd dkuwuksa ds lkFk cM+h la[;k esa lêk O;ogkj gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 183 z [kqÌdfudk; fofo/k fo\"k;ksa dk ,d lxa zg gS] blds vykok dbZ NksVs dke Hkh 'kkfey gSa ftuesa dqN O;kid Hkh 'kkfey gSaA bldh jpuk vf/kdrj i|ksa esa gksrh gS vkSj lkexhz vkSj pfj= esa bl laxzg ds fofHkUu xzaFkksa dk çlkj gksrk gSA ;g vuqeku yxkuk mfpr gS fd [kqnkdk esa 'kkfey fofHkUu xzaFkkas dh jpuk fofHkUu vof/k;ksa esa dh xbZ Fkh vkSj mUgksua s ,d Hkh le:i laxgz ugha cuk;k FkkA 7.12 ckS)dkyhu eB ckS) /keZ dh vHkwriwoZ lQyrk lekxe ;k ckS) eB ds laxBu ds dkj.k gqbZ FkhA ckS) ifo= lfa /k ds fy, viuh nSfud çkFkZuk esa J)k nsrs gSa% ^eSa cq) dh 'kj.k ysrk gwa] eSa /kEe dh 'kj.k ysrk gwa] eSa lekxe esa 'kj.k pkgrk gwaA* ckS) ppZ dh lnL;rk lHkh O;fä;ksa] iq#\"kksa ;k efgykvksa ds fy, [kqyh Fkh] pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr dk gks] iaæg lky ls Åij dk FkkA nl milxks± ¼i½ gR;k] ¼ii½ pksjh] ¼iii½ O;fHkpkj] ¼iv½ cksyus dh vknrksa] ¼v½ u'khyh 'kjkc] ¼vi½ nksigj dk Hkkstu] ¼vii½ lk{kh u`R;] laxhr] vkfn ¼viii½ ihuk ls l;a e FkkA ekyk] unguents] vkfn dk mi;ksx] ¼ix½ mPp] ;k O;kid fcLrjksa dk mi;ksx] vkSj ¼x½ lksus vkSj pkanh dh Loh—frA ;s mins'k vkthou çfrKk ugha Fks ysfdu c;kuk gy djrk gSA dM+kbZ ls ,d fHk{kq ds ikl dsoy vkB vko';drk,a gks ldrh gSa& rhu oL=] ,d dej&diM+k] ,d fHkaMh&dVksjh] ,d mLrjk] ,d lqbZ] vkSj ,d diM+k tks fdlh Hkh çksVkstksvk ¼tkuojksa½ ds thou dks cpkus ds fy, mlds ihus ds ikuh dks ruko nsus ds fy, gks ldrk gSA dbZ eBksa dks fofu;fer djus vkSj ,d:irk dks ykxw djus ds fy, dksbZ dsaæh; laxBu ugha Fkk vkSj tc Hkh dksbZ volj mRiUu gksrk gS] rks bl nks\"k dks lkekU; ifj\"knksa ds nh{kkar lekjksg }kjk gVk fn;k tkrk gSA ckS) fHk{kq ekeyksa dk çca/ku fHk{kqvksa dh ,d lkekU; cSBd] çfØ;k dh fu;fer O;oLFkk vkSj LFkk;h vkns'kksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk FkkA eq[; fHk{kq ;k eBk/kh'k dks ukfer ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] lHkh fHk{kqvksa ds erkf/kdkj }kjk cksyh vk;ksftr dk;kZy;A lHkh fu.kZ;ksa ds fy, bdës fHk{kqvksa dh loZlEefr dh vko';drk Fkh vkSj erHksnksa dks ,d lfefr dh vksj ls lUnfHkZr fd;k x;k FkkA 7.13 fu\"d\"kZ (i) bl çdkj] ckS) /keZ us Hkkjrh; yksxksa dk vk/;kfRedj.k fd;k vkSj Hkkjrh; laL—fr ds thou esa vfrfjä b±/ku tksM+sA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

184 bfrgkl & I (ii) /keZ] dyk] ewfrZdyk] Hkk\"kk vkSj thou ç—fr ds {ks= esa bldk vuwBk ;ksxnku le; dh mUufr ds lkFk Hkkjrh; laL—fr dks le`) djus ds fy, vk;k] vfgalk ds cq) ds fl)kar ;k vfgalk us Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa dh dbZ egku gfLr;ksa dks çHkkfor fd;kA 7.14 lkjka'k z NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- ekuo tkfr ds bfrgkl esa ;qx fuekZ.k ;qx ns[kk x;kA ;g bl ;qx ds nkSjku Fkk fd Hkkjr ds /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk iwjh nqfu;k esa v'kkafr O;kIr FkhA z ,y esa xzhl iekZbM~l] ,EisMksdYl vkSj gsjkDykbVl us /kkfeZd vkSj lkekftd tkx`fr esa egRoi.w kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ,d çkphu bZjkuh vk/;kfRed usrk] tksjksLVj us bZjku esa /kkfeZd va/kfo'oklksa ds f[kykQ ,d fojks/k çn'kZu 'kq: fd;kA phu esa] yksxksa us lh[kk nk'kZfudksa] dU¶;wf'k;l vkSj ykvks&Rls dh f'k{kkvksa dk Lokxr fd;kA tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds :i esa Hkkjr esa egkohj vkSj xkSre ds /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkanksyu] yqFksfjTe vkSj dSfYouokn çksVsLVsaV bZlkbZ /keZ ds :i esa fojks/k fganw gSaA z Hkxoku cq)] ckS) /keZ ds laLFkkid egkohj Lokeh ds ledkyhu FksA ckS) /keZ us fganw /keZ dks lcls cM+k >Vdk fn;kA Hkxoku cq) dks rFkkxr] 'kkD;eqfu] n ykbV v‚Q ,f'k;k vkSj n çcq) ,d tSls fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA oS'kk[k ds ifo= eghus dh ifo= iwf.kZek ds fnu] xkSre cq) dk tUe 566 bZ-iw- esa usiky esa dfiyoLrq ds ikl yqfEcuh ouk esa gqvk FkkA z og ;gk¡&ogk¡ HkVdrk jgk vkSj Ng lky rd ,d cs?kj riLoh dh rjg jgkA mUgksaus x;k ds fudV jktx`g ¼iVuk ftyk½ vkSj m#foyk dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj nks czkã.k f'k{kdksa& ¼1½ vykjk dyke ls mUgsa funsZ'k çkIr gqvk ftUgksaus mUgsa oS'kkyh esa /;ku dh rduhd fl[kkbZ vkSj ¼2½ #æjke jkeiq= ftUgksaus jktx`g esa lka[; n'kZu i<+k;kA ogk¡ dksbZ larks\"k u feyus ij mUgksaus vkRe&eks{k dk vH;kl fd;k vkSj lR; dh [kkst esa dbZ O;FkZ ç;kl fd,A z nqfu;k nq[kksa ls Hkjh gS%& xkSre cq) us bl nqfu;k dks nq%[k vkSj ihM+k ls Hkjk crk;k gSA muds vuqlkj] tUe nq%[k gS] e`R;q nq%[k gS] vfç; ls feyuk nq%[k gS vkSj lq[kn ls vyx gksuk nq%[k gSA gj dkeuk v/kwjh gS nq%[k chukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 185 z xkSre cq) us deZ ¼deZokn½ ds fl)kar dh odkyr dhA mUgksaus dgk fd vxys tUe esa euq\"; dks vius deksaZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mlds vPNs ;k cqjs deks± ds ifj.kkeksa ls dksbZ ugha cp ldrkA dksbZ O;fä vafre vkuan rHkh çkIr djrk gS] tc og dksbZ iki ugha djrk gSA z xkSre cq) us tkfr O;oLFkk dh dM+h fuank dhA mUgksua s dgk fd O;fä dk mPp ;k fuEu tUe mlds deks± ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mUgksua s lHkh tkfr Hksnksa dks nwj djus ij tksj fn;k vkSj ,d çdkj ds Hksn dh vuqefr nhA deZ ;k deZ ij vk/kkfjr HksnA z xkSre cq) dh e`R;q ds ckn] çFke ckS) ifj\"kn 487 bZ-i-w ex/k dh jkt/kkuh jktx`g esa ¼lrikuh xqQk esa½ gqbZA blesa yxHkx ikap lkS lnL;ksa us ifj\"kn esa Hkkx fy;kA ifj\"kn dk mís'; /keZ vkSj fou; dks ladfyr djuk FkkA z ghu;ku ds vuq;k;h cq) ds ewy f'k{k.k dk vuqlj.k djrs gSaA ;g vkRe&vuq'kklu vkSj /;ku ds ek/;e ls O;fäxr eqfä ij tksj nsrk gSA os cq) dks ifo= vkSj egku O;fä vkSj ifo=rk] ifo=rk] uSfrdrk vkSj vkn'kZokn dk çrhd ekurs FksA mUgksaus dHkh cq) dh ewfrZ dh iwtk ugha dhA z ckS) /keZ dk egk;ku laçnk; cq) ds LoxZ esa fo'okl djrk gS vkSj ewfrZ iwtk esa fo'okl djrk gSA egk;ku laçnk; Hkkjr ls phu] dksfj;k] tkiku] rkboku] usiky] frCcr] HkwVku vkSj eaxksfy;k tSls dbZ vU; ns'kksa esa QSy x;kA egk;ku ea=ksa esa fo'okl djrk gSA blds eq[; fl)kar lHkh çkf.k;ksa ds fy, lkoZHkkSfed eqfä dh laHkkouk ij vk/kkfjr FksA z ckS) /keZ us dbZ fons'kh ns'kksa ds lkFk varjax lEcU/kksa ds fodkl esa enn dhA v'kksd] dfu\"d vkSj g\"kZ }kjk cM+h la[;k esa fe'kufj;ksa dks nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa esa ckS) /keZ QSykus ds fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA ;s fe'kujh cek]Z phu] lhyksu] tkiku] eaxksfy;k] tkok] lqek=k] vkfn esa x, vkSj nqfu;k ds gj uqDdM+ ij ckS) /keZ dk lans'k QSyk;kA z cq) dh e`R;q ds rqjar ckn jktx`g dh jkt/kkuh ex/k esa igyh ckS) ifj\"kn vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA cq) dh e`R;q ds ,d lkS lky ckn oS'kkyh esa nwljh ckS) ifj\"kn gqbZ FkhA bl ifj\"kn es]a ckS) vkns'k esa ,d fo}kurk Fkh] tks fd eB ds vuq'kklu ds NksVs fcanqvksa ls vf/kd FkhA z v'kksd ds laj{k.k esa ikVfyiq= esa vk;ksftr rhljh ckS) ifj\"kn dh v/;{krk fo}ku fHk{kq eksXxfyiqÙk frLlk us dhA dfu\"d ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku olqfe= vkSj egku fo}ku vlo?kkslk ds usr`Ro esa d'ehj esa ckS) ppZ dh pkSFkh ckS) ifj\"kn vk;ksftr dh xbZ FkhA ;g CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

186 bfrgkl & I loZLokfnokfn;ksa dk ,d lkaçnkf;d ekeyk Fkk] ftuds fl)kar dks ,d lkjka'k esa egkfoHkk ds :i esa dksfMr fd;k x;k Fkk] ftls oSHkkf\"kd vkanksyu dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA z ckS)ksa ds ikyh dSuu esa rhu fird ;k f=fiVd 'kkfey gSa ftUgsa& fou;k] lqÙk vkSj vfHk/kEe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA igyk laU;klh vuq'kklu] nwljk uSfrd fl)kar vkSj vafre rRoehekalk fl)kar] fl)kar ls lEcfU/kr gSA fou;kfiVd esa fuEufyf[kr xzaFk 'kkfey gS%a ifVeksD[kk] lqÙk foHkkax] da/kkdl] vkSj ifjokjkA z lqÙk fiVd] ckS) lkfgR; dk ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkkx ik¡p laxgz ksa ;k fudkl 1. nh?kk] 2. efT>ek] 3. la;qäk] 4. vaxqrkjk vkSj 5. [kqnkdk esa foHkkftr gSA ;s ;k rks cq) ds mins'k gSa tks x| esa laf{kIr ifjp; ;k laoknksa ls igys gSaA z nh?kZ fudk; 34 lqÙkks ls ;qä yacs mins'kksa dk ,d laxzg gS tks czãkaM dh mRifÙk] iquZ% tUe] vkRe&fu;U=.k] ri] fuokZ.k] tkfr O;oLFkk dh —f=erk vkfn dks le>krk gSA lqÙk½ 50 lqÙkks dh rhu iqLrdksa ls cuk gS tks O;kogkfjd :i ls ckS) /keZ ds lHkh fl)karksa] tSu /keZ ds lEcU/k] ri ds fofHkUu :iksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA z n lE;d fud;k] lqÙk ds 56 lewgksa ¼leS qvVyl½ dk ,d laxzg gS tks eq[; :i ls euksoSKkfud] uSfrd vkSj nk'kZfud leL;kvksa ij vlj Mky jgk gSA vaxqÙkkjk fud;k] Øfed :i ls vkjksgh Øe esa O;ofLFkr gS] X;kjg [kaMksa esa 2,300 ls vf/kd lqÙk O;ofLFkr gSaA n [kqnkdk fud;k fofo/k fo\"k;ksa dk ,d laxzg gS] blds vykok dbZ NksVs dke Hkh 'kkfey gSa ftuesa dqN O;kid Hkh gSaA z ckS) /keZ dh vHkwriwoZ lQyrk lekxe ;k ckS) ppZ ds laxBu ds dkj.k gqbZ FkhA dbZ eBksa dks fofu;fer djus vkSj ,d:irk dks ykxw djus ds fy, dksbZ dsaæh; laxBu ugha Fkk vkSj tc Hkh dksbZ volj mRiUu gksrk gS] rks bl nks\"k dks lkekU; ifj\"knksa ds nh{kkar lekjksg }kjk gVk fn;k tkrk gSA 7.15 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z ckS) /keZ % ckS) /keZ dbZ rjg dh ijaijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa vkSj vk/;kfRed izFkkvksa dks ’kkfey djrk gS] tks eq[; :i ls ewy f’k{kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 187 z xkSre % fl)kFkZ xkSre (ftUgsa cq) ßtkx`r ,dÞ ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS) HkVdus okys rifLo;ksa (larksa) ds ,d lqinz k; ds usrk vkSj lLa Fkkid Fks] tks dbZ laiznk;ksa esa ls ,d Fks tks iwjs Hkkjr esa ekStwn FksA z lqtkrk % lqtkrk ,d nw/kokyh Fkh] ftlus vius Ng lky ds riL;k dks lekIr djus ds fy, xkSre cq) dks nw/k vkSj pkoy f[kyk;k gSA migkj us mUgsa e/;e ekxZ ij [ksrh djus] >k¡lk fodflr djus vkSj cSM+h izkIr djus ds fy, i;kZIr ’kfä iznku dh] ftlds ckn mUgsa cq)k ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA z v'kksdk % v’kksd dHkh&dHkh v’kksd egku] ekS;Z oa’k ds ,d Hkkjrh; lezkV Fks] ftUgksaus yxHkx lHkh Hkkjrh; miegk}hiksa ij ’kklu fd;k FkkA 7.16 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. Hkkjrh; laL—fr ij ckS) /keZ ds çHkko ij ppkZ djsaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. ckS) lkfgR; ij ,d laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.17 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. cq) ds thou vkSj fl)karksa ij ,d ys[k nsaA 2. ckS) /keZ ds çlkj ds dkj.kksa ij ppkZ djsaA 3. ckS) /keZ ds iru ij fo'ys\"k.k djsa 4. ckS) /keZ ds çHkkoksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

188 bfrgkl & I 7.18 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. vkuan dkSu Fkk\\ (a) cq) dk f'k\"; (b) jktk (c) ea=h (d) cq) ds iq= 2. fuokZ.k ls vkidk D;k vfHkçk; gS\\ (a) ekSr (b) eS=h (c) eqfä (d) tUe 3. jkgqy dkSu Fkk\\ (a) cq) ds iq= (b) egkohj ds iq= (c) paæxqIr ds iq= (d) lqtkrk ds iq= 4. xkSre cq) dk fu/ku ________ es gqvkA (a) usiky (b) iVuk (c) e/;çns'k (d) dq'khuxj mÙkj% 1. (a), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (d) 7.19 lUnHkZ 1. ,- nso] ßlH;rk dh dgkuhÞ vkSj ßHkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,aÞ] NCERT] 1999A 2. ,y-,l- pansy] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl fu;ekoyhÞ] 2001A 3. ds- jktkjke] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 4. oh-ds- vfXugks=h] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2002A 5. ds-,y- [kqjkuk] ,oa vkj-lh- 'kekZ] ßflaiy fgLVªh v‚Q ,af'k,aV bafM;kÞ] 1988A 6. ih- eSrh] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 7. ,y- ck'ke] ßn oaMj nSV bf.M;kÞ] [kaM 1A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ 189 8. vkj-,l- 'kekZ] ßHkkjr ds çkphu vrhrÞ] 2005A 9. vkj- Fkkij] ßn isaxqbu fgLVªh v‚Q vyhZ bafM;k v‚Q n vksfjftUl Ý‚e n 1300 bZLohÞ] 2002A 10. ,e-,u- nkl] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2003A 11. ts- iVuk;d] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 1993A 12. ch-,u- ywfu;k] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1992A 13. ;w- flag] ßçkphu vkSj çkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2009 14. ds-ds- jsìh] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 15. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clra ] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd lsfVax vkSj iwoZ&,sfrgkfld laL—fr;ksa dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 16. ,p- ikaMk] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2014A 17. Ogh-lh- ikaMs] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1991A 18. ch- canksik/;k;] ,oa vkj- fo|k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 19. ,l- pan] ,oa ,l f=ikBh] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2017A 20. ts-ds- pksiM+k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2007A 21. ds- ,u- >k] ßçkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu HkkjrÞ] 2007A 22. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clar] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 23. ih-lh- nkl] ,oa vkj- LoSu] ßySaMekdZ bu bafM;u fgLVhª Þ] 2014A 24. ch-ih- 'kkg] ds-,l- csgjk] ßHkkjr dk çkphu bfrgklÞ] 1996A 25. ,l-,u- lus ] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 1994A 26. ,l- lh- jk;pkS/kjh] ßHkkjr ds bfrgkl dh :ijs[kkÞ] 1998A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

190 bfrgkl & I ?kVd 8 lekurk,¡] ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ Lakjpuk 8.0 mís'; 8.1 ifjp; 8.2 tSu n'kZu 8.3 ckS) n'kZu 8.4 ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ ds chp lekurk,a 8.5 varj ds vad 8.6 fu\"d\"kZ 8.7 lkjka'k 8.8 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 8.9 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 8.10 o.kZukRed ç'u 8.11 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 8.12 lUnHkZ 8.0 mís’; bl ?kVd dk v/;;u djus ds ckn] vki fuEu dj ldsaxs% z tSu n'kZu vkSj ckS) n'kZuA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds chp lekurkA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds chp varj ds fcanqA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,¡] ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 191 8.1 ifjp; NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- eq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij ,d LFkk;h çHkko NksM+ fn;k gS] D;ksfa d blus nk'kZfud vVdyksa ds lkFk ,d xgu iwokZxgz ns[kk gSA bl vf}rh; pj.k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys fofHkUu fopkjdksa esa egkohj vkSj xkSre cq) Fks] ftUgksaus Hkkjr esa iSnk gq, vU; ,sfrgkfld O;fä;ksa dh rqyuk esa nqfu;k dk /;ku lcls vf/kd ekuoh; fpardksa ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k gS] tks Hkkjrh; ijaijk us iSnk fd;k gSA tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ rsth ls cnyrs lekt dk fo'ys\"k.k djus ds fy, lcls xaHkhj vkSj lcls O;kid ç;kl dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa ftlesa ;g mRiUu gqvk vkSj ekuo tkfr ds fy, ,d LFkk;h lkekftd n'kZu çnku djrk gSA ckS) /keZ us ,d oSdfYid lekt dh –f\"V dk fuekZ.k fd;k] Js.khc) vkSj lerkoknh fopkj/kkjk vkSj çFkkvksa ls fofHkUu fl)karksa ij lekt dks laxfBr djus dh laHkkouk tks tehu gkfly djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA egkohj vkSj cq) ds lkekftd n'kZu dh tM+sa NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds lekt esa Li\"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA 8.2 tSu n'kZu tSu osnkas dks ugha ekurs] ysfdu os vkRek ds vfLrRo dks ekurs gSaA os :f<+oknh ijaijk ls Hkh lger gSa fd ihM+k ¼ihM+k½ dks eu dks fu;af=r djds vkSj lgh Kku vkSj /kkj.kk dh ekax djds vkSj lgh vkpj.k dk ikyu djds jksdk tk ldrk gSA tSu n'kZu dks lcls igys rhFk±dj _\"kHk nso us çfrikfnr fd;k FkkA _\"kHk nso ds lkFk vthr ukFk vkSj vfjLVsusfe ds ukeksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA pkSchl rhFk±dj Fks ftUgksaus okLro esa tSu n'kZu dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA z igys rhFk±dj us eglwl fd;k fd tSu ds n'kZu dk L=ksr vkfnukFk FkkA pkSchlosa vkSj vafre rhFk±dj dk uke o/kZeku egkohj j[kk x;k ftUgksaus tSu /keZ dks cgqr çsj.kk nhA lR; dks çkIr djus ds ckn] mUgsa egkohj dgk x;kA czãp;Z ;k czãp;Z ds egRo ij mudk –<+ fo'okl FkkA z tSuksa dk ekuuk gS fd czãkaM dh çk—frd vkSj vykSfdd phtksa dk lkr ewyHkwr rRoksa ls irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA os tho] vftok] vLrs;] ca/k] laoj] futZuk vkSj eks{k gSAa 'kjhj tSls inkFkZ ekStwn gSa vkSj fyQkQs ¼,d vkoj.k dh rjg½ gSaA ^le;* tSls vukfLrdk; ds ikl dksbZ ugha gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

192 bfrgkl & I z inkFkZ xq.k ¼xq.kksa½ dk vk/kkj gSA fdlh inkFkZ esa tks xq.k gesa feyrs gSa] os /keZ ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA tSuksa dk ekuuk gS fd phtksa ;k inkFkks± esa fo'ks\"krk gksrh gSA dky ¼le;½ ds ifjorZu ds lkFk ;s fo'ks\"krk,¡ Hkh cny tkrh gSaA muds –f\"Vdks.k ls] fdlh inkFkZ dh fo'ks\"krk,a vko';d vkSj 'kk'or ;k vifjorZuh; gSaA z vko';d fo'ks\"krkvksa ds fcuk] dksbZ pht ekStwn ugha gks ldrhA blfy, os ges'kk gj pht esa ekStwn gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] psruk ¼psruk½ vkRek dk lkj gS] bPNk] [kq'kh vkSj nq%[k blds ifjorZu'khy xq.k gSAa z egkohj ds vuqlkj çR;sd rRo HkkSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed dkjdksa dk ,d la;kstu FkkA tcfd HkkSfrd dkjd [kjkc gks jgk gS] vk/;kfRed dkjd ckgjh gS vkSj yxkrkj [kqn dks fodflr dj jgk gSA mUgksaus dgk fd vkRek deZ ds dkj.k ca/ku dh fLFkfr esa FkhA tquwu ls NqVdkjk ikdj vkRek dks ca/ku ls eqä fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd dkfeZd cy ds fo?kVu ls gh vkRek dks eqä fd;k tk ldrk gSA muds vuqlkj deks± ds {k; ls vkRek ds vkarfjd ewY; dks mtkxj fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vkRek iw.kZ çdk'k esa vkrh gSA tc vkRek vlhe egkurk dks çkIr dj ysrh gS rks og vuar Kku] 'kfä vkSj vkuan ds lkFk ije vkRek gks tkrh gSA z egkohj ds vuqlkj] thou dk eq[; mís'; eks{k çkIr djuk gSA blfy, mUgksaus cqjs deks± ls cpus] lHkh çdkj ds rktk deks± dks jksdus vkSj ekStwnk yksxksa dks u\"V djus ij tksj fn;kA muds vuqlkj ;g ik¡p çfrKkvksa ds ek/;e ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA xSj&pksV ¼vfgalk½] lp cksyuk ¼lR;½] xSj&pksjh ¼vLrs;½] xSj&O;fHkpkj ¼czãp;Z½ vkSj xSj&vkf/kiR; ¼vifjxzg½A z bu ikap çfrKkvksa dks ysus ds vykok mUgksua s lgh vkpj.k] lgh fo'okl vkSj lgh Kku ds fl)karksa ij Hkh tksj fn;kA lgh vkpj.k us bafæ;ksa ds çfr ,d fooknkLin #[k fufgr fd;kA mUgksaus dgk fd gesa nq[kksa vkSj lq[kksa dk cjkcj r[rksa ij O;ogkj djuk pkfg,A z lgh vkLFkk dk eryc Fkk ftul esa fo'okl vkSj lgh Kku dk eryc Fkk vafre eqfä dk KkuA mijksä çfrKk,¡ vkSj fl)kar x`gLFkksa ds fy, FksA fHk{kqvksa vkfn dks vf/kd xaHkhj fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk iM+kA egkohj bZ'oj esa fo'okl ugha djrs Fks vkSj u gh mUgsa fo'okl Fkk fd mUgksaus nqfu;k dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS ;k bl ij fdlh Hkh O;fäxr fu;a=.k dk ç;ksx fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj nqfu;k dHkh [kRe ugha gksrhA dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk] ;g cl viuk :i cnyrk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 193 gSA pwafd czãkaM Hkh dqN ekeyksa ls cuk gS] blfy, ;g dsoy viuk :i cnyrk gSA tgk¡ rd bl fl)kar dk lac/a k gS] ge lka[; n'kZu ds çHkko dks Li\"V :i ls ikrs gSaA z egkohj us vkxs ekuk fd euq\"; dh eqfä fdlh Hkh ckgjh çkf/kdj.k dh n;k ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gSA vkneh vius HkkX; dk fuekZrk FkkA riL;k vkSj vkReXykfu ds thou dk usr`Ro djrs gq, euq\"; vius nq[kksa vkSj nq[kksa ls NqVdkjk ik ldrk gSA egkohj ds vuqlkj eks{k çkIr djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk R;kx gSA z egkohj ds vuqlkj lHkh çkf.k;ksa] tkuojksa] ikS/kksa] iRFkjksa] pêkuksa vkfn ds ikl thou gS vkSj O;fä dks ok.kh] deZ ;k deZ esa nwljs dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha djuk pkfg,A gkykafd ;g fl)kar iwjh rjg ls ,d u;k ugha Fkk] bldk Js; tSfu;ksa dks tkrk gS fd mUgksua s bls yksdfç; cuk;k vkSj bl rjg fofHkUu çdkj ds cfynkuksa dk pyu lekIr gks x;kA z egkohj us efgykvksa dh Lora=rk dk i{k fy;k vkSj ekuk fd mUgsa fuokZ.k çkIr djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj FkkA bl lEcU/k esa egkohj us vius iwoZorhZ] ikÜoukFk ds mnkgj.k dk vuqlj.k fd;kA tSu la?k esa efgykvksa dks vuqefr nh xbZ vkSj dbZ efgyk,a ljfeuh vkSj Jfodk cu xbZaA z ,-,e- ?kkVsxs ds vuqlkj] tSu /keZ bl çdkj 'kCn ds vk/kqfud if'peh vFkks± esa ,d /keZ ds ctk; ,d uSfrd fu;e gSA blus loksZPp u gksus dks ekU;rk nh] ysfdu vk/;kfRed :i ls egku ekus tkus okys iq#\"kksa dh ,d iwjh vkdk'kxaxk FkhA gj vkRek esa egku cuus dh {kerk FkhA vkSj ;fn vko';drk mRiUu gqbZ rks tSu /keZ bl vkdk'kxaxk ds fy, yksdfç; fganw /keZ ds Hkxoku dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha FkkA blds vykok ;g tkfr ds fl)kar ds fojks/k esa Hkh ugha FkkA bl çdkj ;g cgrq de 'k=qrkiw.kZ Fkk vkSj vU; fo\"keySafxd ç.kkfy;ksa dh rqyuk esa fganw /keZ ds fy, vf/kd vuqdwy FkkA ;g Hkh ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd tSu /keZ us gB/kfeZrk ugha dhA vius ekSfyd rdZ ds vuqlkj] dksbZ iw.kZ iqf\"V ;k budkj laHko ugha FkkA tc lHkh Kku dsoy lHa kkfor vkSj fj'rsnkj gksrs gSa rks vkids çfr}a}h dk –f\"Vdks.k vkids tSlk gh gksus dh laHkkouk gSA bl vkokl dh Hkkouk dk urhtk Fkk fd tSu /keZ vkt rd Hkkjr esa thfor gS] tcfd] ckS) /keZ viuh tqM+oka cgu] dks vU;= fuokl LFkku dh ryk'k djuh FkhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)