BAQ111_History - I_Hindi

194 bfrgkl & I 8.3 ckS) n'kZu xkSre cq) us thou ds ljy fl)karksa vkSj O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk dks çLrqr fd;k ftls yksx vklkuh ls ikyu dj ldrs FksA og nqfu;k dks nq[k ls Hkjk ekurs FksA euq\"; dk drZO; bl nnZukd nqfu;k ls eqfä dh ryk'k gSA mUgksua s osnksa tSls ikjaifjd 'kkL=ksa esa va/k fo'okl dh dM+h vkykspuk dhA cq) dh f'k{kk,¡ cgqr O;kogkfjd gSa vkSj ;g lq>ko nsrh gSa fd bl HkkSfrd nqfu;k ls eu dh 'kkafr vkSj ije eqfä dSls çkIr djsaA z tc cq) us euq\";ksa dks chekjh] nnZ vkSj e`R;q ls ihfM+r ns[kk] rks mUgksaus fu\"d\"kZ fudkyk fd fuf'pr :i ls ekuo thou esa ihM+k FkhA tUe ds lkFk ihM+k gSA lq[kn ls vyx gksuk Hkh nnZukd gSA v/kwjs jg tkus okys lHkh tquwu nnZukd gSaA nnZ rc Hkh gksrk gS tc dkeqd vkuan dh oLrq,a [kks tkrh gSAa bl çdkj] thou lHkh nnZ gSA z nwljk nq[k ds dkj.k ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g ,d bPNk gS tks tUe vkSj e`R;q ds pØ dks çsfjr djrh gSA blfy, bPNk gh nq[k dk ewy dkj.k gSA z rhljk tc tquwu] bPNk] vkSj thou dk I;kj iwjh rjg ls u\"V gks tkrk gS] rks nnZ can gks tkrk gSA bl lR; ls nq%[k dk var gksrk gS] tks ekuo thou esa nnZ dk dkj.k curk gSA blesa vgadkj ¼vge~ ;k vgadkj½ dk uk'k] vklfä] bZ\"kZ~;k] lansg vkSj nq%[k lekfgr gSA eu dh og fLFkfr bPNk] ihM+k vkSj fdlh Hkh çdkj ds yxko ls eqfä dh voLFkk gSA ;g iw.kZ 'kkafr dh fLFkfr gS] fuokZ.k dh vksj ys tkrh gSA z pkSFkk ,d jkLrk gS tks eqfä rd ys tkrk gSA bl çdkj] 'kq: esa fujk'kkokn ls 'kq: gksdj] ckS) n'kZu vk'kkokn dh vksj tkrk gSA ;|fi ekuo thou esa fujarj nq[k gS] bls var esa lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA cq) crkrs gSa fd eqfä dk ekxZ ;k ekxZ vkB xquk gS] ftlds }kjk O;fä fuokZ.k çkIr dj ldrk gSA z cq) dh f'k{kk,¡ iwjh rjg ls Hkkoqd çkf.k;ksa dks ihM+k ls eqä djus ds mís'; ls gSaA cq) ds vuqlkj igyk lR; ;g gS fd czãkaM esa dqN Hkh ugha [kks;k gSA inkFkZ ÅtkZ esa cny tkrk gS] ÅtkZ inkFkZ esa cny tkrh gSA ,d e`r iÙkk feêh esa cny tkrk gSA ,d cht vadqfjr gksdj ,d u;k ikS/kk cu tkrk gSA iqjkuh lkSj ç.kkfy;k¡ fo?kfVr gksdj d‚fLed fdj.kksa esa cny tkrh gSaA ge vius ekrk&firk ls iSnk gq, gSa] gekjs cPps gels iSnk gq, gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,¡] ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 195 z ge ikS/kksa ds leku gS]a isM+ ds :i esa] vU; yksxksa ds :i esa] ckfj'k tks fxjrh gSA ge bleas 'kkfey gSa tks gekjs vklikl gS] ge lc dqN ds leku gSaA ;fn ge vius vkl&ikl fdlh pht dks u\"V djrs gSa] rks ge [kqn dks u\"V dj nsrs gSaA vxj ge nwljs dks /kks[kk nsrs gSa] rks ge [kqn dks /kks[kk nsrs gSaA bl lPpkbZ dks le>rs gq,] cq) vkSj muds f'k\";ksa us dHkh fdlh tkuoj dks ugha ekjkA z cq) dk nwljk lkoZHkkSfed lR; ;g gS fd lc dqN yxkrkj cny jgk gSA thou ,d unh dh rjg gS] tks dHkh Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSA dHkh ;g /khjs&/khjs cgrh gS rks dHkh rsth lsA ;g dqN txgksa ij fpduh vkSj dksey gksrh gS] ysfdu ckn esa lki¡ vkSj pêkuksa ij dgha ls Hkh fudy tkrh gSA tSls gh ge lksprs gSa fd ge lqjf{kr gSa] dqN vçR;kf'kr gksrk gSA z ,d ckj Mk;uklksj] Lru/kkjh] vkSj —ik.k nkarsnkj ck?k bl i`Foh ij ?kwers FksA os lHkh ej x,] fQj Hkh ;g thou dk var ugha FkkA vU; thou :iksa tSls NksVs Lruik;h fn[kkbZ fn,] vkSj varr% euq\"; HkhA vc ge i`Foh dks varfj{k ls Hkh ns[k ldrs gSa vkSj bl xzg ij gq, ifjorZuksa dks le> ldrs gSaA thou ds ckjs esa gekjs fopkj Hkh cnyrs gSaA yksx ,d ckj ekurs Fks fd nqfu;k likV Fkh] ysfdu vc ge tkurs gSa fd ;g xksy gSA z cq) }kjk le>k;k x;k rhljk lkoZHkkSfed lR; ;g gS fd dkj.k vkSj çHkko ds fu;e ds dkj.k fujarj ifjorZu gksrs jgrs gSaA ;g gj vk/kqfud foKku dh ikBîiqLrd esa ik, tkus okys dkj.k vkSj çHkko dk ,d gh fu;e gSA bl rjg] foKku vkSj ckS) /keZ ,d tSls gSaA z dkj.k vkSj çHkko ds fu;e dks deZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc rd ge blds yk;d ugha gksaxs rc rd gekjs fy, dqN Hkh ugha gksxkA ge ogh çkIr djrs gSa tks ge dekrs gSa] pkgs og vPNk gks ;k cqjkA ge ml rjg ls gSa tSls vc ge vrhr esa dh xbZ phtksa ds dkj.k gSAa gekjs fopkj vkSj dk;Z gekjs thou ds çdkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA vxj ge vPNh phtsa djsaxs] rks Hkfo\"; esa vPNh phtsa gekjs lkFk gksaxhA vxj ge cqjs dke djsaxs] rks Hkfo\"; esa cqjs dke gekjs lkFk gksaxsA gj iy ge tks dgrs gSa] djrs gSa] vkSj lksprs gSa mlls ge u, deZ cukrs gSaA ;fn ge bls le>rs gSa] rks gesa deZ ls Mjus dh vko';drk ugha gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

196 bfrgkl & I 8.4 ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ ds chp lekurk,a ckS) /keZ xkSre cq) ds thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa ij dsafær gS] tcfd tSu /keZ egkohj ds thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa ij dsafær gSA ckS) /keZ ,d cgqnos oknh /keZ gS vkSj bldk eq[; y{; vkReKku çkIr djuk gSA tSu /keZ Hkh ,d cgqnos oknh /keZ gS vkSj blds y{; vfgalk vkSj vkRek dh eqfä ij vk/kkfjr gSAa z ckS) /keZ dgrk gS] ;g thou ihfM+r gS vkSj bl ihM+k ls cpus dk ,dek= rjhdk gS fd vkB xquk iFk dk vH;kl djds fdlh ds nq[k vkSj vKku dks nwj fd;k tk,] tcfd tSu /keZ dgrk gS] lHkh thfor phtksa dk lEeku djksA cqjs deks± ls cpus vkSj cgkdj eks{k çkIr djsa tks iqutZUe vkSj lHkh d\"Vksa dk dkj.k gSA z ckS) /keZ ,d n'kZu ugha gSA ;g cq) dh O;kogkfjd f'k{kk gS vkSj bldk y{; ^fuokZ.k* gSA tSu /keZ thou dk ,d rjhdk gS] rhFk±djksa dh f'k{kkvksa dk ikyu djuk] lHkh thou :iksa dk lEeku djuk vkSj vafre y{; fuokZ.k çkIr djuk gSA z ltSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh lq/kkj vkanksyu FksA nksuksa fganw /keZ ds v‚Q&'kwV Fks vkSj fganw /keZ dh dbZ cqjkb;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, mHkjsA nksuksa us fganw /keZ dh dfe;ksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkbZA bl lUnHkZ esa] nksuksa O;kogkfjd :i ls fojks/kkHkklh /kkfeZd vkanksyu gSaA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa dk ekuuk gS fd vfgalk iq#\"kksa] tkuojksa vkSj thfor çkf.k;ksa ds fy, ojnku xSj&pksV gSA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh tkfr O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ gSAa tSu vkSj ckS) nksuksa lkekftd lekurk esa fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj fdlh oxZ ;k leqnk; dks fo'ks\"k fo'ks\"kkf/kdkj çnku ugha djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] gj O;fDr dks Hkh eks{k ;k eks{k çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA okLro esa] tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ dk mHno cgqr gn rd ?kksj tkfrokn dh rkdr dks de djus ds fy, ftEesnkj FkkA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh osnkas vkSj laL—r Hkk\"kk ds fy, dksbZ egRo ugha j[krs FksA osnksa vkSj vU; oSfnd lkfgR; dh Js\"Brk dks nksuksa /keks± ds laLFkkidksa us Lohdkj ugha fd;kA nksuksa us cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk esa /keZ dk çpkj fd;k rkfd vke yksxksa dks f'k{kkvksa dks le>us esa dksbZ dfBukbZ u gksA nksuksa us dHkh Hkh laL—r dks Js\"B ;k ifo= Hkk\"kk ugha ekukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 197 z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh ;Kksa] vuq\"Bkuksa vkSj cfynkuksa ds fo#) FksA nksuksa egaxs ;Kksa] vuq\"Bkuksa ls iwjh rjg eqä FksA nksuksa us fdlh Hkh /kkfeZd lekjksg esa i'kq cfy dh fuank dhA z nksuksa /keks± us thou esa 'kq)rk] uSfrdrk] lknk vkSj ljy thou thus ij tksj fn;kA os okLro esa] vya—r vuq\"Bkuksa] lekjksgksa vkSj vkMacj ls ewY; vk/kkfjr thou çfrj{kk esa –<+rk ls fo'okl djrs gSaA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa us czkã.kksa] fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k leqnk; dks dksbZ fo'ks\"k fopkj ugha fn;kA okLro esa] gj dksbZ /keZ dh –f\"V esa leku Fkk vkSj /keZ dk vH;kl djus dk leku vf/kdkj çkIr djrk FkkA z ^deZ* ds fl)kar dh nksuksa /keks± us iqjtksj odkyr dh gSA nksuksa ds vuqlkj] dksbZ Hkh vius deZ] vFkkZr~ deks± ds ifj.kkeksa ls cp ugha ldrk gSA blfy,] O;fä dks ges'kk vPNs dk;ks± esa fyIr jguk pkfg, vkSj bl çdkj vuqdwy ifj.kke dh mEehn djuh pkfg,A okLro es]a 'kq) vkSj iq.; deZ djus ls O;fä fuokZ.k çkIr dj ldrk gSA z nksuksa /keks± ds /keZ esa –<+ gSAa okLro esa] nksuksa vU; /keks± ds lEcU/k esa mnkj vkSj lfg\".kq FksA fdlh us vU; /keks± ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks lrkus ds ckjs esa ugha lkspk ;k fdlh vU; /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks u, fo'okl dks viukus ds fy, etcwj ugha fd;kA okLro esa] vU; /keks± us vius i{k esa vfLrRo cuk, j[kk vkSj vius rjhds ls Qyrs&Qwyrs jgsA z nksuksa /keZ lekurk vkSj yksdrkaf=d fl)karksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA /keZ ds gj vuq;k;h dks /keZ dk ikyu djus dk vf/kdkj vkSj ekU;rk gSA nksuksa us vius la?k dk vk;kstu fd;k vkSj /keZ ds çpkj ds fy, dne mBk,A mudh lknxh vkSj yksdrkfU=d –f\"Vdks.k ds dkj.k] yksxksa dks u, /keZ dks viukus ds fy, yqHkk;k x;kA z dbZ lekurkvksa ds ckotwn] tSu vkSj ckS) nksuksa us viuh vyx vkSj Lora= igpku cuk, j[khA bl lanHkZ esa] eksfu;j fofy;e dh fVIi.kh gS fd] ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ ekrk&firk ;k cPps ds :i esa ,d&nwljs ls lEcfU/kr ugha Fks ysfdu vke ekrk&firk ds cPps] nksuksa vyx&vyx varjky ij] gkykafd ,d gh le; esa vkSj vyx&vyx fo'ks\"krkvksa }kjk fpfUgr] gkykafd vyx&vyx fo'ks\"krkvksa ds gksrs gSaA lekurk dk ,d etcwr ifjokjA z egkohj vkSj xkSre cq) nksuksa gh {kf=; 'kkld FksA nksuksa us 'kkgh lq[k vkSj vkjke dks R;kx fn;k vkSj lar cu x, vkSj u, /keks± dk çpkj fd;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

198 bfrgkl & I 8.5 varj ds vad tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ esa dbZ lekurkvksa ds ckotwn] muesa dbZ varj gSaA njvly] nksuksa ewy :i ls dbZ egRoiw.kZ /kkfeZd fcanqvksa ij fHkUu gSaA z vkRe&eqähdj.k vkSj e/; ekxZ% tSu /keZ dfBu riL;k vkSj vkRe&eks{k esa fo'okl djrk gSA 'kkjhfjd d\"Vksa tSls miokl vkfn ls vkRe&ihfM+r d\"Vksa dks iq.; ekuk tkrk gS vkSj fuokZ.k dh vksj vxzlj dneA gkykafd] ckS) /keZ vkRe&;kruk vkSj vkRe&e`R;q ds vuqeksnu dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gSA ;g e/; ekxZ dh flQkfj'k djrk gS vkSj bl rjg pje riL;k vkSj dkeqdrk ds chp ,d gM+rkyh larqyu ykrk gSA ;g vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks fuokZ.k çkIr djus ds fy, e/; ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djus dh lykg nsrk gSA z vfgalk dk fl)kar% nksuksa /keZ vfgalk esa –<+ fo'okl j[krs gSaA os fdlh Hkh thfor tkuojksa dh gR;k dh fuank djrs gSaA fQj Hkh] bl fcanq ij varj dh ,d fMxzh mfpr gSA vfgalk vkSj vfgalk dk vH;kl djus ds fy, tSu /keZ cgqr dBksj FkkA ;g vius i=] Hkkouk vkSj dk;kZUo;u dk l[rh ls ikyu djrk gSA ysfdu vfgalk vkSj vfgalk dk vH;kl djus esa ckS) /keZ mnkj FkkA blus vius f'k\";ksa dks dqN fo'ks\"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekal [kkus dh vuqefr nhA z bZ'oj dk vfLrRo% egkohj us bZ'oj ds vfLrRo vkSj mldh loZ'kfäekurk vkSj loZO;kihrk ls budkj fd;kA mUgksaus bl fopkj dks [kkfjt dj fn;k fd bZ'oj fuekZrk gS] gj txg ekStwn gS vkSj iwjs czãkaM dks fu;af=r djrk gSA Hkxoku cq) us Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ij pqIih cuk, j[khA gkykafd] tSu /keZ dk ekuuk gS fd vkRek gj thfor çk.kh esa ekStwn gSA ysfdu ckS) /keZ vkRek ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl ugha djrk gSA z fuokZ.k çkIr djus ds fofHkUu rjhds% tSu /keZ esa] fuokZ.k dk vFkZ gS ekuo thou dk var ftls ^rhu&TosYl* ds fl)kar ds ckn çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ckS) /keZ esa] fuokZ.k lkalkfjd thou ds ca/ku vkSj e`R;q vkSj tUe ds pØ ls euq\"; dh çfrj{kk dk çrhd gSA bls Hkxoku cq) }kjk fu/kkZfjr vkB xquk iFk dk vuqlj.k djds çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA z iks'kkd vkSj vkpj.k esa varj% tSu /keZ ds fnxacj laçnk; ds vuq;k;h uXurk ilan djrs gSaA os uXu jgrs gSa vkSj uXu nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSaA ysfdu 'osrkacj laçnk; ds vuq;kf;;ksa us lQsn diM+s igu j[ks FksA gkykafd] ckS) vius laçnk;ksa ds ckotwn] vius 'kjhj dks <adrs gSa vkSj mi;qä diM+s igurs gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 199 z la?k ds laxBu% tSu] dksbZ lansg ugha gS] muds laxBuksa dks vius /keZ dk çpkj djuk FkkA ysfdu os vPNh rjg ls cquuk laxBu ugha FksA bdkb;ksa dk çHkko laiw.kZ ugha FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i] tSu /keZ vke yksxksa dks çHkkoh <ax ls çHkkfor djus esa foQy jgkA ysfdu ckS) la?k çHkkoh vkSj lqO;ofLFkr FksA fHk{kqvksa vkSj fHk{kqvksa dks vuq'kklu vkSj l[r i;Zos{k.k ds rgr dk;Z djuk FkkA mUgksaus ckS) /keZ dh f'k{kkvksa dh ?kks\"k.kk djus esa xgjh fnypLih yh vkSj lans'kksa dks tehuh Lrj ij ys x,A okLro esa] muds laxfBr vkSj vFkd ç;kl Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa nksuksa esa ckS) /keZ dks yksdfç; cukus ds fy, cgqr ftEesnkj FksA z foLrkj dk {ks=% ljyrk] vklku çfØ;k] /keZ dk ikyu djus ds fy, lkekftd lekurk vkSj blds cM+s iSekus ij vihy us cM+h la[;k esa yksxkas dks ckS) /keZ viukus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA nwljs] blus paæxqIr] v'kksd] dfu\"d tSls dbZ mR—\"V 'kkldksa dk 'kkgh laj{k.k çkIr fd;kA rhljs] blds la?kks]a fe'kuksa] fHk{kqvksa] us ns'k ds dksus&dksus vkSj leqæksa rd viuh f'k{kkvksa dks igqapkus ds fy, mYys[kuh; çn'kZu fd;kA blfy,] ;g Hkkjr esa vkSj fons'kksa esa lhyksu] frCcr] usiky vkSj e/; iwoZ vkSj lqnjw iwoZ ds dbZ ns'kksa esa QSy x;kA nqHkkZX; ls] tSu /keZ dh xaHkhj riL;k vkSj riL;k yksxkas dks vkdf\"kZr djus esa foQy jghA nwljs] bldk çpkj ra= okafNr ifj.kke çkIr djus ds fy, cgqr vi;kZIr FkkA rhljk] loksZPp frekgh esa tSu /keZ dk laj{k.k vYi FkkA blfy,] bldk foLrkj lhfer Fkk vkSj lark\"s ktud ls nwj FkkA 8.6 fu\"d\"kZ bl çdkj mijksä ppkZvksa ls] ge ;g fu\"d\"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd dqN lekurkvksa ds ckotwn] tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nks vyx&vyx /keZ gSa vkSj Lora= igpku cuk, gq, gSaA bl lEcU/k esa] MCY;w MCY;w ds vuqlkj] gaVj dk ßtSu /keZ fo'ks\"k :i ls ckS) /keZ ds vU; laçnk;ksa ls mruk gh Lora= gS ftruk fdlh vU; laçnk; ls mEehn dh tk ldrh gSA dqN lekurkvksa ds ckotwn] ;g vius vuq\"Bku vkSj iwtk dh oLrqvksa esa ckS) /keZ ls vyx gSAÞ 8.7 lkjka'k z NBh 'krkCnh bZ-i-w eq[; :i ls Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij ,d LFkk;h çHkko NksM+ fn;k gS] D;ksafd blus nk'kZfud vVdyksa ds lkFk ,d xgu iwokZxzg ns[kk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

200 bfrgkl & I z ckS) /keZ us ,d oSdfYid lekt dh –f\"V cukbZ] inkuqØfer vkSj lerkoknh fopkj/kkjk vkSj çFkkvksa ls vyx&vyx fl)karksa ij lekt dks laxfBr djus dh laHkkouk tks tehu gkfly djuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA z egkohj vkSj cq) ds lkekftd n'kZu dh tM+sa NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds lekt esa Li\"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA z tSu yksx osnksa dks ugha ekurs] ysfdu os vkRek ds vfLrRo dks ekurs gSAa os :f<+oknh ijaijk ls Hkh lger gSa fd eu dks fu;af=r djds vkSj lgh Kku vkSj /kkj.kk dh ekax djds vkSj lgh vkpj.k dk ikyu djds ihM+k ¼nnZ½ dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA z xkSre cq) us thou vkSj O;ogkfjd uSfrdrk ds ljy fl)kar çLrqr fd, ftUgsa yksx vklkuh ls ikyu dj ldrs gSaA og nqfu;k dks nq[k ls Hkjk ekurs FksA euq\"; dk drZO; bl nnZukd nqfu;k ls eqfä dh ryk'k gSA mUgksaus osnksa tSls ikjaifjd 'kkL=ksa esa va/k&fo'okl dh dM+h vkykspuk dhA z ckS) /keZ xkSre cq) ds thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa ij dsafær gS] tcfd tSu /keZ egkohj ds thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa ij dsafær gSA ckS) /keZ ,d cgqnos oknh /keZ gS vkSj bldk eq[; y{; vkReKku çkIr djuk gSA tSu /keZ Hkh ,d cgqnsooknh /keZ gS vkSj blds y{; vfgalk vkSj vkRek dh eqfä ij vk/kkfjr gSaA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh tkfr O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ gSaA tSu vkSj ckS) nksuksa lkekftd lekurk esa fo'okl djrs gSa vkSj fdlh oxZ ;k leqnk; dks fo'ks\"k fo'ks\"kkf/kdkj çnku ugha djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj] gj O;fDr dks Hkh eks{k ;k eks{k çkIr djus dk vf/kdkj gSA okLro esa] tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ dk mn~Hko cgqr gn rd ?kksj tkfrokn dh rkdr dks de djus ds fy, ftEesnkj FkkA z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa gh osnksa vkSj laL—r Hkk\"kk ds fy, dksbZ egRo ugha j[krs FksA osnksa vkSj vU; oSfnd lkfgR; dh Js\"Brk dks nksuksa /keks± ds laLFkkidksa us Lohdkj ugha fd;kA nksuksa us cksyh tkus okyh Hkk\"kk esa /keZ dk çpkj fd;k rkfd vke yksxksa dks f'k{kkvksa dks le>us esa dksbZ dfBukbZ u gksA nksuksa us dHkh Hkh laL—r dks Js\"B ;k ifo= Hkk\"kk ugha ekukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 201 z tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ nksuksa us czkã.kksa] fdlh Hkh oxZ ;k leqnk; dks dksbZ fo'ks\"k fopkj ugha fn;kA okLro esa] gj dksbZ /keZ dh –f\"V esa leku Fkk vkSj /keZ dk vH;kl djus dk leku vf/kdkj çkIr djrk FkkA z ^deZ* ds fl)kar dh nksuksa /keks± us iqjtksj odkyr dh gSA nksuksa ds vuqlkj] dksbZ Hkh vius deZ] vFkkZr~ deks± ds ifj.kkeksa ls cp ugha ldrk gSA blfy,] O;fä dks ges'kk vPNs dk;ks± esa fyIr jguk pkfg, vkSj bl çdkj vuqdwy ifj.kke dh mEehn djuh pkfg,A okLro es]a 'kq) vkSj iq.; deZ djus ls O;fä fuokZ.k çkIr dj ldrk gSA z tSu /keZ dfBu riL;k vkSj vkRe&e`R;q ij fo'okl djrk gSA 'kkjhfjd d\"Vksa tSls miokl vkfn ls vkRe&ihfM+r d\"Vksa dks iq.; ekuk tkrk gS vkSj fuokZ.k dh vksj vxzlj dneA gkykafd] ckS) /keZ vkRe&;kruk vkSj vkRe&e`R;q ds vuqeksnu dks Lohdkj ugha djrk gSA z egkohj us bZ'oj ds vfLrRo vkSj mldh loZ'kfäekurk vkSj loZO;kihrk dks udkj fn;kA mUgksaus bl fopkj dks [kkfjt dj fn;k fd bZ'oj fuekZrk gS] gj txg ekStwn gS vkSj iwjs czãkaM dks fu;af=r djrk gSA Hkxoku cq) us Hkxoku ds vfLrRo ij pqIih cuk, j[khA gkykafd] tSu /keZ dk ekuuk gS fd vkRek gj thfor çk.kh esa ekStwn gSA ysfdu ckS) /keZ vkRek ds vfLrRo esa fo'okl ugha djrk gSA z lknxh] vklku çfØ;k] /keZ dk ikyu djus ds fy, lkekftd lekurk vkSj bldh lkewfgd vihy us cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa dks ckS) /keZ viukus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA nwljs] blus paæxqIr] v'kksd] dfu\"d tSls dbZ mR—\"V 'kkldksa dk 'kkgh laj{k.k çkIr fd;kA rhljs] blds la?kksa] fe'kuksa] fHk{kqvksa] us ns'k ds dksus&dksus vkSj leqæksa rd viuh f'k{kkvksa dks igaqpkus ds fy, mYys[kuh; çn'kZu fd;kA z blfy,] ;g Hkkjr esa vkSj fons'kksa esa lhyksu] frCcr] usiky vkSj e/; iwoZ vkSj lqnwj iwoZ ds dbZ ns'kksa esa QSy x;kA 8.8 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z n'kZu % Kku] okLrfodrk vkSj vfLrRo dh cqfu;knh ckrksa dh iz—fr dk v/;;u] [kkldj tc ,d vdknfed vuq’kklu ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

202 bfrgkl & I z egkohj % egkohj] ftUgsa o/kZeku ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tSu /keZ esa pkSchlosa rhFkaZdj Fks] ftUgksaus /keZ dks izkIr fd;k vkSj igpkukA z ckS) /keZ % ckS) /keZ dbZ rjg dh ijaijkvksa] ekU;rkvksa vkSj vk/;kfRed izFkkvksa dks ’kkfey djrk gS tks eq[; :i ls ewy f’k{kkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa vkSj blds ifj.kkeLo:i O;k[;k dh tkrh gSA z tSu /keZ % tSu /keZ] ikjaifjd :i ls tSu /keZ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ,d izkphu Hkkjrh; /keZ gSA tSu /keZ ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks tSu dgk tkrk gS] ,d ’kCn tks laL—r ’kCn ftuk ls fy;k x;k gS] tks uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed thou ds ek/;e ls deZ dks u\"V djds thou dh iqutZUe dh /kkjk dks ikj djus esa fot; ds ekxZ dk mYys[k djrk gSA 8.9 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ ds chp lekurk ij ,d laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. tSu /keZ ds n'kZu ij ppkZ djsaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8.10 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ dh lekurk ij ppkZ djsaA 2. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS) /keZ ds chp varj D;k gS\\ le>kukA 3. tSfu;ksa vkSj ckS)ksa ds n'kZu ij ,d laf{kIr uksV nsa\\ 8.11 cgqfodfYi; ç'u (b) iqjk.kksa (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha 1. tSu yksx ________ ugha ekursA (a) osn (c) 'kkL= CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ 203 2. tSu n'kZu igyh ckj ________ }kjk çLrkfor fd;k x;k FkkA (a) xkSre (b) egkohj (c) ikjlukFk (d) _\"kHknso 3. ________ us thou ds ljy fl)karksa vkSj O;kogkfjd uSfrdrk dks çLrqr fd;k ftls yksx vklkuh ls ikyu dj ldrs FksA (a) cq) (b) egkohj (c) paæxqIr (d) ikjlukFk 4. ^deZ* ds fl)kar dh iqjtksj odkyr ________ us dh xbZ gSA (a) tSu /keZ (b) ckS) /keZ (c) tSu vkSj ckS) nksuksa (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha mÙkj% 1. (c), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (c) 8.12 lUnHkZ 1. ,- nso] ßlH;rk dh dgkuhÞ vkSj ßHkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,aÞ] NCERT] 1999A 2. ,y-,l- pansy] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl fu;ekoyhÞ] 2001A 3. ds- jktkjke] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 4. oh-ds- vfXugks=h] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2002A 5. ds-,y- [kqjkuk] ,oa vkj-lh- 'kekZ] ßflaiy fgLVªh v‚Q ,af'k,aV bafM;kÞ] 1988A 6. ih- eSrh] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 7. ,y- ck'ke] ßn oaMj nSV bf.M;kÞ] [kaM 1A 8. vkj-,l- 'kekZ] ßHkkjr ds çkphu vrhrÞ] 2005A 9. vkj- Fkkij] ßn isxa qbu fgLVhª v‚Q vyhZ bafM;k v‚Q n vksfjftUl Ý‚e n 1300 bZLohÞ] 2002A 10. ,e-,u- nkl] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2003A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

204 bfrgkl & I 11. ts- iVuk;d] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 1993A 12. ch-,u- ywfu;k] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1992A 13. ;w- flag] ßçkphu vkSj çkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2009A 14. ds-ds- jsìh] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 15. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clar] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd lsfVax vkSj iwoZ&,sfrgkfld laL—fr;ksa dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 16. ,p- ikaMk] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2014A 17. Ogh-lh- ikaMs] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1991A 18. ch- canksik/;k;] ,oa vkj- fo|k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 19. ,l- pan] ,oa ,l f=ikBh] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2017A 20. ts-ds- pksiM+k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2007A 21. ds- ,u- >k] ßçkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu HkkjrÞ] 2007A 22. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clra ] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 23. ih-lh- nkl] ,oa vkj- LoSu] ßySaMekdZ bu bafM;u fgLVªhÞ] 2014A 24. ch-ih- 'kkg] ds-,l- csgjk] ßHkkjr dk çkphu bfrgklÞ] 1996A 25. ,l-,u- lsu] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 1994A 26. ,l- lh- jk;pkS/kjh] ßHkkjr ds bfrgkl dh :ijs[kkÞ] 1998A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)