BAQ111_History - I_Hindi

BACHELOR OF ARTS bfrgkl & I BAQ111 Dr. Abhijit Sahoo

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) Parag Diwan Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & TourismManagement) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Prof. (Dr.) Inderpreet Kaur Executive Director – Management Director – IDOL Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Executive Director – Liberal Arts © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

History - I Course Code: BAQ111 Credits: 3 Course Objectives: z To understand the community of Ancient India. z To impart knowledge about origin and life of Aryans. z To draw a contrast on the basis of philosophies of Jainism and Buddhism. Syllabus Unit 1 - Physical Features of India : Define term of Ancient. Physical features of India and its Effect on Indian History. Unit 2 - Harappa & Other Indus Valley Civilization – Extent, Chronology, Origin Unit 3 - Society, Religion and Causes of Decline of Harappan Civilization Unit 4 - Origin of Aryan Home: Political, Social, Economic conditions in Rig Vedic Period. Unit 5 - Literature and Education of Vedic Period. Later Vedic Period: Social and Economic life in later Vedic period. Unit 6 - Teachings and Life of Mahavir Jain. Unit 7 - Teachings and Life of Mahatma Buddha. Unit 8 - Similarities between Buddhism and Jainism. References: 1. Tripathi, R.S. (2016). Prachin Bharat Ka Itihas : Seventh Edition. Jaipur: Royal Publication. 2. V.C. Pandey (1986). Political and Cultural History of Ancient India –Part I, Allahabad: Vishal Publication. 3. Mookerji, R.N. (1947). Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsi Das Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4. Basham, A.L. (1967). The Wonder that was India. London, Arthur Probsthain. 5. Davies, C.C. (1949). An Historical Atlas of Indian Peninsula. India, Oxford University, Press. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6. Majumdar, R.C. (2017). Ancient India. Delhi, Motilal Banarsilal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 7. Dhillon, S.K. (1991). Religious History of Early Medieval Punjab. Punjab, National Book Organisation. Web Resources: https://www.ancient.eu/india/ https://www.culturalindia.net/india-history/ancient-india/index.html CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1 – 41 42 – 62 ?kVd 1: çkphu ’kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 63 – 80 ?kVd 2: gM+Iik vkSj vU; fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk 81 – 110 ?kVd 3: lekt] /keZ vkSj gM+Iik lH;rk ds iru ds dkj.k 111 – 135 ?kVd 4: vk;ksZa dk vkxeu 136 – 158 ?kVd 5: oSfnd dky ds lkfgR; vkSj f'k{kk 159 – 189 ?kVd 6: tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ 190 – 204 ?kVd 7: egkRek ckS) ,oa ckS) /keZ ?kVd 8: lekurk,]¡ ckS) /keZ vkSj tSu /keZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 1 ?kVd 1 çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa Lakjpuk 1.0 mís'; 1.1 ifjp; 1.2 çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dh çkphurk vkSj egRo dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 1.3 Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,a 1.4 fgeky; dh ioZr J`a[kyk,¡ 1.5 LFkku] foLrkj] lhek,¡ vkSj Hkkjr ds {ks= 1.6 Hkkjrh; {ks= 1.7 egku Hkkjr&xaxk dk eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku 1.8 nD[ku dk iBkj 1.9 rVh; ?kkV 1.10 }hi 1.11 Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku 1.12 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dk çHkko 1.13 fu\"d\"kZ 1.14 lkjka'k 1.15 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 1.16 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1.17 o.kZukRed ç'u 1.18 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1.19 lUnHkZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2 bfrgkl & I 1.0 mís’; bl ?kVd dks i<+us ds ckn] Nk=ksa dks irk gksuk pkfg,% z çkphu vkSj çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 'kCn dh ifjHkk\"kk dks le>saA z çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds egRo dks le>saA z Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij blds çHkko dks le>saA z çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds L=ksrksa dks le>saA 1.1 ifjp; çkphu dh ifjHkk\"kk ,d ,sls ;qx dks lanfHkZr djrh gS tks cgqr le; igys vfLrRo esa FkkA çkphu dks fdlh ds :i esa ;k fdlh ,slh pht ds :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k tkrk gS tks cgqr yacs le; rd pyh gSA iwoZtksa us ,drk ds fy, ç;kl fd;kA Hkkjr lHkh f'k\"Vkpkj esa fofo/krk dk ns'k gSA Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk ns'k dks ,d laiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd v/;;u cukrh gSA okLro es]a Hkkjr ds ikl gj laHko ifj–'; gS tks i`Foh ds ikl gSA BaMs igkM+ksa ls ysdj jsfxLrku rd] fo'kky eSnku] xeZ vkSj vknZz iBkj vkSj foLr`r leqæh rV vkSj m\".kdfVca/kh; }hi] Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,a gj bykds dks doj djrh gSaA 1.2 çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds v/;;u dh çkphurk vkSj egRo dks IfjHkkf\"kr djsa çkphu dh ifjHkk\"kk ,d ,sls ;qx dks lanfHkZr djrh gS tks cgqr le; igys vfLrRo esa FkkA çkphu dks fdlh ds :i esa ;k fdlh ,slh pht ds :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k tkrk gS tks cgqr yacs le; rd pyh gSA iwoZtksa us ,drk ds fy, ç;kl fd;kA bfrgkl euq\"; dh fiNyh ?kVukvksa vkSj miyfC/k;ksa dk v/;;u gSA yksxksa dks rc rd lH; ugha ekuk tkrk tc rd fd os ugha tkurs fd Hkkjr esa çpfyr ys[ku ds fofHkUu :iksa dks fy[kuk vkt lHkh çkphu fyfi;ksa ls cuk gSA ;g mu Hkk\"kkvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh lp gS ftUgsa ge vkt cksyrs gSa] ftu Hkk\"kkvksa dk ge mi;ksx djrs gSa mudh tM+sa çkphu dky esa gSa] vkSj fodflr gqbZ gSa çkphu dky lsA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 3 bfrgkl dk vFkZ dsoy jktkvksa ;k jktoa'kksa ls tqM+h rkjh[kksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk&tks[kk ugha gS] cfYd bldk vFkZ lekt vkSj yksxksa ds lexz O;fäRo dks vkdkj nsus okys fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u djuk Hkh gSA bfrgkl yach vof/k esa lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj lkaL—frd #>kuksa dk fo'ys\"k.k gS tSlk fd çkI; L=ksrksa esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA ,d bfrgkldkj ,d foLrkfjr vof/k esa iwjh rjg ls vyx fLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj loky iwNrk gS fd dqN [kkl ?kVuk,a D;ksa gqbZa vkSj cM+s iSekus ij lekt ij mudk D;k çHkko iM+k\\ blds fy,] ,d bfrgkldkj dks vrhr ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, L=ksr lkexzh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ysfdu L=ksr Lo;a vrhr dks çdV ugha djrs gSaA mUgsa O;k[;k dh vko';drk gS vkSj bfrgkldkj mUgsa cksyrs gSaA okLro esa] bfrgkldkj ls ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd og L=ksr ij utj j[ks] xzaFkkas dks i<+s] vkSj ,d lkFkZd fooj.k çLrqr djus ds fy, çklafxd ç'u iwNsA çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk v/;;u dbZ dkj.kksa ls egRoi.w kZ gS] ;kuh z ;g gesa lfw pr djrk gS fd gekjs ns'k esa yksxksa us dSls] dc vkSj dgk¡ fodflr fd;kA z v/;;u ls ;g Hkh ladsr feyrk gS fd mUgksaus —f\"k dSls 'kq: dh ftlls thou lqjf{kr vkSj O;ofLFkr gks x;kA z ;g] ;g Hkh n'kkZrk gS fd çkphu Hkkjrh;ksa us çk—frd lalk/kuksa dh [kkst vkSj mudk mi;ksx dSls fd;k] vkSj mUgksaus viuh vkthfodk ds fy, lk/ku dSls cuk,A blfy,] ,sfrgkfld çek.kksa dh cM+h fdLeksa vkSj mudh O;k[;k dh enn ls çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk iqufuZekZ.k djuk vko';d gSA phu izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks tkuus ds L=ksr%& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds L=ksrksa ds ckjs esa miyC/krk vkSj O;k[;k nks lhek,¡ gSaA os fczfV'k ç'kklfud vf/kdkjh Fks] ftUgksaus viuh ç'kklfud vko';drkvksa ds fy, igys çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij /;ku fn;kA tSls] lj fofy;e tksUl us] 1784 esa] çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds L=ksrksa dks lh[kus] le>us vkSj çdkf'kr djus ds fy, ^,f'k;kfVd lkslkbVh v‚Q caxky* dh LFkkiuk dhA fQj] 1861 esa Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k ds xBu ds ckn] iqjkrkfRod L=ksrksa dh [kkst dks dkuwuh xfr feyhA fQj] 1922 esa fla/kq lH;rk dh [kkst ds ckn] Hkkjrh;ksa esa çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds fy, I;kj c<+kA fQj] vc rd] fofHkUu çdkj ds L=ksr lkeus vk jgs gSa vkSj mudh O;k[;k çkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, vf/kd pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z gSA ;g v/;k; çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, fofHkUu L=ksrksa ds egRo dk fo'ys\"k.k djsxkA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 bfrgkl & I çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds L=ksrkas dk v/;;u rhu O;kid 'kh\"kks± ds lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gS& ¼1½ lkfgR; L=ksrksa] ¼2½ iqjkrkfRod L=ksrksa] vkSj ¼3½ fons'kh bfrgkldkjksa vkSj ;kf=;ksa ds ys[kA lkfgR; ds lw= çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa dks fuEu Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls (i) /kkfeZd] (ii) /keZfujis{k vkSj (iii) oSKkfud] (iv) laxe lkfgR; vkSj (v) fons'kh ;kf=;ksa ds ;k=k o`rkarA /kkfeZd lkfgR; /keZ çkphu fo'o ds lekt dk eq[; vk/kkj Fkk vkSj Hkkjr bldk viokn ugha FkkA blfy,] ge çkphu Hkkjr esa çpfyr fofHkUu /keksaZ ds fofgr//kkfeZd lkfgR; dks cM+h la[;k esa ikrs gSaA ;s /kkfeZd] lkekftd&vkfFkZd igyqvksa vkSj çkphu Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd fopkj vkSj fopkj/kkjk ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA gkykafd] ,sls L=ksrksa dk mi;ksx lko/kkuh ds lkFk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A D;ksafd] lcls igys] vf/kdka'k /kkfeZd L=ksrksa dks ekSf[kd ijaijkvksa ds ek/;e ls cuk, j[kk tkrk gS vkSj muds okLrfod fuekZ.k ds lSdM+ksa lky ckn fy[kk tkrk gSA blds vykok] ^OgkV&oh&gSo&ukm* okLrfod ys[ku ds laLdj.k gSaA nwljs] /kkfeZd lkfgR; eq[; :i ls ,d vkn'kZoknh –f\"Vdks.k ds lkFk ekxZn'kZu çnku djus ds fy, fy[ks x, FksA blfy,] tks dqN Hkh fy[kk x;k gS] og ^ç—fr dh rjg* vkSj ^okLrfod* ugha gSA dHkh&dHkh] iqjk.kksa tSls dk;ks± dk 'kjhj] gkykafd 4 oha 'krkCnh esa fy[kk x;k FkkA blds ckn fy[kk x;k Fkk] tSls fd os 1000 lky igys cuk, x, Fks vkSj yxHkx 1000 lky ckn dqN dh Hkfo\";ok.kh dj jgs FksA blfy,] vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh vkykspuk tSls midj.kksa ds lkFk] ,d bfrgkldkj bu L=ksrksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS vkSj çkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk iqufuZekZ.k dj ldrk gSA oSfnd lkfgR; oSfnd lkfgR; esa pkj osn] czkã.k] vj.;d] mifu\"kn] 'kkn&n'kZu] 'kn&vax] lw=] Le`fr;k¡ vkSj iqjk.k tSls lw= 'kkfey FksA osn% pkj osnksa esa _Xosn] lkeosn] ;tqoZ sn] vFkoZosn 'kkfey FksA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 5 osn ¼'kCn ed fon ls rkRi;Z tkuus ;k Kku ls gS½ ewy :i ls nsorkvksa ds fy, vk;ks± dh çkFkZukvksa dk ladyu Fks] tks eq[; :i ls ç—fr dh 'kfä;ka FkhaA vk;ks± ds vuqlkj] osnksa dks ¼vkSj iq#\"kksa }kjk ugha cuk;k x;k½ lquk x;k Fkk] blfy, bUgsa ^Jqfr* vkSj ^vikS#\"ks; ¼fdlh iq#\"k }kjk fufeZr ugha½* dgk tkrk FkkA osnksa dks ^lafgrk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA osn oSfnd ;qx ds yksxksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd vkSj lkaL—frd thou ds ckjs esa cgqr lkjh tkudkjh çnku djrk gS tks gesa çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa enn djrk gSA _Xosn %& _Xosn pkj osnksa esa lcls çkphu gSA blesa 10 eaMy vkSj 1028 lwä 'kkfey gSaA ;s baæ] o#.k] vfXu] ifjtu] ok;q] ek#r vkfn nsorkvksa ls çkFkZuk djrs FksA ;g gesa lIr&fla/kqvksa ds {ks= esa fLFkr çkjafHkd vk;ks± ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] jktuhfrd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] blds 10 osa eaMy ds ^iq#\"klwä* esa Hkkjr esa o.kZ O;oLFkk dh mRifÙk dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA _Xosn esa nl jktkvksa ds chp dh yM+kbZ dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ;g yM+kbZ fofHkUu tutkrh; çHkqvksa ds chp la?k\"kZ dh vksj b'kkjk djrh gS] vkSj gesa Hkkjr esa lkezkT;okn dh igyh >yd Hkh nsrh gSA lkeosn%& blesa çkFkZukvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k Fkk fd cfynkuksa dks djrs gq, çkFkZukvksa dks dSls i<+k tk,A fQj ls blesa _Xosn ls çkFkZuk,a 'kkfey gSa] vkSj mUgsa lqukus ds rjhds çnku fd, x, gSaA blfy,] bls Hkkjrh; 'kkL=h; laxhr dk ewy ekuk tkrk gSA ;tqZosn%& blesa cfynku ;k ;K djrs gq, çkFkZukvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA njvly] çkFkZuk ds çeq[k fgLls _Xosn ls gh fy, x, gSaA blds nks Hkkx gSa] 'kqDy vkSj —\".k vkSj Ng vU; lafgrk,¡A ;tqosZn dh oktlus;h lafgrk fofHkUu oSfnd cfynkuksa ij i;kZIr çdk'k Mkyrh gSA vFkoZosn%& blesa tknw] dkyk&tknw] va/kfo'okl vkfn tSls fefJr fo\"k; 'kkfey gSaA ge bl osn esa nokvksa] ouLifr foKku vkSj 'kY; fpfdRlk dh mRifÙk dk irk yxkrs gSaA pkjksa osn oSfnd vk;ks± ds thou&n'kZu ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA gesa irk pyrk gS fd] tc vk;Z yksx 'kq: esa lIrfla/kq {ks= esa cl x, Fks] rks mudh thou&'kSyh vyx FkhA _Xosn dk nwljk ls ukSok¡ eaMyk gesa bl ckjs esa crkrk gSA ysfdu tc os vius CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 bfrgkl & I okLrfod LFkku ds vf/kd iwohZ fgLls esa pys x,] vkSj vU; leqnk;ksa ds laidZ esa vk,] rks ge muds thou&rjhdksa esa Hkkjh cnyko ikrs gSAa _Xosn dk igyk vkSj 10 oka eaMyk vkSj vU; rhu osn ,sls ifjorZu dh lpw uk nsrs gSAa blfy,] oSfnd vk;ks± dks le>us ds fy,] gesa nks Hkkxksa esa lkspuk gksxk% çkjafHkd oSfnd vkSj ckn esa oSfndA mijksä pkj osnksa ds vykok] vU; egRoi.w kZ dk;ks± esa czkã.k] vj.;d] mifu\"kn] osnkax] \"kMn~ 'kZu 'kkfey gSaA 1. czkã.k% czkã.kksa dks osnksa esa ladfyr cfynku dh çfØ;k dks fl[kkus ds fy, cuk;k x;k FkkA blfy,] çR;sd osn dk viuk czkã.k gS] mnk- _Xosn&,srjs; czkã.k] lkeons &tSfeuh; czkã.k] ;tqosZn&'kriFk czkã.k vkSj vFkoZosn&xksiFk czkã.kA bu czkã.kksa ls gesa oSfnd vk;ks± dh fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] tSls] pkj o.kZ] pkj vkJe] n'kZu vkfnA 2. vj.;d% oSfnd /keZ dh f'k{kk] fo'ks\"k :i ls cfynku vkSj jgL;oknh n'kZu dks ,dkar esa fl[kkus ds fy, vj.;dksa dh jpuk dh xbZ FkhA ,srjs; vj.;dk _Xosn ds fy, gS] tcfd r`fr;k vj.;dk ;tqoZ sn ds fy, gSA 3. mifu\"kn% mifu\"kn 'kCn dk vFkZ gS] ^fdlh xq: ds lehi cSBdj lh[kuk*A bUgsa oSfnd v/;kReokn dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk] tSls fo\"k;] tSls] fdlh dk Lo;a dk Kku] bZ'oj dk Kku] Lo;a vkSj bZ'oj ds chp ds lEcU/k] czãkaM dk fuekZ.k] brus fo'kky czãkaM esa gekjk LFkku] vkfnA 108 mifu\"kn] gkykafd] dqN egRoi.w kZ gSa] dsu] dFk] ç’u] ,srjs;] NkanksX; vkfnA D;ksafd ;s vkrs gSa] dkykuqØfed :i ls] osnksa ds var esa] blfy,] mifu\"knksa dks ^osnkar* ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; /keks± dh ewy vk/kkjf'kyk vf/kdrj mifu\"knksa ij vk/kkfjr Fkh] blfy,] ckn dh enn ls] ge Hkkjrh; /keks± dks vf/kd lexz :i ls le> ldrs gSaA 4. osnkax% osnkaxksa ;k miosnksa dk lEcU/k foKku ;k dyk ls gSA ;s osnksa dh le> ds fy, lk/ku gSaA Ng osnkax bl çdkj gSa% (i) f'k{kk% oSfnd çkFkZuk dk mPpkj.k dSls djsa (ii) dYi% mfpr rjhds ls ;K djus ds fu;e (iii) O;kdj.k% laL—r Hkk\"kk ds mfpr O;kdj.k dks tkuuk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 7 (iv) fu#ä% osnksa esa of.kZr 'kCnksa dh O;qRifÙkA (v) Nan% oSfnd 'yksdksa dk ikB djus ds fy, fofHkUu ehVjA blesa xk;=h ehVj ¼Nan½] vuq'kqHkqr ehVj ¼Nan½ vkfn 'kkfey FksA (vi) T;ksfr\"k% ;g mfpr le; ¼'kdqu½ ls lEcfU/kr gS ftl ij cfynku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lw;Z] paæek vkSj u{k=ksa tSls [kxksy foKku ds fo\"k;ksa ij Hkh ppkZ djrk gS vkSj] _rqvksa ds pØksa ij vkfnA 5. \"kM~n'kZu% ;s dke osnksa esa nk'kZfud f'k{k.k ;k igyqvksa ls fuiVrs gSaA ;s Ng gS]a tSls] oS'ksf\"kd ¼d.kkn½] U;k; ¼d.kkn½] lka[; ¼dfiy½] ;ksx ¼iratfy½] ehekalk ¼tSfeuh½] mÙkj&ehekalk ¼cæh;u½A ;s fo\"k; tSls fl)kar] rdZ] bZ'oj ds lkFk vkRek dh ,drk] ijek.kq] oSfnd vuq\"Bku] czãkaM dh lajpuk vkfnA lw= 6 oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa gq, ifjorZuksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ds tokc esa] oSfnd /keZ ds lja {kdksa us vius /keZ ds iqufuZekZ.k vkSj fofu;eu ds fy, lgkjk fy;kA blfy,] lesfdr oSfnd /keZ dks ekunaM] fu;e vkSj fofu;eu çnku djus ds fy, lw= cuk, x, FksA 6 ’krkCnh ds vklikl lw= ladfyr fd, x, FksA bZlk iwoZ oSfnd lkfgR; ds vafre lw= gSaA ;s fofHkUu fo|ky;ksa ds xzaFk gSa tks vfLrRo esa vk, vkSj osnksa dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa dh le> vkSj v/;;u ds fy, [kqn dks lefiZr fd;kA buesa rhu lw= 'kkfey FksA /keZl=w ] JkSrlw= vkSj x`álw=; lkFk esa mUgsa dYilw= dgk tkrk gSA os ,slh çfØ;kvksa ij i;kZIr çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA n xfB;k lw= dh rjg] fLefVªV] oSfnd /keZ dks lesfdr vkSj iqufuZekZ.k djus ds fy, fu;eksa] dksMksa] fu;eksa] fu;eksa dh iqLrdsa gSaA ;s fofHkUu fo}kuksa }kjk fy[ks x, Fks] tSls] euq] ukjn] ijk'kj] ;kKoYd vkfnA blfy,] ge muds uke ij dbZ Le`fr;k¡ ikrs gSa] mnk euq&Le`fr] ukjn&Le`fr vkfnA iqjk.kkas ,d çkekf.kd vkSj O;ofLFkr ,sfrgkfld lkexzh dh vuqifLFkfr esa] iqjk.k gekjs ns'k dh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa ij egRoi.w kZ çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA iqjk.kksa esa ml le; ds çR;sd jktk dk mYys[k mlds 'kklu dky ds lkFk fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj iqjk.kksa esa ,d oa'kkoyh vkSj oa'kkoyh dkyØe ik;k tkrk gSA iqjk.kksa esa Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Li\"V fp= çLrqr gSA iqjk.kksa esa eq[; :i ls 18 iqjk.k 'kkfey FksA bUgsa Hkfä&iaFk ds vuqlkj oxhZ—r fd;k x;k Fkk] tks r`rh;&prqFkk±'k esa Hkkjr çcy FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] 'kSo ds iqjk.kksa esa 'kSo iqjk.k] ok;q iqjk.k] Ldan CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 bfrgkl & I iqjk.k; tcfd oS\".koksa us fo\".kq iqjk.k] x#M+ iqjk.k] eRL; iqjk.k] ojkg iqjk.k dh oanuk dhA 'kfä iaFk ¼nsoh nsorkvksa ds fy, lefiZr½ vkSj x.kifr iaFk us Hkh vius Lo;a ds iqjk.kksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl rjg ds iqjk.kksa esa lkekU; [kaM gS]a tSls] czãkaM dh mRifÙk] lEcfU/kr Hkxoku vkSj mlds ifjokj ds ckjs esa dgkfu;ka] rhFkZ dsaæksa vkSj rhFkks± dk egRo] jktuhfrd oa'k vkSj oa'kkoyh ¼oa'k vkSj oa'kkuqpfjr½ ds feFkd] blds ckn] vU; lEcfU/kr fo\"k;ksa dks Hkh Li'kZ fd;k x;k FkkA iqjk.k] tSls] çfrek] okLrqdyk ¼fo\".kq/keksZÙkj iqjk.k½] nok,a] Hkwxksy] jktuhfrd bfrgkl vkfnA la{ksi esa] rhljh ls NBh 'krkCnh ds Hkkjr dks le>us ds fy,] iqjk.k bfrgkldkjksa dh dkQh gn rd enn djrs gSAa egkdkO; ^jkek;.k* vkSj ^egkHkkjr* nks egku egkdkO; gSa tks ml le; ds yksxkas dh Li\"V rLohj is'k djrs gSaA ;|fi bu egkdkO;ksa dks ikSjkf.kd dFkk,¡ ekuk x;k gS] fQj Hkh ;s gesa rRdkyhu çkphu Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa çpqj tkudkjh nsrs gSaA ^jkek;.k* esa nf{k.k dh vksj vk;Z foLrkj fn[kk;k x;k gSA v'oes/k ;K dk çn'kZu crkrk gS fd bl vof/k ds nkSjku jktk dh 'kfä esa o`f) gqbZ Fkh vkSj ,d 'kfä'kkyh jktk us vU; jktkvksa ij viuk opZLo LFkkfir fd;k FkkA ^egkHkkjr* ml ;qx ds ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ij i;kZIr çdk'k Mkyrk gSA ckS) lkfgR; çkphu Hkkjr ds ,sfrgkfld Kku dh vkiwfrZ ds –f\"Vdks.k ls ckS) fofgr lkfgR; Hkh cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ckS) /keZ turk dk /keZ FkkA blfy,] mudk lkfgR; fofHkUu Hkk\"kkvksa esa ik;k x;k] tSls] çk—r ¼ikyh½] frCcrh] phuh] flagyh vkfn oSfnd /keZ dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy,] ;s Hkh laL—r Hkk\"kk esa fy[ks x, FksA ckS) lkfgR; ds fo'kky fudk; esa eq[; :i ls] fird] tkrd] vkfn 'kkfey FksA n fiVkdk,¡ fiVdksa esa rhu ladyu 'kkfey FksA fou;] lqÙk] vfHk/kEe vkSj lkFk esa os ^f=&fird* ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSAa fou;&fiVd dks miyh }kjk ladfyr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blesa ik¡p iqLrdsa 'kkfey FkhaA ;s ewy :i ls eBksa] fHk{kqvksa] fHk{kqfu;ksa] mudh nSfud fnup;kZ] uSfrdrk vkfn ds fy, vkpkj lafgrk çnku djus ds fy, cuk, x, FksA blesa lqÙk&foHkkax ¼fHk{kqvksa ds ckjs esa lafgrkvksa dh mRifÙk½] [kaMdk ¼eB vkSj ços'k vkfn ds ckjs esa fu;e½ vkSj ifjokjA vkuan }kjk ladfyr lqÙk&fiVdA ;s cq) ds f'k{k.k dks mnkgj.kksa] –\"Vkarksa vkSj O;k[;kuksa ds lkFk i<+kus ds fy, cuk, x, FksA lkfgR; dk ;g 'kjhj vke yksxksa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 9 dh vksj mUeq[k gSA lqÙk&fird esa nh?kk&fuds] ethe&fud;k] la;qäk&fud;k] vaxqRrj&fudk; vkSj [kqíd&fud;k tSlh ikap iqLrdsa ¼fuds;½ 'kkfey FkhaA [kqÌd fudk; ,d egRoi.w kZ ek=k Fkh ftlesa /kEein] lqÙkfuikr] vkSj Fksfj xkFkk tSls dk;Z 'kkfey FksA tkrd [kqíd fudk; dk Hkh fgLlk cu x,A ogh] vFkkZr~ cq) dk mins'k vfHk/kEe&fird dk eq[; fo\"k; gS] gkyk¡fd] bldk ,d nk'kZfud vkSj oSKkfud :i gSA tkfgj gS] ;s ckS) fo}kuksa ds fy, FksA blesa dFkkoLrq *,d egRoiw.kZ ckS) xzaFk 'kkfey FkkA la{ksi es]a ;s iqLrdsa fopkjksa vkSj ckS) /keZ ds dksM&v‚Q&daMDV ij i;kZIr çdk'k Mkyrh gSaA tkrd çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, tkVdksa dk egRo de ugha Fkk D;ksafd ;g rRdkyhu Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj /kkfeZd fLFkfr dk fo'kn fp= çLrqr djrk gSA tkrd cq) ds fiNys tUeksa ds ckjs esa dgkfu;ksa dk ladyu gSaA vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus ds fy,] cq) us vius Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa ls vius fiNys tUeksa dh dgkfu;ksa dks crkus ds fy, ,d lqanj fof/k rS;kj dh] vkSj lansg ;k leL;k ds vuq;k;h us bu dgkfu;ksa ds mÙkj fn,A ;s tkrd Fks ftUgksaus bZlk iwoZ 6oh ’krkCnh ds nkSjku Hkkjr ij çdk'k Mkyk FkkA nhioa'k vkSj egkoa'k% ;s ckS) —fr;k¡ JhyadkbZ ewy dh gSaA os gesa v'kksd] ekS;Z lezkV vkSj fofHkUu ckS) fo}kuksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrs gSAa fnO;konku% ;g ckS) dk;Z usikyh ewy dk gSA ;g ckS) dFkkvksa dks crkrk gS vkSj ekS;Z jktkvksa ls ysdj 'kqax dky rd mÙkjh jktoa'kksa ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA ckS) lkfgR; esa vU; egRoiw.kZ dk;Z Hkh 'kkfey gSa] tSls] fefyan&iUgk ¼fefyan ds lkFk fHk{kq ukxlsu ds chp ppkZ esUMj½ ckS) jktk cus] v'o?kks\"k ds cq)&pfjr ¼cq) dh thouh½ egkoLrq] yfyrfoLrj] eatqJh ewydYi vkfnA tSu /kkfeZd lkfgR; tSu /kkfeZd lkfgR; v/kZ&ex/kh] çk—r esa fy[kk x;k Fkk vkSj blesa ckjg vax] ckjg miax] nl çdh.kZu] N% N%lw=] pkj ewylw= vkSj vU; xzFa k gSaA ,sfrgkfld –f\"Vdks.k ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gsek paæk dk ,d dke&ifjf'kLrk&ijokuk gSA bu dk;ks± esa fHk{kqvksa ds fy, vkpj.k ds fu;e] /kkfeZd fl)kar] fofHkUu /kkfeZd f'k{kdksa dh dgkfu;k¡ vkfn 'kkfey gSa] os bl vof/k dh lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa vkdfLed tkudkjh Hkh çnku djrs gSaA ;g lp gS fd fganqvksa] ckS)ksa vkSj tSfu;ksa ds /kkfeZd lkfgR; dh rqyuk gsjksMksVl vkSj F;w;MkbM~l ds ,sfrgkfld dk;ks± ls ugha dh tk ldrh] ysfdu çkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa ;g fdlh Hkh rjg ls de mi;ksxh lkfcr ugha gqvk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10 bfrgkl & I tSu vkRedFkk,¡% buesa Hkæckgq pfjr] tlgj&pk#] uk;ddqekj&pk# vkfn 'kkfey FksA Hkæckgq&fpf=rk ekS;Z lezkV paæxqIr vkSj muds f'k{kd] Hkæckgq&tSu vkpk;Z ls lEcfU/kr ?kVukvksa ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSA tSu lkfgR; esa gfjlu] /kuat;&ekyk ¼fFkl‚jl½] vyadkj&fparkef.k ¼lkfgR; ij½] egkohj&xf.kr&lkjlaxzg ¼xf.kr½] lksenso ¼jktuhfr foKku½ ds uhfrokD;ke`r vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSaA /keZfujis{k lkfgfR;d L=ksr fo'kky /kkfeZd lkfgR; ds vykok] thouh] ukVd] ,sfrgkfld xzaFkksa] jktuhfr ij dke djrk gS] vkSj oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh dk;ks± ds :i esa dkQh /keZfujis{k lkfgR; ekStwn gS tks gesa çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ckjs esa mi;ksxh tkudkjh çnku djrs gSAa bfrgkl Hkkjr bfrgkl ys[ku ls vufHkK ugha FkkA ge fuEufyf[kr iafä;ksa esa dqN {ks=h; bfrgklksa dks le>saxsA jktrjafx.kh % ;g Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh igyh iqLrd ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS] bfrgkl ys[ku dh vk/kqfud iafä;ksa ds vuqlkj] ;g d'ehj dk bfrgkl gS] ftls dYg.k ¼d'ehj esa 1100 bZLoh esa tUes½ }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA mUgksaus d'ehj ds jktk t;flag ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku nks lky ds Hkhrj bl iqLrd dks iwjk fd;kA ;g laØkafr esa gS] ftlesa vkB [kaM ¼v/;k;/[kaM½ vkSj 7826 'yksd ¼Nan½ 'kkfey gSaA ;g 12 oha 'krkCnh bZLoh rd egkHkkjr ;q) dh vof/k ls d'ehj dk bfrgkl nsrk gSA gkyk¡fd] dsoy 9 oha 'krkCnh ls] ,d lVhd bfrgkl ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dYg.k ,d fu\"i{k bfrgkldkj Fks] ftUgksaus bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy,] cM+s 'kjhj vkSj fofHkUu L=ksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;kA mUgksaus QhYM&odZ fd;k vkSj iwjs d'ehj dk Hkze.k fd;kA viuh ;k=k ds nkSjku] mUgksua s u dsoy L=ksrksa dk laxzg fd;k] cfYd LFkkuh; yksxksa dk Hkh lk{kkRdkj fy;k vkSj ekSf[kd ijaijkvksa dk laxzg fd;kA bl çdkj lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa vkSj ekSf[kd ijaijk ij vk/kkfjr vkSj O;kid {ks= dk;Z ds ek/;e ls] mUgksaus ^jktrjafx.kh* fy[kkA muds dke esa muds d'ehj çse vkSj muds laj{kd jktk ds lEeku dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd] ,d bfrgkldkj ds :i esa] og vius jktk ds udkjkRed fcanqvksa dh vkykspuk Hkh djrk gSA dke mudh lqanj dFkk] o.kZukRed 'kSyh] ukVdh; laoknksa dks fn[kkrk gS] ;gka vkSj ogka vPNh&vPNh lykg ds lkFk fNM+dk tkrk gSA jktrjafx.kh bfrgkl ys[ku ds fy, L=ksrksa vkSj muesa ls fofHkUu dk egRo n'kkZrh gSA ;g bfrgkldkj dh fu\"i{krk vkSj fu\"i{k ç—fr ij Hkh tksj nsrk gSA blfy,] bls Hkkjr esa bfrgkl dh igyh iqLrd dgk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 11 tkrk gSA jktrjafx.kh ds vykok] ^jleyk* vkSj ^dhfrZdkeqMh* ¼lkes s'oj }kjk fyf[kr½ gesa pkyqD; ¼yrk ds½ dky esa xqtjkr ds bfrgkl ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrh gSA ;qyksft os dk;Z gSa tks laj{kd jktk ¼vkSj mlds dkeksa½ dh ç'kalk djus ds fy, cuk, x, gSa] tks vnkyr esa ,d pju/HkV/dfo }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk dke] gkykafd ,drjQk] gesa jktk] mlds oa'k vkSj ifjokj] mlds dk;ks± vkSj uhfr;ksa vkfn ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA foØekad&nso&o.kZ% ;g Lrou fcYgu }kjk fy[kk x;k gS] tks jktk foØekfnR; ¼pkyqD; oa'k ds½ vkSj muds fofHkUu dk;ks± dh ç'kalk djrk gSA xkSM+okgks% caxky ¼xkSM+ {ks=½ ij ;'kksoeZu dh ¼ekyok dh½ thr dh ç'kalk esa okDifr us ;g Lrou fy[kkA g\"kZ&pfjr% ;g Lrou ck.kHkê }kjk jfpr ,d xzUFk gSA blesa lezkV g\"kZo/kZu dh ç'kalk esa fy[kk x;k FkkA blds vykok] dqN vU; mYys[kuh; Lrjksa esa dqekjiky&pkfjr ¼gsepaæ }kjk½] gEehj&ikxy&enZu ¼t;pan lwjh }kjk½] i`Foh jkt jklks esa pan cjnkbZ vkfn 'kkfey gSAa dkO; lkfgR; lkfgR; esa ukVd] dfork vkfn 'kkfey FksA ;s /keZfujis{k çdkj ds lkfgR; gSa blfy, ge lekt vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds ckjs esa rF;kRed tkudkjh çkIr djrs gS]a dHkh&dHkh fof'k\"V vof/k dh jktuhfrA gkykf¡ d] bUgsa lko/kkuh ds lkFk bLrseky fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd mudk mís'; fy[kus&i<+us ds fy, ugha cfYd ikBdksa dk euksjatu djus ds fy, FkkA ukVd% ip lkfjiqÙk&Lrqfrdj.k dks v'o?kks\"k }kjk fyf[kr igyk ukVd ekuk x;k FkkA fQj] ,d fo}ku Hkjr us ukVî'kkL= ij viuk çfl) ^ukVî'kkL=* fy[kkA dqN egRoi.w kZ <ksy bl çdkj gSa% eqækjk{kl% ;g ,d ukVd gS] ftls ,d fo'kk[knÙk us fy[kk gSA ukVd pk.kD; ¼paæxqIr ekS;Z ds ç/kku ea=h½ vkSj jk{kl ¼/kukuan ds vekR;½ ls lEcfU/kr ,d ?kVuk ls lEcfU/kr gSA ukVd pk.kD; dh jktuhfr] tklwlh vkSj ekS;Z lkezkT; dh uhao ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA mudk ukVd ^nsoh&paæxqIre* xqIr oa'k ds paæxqIr f}rh; ds thou ls lEcfU/kr gSA e`PNdfVd% ;g ukVd ,d xjhc pk#nÙk vkSj lqanj xf.kdk ¼os';k½ olarlsuk ds chp çse ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk gSA ;g jktk 'kwæd }kjk fy[kk x;k gS] tks çkphu Hkkjr] vkfFkZd :i ls os';kvksa vkSj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 bfrgkl & I lekt esa muds çfr lEeku] lkekftd lajpuk vkfn ij çdk'k Mkyrk gSA ;g vU;k;h jktk ds f[kykQ yksxksa ds foæksg dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA ekyfodkfXufe=% ;g ukVd xqIr dky ds egku dfo vkSj ukVddkj dkfynkl }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA ukVd dk fo\"k; ,d ekyfodk vkSj vfXufe= ds chp dk çse gS] tks 'kqax oa'k ds cgknqj jktk FksA dkfynkl us Hkh lqanj ukVd fy[ks tSls fd foØeksoZ'kh;] 'kdqary vkfnA uaxkunk] jRukoyh] fç;nf'kZdk% ;s ukVd jktk g\"kZo/kZu }kjk fy[ks x, FksA ;s muds 'kkludky ds nkSjku lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj /kkfeZd –f\"Vdks.k dks n'kkZrs gSaA egRo ds vU; ukVdksa esa mÙkj&jke&pfj= vkSj HkoHkwfr ds ekyrh&ek/ko] Hkklk ds LoIu&oklonÙkk] vkfn 'kkfey gSaA 'kk;jh% bZlkbZ ;qx ds 'kq#vkrh lfn;ksa ds ckn] vkSj fo'ks\"k :i ls xqIr dky ds nkSjku] Hkkjr esa 'kkL=h; lkfgR; dh o`f) ns[kh xbZA ^j?kq&oE'kk*] ^dqekj&lEHko*] ^jhfr&lej* vkSj ^es?knwr* dkfynkl dh mR—\"V jpuk FkhA vafre nks fo'o çfl) gSa vkSj ç—fr vkSj pØksa dk o.kZu gS] ftlesa fy[kk x;k gS fd u dsoy ml le; esa çkIr 'kkL=h;rk Hkkjr] cfYd] ml le; ds ledkyhu ikfjfLFkfrdh dks n'kkZrh gSA dfork ds vU; dkeksa esa n'kkdqekjk&pkfjr ¼nkaMh½] fdjrkjtuh;k ¼Hkkjoh½] jko.k&o/k ¼Hkêh½] oklonÙkk ¼lqca/kq½ vkfn 'kkfey FksA ladyu% dqN ladyu /keZfujis{k L=ksrksa ds ckjs esa /;ku nsus ;ksX; gSaA tSls ^xkFkk* ds xkFkk&lIr'krh] lkrokgu jktk Lo;a lkfgR; ds ,d egku O;fä FksA mUgksaus yksd dFkkvksa/xhrksa dks ,d= fd;k vkSj ^xkFkk&lIr'krh* esa ladfyr fd;k] tks 700 y?kq dFkkvksa dk ladyu gSA bldh ,d egku lkfgfR;d ;ksX;rk gSA ,d L=ksr ds :i esa] ;g ,d fu\"i{k L=ksr gS tks çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld xksnkojh ?kkVh ds nkSjku vke yksxksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA ;g eq[; :i ls ekuoh; lEcU/kksa] fofHkUu lEcU/kksa vkSj tfVyrkvksa] Qly iSVuZ] lkekftd lajpuk vkfn dks Nwrk gS] fQj] dqN vU; lda yu esa c`gr&dFkk ¼xq.kk<î ds½] c`gRdFkk&eatjh ¼{kseasæ ds½] iapra= ¼fo\".kq'kekZ ds½ 'kkfey gSaA ;s ewy :i ls lkoZHkkSfed dgkfu;ka gSa] tks isM+ksa vkSj tkuojksa ds chp dkYifud laoknksa dk mi;ksx djds yksxksa vkSj yksxksa ds fnyksa vkSj fnekxksa esa uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, dgk x;k gSA oSKkfud laf/k;k¡ çkphu Hkkjr oSKkfud dk;ks± ls vufHkK ugha FkkA blfy,] ml vof/k ds nkSjku oSKkfud dk;ks± dh dkQh ek=k cukbZ xbZ FkhA laf/k;ksa esa eq[; :i ls jktuhfrd foKku vkSj O;kdj.k ij dk;Z 'kkfey Fks] gkykafd] 'kq#vkrh 'krkfCn;ksa ds ckn] fpfdRlk foKku] —f\"k&flapkbZ foKku] xf.kr] T;ksfr\"k&[kxksy foKku] dyk&okLrqdyk] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 13 vkbduksxzkQh vkfn tSls fo\"k;ksa ij dbZ oSKkfud dk;Z fn[kkbZ nsus yxs FksA xqIr dky fofHkUu foKkuksa ds mn~Hko dk xokg cukA vFkZ'kkL=% ;g paæxqIr ekS;Z ds njckj esa ç/kku ea=h pk.kD; / dkSfVY; }kjk fyf[kr jkT; f'kYi ij ,d iqLrd gSA mUgksaus vFkZ'kkL=h dks ^foKku dks ;g fl[kkus ds fy, ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k gS fd dSls 'kfä }kjk ykHkkfUor fd;k tk, vkSj bls dSls lajf{kr fd;k tk,*A la{ksi esa] ;g gesa 'kfä vkSj bls cuk, j[kus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj dh ç'kklfud ç.kkfy;ksa/uhfr;ksa ds vf/kxzg.k ds rjhdksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA ;g iqLrd ,d QL=~VgSaM M‚D;wesaV gS tks gesa ekS;Z lkezkT; dh jktuhfr vkSj ç'kklfud ç.kkyh ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrh gSA tSlk fd ;g ,d ç'kklfud nLrkost gS vkSj fo'ks\"k :i ls ^fyf[kr&Q‚j&n&fdax*] ;g vnkyr esa gS] ;kuh laL—rA bl iqLrd dks fy[kus ds fy,] pk.kD; us fo\"k;ksa ij 18 fo}kuksa ds xgu 'kks/kksa dh leh{kk dhA vFkZ’kkL= esa 15 Hkkx ¼çk/;kdju½] 150 v/;k; ¼v/;kl½] 10 'kh\"kZ ¼mi'kkL=½ vkSj 6000 'yksd ¼'yksd½ 'kkfey gSaA Hkkxksa bl çdkj gSa& v\"Vk/;k;h vkSj egkHkk\";% v\"Vk/;k;h ikf.kfu }kjk fyf[kr O;kdj.k ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g 6 oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds lkekftd eaFku ij çdk'k Mkyrk gS] ;kuh Hkkjr esa nwljs 'kgjhdj.k dh vof/kA blh rjg dk dke egkHkk\"; gS] tks iratfy }kjk fy[kk x;k gS] geas çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ds nkSjku lkekftd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA pjd&lafgrk vkSj lqJqr lafgrk% ;s dk;Z gesa çkphu Hkkjr ds nkSjku fpfdRlk foKku ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrs gSa vkSj vk;qosZn dh nokvksa ds vk/kkj ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA c`gRlafgrk% ;g ojkgfefgj }kjk vkSj ,d fo'odks'k ç—fr }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA ;g fofHkUu fo\"k;ksa dks Nwrk gS] tSls fd Qlysa] Qly dk iSVuZ] —f\"k çkS|ksfxdh] Hkwdai] [kxksy foKku] T;ksfr\"k'kkL= vkfn dk iwokHZ kkl dSls djsaA ;g xqIr dky ds nkSjku Hkkjr esa oSKkfud çxfr dh xokgh nsrk gSA mUgksaus ^iap&fl)kfUrdk* Hkh fy[kk gS] xzg.k ds lkFk fpark,a] xzgksa dk ekxZ vkSj u{k= dh xfr vkfnA [kxksy foKku vkSj T;ksfr\"k ij vU; dkeksa esa vk;ZHkVh; ¼vk;ZHkê] czEgk&Lrqrk&fl)kUr ¼czãxqIr }kjk½ vkfn 'kkfey gSa½A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 bfrgkl & I laxe lkfgR;% laxe lkfgR; gesa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld vkSj ,sfrgkfld nf{k.kh Hkkjr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA laxe dk vFkZ gS ,d lHkkA laxe ds lkfgR; esa rfey dforkvksa }kjk rhu dforkvksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bu dforkvksa dks okLro esa nf{k.kh Hkkjr ds fofHkUu bdks&{ks=ksa ls dfo;ksa }kjk ,d= fd;k x;k FkkA bl çdkj] ;s ewy :i ls yksd dFkk,a gSa] tks 'kgjh dfo;ksa }kjk ladfyr gSaA egRoiw.kZ —fr;k¡ gSa f'kyIikfndkje] ef.kes[kykbZ] iêqiêw vkfnA rfey&Hkwfe esa ik¡p bdks&{ks= gSa] ftUgsa ^rUgkbZ* dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;s ik¡p gSa] blfy,] ^vkbu&fruS*A çR;sd ^rUgkbZ* esa ,d fof'k\"V çdkj dh ikfjfLFkfrdh gksrh gS vkSj] LokHkkfod :i ls] muds ikfjfLFkfrdh ds fy, fof'k\"V çdkj dh çfrfØ;k ¼;k fuokZg dh fof/k½ gksrh gSA bl çdkj] igkM+h {ks=ksa dh dfork,a rVh; {ks= ds yksxksa dh rqyuk esa vyx&vyx fo\"k; oLrq ;k ifjos'k çnf'kZr djrh gSaA gkykafd] ;s yksd xhr nks ewy Fkhe ykbuksa] ;kuh yo ¼,DdSe½ vkSj okj ¼iqje½ ij cuk, x, FksA bl çdkj] ^vius çseh ds fy, rV ij çrh{kk tks eNyh idM+us ls ugha fy[kh xbZ Fkh* rVh; {ks= esa ruko dk fo\"k; gS vkSj ^mlds çseh ij taxyh tkuojksa ds geyksa dk Mj* igkM+h {ks=ksa dh fpark gSA bl rjg dk lkfgR; T;knkrj /keZfujis{k gksrk gS vkSj vke iq#\"kksa&efgykvksa vkSj mudh thou 'kSyh ds okLrfod Lo:i dks n'kkZrk gSA vxj ge xgjkbZ ls ns[ksa] rks lwpukvksa ds fo'kky >ksads vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks ldrs gSa] tSls] çkphu ikfjfLFkfrdh] fuokZg dh fof/k;k¡ vkSj Hkkstu] taxy/leqæ/lkns&mRikn] Qly ds iSVuZ vkSj muds pØ] etcwr djus ds rjhdksa dks çkIr djus ds rjhds/rduhdsa flapkbZ] lkekftd fLFkfr vkSj lkekftd lewgkas esa ruko] i;kZoj.k {ks=ksa dh Lora=rk vkSj ,d&nwljs ij vU;ksU;kfJrrk] tcfd vU; i{kksa ij] rfey jktuhfr] jktkvksa vkSj çdkjksa] dLcksa vkSj 'kgj ç'kklu] dkuwuksa] U;k;ikfydk] 'kgj&ysvkmV] vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh ds drZO;ksa] O;kikj vkfnA fons'kh L=ksr% Lons'kh L=ksrksa ds vykok] dqN fons'kh L=ksrksa us Hkh çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa cgqr enn dh gSA bu fons'kh L=ksrksa esa xzhl] jkse] phu bR;kfn ds fons'kh vkxarqdksa ds [kkrs 'kkfey gSa] gkykafd ;s [kkrs çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, vkRefuHkZj ugha gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu mUgksaus fuf'pr :i ls Lons'kh L=ksrksa dks iwjd fd;k gS vkSj dqN rF;ksa ds iqf\"V esa enn dh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 15 Qkjfl;ksa vkSj ;wukfu;ksa ds vkØe.k ds ckn] Hkkjr dks çkphu nqfu;k esa fQj ls mtkxj fd;k x;k FkkA ;q) dqN ?kVuk,a Fkh] gkyk¡fd nks dkmafV;ksa ds chp yksxksa dh xfr'khyrk dh çfØ;k çkphu Hkkjr dh ,d LFkk;h ?kVuk cu xbZA ,sls ;k=h fons'kh Fks] blfy, mudk bl {ks= ds fdlh Hkh jktk ds çfr dksbZ nkf;Ro ugha FkkA blfy,] muds [kkrs fu\"i{k vkSj p'enhn gksus ls gesa mu fo\"k;ksa ij igys gkFk dh tkudkjh feyrh gS tks mUgksaus Nqvk FkkA gkykafd] ;g /;ku esa j[kk tkuk pkfg, fd] tSlk fd os fons'kh Fks vkSj Hkkjr esa tM+ ugha Fks] muls Hkkjr esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd fopkjksa vkSj laLFkkuksa ds ,d ifjiw.kZ Kku dh mEehn djuk laHko ugha gSA ;wukuh vkSj jkseu% gsjksMksVl mUgsa nqfu;k dk igyk bfrgkldkj ekuk tkrk gSA mUgksaus Qkjlh vkSj xzhl ds chp ;q) dk o.kZu djrs gq,] Hkkjrh; lSfudksa dk mYys[k fd;k] vkSj vks Qkjfl;ksa ds i{k esa yM+ jgs FksA esxLFkuht os paæxqIr ekS;Z ds njckj esa rSukr lsY;wdl fudsVj ds jktnwr FksA vius dke ^bafMdk* es]a og ikVfyiq= ds ysvkmV dk o.kZu nsrk gS] tSls] ,d cM+k 'kgj] 14 fdeh × 2 fdeh dh lhek ds lkFk] 570 x<+ksa vkSj ,d fo'kky 'kkgh egy ds lkFk 67 ços'k }kj ds lkFk fdyscan vkfn Hkh Nwrk gSA lkekftd lajpuk] tkfr O;oLFkk] tkfr&lEcU/k vkfn ij ;g /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd ewy bafMdk [kks xbZ gSA blfy,] ge fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dk mi;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSa] okLro esa ogka fy[kk gSA gkykafd] esxLFkuht ds ckn Hkkjr esa vk, ;kf=;ksa us bafMdk dk mYys[k fd;k gS vkSj bls m)`r fd;k gSA bl çdkj] muds ek/;e ls vFkkZr~ vçR;{k :i ls] ge ^bafMdk* dks ,d L=ksr ds :i esa mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,fjfFkz;u lkxj dk isfjIyl%& ;g ;k=k o`Ùkkar ,d xqeuke dke gS] ftls feL= ds rV ij ,d eNqvkjs }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA dk;Z gesa çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld vof/k ds nkSjku Hkkjr&jkseu O;kikj ij fu\"i{k vkSj mís';iw.kZ tkudkjh nsrk gSA ;g gesa Hkkjr ds rV&js[kk] Hkkjr esa O;kikj&dsaæ] O;kikj&ekxks± ls tqM+us okys O;kikj dsaæ vkSj canjxkgks]a dsaæksa ds chp dh nwjh] oLrqvksa dh lwph] O;kikj dh okf\"kZd ek=k] O;kikj dh njksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA tgktksa ds çdkj vkfn- CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

16 bfrgkl & I Pkhuh% QkRiku ¼Qk ft;ku½ ¼337–422 bZLoh½ ;g phuh ;k=h xqIr dky ds nkSjku Hkkjr vk;k FkkA og ,d ckS) fHk{kq Fks] mUgksaus nso&Hkwfe ¼vFkkZr Hkkjr½ ls Kku çkIr djus ds fy, Hkkjr dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj ckS) rhFkZLFkyksa dh ;k=k dhA viuh rhu o\"kks± dh ;k=k ds vk/kkj ij] mUgksaus mÙkj Hkkjr ds lekt vkSj laL—fr ij] blds vykok] xqIr ç'kklu esa fofHkUu dkjdksa ij] vius Ø‚fudy ^fjd‚MZ~l v‚Q cqf)LV fdaXl* esa fy[kk gSA ºosu Rlkax ¼602–664 bZLoh½ ;g phuh ckS) fHk{kq] lHkh ck/kkvksa ds f[kykQ] g\"kZo/kZu ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku Hkkjr dk nkSjk fd;kA mUgksaus 629 bZLoh esa xkalq ls viuh ;k=k 'kq: dh] vkSj fQj xksch jsfxLrku] fdfxZLrku] mtcsfdLrku] lejdan] cY[k 630 bZLoh esa Hkkjr vk,A mUgksaus ckS) rhFkZ;k=k dsaæksa dk nkSjk fd;k] ukyank fo'ofo|ky; esa jgs vkSj ckS) /keZ dk v/;;u fd;k] ewy ckS) dk;ks± ds ek/;e ls x,] ewy ikaMqfyfi;ksa vkSj Le`fr fpUg ,d= fd,] çfr;k¡ cukbZa] g\"kZ dh fo/kkulHkk esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj iwjs Hkkjr esa o\"kks± dh ;k=k ds ckn] 645 bZLoh esa phu ykSV vk,A phu esa mUgksaus ^lh&;w&dh* ¼if'peh {ks=kas ij egku rkax fjd‚M½Z ds :i esa viuk [kkrk fy[kkA bl dkyØe us Hkkjr esa tks dqN ns[kk Fkk mldk fo'kn o.kZu fn;kA og jktkvksa [kkldj g\"kZ vkSj mudh mnkjrk] Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds yksxksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa] thou&i)fr;ksa vkfn dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA mUgksaus egkjk\"Vªh;u yksxksa dh vknrksa vkSj ç—fr ds ckjs esa fy[kk gSA vU; Øksfudy esa rkjkukFk ¼frCcrh ckS) fHk{kq½ daX;qj vkSj raX;qj 'kkfey gSa] tks çkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dks n'kkZrs gSaA iqjkrkfRod L=ksr% iqjkrkfRod L=ksrksa esa (i) f'kykys[k] (ii) flDds] (iii) çkphu Lekjd] (iv) ewfrZ;k¡ vkSj isafVax vkSj (v) iqjkrkfRod vo'ks\"k 'kkfey gSaA f'kykys[k% Qkjlh vkSj Hkkjr ds chp laidZ ds ckn] Hkkjr dks ^dyk&esa&iRFkj* dk egRo irk pykA ,d fLFkj lkexzh gksus ds ukrs] jktk ds vkns'kksa] uhfr;ksa] –f\"Vdks.kksa dks turk rd igqapkus ds fy, iRFkjksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk Fkk vkSj mUgsa le;&le; ij j[kk tkrk FkkA budk mi;ksx vuqnkukFkhZ dks CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 17 Hkwfe&vuqnku tkjh djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk FkkA blh /kkj.kk ds lkFk] vnkyr dfo;ksa us Hkh bl rjg dh lkexzh dk mi;ksx djds bls vej cukus ds fy, ;wfy;ksa dks mdsjkA bUgsa vke rkSj ij f'kykys[k dgk tkrk gS vkSj fy[kk tkrk gS] ;k rks pêku ;k LraHk ijA bUgsa ,fixzkQ ;k ,fMV~l dgk tkrk gSA LraHkkys[k% Hkkjr esa lcls 'kq#vkrh ,fix v'kksd] ekS;Z lkezkT; ds gSaA mUgksua s] vius /kEe vkSj uhfr;ksa dk çpkj djus ds fy,] 14 laLdj.k tkjh fd,A ;s pêkuksa ij [kqns gq, Fks] mnk( twukx<+ ¼xqtjkr½A blds vykok] mUgksaus lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ;k LFkkuksa ij [kaHks yxk, tgka yksx vklkuh ls bdëk gks ldrs Fks; vkSj] mUgsa vafdr fd;kA yksxksa dks bu vkns'kksa dks i<+us esa enn djus ds fy,] mUgksaus Li\"V :i ls] mUgsa vke yksxksa dh Hkk\"kk vkSj fyfi esa fyfic) fd;k] ;kuh czkãh ¼fyfi½ vkSj ikfdZV ¼Hkk\"kk½A mÙkj&if'peh Hkkjr ds foKkiuksa esa [kjks\"Bh fyfi Fkh] tks ml {ks= ds LFkkuh; yksxksa ds fy, tkuh tkrh FkhA v'kksd ds bu ,fixzkQ ¼j‚d&,fMdV~l vkSj fiyj&,fMV~l½ us gesa lwfpr fd;k] v'kksd dh thouh ds ikl] tSls] muds 'kq#vkrh fnu] dfyax ds lkFk mudk Hkh\"k.k ;q) vkSj mudk iNrkok] ckS) /keZ esa mudk :ikarj.k] mudk /kEe] nwljs /keZ ds çfr mudk n;kyq joS;kA vkSj muds fo\"k;ksa ls leku vis{kk,a] muds çpkj ds rjhds] uSfrdrk ij ruko] uSfrdrk] ukxfjd Hkkouk vkSj lkoZHkkSfed ewY; vkfnA egRo ds vU; f'kykys[kA z ukaxs?kkV esa ukxfudk dk f'kykys[k] tks fofHkUu cfynkuksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gS] tks lkrokgu jktk lrkd.khZ I vkSj muds deks± }kjk fd;k x;k gSA z xkSreh ckykJh vkSj ;kfKd lrd.khZ dk ukfld dh xqQkvksa ij f'kykys[k tks egku lkrokgu jktk xkSrei=q lrd.khZ ds dkjukeksa dh tkudkjh nsrk gSA z gkFkhxqEQk esa [kkjosy dk f'kykys[k muds deks± dks crkrk gSA z bykgkckn ds LraHk ij ¼ftls ^ç;kxç'kfLr* dgk tkrk gS½A z gfjlsu dk f'kykys[k ¼Lrou½] ftlesa gesa egku xqIr lezkV leqæxqIr ds dkjukeksa vkSj vfHk;kuksa dh tkudkjh nh xbZ FkhA z jfodhfrZ dk Lrou gesa cknkeh ds pkyqD; jktk iqyds'kh f}rh; ds dkjukeksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 bfrgkl & I vc rd ^Hkwfe&vuqnkuksa* ds fy, LraHk dk lEcU/k gS] ge ogk¡ cgqr lkjh tkudkjh ikrs gSaA tSls] jktk ;k tkjh djus okyk çkf/kdkjh] mldh oa'kkoyh] mlds jktoa'k dh ikSjkf.kd mRifÙk] mldk jkT; vkSj mldh lhek; ewy/vuqnku jkf'k dk xks=] fQj vuqnku dk mís';] çnÙk Hkwfe dh lhek,¡] vkSj lhek,¡ vuqnku çkIr djus okyksa ds vf/kdkjksa vkSj fo'ks\"kkf/kdkjksa dh lwph] vuqnku ds vfrpkjksa ;k mYya?kudrkZvksa dks naM vkfnA bl rjg ds ,fixzkQ] jktk dh thouh js[kkfp= ds lkFk&lkFk] vpy ds :i esa vkSj tkjhdrkZ ds jkT; dh lhek Hkh geas lwfpr djrs gSaA Rkez ys[k% vke rkSj ij ^Hkwfe&vuqnku* ds fy, rkez ys[k dks mRdh.kZ fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vuqnkudrkZ dks tkjh fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s ewy :i ls rkacs dh rhu IysVsa gSa] tks rkacs dh xk¡B ds ek/;e ls ,d nwljs ls ca/kh gqbZ gSaA Åijh vkSj vafre fgLls dks fcuk mdsjk gqvk NksM+ fn;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d bUgsa le; ds chgM+ksa ls /kqa/kyk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rjg dh d‚ij IysV ls mlh tkudkjh dk irk pyrk gS tks Hkwfe vuqnkuksa esa gS] ftls ,fixzkQ ds :i esa mdsjk x;k gSA ,slh rkez ifê;k¡ ml dky dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh nsrh gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy, ^lkSgkxkjS k&rkack IysV* gesa Hkkstu dh deh dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy, elkSnk rS;kj djus vkSj vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk fd, x, mik;ksa ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA flDds% 6 oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls gesa Hkkjr esa flDdksa ds lEcU/k esa tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA ewy :i ls lcls iqjkus dPps vkSj iqp&fpfàr pkanh ds flDds Fks; iap&fpfUgr flDds rc Hkkjr esa fonsf'k;ksa dh fLFkjrk ds ckn tSls xzhd] dq\"kk.k] ikfFkZ;u] xksy] jktk] nsorkvksa ds cLrs ds lkFk dkLV&flDds] muds 'kh\"kZd vkfn muds çHkko ls Hkkjrh; jktoa'k Hkh fodflr flDdksa ds lkFk mB x,A gkyk¡fd] os xqIr Fks tks iwjh rjg ls fodflr flDdksa ds lkFk vk, FksA gesa ,sls çkphu flDds feyrs gSa] vke rkSj ij nq?kZVukvksa ls; ;k migkj ds ek/;e lsA bl rjg ds flDds gesa dbZ rjhdksa ls gekjs çkphu bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa enn djrs gSa] tSls] 1. flDds gesa ,sls jktoa'kksa vkSj jktkvksa ds ckjs esa lfw pr djrs gSa tks lkfgfR;d L=ksrksa esa pwd x, FksA 2. muesa ç;qä /kkrq gesa çkphu /kkrq foKku ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 19 3. ^nkok dh xbZ /kkrq* ds flDdksa esa 'kq) /kkrq dk vuqikr gesa oa'k tkjh djus dh fdQk;rh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dq\"kk.kksa vkSj xqIrksa ds lksus ds flDds muds ^nkos* ds fy, lgh gSa vkSj muesa lksus dk vuqikr vf/kd gSA tcfd] ckn ds xqIr 'kkldksa esa ;g vuqikr U;wure ;k vf/kd&;k&de vuqifLFkr gSA ;g dq\"kk.kksa ds ckn ls xqIr dky vkSj ckn ds xqIr dky ds nkSjku ?kVrh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f) dks n'kkZrk gSA 4. flDds geas yksxksa ds chp vkfFkZd lEcU/kksa dh lwpuk nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] MsDdu esa mÙkjh iap&fpfàr&flDdksa dh [kkst us mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr ds chp lEcU/kksa dks bafxr fd;kA ogh lR; gS tc ge MsDdu esa jkseu flDds ikrs gSa vkSj Hkwe/;lkxjh; nqfu;k esa lkrokgu flDdsA 5. flDdksa ij nsorkvksa ds /kkfeZd fpUg ;k vkadM+s gesa jktoa'k tkjh djus ds /kkfeZd –f\"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa lwfpr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vxSFkksdYl ds flDdksa esa —\".k vkSj cyjke us ml xzhd jktk ds n;kyq joS;s dk ladsr fn;kA xqIrdkyhu flDdksa tSls x#M+/ot ij fo\".kq ls lEcfU/kr çrhd oS\".kookn ij muds fo'okl dks bafxr djrs gSaA 'kh\"kZd gesa muds /kkfeZd –f\"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa Hkh crkrs gSa] mnk( ije&oS\".ko] ije&Hkxor tSls xqIrksa ds 'kh\"kZd oS\".kookn ds çfr muds >qdko dks bafxr djrs gSaA x#M+/ot ds lkFk leqæxqIrA 6. flDds jktk ds O;fäRo] muds fgrksa vkfn dks Hkh n'kkZrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] paæxqIr f}rh; dh flaguh Nfo mudh cgknqjh dks bafxr djrh gSA leqæxqIr dh ohHkRl çfrek dyk ds çfr muds çse dks bafxr djrh gSA 7. dqN flDdksa ij Hkh o\"kZ vafdr gksrs gSaA ;g tkjhdrkZvksa dks rkjh[k djus esa enn djrk gSA 8. flDds Hkh MsfVax ds fy, enn djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iqjkrkfRod [kqnkbZ esa] vxj gesa ,d fof'k\"V lery esa flDds feyrs gSa] rks ml flDds dh vof/k ds fy, ml le; dh vof/k vis{kk—r de gksrh gSA Lekjd ,d vkSj iqjkrkfRod L=ksr tks gesa Hkkjr ds çkphu bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa l{ke cukrk gS] og gS LekjdksaA ;s Lekjd fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa ik, tkrs gSa tks çkphu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ds lkaL—frd fodkl dks Li\"V :i ls n'kkZrs gSaA /keZfujis{k okLrqdyk/Lekjdksa vc rd lkoZtfud vkSj /keZfujis{k okLrqdyk dk lEcU/k gSA igys mnkgj.k if'peh vkSj mÙkj&if'peh Hkkjr ls yk, x, Fks tks fd pkydksfyfFkd dky dh gM+Iik lH;rk ds gSaA gM+Iik lH;rk ds nkSjku] Hkkjr vius igys 'kgjhdj.k ls xqtjkA blfy,] bu CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 bfrgkl & I 'kgjksa ds lkoZtfud] ukxfjd okLrqdyk dks vR;f/kd egRo fn;k x;k FkkA buesa yach&pkSM+h lM+dsa] fo'kky Luku&LFky] VSad] /kkfeZd LFky] vUu HkaMkj/xksnke] Fkzf'kax ¶yksj] M‚d&;kMZ] ekuo fufeZr canjxkg] ckFk:e vkSj xVj] lsusVjh O;oLFkk] LVsfM;e] eaMi] egy] fdyscanh] x<+ vkfn pkyfefFkd dky ds nkSjku bukexkao dk LFky Hkh ,d cM+s cka/k vkSj ugj ds lkFk vk;k FkkA fQj] ekS;Zdkyhu vkSj ekS;Z dky ds ckn] ge ikrs gSa fd cM+s fdyscanh ¼ikVfyiq=½] egy ¼ikVfyiq=½] LVsfM;e ¼ukxktqZudksaMk½] ufn;ksa ds fy, dneksa dh mM+ku ¼ukxktqZudksaMk½ vkfn ?kjksa ds vo'ks\"k Hkh ekud ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrs gSaA ml vof/k ds thou vkSj jgus dh fLFkfr] ;g flfod lsal] lEcfU/kr yksxksa dh O;fäxr LoPNrk ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyrk gSA ,sls L=ksr gesa lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr] jktuhfr dh Hkwfedk] j{kkRed j.kuhfr] ty&çca/ku] ukxfjd Hkkouk] fpark dh vof/k ds yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA gsVjksM‚Dl /keZ ds Lekjd% /kkfeZd Lekjdksa us ekS;Z dky ls fn[kkuk 'kq: fd;kA bldh 'kq#vkr vthodksa dh xqQkvksa ¼ckjkcj vkSj ukxjtquh igkfM+;ksa% fcgkj½ ls gqbZ Fkh] rc] ge Hkkjr esa cM+h la[;k esa ckS) Lekjd ikrs gSaA fQj] xqIr dky ds ckn ls] ge Hkkjr esa fganw Lekjdksa esa 'kq#vkr] fodkl vkSj 'kkL=h;rk ikrs gSaA ckS) Lrwi] pRS ;] fogkj çkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ls] Hkkjr dks ckS) Lrwi] pSR; vkSj fogkj ls ;qä fd;k x;k FkkA 'kq#vkr esa] mÙkjh Hkkjr esa fuekZ.k 'kq: gqvk] fQj xqtjkr ds ek/;e ls] egkjk\"Vª ds fy, percolated; vkSj mM+hlk ls gksrs gq,] vka/kz çns'k esa vk;kA Lrwi dks cq) ;k mYys[kuh; ckS) fHk{kqvksa ds HkkSfrd vo'ks\"kksa ;k ç;qä midj.kksa ij cuk;k x;k FkkA ;s Lrwi lqanj ltkoVh xsV&os ¼rksj.k½ ls f?kjs Fks] mnkA lkaph] cjgV ¼e/; çns'k½ esa Lrwi] vejkorh ¼vka/kz çns'k½] ikSuh] dksYgkiqj ¼egkjk\"Vª½] lUurh ¼dukZVd½A pSR; ckS) eafnj gSa tgk¡ pSR; ds var esa Lrwi ds çrhdkRed :i esa cq) dh iwtk dh tkrh FkhA cSjkV esa ,d dks NksM+dj] pSR; xqQkvksa esa cuk, x, Fks; tSls Hkts ¼muesa ls lcls igys½] csnlk] djys esa pSR;A fogkj ckS) fHk{kqvksa dk vkoklh; LFkku gS] tgk¡ ,d cM+k LFkku vius rhuksa vksj ds dejksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA pSR; ds leku] ;s Hkh pêku esa fLFkr Fks] mnk( dUgsjh] ukfld] tqUukj vkfn esa fogkj dqN 'krkfCn;ksa ds ckn vkSj egk;ku iaFk ds çHkko es]a cq) vkSj pRS ; dh ewfrZ }kjk çfrLFkkfir pSR; esa Lrwi dks fogkjksa ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k x;kA ;g fodkl vtark esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;s ckS) eafnj fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds ckjs esa cgqr lkjh tkudkjh nsrs gSa tSls] /kkfeZd fopkj vkSj fopkj/kkjk dk fodkl] bldk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa çlkj] vU; /keks± ls çHkko] vU; iaFkksa ij bldk çHkko] eB ¼la?k½] eB vkSj O;kikfj;ksa ds chp lEcU/k] 'kSyhxr fodkl vkSj dyk dk fodkl vkfn blds vykok] ços'k }kj ij CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 21 ltkoVh mís'; gesa lkoZtfud/O;fäxr okLrqdyk] ouLifr;ksa] thoksa] lEcfU/kr vof/k dh dykRed 'kSyh vkfn dk fopkj nsrs gSaA fganq eafnj xqIr dky ds ckn ls ge vyx eafnj okLrqdyk dh 'kq#vkr djrs gSaA çkjaHk esa] Mªkbax çHkko ckS) xqQk dyk ds :i esa Fkk] ;s xqQkvksa esa 'kq: fd, x, FksA gkykafd] cM+s tulewg dks bdëk djus ds fy,] ;s eSnkuksa ij mrjsA lkaph esa lcls vyx eafnj okLrqdyk esa igyk ç;ksx ekewyh eafnj uacj 7 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blesa dsoy nks Hkkx gksrs gSa] xHkZx`g ¼xHkZx`g½ vkSj eq[keaMy ¼yykV LFkku½A fQj] frxkok] upuk vkSj nsox<+ ¼lHkh e/; çns'k esa½ ds ek/;e ls] ^xHkZx`g&çnf{k.kk ekxZ ds rhu vksj vkSj xfnZ'k* ds lkFk ,d iw.kZ eafnj mHkjkA vkSj og laqnj ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk gSA f'k[kj dk mipkj bls mPp cuk, j[kus ds fy, Fkk] blfy,] ;g 'kh\"kZ ij ladh.kZ gks x;kA blfy,] tc dksbZ n'kZd eafnj dks ns[krk gS rks mldk VdVdh lh/kk] vk/kkj ls Åij rd tkrk gSA ,slh 'kSyh dks ^uxj 'kSyh* dgk tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd] MsDdu vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr esa] çxfr vyx FkhA 'kq#vkr es]a pkyqD;ksa us eafnj ds LFkkiR; esa ç;ksx fd;k] j‚d&dV eafnjksa ¼cknkeh½ ls vyx eafnjksa ¼iêndy vkSj vkbgksy½ rdA yxHkx mlh le;] iYyo us] j‚d&dV QS'ku ¼egkcfyiqje esa ^jFk eafnj*½ esa eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA fQj] pksy fo'kky eafnjksa ds lkFk vk,A bu ç;ksxksa ls vkdf\"kZr gksdj] jk\"VªdwV us lqanj eafnj dk ,d ç;ksx fd;k; gkykafd] j‚d&dV QS'ku esa ;g ,yksjk dk dSyklk eafnj gSA nDdu vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr ds ;s eafnj vke rkSj ij iRFkj] f'kykvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA f'k[kj ds fy, ,d&nwljs ij gkFk j[kdjA blfy,] f'k[kj dne dh rjg fn[krk gS] LDokV baçs'ku çLrqr djrk gSA ,sls] LFkkiR; 'kSyh dks ^æfoM+ 'kSyh* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl rjg ds ç;ksx ds ckn] ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk lq'kksfHkr cM+s eafnjksa us iwjs Hkkjr esa ?kweuk 'kq: dj fn;kA 6 oha – 7 oha 'krkCnh bZLoh ds ckn] {ks=h;rk dk fodkl eafnj okLrqdyk esa {ks=h; 'kSfy;ksa ds mn~Hko dk ekxZ ç'kLr gqvkA bl çdkj] dqN gh le; ds Hkhrj] Hkkjr viuh nhokjksa vkSj tfVy ;kstuk Iyl fMtkbuksa ij lqna j ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk eafnjksa dk fuokl cu x;kA ,sls çkphu Lekjd çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ewd ysfdu oLrqfu\"B L=ksr gSaA os gesa /keZ ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk /keks± dh fopkj/kkjk dks le>us esa enn djrs gSaA ;g gesa fofHkUu fo'okl ç.kkfy;ksa ds chp fopkjksa ds vknku&çnku vkSj çHkko ds ckjs esa Hkh lwfpr djrk gSA ;g geas ifjorZuksa] dykRed 'kSfy;ksa dh o`f) vkSj mu ij vkdf\"kZr gksus okys çHkkoksa dk Hkh fopkj nsrk gSA ;g gesa lEcfU/kr vof/k dh jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk esa laj{k.k dh ç—fr vkSj eafnjksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh crkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 bfrgkl & I ewfrZ;ka vkSj fp=dyk ewfrZ;ka Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dk lcls igyk çfrfuf/kRo fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa feyrk gSA ;s fofHkUu lkefxz;ksa ls cus Fks] tSls] iRFkj] LVhVkbV] feêh] VsjkdksVk] pwuk] dkaL;] gkFkh nkar] ydM+h vkfnA buesa ls dqN dks eafnj esa txg feyh vkSj ewfrZ ;k fpà cu x,A muesa ls dqN eafnjksa dh nhokjksa dks lqanj cukus ds fy, cuk, x, FksA muesa ls dqN O;fäxr ewfrZdyk Fks] ftUgsa fofHkUu mís';ksa ds fy, cuk;k x;k Fkk] tSls fd f[kykSus vkSj euksjatu ds fy,A pkydksfyfFkd dky ds nkSjku urZdh ¼gM+Iik lH;rk½ vkSj f[kykSus ¼nhekckn½ dh dkaL; ewfrZ;k¡ dykRed ;ksX;rk] lkFk gh lkFk Hkkjr ds /kkrq foKku esa fo'ks\"kKrk dks n'kkZrh gSaA blh vof/k ds fofHkUu vU; çfrekvksa esa gM+Iikokfl;ksa ds euksjatu] ds'kfoU;kl] vkHkw\"k.k vkSj os'kHkw\"kk ds LFkku dk ladsr feyrk gSA VsjkdksVk ds f[kykSus ds lkFk Hkh ;gh lp gS] 'kqax dky ls lacfa /kr FkkA ekS;Zdkyhu ewfrZ;ka] tSls] nhnkjxat dh ;{kh yksxksa dh ledkyhu laiUurk vkSj lkSan;Z cks/k dks bafxr djrh gSaA Lrwiksa ¼lkaph] cjgV½ ds ços'k}kjksa ij ewfrZdyk&jkgrsa] u dsoy ckS) fopkj/kkjk ds fodkl dks çnf'kZr djrh gSa] cfYd ouLifr;ksa] thoksa] ukxfjd okLrqdyk vkfn tSlh vU; dbZ phtksa dh Hkh gSaA dfu\"d dh çfrek jktk dh fons'kh mRifÙk dks bafxr djrh gS vkSj fons'kh 'kSyh dh iks'kkd] tSls] Åaps twrs] vksojdksV vkfn iksftMu dh dkaL; çfrek vkSj IysVksa/niZ.k&gSaMy ¼dksYgkiqj½ ij fuHkZj gksrh gS] tks lrokgu dky ds nkSjku dksYgkiqj vkSj jkse ds chp O;kikj lEcU/kksa dks n'kkZrh gSA iksEih ¼jkse esa½ dh lkbV esa Vsj ds y{eh ds gkFkhnkar dk vkadM+k [kkstus ls Hkh ;gh lp gSA xqIrdkyhu ewfrZ;ka ml vof/k ds nkSjku gkfly dh xbZ mPp dykRed ;ksX;rk dk ladsr nsrh gSaA bl le;] ewfrZ;kas ds foKku us iw.kZrk vkSj 'kkL=h;rk çkIr dh FkhA blfy,] xqIr dky ds ckn] ewfrZ;ka mUgha e‚Myksa ij cukbZ xbZa] tks xqIr dky ds nkSjku fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ FkhaA tcfd] vkbduksa/ewfrZ;ksa ¼iwtk ds fy, vyx&vyx ewfrZ;ka½ dk fodkl] muds }kjk cuk, x, gfFk;kjksa vkSj gfFk;kjksa ds ckjs esa] ladsr] /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk ds fodkl vkSj os fofHkUu L=ksrksa ls vkdf\"kZr çHkkoA ;s fofHkUu nks\"kksa ds flaØukbts'ku dk Hkh ladsr nsrs gSaA fp=dyk ,d vU; egRoi.w kZ L=ksr fp=dyk gS tks gesa çkphu Hkkjr ds yksxksa ds lkaL—frd vkSj /kkfeZd –f\"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN crkrh gSA fp=ksa ds 'kq#vkrh mnkgj.k HkhecsVdk ¼e/; çns'k½ ds j‚d 'ksYVj esa ik, tk ldrs gSaA bUgsa eslksfyfFkd xqQk okfl;ksa us muds vklikl dh ç—fr ds jaxksa vkSj CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 23 vkStkjksa dk mi;ksx djds rS;kj fd;k FkkA vksfM'kk esa] ge vksfM'kk ds D;ksa>j ftys esa lhrkcus th esa j‚d vkVZ isfa Vax ikrs gSaA bu j‚d fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls ge eslksfyfFkd yksxkas dh thou&'kSyh dks le> ldrs gSaA tSls] muds jgus dk rjhdk] f'kdkj djus ds rjhds] muds vkl&ikl ds ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa vkfn] fQj] ge [kwclwjr isafVax ikrs gSa] [kkldj vtark vkSj fQj ckx esaA vtark dh fo'o çfl) isafVax gesa /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk] vk/;kfRed 'kkafr] vkHkw\"k.k] os'kHkw\"kk] fons'kh vkxarqdksa vkfn ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrh gSAa vkSj fuf'pr :i ls] bu fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls] ge lEcfU/kr vof/k dh dykRed ;ksX;rk vkSj egku lkSan;Z cks/k dks le> ldrs gSaA tcfd] rfeyukMq esa eafnjksa dh nhokjksa ij pksy jktk ds fp=] pksy jktO;oLFkk dh ^fnO; jktkvksa* dh vo/kkj.kk dks çnf'kZr djrs gSaA iqjkrkfRod vo'ks\"k yksx clrs gSa] yksx thfor laLFkku vkSj HkkSfrd lajpuk cukrs gSa vkSj dqN çfrdwy fLFkfr esa txg NksM+rs gSaA lkexhz ds lkFk txg NksM+ nh tkrh gS fd yksx ihNs jg x, gSa] vutkus esaA fQj] gok] feêh] ckfj'k tSls i;kZoj.kh; ,tsaVksa }kjk ml LFkku ij feêh dk <sj tek gks tkrk gSA fQj] fQj ls yksxkas dk vxyk lewg ogk¡ ij cl tkrk gSA fQj] ogh pØ tkjh gSA bl çdkj] nksgjk;k cfLr;ksa vkSj ifjR;kx ds vuqØe ds ckn] ml LFkku ij feêh dk <sj cu tkrk gSA bl rjg ds <sj dks ^iqjkrkfRod Vhys* dgk tkrk gS] tks ekuo tkfr ds bfrgkl esa fNik gSA rc iqjkrRofonksa ds :i esa dgs tkus okys dqN bfrgkldkjksa us bu Vhyksa dk irk yxk;k] ftUgsa mR[kuu dgk tkrk gSA [kqnkbZ ds ek/;e ls] iqjkrRofonksa us ml fof'k\"V fuiVku ds fNis gq, bfrgkl dks mtkxj fd;kA mUgksaus ftl iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dk [kqyklk fd;k] mldk mi;ksx ml fo'ks\"k cLrh ds bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, L=ksrksa ds :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkexzh gesa bfrgkl ds iqufuZekZ.k esa enn djrh gS% mu vke yksxksa dks ftUgsa fyf[kr L=ksr }kjk vogsyuk fd;k x;k Fkk] ys[ku dh [kkst ls igys dh vof/k] bfrgkl ds iwjd ds fy,] fyf[kr L=ksrksa }kjk iqufuZekZ.k fd;k x;kA fuEufyf[kr iqjkrkfRod lkexzh dh ,d laf{kIr lwph gS tks L=ksr ds :i esa bLrseky dh tk ldrh gSA feêh ds crZuksa çkjafHkd e/;;qxhu dky rd çksVks&bfrgkl ds nkSjku] vke yksxksa ds vk/kkj midj.k feêh ds crZu FksA crZuksa ;k ^fljsfed vlsacfyax* esa fofHkUu oLrqvksa] tSls] dVksjs] IysV] crZu vkfn 'kkfey gSaA ;g /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd feêh ds crZuksa dks lEcfU/kr laL—fr ds vuqlkj foHksfnr fd;k tkrk gS ftlus mUgsa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

24 bfrgkl & I cuk;k gSA ;g varj vkdkj] diM+s] lrg mipkj ¼diM+s] jax] fMtkbu] isafVax½] feêh ds crZu cukus dh rduhd vkfn esa fufgr gSA bl çdkj] fof'k\"V feêh çdkj fo'ks\"k laL—fr/vof/k dks lkSaik x;k gSA ,sls rdZ ds lkFk] iqjkrRofon~ bu erHksnksa ds vk/kkj ij lkbV dks vis{kk—r :i ls rkjh[k dj ldrs gSaA blfy,] feêh ds crZuksa dks ml lkbV dh o.kZekyk ekuk tkrk gSA eudk çkphu dky ls gh eudk m|ksx Hkkjr ds fo'o çfl) m|ksxksa esa ls ,d gSA ;s fofHkUu lkefxz;ksa ls cus Fks] tSls] iRFkj] v/kZ&dherh iRFkjksa ¼tSls ,tsV] psYlhMuh] fØLVy] fQjkstk] ySfil&yST;wyh½] dkap] lksuk] rkack tSlh /kkrq,¡] Vsjk d‚êk] vkbojh] 'ksy vkfn blds vykok] os vyx&vyx vkdkj ds Fks] tSls fd xksy] pkSdksj] csyukdkj] cSjy vkdkj vkfnA rduhd bruh vf/kd Fkh fd geus eksfr;ksa dks cukus dh rduhd gkfly dh] ftlesa vU; /kkrq dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA fof'k\"V vof/k ds rduhdh fodkl vkSj lkSan;Z cks/k dks tkuus ds fy, L=ksr ds :i esa budk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vo'ks\"k/gfì;k¡ mR[kuu ls cM+h ek=k esa gfì;ksa ;k thoksa ds vo'ks\"kksa dk irk pyrk gSA ;s ml fo'ks\"k LFky ds vklikl ds ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfrdh ;k ikfjfLFkfrdh rU= ij çdk'k Mkyrs gSaA blds vykok] ge lEcfU/kr yksxksa dh vkgkj lEcU/kh vknrksa dks Hkh le> ldrs gSaA iq\"i vo'ks\"k iq\"i vo'ks\"k gesa vklikl ds ,sfrgkfld ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj lEcfU/kr yksxksa dh vkgkj lEcU/kh vknrksa ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh nsrs gSaA LFkkiR; dh uhao {kSfrt [kqnkbZ ds nkSjku] ge lEcfU/kr vof/k dh okLrqdyk dh uhao esa vkrs gSaA okLrqdyk esa >ksiM+h] edku] egy] LVsfM;e] vlsacyh g‚y] Luku d{k] os;j gkml] xfrfof/k {ks= tSls] fdpu] csM:e] g‚y] cjkenk] Fkzf'kax Q'kZ tSls ukxfjd okLrqdyk 'kkfey gSa; lM+dsa] lQkbZ O;oLFkk] tyL=ksr] bR;kfn bu fBdkuksa ij vkSj lkbVksa ds ysvkmV ls ge yksxksa ds thou Lrj dks tku ldrs gSa] blds vykok] {ks= esa LFkkfud forj.k fdlh fo'ks\"k vof/k ds lkekftd foHkktu dks bafxr djrk gS] ;fn dksbZ gksA cUl/M‚d tSlh lajpuk,a bu yksxksa }kjk çkIr vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj rduhdh fodkl ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSaA tgk¡ rd CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 25 j{kkRed vkfdZVsDpj] tSls] fd fdyscanh] x<+] [kand ml fo'ks\"k lkbV dh le`f) vkSj ml lkbV ij [krjs dh ek=k dk ladsr nsrs gSaA ?kjsyw lkexzh mR[kuu ls ?kjsyw lkeku] tSls] jlksbZ ds midj.k ¼crZu] pwYgk] LiSVqyk] DokuZ~l bR;kfn½] xgus] f[kykSus dh rjg euksjatu dh oLrqvksa dk irk pyrk gSA vkfn ;s fofHkUu lkefxz;ksa ls cus Fks] tSls] iRFkj] feêh] Vsjk&dksêk] /kkrq] [kksy] gkFkh nkar vkfnA O;kolkf;d lkexzh O;olk; lkexhz esa —f\"k midj.k ¼dqnky] gy] eNyh idM+us ds midj.k ¼gqd] 'kq)½] O;kikj midj.k ¼otu vkSj eki] lhy vkSj lhy] flDds½ 'kkfey FksA ;s Hkh fofHkUu lkefxz;ks]a tSls] iRFkj] feêh ls cus gksrs FksA VsjkdksVk] /kkrq vkfnA pkjdksy mR[kuu ls fdlh Hkh rjg dh tyh gqbZ tSfod lkexhz dk irk pyrk gSA bUgsa ^pkjdksy* dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg ds ydM+h dk dks;yk] fof'k\"V jkf'k esa vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk Lokn ds ek/;e ls] vof/k ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftls] ^dkcZu – 14* dgk tkrk gSA 1.3 Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,a Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dh foLr`r J`a[kyk ns'k dks ,d laiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd v/;;u cukrh gSA fdlh ns'k ds Hkwxksy dk xgu Kku mlds bfrgkl ds laiw.kZ v/;;u esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS vkSj Hkkjr bldk viokn ugha gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k ds bfrgkl dks mlds Hkwxksy ds dqN Kku ds fcuk ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA Hkwxksy us Hkkjr dks ,d vyx vfLrRo fn;k gS vkSj mldh [kqn dh ,d Li\"V igpku cuk, j[kh gSA Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gS ftls pkj HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS] gj ,d dh viuh fo'ks\"k vkSj vthc fo'ks\"krk,a gSaA bu fo'ks\"krkvksa esa gj rjg ls lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaL—frd :i ls gekjs bfrgkl dk çHkko gSA mÙkj dh vksj] Hkkjr fgeky; ls f?kjk gqvk gSA iwoZ] if'pe vkSj nf{k.k esa leqæ vkSj egklkxj gSaA mÙkj&if'pe es]a fganqdq'k vkSj lqyseku ioZr Hkkjr dks :l] vQxkfuLrku vkSj bZjku ls vyx djrs gSaA iwoZ esa] vjkdku ioZr mls E;kaekj ls vyx djrs gSAa blfy,] vius bfrgkl ls xqtjrs gq, Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd fo'ks\"krkvksa dk v/;;u djuk vko';d gSA bl igyw es]a fjpMZ gdywbV CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

26 bfrgkl & I cgqr lp gS tc og dgrk gS] ßHkwxksy vkSj dkyØe lw;Z vkSj paæek] nkbZa vka[k vkSj bfrgkl dh ckbZa vka[k gSaÞA Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dks fuEufyf[kr 'kkjhfjd foHkktuksa ds rgr oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa fo'ks\"k fo'ks\"krk,a gSaA ;s bl çdkj gSa Oks mÙkj esa fgeky; dh ioZr J`a[kyk,¡ egku baMks&xaxk eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku nDdu dk iBkj rVh; ?kkV }hi Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku ,sfrgkfld :i ls] Hkkjr ,d çkphu ns'k gS] ftls Hkkjro\"kZ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g rhu rjQ ls leqæ ls f?kjk gqvk gS] ckdh ,f'k;k ls ,d mnkÙk ioZr J`a[kyk }kjk vyx fd;k x;k gSA blfy,] ;g ,d LorU= bdkbZ cu xbZ gS ftls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dgk tkrk gSA vkdkj esa] Hkkjr nqfu;k dk lkrok¡ lcls cM+k ns'k gSA ;g ,d fo'kky ns'k gS ftldh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk esa egku fofo/krk gSA blfy,] çeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa ds ckjs esa dqN Kku çkIr djuk vko';d gSA Nk=ksa dks vius Hkwxksy ds eq[; igyvq ksa] ckgjh jkgr] ioZr ç.kkfy;ksa] iBkjksa] eSnkuksa] ty fudklh ç.kkfy;ksa] Xysf'k;jksa] Tokykeqf[k;ksa vkfn ds ckjs esa [kqn dks ifjfpr djuk pkfg,A 1.4 fgeky; dh ioZr J`a[kyk,¡ z Hkkjr ds mÙkj esa] Å¡ps fgeky; ioZr gSa tks iwoZ esa QSyrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh if'pe esa d'ehj ls if'pe esa vle rd QSys gq, gSaA fgeky; 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ßfge dk oklÞ ¼laL—r 'kCn ghlk dk vFkZ gS ßfgeikrÞ vkSj vyk;k dk vFkZ gS ßfuoklÞ½A egku fgeky; ioZr dh nhokj yxHkx 2500 fdeh yach gS vkSj bldh pkSM+kbZ 240 fdeh ls 320 fdeh rd fHkUu gksrh gSA lcls Åaph pksVh] ekmaV ,ojsLV dh ÅapkbZ 29,142 QhV gSA z Hkkjr ds mÙkj&if'pe esa] [kScj] rksph] xksey] vkfn tSls dbZ ekxZ gSa] tks vrhr esa Hkkjr vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds chp okf.kfT;d vkSj lkaL—frd vknku&çnku ds pkSuy ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA ;s njsZ ;kf=;ksa vkSj vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fy, ges'kk vklku ekxZ çnku djrs gSaA ;gk¡] M‚- vkjlh etqenkj us ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd] fgeky; lcls nqxZe lhek gS] ftls ç—fr us fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gS] ysfdu ;gk¡ rd fd frCcr ls usiky rd lM+dsa gSa] tks lfn;ksa ls lLa —fr ds 'kkafriw.kZ fe'kufj;ksa ds fy, ugha gSA /keZ] ysfdu nqyZHk voljksa ij Hkh lSfudksa ds :i esa vPNh rjg ls estckuA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 27 z og fgeky; dh ioZrekyk dks nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA fganqdq'k] lqyseku] lQn dksg] vkSj dhFkZj tSlh igkfM+;k¡ igyk lewg cukrh gSa] tks fgeky; ds mÙkj&if'pe {ks= esa fLFkr gSa] tcfd nwljs lewg esa [kklh] t;afr;k tSlh igkfM+;k¡ gSaA ikV dksb vkfn] tks blds iwohZ {ks= esa fLFkr gSaA fgeky; ds iwohZ rV ges'kk Hkkjh o\"kkZ ds dkj.k ?kus taxy ls vkPNkfnr jgrs gSa] tcfd blds if'peh Hkkx 'kq\"d vkSj de Å¡pkbZ ij gksrs gSaA z fgeky; viuh vuqnS/kZ~; lhek esa rhu lekukarj Jsf.k;ksa dk lekos'k djrk gSA bu Jsf.k;ksa ds chp dbZ ?kkfV;k¡ iM+h gSaA mÙkjh lhek dks egku ;k Hkhrjh fgeky; ;k ^fgekfæ* ds :i esa igpkuk tkrk gSA ;g 6,000 ehVj dh vkSlr ÅapkbZ ds lkFk lcls Åaph pksfV;ksa ls ;qä lcls fujarj lhek gSA blesa lHkh çeq[k fgeky; dh pksfV;k¡ 'kkfey gSAa fgekæh ds nf{k.k esa iM+h lhek lcls vkxs mcM+&[kkcM+ igkM+h ç.kkyh cukrh gS vkSj bldh igpku fgekpy ;k de fgeky; ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA ioZrekyk eq[; :i ls vR;ar ladqfpr vkSj ifjofrZr pêkuksa ls cuh gksrh gSaA Å¡pkbZ 3,700 vkSj 4,500 ehVj ds chp gksrh gS vkSj vkSlr pkSM+kbZ ipkl fdyksehVj dh gksrh gSA tcfd ihj iatky Js.kh lcls yach vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ lhek cukrh gS] /kkSyk /kkj vkSj egkHkkjr ioZr Hkh mR—\"V gSaA bl Js.kh esa d'ehj dh çfl) ?kkVh] fgekpy çns'k dh dkaxM+k vkSj dqYyw ?kkVh 'kkfey gSaA ;g {ks= vius fgy LVs'kuksa ds fy, çfl) gSA z fgeky; dh ckgjh J`a[kyk dks f'kokfyd fgYl dgk tkrk gSA f'kokfyd fgYl] ftls pqfj;k fgYl ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] tks fla/kq unh ls czãiq= unh ds djhc 2,400 fdyksehVj iwoZ esa QSyk gSA ;g nl ls ipkl fdyksehVj pkSM+h gS ftldh vkSlr Å¡pkbZ 900 ls 1,100 ehVj ds chp gSA ;s ?kkfV;k¡ ?kus ctjh vkSj tyks<+ ds lkFk layXu gSaA de fgeky; vkSj f'kokfydksa ds chp fLFkr vuqnS/kZ~; ?kkVh dks MUl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA nsgjk Mu] dksVyh Mu] vkSj iVyh Mu dqN çfl) MUl gSaA dqN laL—r Hkk\"kk ds xzaFkksa esa] bl {ks= dks ek.kd ijcr dgk tkrk gSA f'kokfyd 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS ^f'ko ds rkaMo*A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 bfrgkl & I z vuqnS/kZ~; foHkktuksa ds vykok] fgeky; dks if'pe ls iwoZ rd ds {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bu ?kkVksa dk unh ?kkfV;ksa }kjk lhekadu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fla/kq vkSj lryt ds chp fLFkr fgeky; ds fgLls dks ikjaifjd :i ls iatkc fgeky; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ysfdu bls Øe'k% if'pe vkSj iwoZ ls d'ehj vkSj fgekpy fgeky; ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA lryt vkSj dkyh ufn;ksa ds chp fLFkr fgeky; ds ,d Hkkx dks dqekÅ¡ fgeky; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA dkyh vkSj frLrk ufn;k¡ usiky fgeky; dk lhekadu djrh gSa vkSj frLrk vkSj fngkax ufn;ksa ds chp dk fgLlk vle fgeky; ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA z czãiq= fgeky; dh lcls iwohZ lhek dks fpfUgr djrk gSA fngkax x‚tZ ls ijs] fgeky; dh lhek nf{k.k esa rsth ls >qdrh gS vkSj Hkkjr dh iwohZ lhek ds lkFk QSyrh gSA mUgsa iwokZpy ;k iwohZ igkfM+;ksa vkSj igkM+kas ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa ls xqtjus okyh ;s igkfM+;k¡ T;knkrj etcwr jsr ds iRFkjksa ls cuh gksrh gSa tks ryNVh pêkusa gksrh gSaA ?kus taxyksa ls vkPNkfnr] os cM+s iSekus ij lekukarj ioZrekyk vkSj ?kkfV;ksa ds :i esa pyrs gSAa iwokZpy esa iVdkbZ igkfM+;k]¡ ukxk igkfM+;k]¡ ef.kiqj igkfM+;k¡ vkSj fetks igkfM+;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA z mÙkj&if'peh fn'kk esa] VwVh gqbZ fgeky; ioZrekyk esa vQxkfuLrku ds ek/;e ls bZjku vkSj e/; ,f'k;k ds lkFk Hkkjrh; eSnkuksa dks tksM+us okys çeq[k ekxZ gSaA ;s ekxZ xksey] cksyu vkSj [kScj ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA ;wukuh] 'kkd] dq\"kk.k] gw.k vkSj vU; fons'kh tutkfr;k¡ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa igq¡pha] fo'ks\"kdj Hkkjr bu ekxksZa lsA blh çdkj] ckS) vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; rRoksa dks bu ioZrh; njks± ls gksrs gq, vQxkfuLrku vkSj e/; ,f'k;k rd ys x;kA 1.5 LFkku] foLrkj] lhek,¡] vkSj Hkkjr ds {ks= nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk ,d fo'kky HkwL[kyu mÙkj&if'pe] mÙkj vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ ij u, xquk fo'kky igkM+ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA vjc lkxj vius nf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr gS] caxky dh [kkM+h vius nf{k.k&iwoZ esa vkSj fgan egklkxj vius nf{k.k esa gSA ;g vPNh rjg ls ifjHkkf\"kr nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ HkwekfQ;k dks Hkkjrh; mi egk}hi dgk tkrk gSA bl miegk}hi esa Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k] usiky vkSj HkwVku lfgr Jhyadk ds ns'k 'kkfey gSa] tks ,d }hi ladjh rkSj ij ikyd tyMe:e/; ls vyx gSA Hkkjr vdsys bl miegk}hi ds {ks= ds yxHkx rhu pkSFkkbZ fgLls dks doj djrk gS vkSj muesa ls gj ,d ds lkFk lkekU; lhek gSA og vius ikap iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk] dqN lkekU; lkaL—frd ekinaMksa ds lkFk ,d Li\"V :i ls CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 29 igpku ;ksX; HkkSxksfyd bdkbZ cukrh gSA iqjkus le; ls] ns'k dks vk;kZorZ] Hkkjr] fganqLrku vkSj gky gh ds Hkkjr tSls fofHkUu ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA fgan egklkxj ;k fgan egklkxj dks Hkh Hkkjr ds uke ij j[kk x;k gS & ,slk djus okyk ,dek= ns'k Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj] ns'k dks Hkkjr ;k Hkkjr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr mÙkjh xksyk/kZ esa iw.kZ :i ls fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; eq[; Hkwfe 8°4*N ls 37° 6*N v{kka'kksa ds chp vkSj 68°7*E ls 97°25*E ns'kkarjksa rd QSyh gqbZ gSA bl çdkj Hkkjr dh v{kka'kh; vkSj vuqnS/kZ~; lhek yxHkx 29 fMxzh gSA ;g mÙkj ls nf{k.k rd yxHkx 3,214 fdeh vkSj iwoZ ls if'pe rd 2,933 fdeh dh nwjh ij gSA ;|fi v{kka'kh; vkSj vuqnS/kZ~; lhek yxHkx leku gS] okLrfod nwjh dkQh fHkUu gksrh gSA ,slk D;ksa gS\\ ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd Hkwe/; js[kk ds lkFk ns'kkarj ds nks Øfed esfjfM;u ds chp iwoZ&if'pe dh nwjh bldh vf/kdre & 111 fdeh gSA gkykafd] ;g Hkwe/; js[kk ls /k`oksa rd ,d pky ds :i esa ?kVrk pyk tkrk gS] tgka ;g 'kwU; gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd ns'kkarj ds lHkh esfjfM;u /k`oksa ij ,d fcanq ij foy; djrs gSa & mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k nksuksa] nwljh vksj] ns'kkarj ds fdlh Hkh nks lekarj Hkkxksa ds chp mÙkj&nf{k.k nwjh ns'kkarj ds fdlh Hkh e/;kUg js[kk ds yxHkx leku gS] vFkkZr] 111 fdehA fuEu rkfydk vkxs bl fcanq dks Li\"V dj ldrh gSA Xyksc ij ,d utj bl fcanq dks le>kus esa enn djuh pkfg,A Hkkjrh; eq[; Hkwfe dk lcls mÙkjh fcanq tEew vkSj d'ehj jkT; esa fLFkr gS vkSj lcls nf{k.kh fcanq rfeyukMq esa dU;kdqekjh gSA gkykafd] ns'k dk lcls nf{k.kh fcanq vaneku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA bls vc bafnjk IkkWbaV dgk tkrk gSA ;g 6°30*N v{kka'k ij fLFkr gSA fyafx;k dk lcls if'peh fcanq xqtjkr vkSj iwohZ v#.kkpy çns'k esa fLFkr gSA vkb, ge Hkkjr ds yksxksa ds thou ij bl rjg ds cM+s v{kka'kh; çHkko dks ns[ksaA ns'k ds mÙkjh Hkkx Hkwe/; js[kk ls dkQh nwj gSaA blfy,] lwjt dh fdj.ksa mu fgLlksa dks vf/kd Li\"V :i ls ekjrh gSaA urhtru] ns'k ds bl fgLls dks vyxko dh de ek=k çkIr gksrh gS vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkxksa ds foijhr BaMh tyok;q gksrh gSA nwljs] Hkkjr ds nf{k.kh Hkkx esa fnu dh yackbZ vkSj lgh ds chp dk varj dsoy 45 feuV ds ckjs esa cgqr de gS D;ksafd os Hkwe/; js[kk ds ikl fLFkr gSa] Hkkjr ds mÙkjh Hkkxksa esa fnu vkSj jkr ds chp ;g varj yxkrkj c<+rk gh pyk tkrk gS 5 ?kaVs ds :i esa T;knk gks tkrk gSA ns'k ds ek/;e ls ddZ js[kk yxHkx vk/ks jkLrs ls xqtjrh gSA bl çdkj ns'k dk vk/kk Hkkx ddZ js[kk ds nf{k.k esa m\".kdfVca/kh; ;k /kkj {ks= esa fLFkr gS vkSj ddZ js[kk ds mÙkj esa fLFkr vU; vk/kk mi&m\".kdfVca/kh; {ks= esa iM+rk gSA i`Foh dks viuh /kqjh ij ,d pDdj iwjk djus esa 24 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 bfrgkl & I lw;Z iwoZ esa vkSj fQj if'pe esa mxrk gS D;ksafd i`Foh if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kwerh gSA i`Foh ds 360° ds vuqnS/kZ~; foLrkj dks bl çdkj 24 ?kaVs esa 15° çfr ?kaVs dh xfr ls doj fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd Hkkjr dh vuqnS/kZ~; lhek yxHkx 29° gS] Hkkjr esa blds iwohZ vkSj if'peh Nksjksa ds chp okLrfod le; dk varj yxHkx nks ?kaVs gSA tcfd Hkkjr ds iwohZ Nksj ij fnu vHkh&vHkh VwVk gks ldrk gS] if'peh Nksj dks ,slk djus esa yxHkx nks vkSj iwjs ?kaVs yxsxa sA le; ds varj ds bl cM+s fgLls dks ckgj djus ds fy,] nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa dh rjg] Hkkjr vius vis{kk—r dsaæh; e/;kUg dky ds LFkkuh; le; dk vuqlj.k iwjs ns'k ds fy, djrk gSA lHkh dh lqfo/kk ds fy,] çR;sd ns'k vius ekud esfjfM;u dks 7°30* ds dbZ Hkkx esa pqurk gSA rnuqlkj] Hkkjr ds ekud e/;kUg dks ^2°30*bZ pquk x;k gSA Hkkjr dk mÙkj&e/; Hkkx foLr`r gS tcfd nf{k.kh Hkkx nf{k.k esa fgan egklkxj dh vksj >qdrk gSA bl çdkj] Hkkjrh; çk;}hi dh ljklj mifLFkfr ls fgan egklkxj ds mÙkjh Hkkx dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA mÙkjh fgan egklkxj ds if'peh Hkkx dks vjc lkxj dgk tkrk gS tcfd iwohZ Hkkx dks caxky dh [kkM+h dgk tkrk gSA }hi lewgksa lfgr Hkkjr ds leqæ rV dh dqy yackbZ yxHkx 7,516.6 fdeh gSA ikyd tyMe:e/; Hkkjrh; eq[; Hkwfe dks Jhyadk ls vyx djrk gSA lajpukRed :i ls] Jhyadk Hkkjr ds çk;}hih; Cy‚d dk foLrkj gSA 1.6 Hkkjrh; {ks= Hkkjr esa nqfu;k ds dqy Hkwfe {ks= dk 2.42 çfr'kr fgLlk gS] tcfd ;g nqfu;k dh vkcknh dk 16 çfr'kr fgLlk gSA Hkkjr dk Hkwfe lhek 15,200 fdeh gSA ikfdLrku] vQxkfuLrku] phu] usiky] E;kaekj vkSj ckaXykns'k Hkkjr ds lkFk lk>k lhek,¡ lk>k djrs gSaA HkwVku dk jkT; iwohZ fgeky; esa fLFkr gSA ;g ,d NksVk ns'k gS vkSj blds j{kk dh ftEesnkjh Hkkjr ds ikl gSA ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k ds lkFk gekjh vf/kdka'k lhek yxHkx ekuo fufeZr gSA çk—frd lhek cukus ds fy, dksbZ ioZr J`a[kyk ;k unh ugha gSA Hkkjr dh varjkZ\"Vªh; lhek fofHkUu çdkj ds Hkw&Hkkxksa ls xqtjrh gS] catj jsfxLrkuh Hkwfe] gjs&Hkjs —f\"k {ks=] ufn;k]¡ cQZ ls <dh igkfM+;k¡ vkSj lkFk gh ?kus taxyksa okyh igkfM+;k¡A fofHkUu çdkj ds bykdksa ls xqtjus okyh ,slh varjjk\"Vªh; lhek dh j{kk fuf'pr :i ls ,d dfBu dke gSA blfy,] ,d Hkkjrh; lSfud vius drZO; ds nkSjku fofHkUu çdkj dh vR;ar 'k=qrkiw.kZ fLFkfr;ksa ls voxr gksrk gSA dqN le; ckn] og cQhZys BaMs Xysf'k;jksa ij rSukr gSaA dbZ ckj mls tyrs lwjt dk çdksi >syuk iM+rk gS vkSj jsfxLrku dh xeZ jsr esa mldk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA vDlj og iwoksZÙkj ds nynyh] unh] cjlkr vkSj ?kus taxyksa esa rSukr gksrk gSA gekjs ns'k dks bruh yach vkSj nqxZe lhek dh j{kk ds fy, jkstkuk djksM+ksa #i;s [kpZ djus iM+rs gSa tks dbZ rjg ds bykdksa ls gksdj xqtjrh gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 31 1.7 egku Hkkjr&xaxk dk eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku z egku Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku dks Hkkjr dh rhu çeq[k tydqaM ç.kkfy;ksa] tks fd fla/kq] xaxk gS] vkSj czãiq= us viuh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lkFk fgeky; dh rygVh esa f[kyk;k gSA pwf¡ d bu fgeuxksa ls bu tyk'k;ksa esa Hkkjh ek=k esa tyks<+ tek gksrk Fkk] blfy, ;s {ks= dbZ o\"kks± esa mitkÅ gks x,A Hkkjr&xaxk dk eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku if'pe esa lqyes ku ioZr ls ysdj vle dh igkfM+;ksa ds fdukjs rd QSyk gqvk gS] tks Hkkjr dk lcls egRoiw.kZ çk—frd {ks= gSA mÙkjh eSnku fQj ls rhu egRoiw.kZ Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gks x,] vFkkZRk& iatkc eSnku& fla/kq unh vkSj mldh lgk;d ufn;k¡ fo'ks\"k :i ls >sye] fpukc] jkoh] C;kl vkSj lRkyt bu fo'kky eSnkuksa ds fuekZ.k dk usr`Ro djrh gSa] ftldk ,d fgLlk orZeku esa ikfdLrku esa gSA xaxk dk eSnku& ;g mÙkj Hkkjr ds jkT;ksa] gfj;k.kk] mÙkj çns'k] fcgkj] >kj[kaM] fnYyh vkSj if'pe caxky esa QSyk gSA czãiq= dk eSnku& blesa vle ds çeq[k fgLls vkSj vU; mÙkj iwohZ jkT; 'kkfey gSaA z mÙkjh eSnku dks nqfu;k dh lcls mitkÅ Hkwfe ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA okLro esa] bl {ks= dh le`f) vius fuokfl;ksa ds fy, ihM+k dk dkj.k lkfcr gqbZA bldh fo'kky laifÙk ges'kk fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds fy, çyksHku vkSj vkd\"kZ.k dk L=ksr FkhA Hkkjr ds çfl) 'kgj] cukjl] bykgkckn] vkxjk] fnYyh vkSj ikVfyiq= blh eSnku ls lEcfU/kr gS]a tks çkphu dky ds 'kfä'kkyh jkT;ksa ds mRFkku vkSj iru dk xokg FkkA O;kikj vkSj okf.kT;] /ku vkSj le`f)] dyk vkSj lkfgR;] vkfn Hkh bl eSnku esa Qys&Qwys gSaA egku eSnku dh moZjrk ds dkj.k] blds yksx [kq'k vkSj 'kkafrfç; FksA muds ikl viuh lkaL—frd xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, cgqr [kkyh le; FkkA blds vykok] os nqfu;k ds vU; fgLlksa esa viuh laL—fr dks QSykuk pkgrs FksA bl çdkj] Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dks vkdkj nsus esa Hkkjr xaxk ds eSnku ds egRo dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA 1.8 nD[ku dk iBkj z nD[ku dk iBkj Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA nD[ku iBkj yxHkx ,d f=Hkqt tSlk fn[krk gSA ;g igkM+ksa vkSj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA blds mÙkj es]a foa/; vkSj lriqMk+ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

32 bfrgkl & I ioZrekyk bls Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ls vyx djrh gS vkSj dsi dkseksfju rd <yku nsrh gSA iwoZ esa] ;g caxky dh [kkM+h ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj if'pe esa vjc lkxj rd QSyrk gSA —\".kk] xksnkojh] ueZnk] vkSj rkIrh bl {ks= dh egRoiw.kZ ufn;k¡ gSaA z lriqMk+ vkSj foa/; ioZr ?kus taxyksa ls vkPNkfnr gSaA blds vykok] ifjogu ds lk/kuksa dh deh us mÙkj Hkkjrh;ksa ds fy, nf{k.k dks ikj djus ds fy, yxHkx vxE; cuk fn;kA ioZr J`a[kyk] ?kus taxy vkSj vfu;fer HkwHkkx us bl {ks= dks vPNh rjg ls vHks| cuk fn;k FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bl {ks= ds yksx LoHkko ls cgqr gh esgurh] cgknjq vkSj lkglh gSAa z if'peh vkSj iwohZ ?kkV Øe'k% MsDdu iBkj ds if'peh vkSj iwohZ fdukjksa ij fLFkr gSAa if'peh ?kkV if'peh rV ds lekukarj fLFkr gSA if'peh ?kkV iwohZ ?kkV ij gSaA iwohZ ?kkV egkunh ?kkVh ls nf{k.k ds Hkhrj uhyfxjh rd QSyk gqvk gSA if'peh ?kkV dh lcls Åaph pksfV;k¡ vubZ eqM+h vkSj MksMk csêk gSaA z egsaæfxjh iwohZ ?kkV dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA 'ksoj‚; fgYl ¼rfeyukMq jkT;] nf{k.kh Hkkjr esa lyse 'kgj ds ikl½] vkSj tkoM+h fgYl ¼iwohZ ?kkV dk ,d foLrkj rfeyukMq ds jkT; ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa osYyksj vkSj fr#oUueykbZ ftyksa ds fgLlksa esa QSyk gS Hkkjr½ iwohZ ?kkV ds nf{k.k&iwoZ esa fLFkr gSA 1.9 rVh; ?kkV nD[ku dk iBkj ladjh rVh; ifê;ksa ds QSyko ls f?kjk gS] tks if'pe esa vjc lkxj vkSj iwoZ esa caxky dh [kkM+h ds lkFk cg jgk gSA bleas rhu [kaM gksrs gSaA rV ds ,d fgLls dks dksad.k ¼eqacbZ&xksok½ ds :i esa dgk tkrk gS] e/; f[kapko dks dUuM+ eSnku dgk tkrk gS tcfd nf{k.kh [kaM dks ekykckj rV dgk tkrk gSA egkunh] xksnkojh] —\".kk] vkSj dkosjh tSlh cM+h ufn;ksa us Hkh bl rV ij O;kid MsYVk dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA iwoZ rVh; eSnku] mÙkj esa xaxk MsYVk ls nf{k.k esa dU;kdqekjh rd caxky dh [kkM+h ds rV rd QSyk gqvk gSA ;g eSnku if'peh rVh; eSnkuksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd pkSM+k gSA bl eSnku esa egkunh] xksnkojh] —\".kk vkSj dkosjh] fpYdk] iqyhdV vkSj dksyq# >hysa 'kkfey gSa] tks bl eSnku dh çfl) >hysa gSaA ;s >hysa jsr dh lyk[kksa ds ihNs caxky dh [kkM+h ds NksVs fgLlksa dks ?ksjdj cukbZ xbZ gSaA fpYdk >hy egkunh ds MsYVk ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA >hy dh yackbZ 75 fdeh gSA iqyhdV >hy psUubZ 'kgj ds mÙkj esa fLFkr CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 33 gSA dksyq# >hy xksnkojh vkSj —\".kk ufn;ksa ds MsYVkvksa ds chp fLFkr gSA iwohZ rVh; eSnku mitkÅ gS tgk¡ pkoy dkQh ek=k esa mxrs gSAa if'pe rVh; eSnku] mÙkj esa dPN ds j.k ls nf{k.k esa dU;kdqekjh rd vjc lkxj ds lkFk QSyk gqvk gSA xqtjkr eSnku dks NksM+dj] if'peh rVh; eSnku iwohZ rVh; eSnku dh rqyuk esa ladjs gSaA nf{k.kh xqtjkr ls eqacbZ rd ;g eSnku rqyukRed :i ls O;kid gS] ysfdu ;g eqacbZ ds nf{k.k dh vksj c<+rk gSA dHkh&dHkh pêkuh xqacn vkSj igkfM+;k¡ xqtjkr ds eSnkuksa] dPN ds j.k vkSj dkfB;kokM+ ds eSnkuksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA xqtjkr ds eSnku dkyh feêh ls cus gSaA mÙkj esa neu vkSj nf{k.k esa xksok ds chp yxHkx 500 fdyksehVj rd QSyh rVh; iêh dks dksad.k dgk tkrk gSA ;g {ks= vR;f/kd fo[kafMr gS vkSj rV js[kk dbZ çk—frd cUnjxkgksa ls çsfjr ;k vfu;fer gSA bl {ks= ls dbZ NksVh vkSj ekSleh ufn;k¡ cgrh gSAa xksok ls eaxykSj rd ds rV dks dukZVd rV dgk tkrk gSA eSaxykjs ls dU;kdqekjh rd ds rV dks ekykckj rV dgk tkrk gSA ;gka rVh; eSnku O;kid gSA dbZ yacs vkSj ladh.kZ ySxwu gSaA 80 fdeh yack osEcukM viuh rjg dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA dksfPp canjxkg ,d ySxwu ij fLFkr gSA 1.10 }hi z Hkkjr esa nks eq[; virVh; }hi laifÙk gSa ;kuh y{k}hi ,d }hilewg vkSj vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilegw A y{k}hi] tks dsjy ds ekykckj rV ds djhc fLFkr gSA bl }hi esa çoky }hiksa ds lewg gSaA ;g 32 oxZ fdeh ds NksVs {ks= dks doj djrk gSA dorZ~rh }hi tks y{k}hi dk ç'kklfud eq[;ky; gSA bl }hilewg esa ¶yksjk ¼ouLifr½ vkSj Q‚uk ¼i'kq thou½ dh ,d egku fofo/krk gSA ,d vU; }hi ftls fiÙkh }hi dgk tkrk gS] tks futZu gS] blesa ,d i{kh vHk;kj.; gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

34 bfrgkl & I z vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi caxky dh [kkM+h esa fLFkr gS vkSj fgan egklkxj ij fLFkr gSA }hiksa ds ;s lewg vius if'peh led{kksa dh rqyuk esa vkdkj esa cM+s gSa vkSj buesa tSo fofo/krk gSA vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg Hkwe/; js[kk ds djhc gksus ds dkj.k bl {ks= esa Hkwe/;js[kh; tyok;q dk Hkh vuqHko gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;s }hi iuMqCch igkM+ksa dk ,d Åapk fgLlk gSA 1.11 Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku z Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ds if'peh gkf'k;s ij fLFkr gSA ;g ,d jksfyax jsrhyk eSnku gS tks jsr ds Vhyksa ls <dk gSA Hkkjr dk ,dek= jsfxLrku Fkkj jsfxLrku gSA bl jsfxLrku dk ,d cM+k fgLlk jktLFkku esa gS] ysfdu bldk FkksM+k lk fgLlk xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] iatkc vkSj ikfdLrku esa QSyk gSA ywuh ,dek= unh gS tks bl Hkwfe ls cgrh gSA jsfxLrku esa ,d o\"kZ esa dsoy 150 feeh o\"kkZ gksrh gSA bls xzsV bafM;u MstVZ ;k ek#LFkyh ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dqPN dk egku j.k Hkh bl jsfxLrku esa vkrk gS THE INDIAN DESERT THE NORTHERN PLAINS Hkkjr dk ty fudklh ,d {ks= dh ty fudklh iSVuZ ;k ç.kkyh eq[; :i ls ufn;ksa vkSj ?kkfV;ksa ds ek/;e ls lrg ds ikuh ds çokg dh ç.kkyh dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA ty fudklh vkSj fn'kkvksa dk v/;;u djrk gS ftlesa os ,d {ks= dh lrg ds ikuh dks ys tkrs gSaA ty fudklh ç.kkyh dbZ dkjdksa ls lEcfU/kr gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkwfe dh <yku] HkwoSKkfud lajpuk] ikuh dh ek=k vkSj ikuh ds osxA Hkkjr dh lrg ls pyus CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 35 okyh dbZ NksVh vkSj cM+h ufn;ksa }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA ns'k dh ty fudklh ç.kkyh dk v/;;u nks Hkkxksa mÙkjh Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.kh Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1. mÙkj Hkkjr dk ty fudklh fgeky; mÙkj Hkkjr dh ty fudklh ç.kkyh esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd mÙkj Hkkjr dh ufn;k¡ bu ioZrksa vkSj mlls vkxs rd esa vius L=ksr gSAa ;s ufn;k¡ nf{k.k Hkkjr ds yksxksa ls fHkUu gSa D;ksafd os vHkh Hkh viuh ?kkfV;ksa dks rsth ls xgjk jgh gSaA bu ufn;ksa ls fudkyk x;k eyck eSnkuksa vkSj leqæksa esa ys tk;k tkrk gS vkSj ogka tek fd;k tkrk gSA ;g c;ku vko';d <yku ds fy, eSnkuh vkSj MsYVkl esa unh ds ikuh ds de osx ds dkj.k gksrk gSA bu ufn;ksa }kjk yk, x, xkn ls xzsV u‚FkZ bafM;u eSnku dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA fgeky; dh dqN ufn;k¡ Lo;a fgeky; ls Hkh iqjkuh gSaA tSls&tSls fgeky; dh ioZrekyk,¡ Åij dh vksj c<+ jgh Fkha] oSls&oSls ;s ufn;k¡ xgjs dVko vkSj ?kkfV;ksa dks cukus esa Hkh de O;Lr FkhaA urhtru] bu ufn;ksa dh ?kkfV;ksa ds fgLls cgqr xgjs gSa vkSj buesa ?kkfV;k¡ cu xbZ gSAa cath ¼tEew vkSj d'ehj½ ds ikl fla/kq d.B dh xgjkbZ 5,200 ehVj gSA lryt vkSj czãiq= us Hkh bl rjg ds xksj{kd cuk, gSaA mÙkjh Hkkjr dh ty fudklh ç.kkyh dks rhu mi&ç.kkfy;ksa fla/kq ç.kkyh] xaxk ç.kkyh vkSj czãiq= ç.kkyh esa mi&foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fla/kq csflu dh çeq[k ufn;k¡ fla/kq] >sye] fpukc] jkoh] C;kl vkSj lryt gSaA xaxk csflu esa jkexaxk] ?kk?kjk] xkserh] xaMd] dkslh vkSj ;equk ds lkFk&lkFk bldh nf{k.kh lgk;d ufn;k¡] lksu vkSj nkeksnj ufn;k¡ 'kkfey gSaA czãiq= csflu dh çeq[k ufn;k¡ v#.kkpy çns'k vkSj vle esa fnckax vkSj yksfgr gSa] flfDde] if'pe caxky vkSj ckaXykns'k esa frLrk vkSj ckaXykns'k ds mÙkjiwohZ fgLls esa cgrh gqbZ es?kukA 2. nf{k.kh Hkkjr dk Mªsust flLVe çk;}hih; Hkkjr ,d çkphu HkwHkkx gSA blfy,] bl {ks= ls cgus okyh /kkjk,a vius iqjkus pj.k esa gSaA mUgksaus {kj.k ds vius vk/kkj Lrj dks yxHkx çkIr dj fy;k gSA ?kkfV;ksa dks yacor :i ls u\"V djus dh mudh {kerk yxHkx ,d ux.; pj.k esa vk xbZ gSA vc ;s /kkjk,¡ /kheh xfr ls vius i{kksa dks feVk jgh gSaA blds ifj.kkeLo:i mudh ?kkfV;ksa dk foLrkj gks jgk gSA urhtru] ck<+ ds nkSjku mudk ikuh ,d cM+s {ks= esa QSy x;kA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fgeky; iwoZtUe ds le;] ioZr fuekZ.k çfØ;kvksa ls tqM+s vkanksyuksa ds dkj.k] çk;}hih; Cy‚d dk >qdko iwoZ dh vksj FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd] ueZnk vkSj rkih dks NksM+dj] nf{k.k Hkkjr dh lHkh çeq[k ufn;k¡ iwoZ dh vksj cgrh gSaA ueZnk vkSj rkih] nksuksa xyrh ;k njkj ?kkfV;ksa ds ek/;e ls cgrh gSAa nf{k.kh Hkkjr dh ty fudklh ç.kkyh dh çeq[k ufn;k¡ egkunh] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 bfrgkl & I xksnkojh] —\".kk] isUukj] dkosjh vkSj oSxbZ gSaA nf{k.kh çk;}hi ds mÙkjh Hkkx dh <yku mÙkj dh vksj gSA urhtru] foa/; esa mRiUu gksus okyh dqN /kkjk,¡ mÙkj dh vksj cgrh gSa vkSj ;equk vkSj xaxk esa fey tkrh gSAa buesa pacy] dsu] csrok] fla/k vkSj lksu vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSaA 1.12 Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ij HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dk çHkko z fo'kky fgeky; ioZr vkSj mÙkj esa bldh if'peh vkSj iwohZ J`a[kykvksa us Hkkjr dks 'ks\"k ,f'k;k ls vyx dj fn;k gSA ;g yxHkx ,d nhokj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS tks gekjh Hkwfe dks ,f'k;k ds vU; fgLlksa ls vyx djrk gSA ;g fgeky; ds dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr vkSj phu gkykafd iM+kslh iwjh rjg ls vyx bfrgkl j[krs gSAa z mÙkj&if'pe esa] dbZ ekxZ gSa tgk¡ ls vk;Z] bZjkuh] fØd] lkdl] gw.k] rqdZ] eqxy vkSj vU; tSls vkØe.kdkjh Hkkjr vk, FksA buesa ls dqN vkØe.kdkjh ;gk¡ LFkk;h :i ls cl x,] tcfd vU; ywV vkSj ywV ds ckn pys x,A ;s njkZ fonsf'k;ksa ds fy, ços'k }kj ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA bu iklksa dks NksM+dj Hkkjr dh lhek,¡ lHkh vksj ls lqjf{kr FkhaA fgeky; ls fudyus okyh gekjh ufn;k¡ gesa le`f) vkSj fodkl nsus ds fy, ftEesnkj gS]a tks vU;Fkk Hkkjr dks jsfxLrku cuk nsrhaA Hkkjr fo'kky igkM+ks]a fo'kky eSnkuksa] jsfxLrkuksa ls laiUu gS] cM+h ufn;k¡ [kwclwjr ?kkfV;ksa dks tksM+rh gSaA bl HkkSxksfyd fofo/krk us gekjs ns'k dks fofHkUu {ks=h; foHkktuksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd çkphu dky esa Hkkjr dks jktuhfrd :i ls ,dh—r ugha fd;k tk ldk vkSj lSdM+ksa NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa dk vfLrRo cuk jgkA xaxk] tequk] fla/k]q czãiq= vkfn] tSls fgeky; ioZr ls fudyus okyh fo'kky ufn;ksa us mÙkjh eSnku dks vR;f/kd mRiknd cuk fn;k gSA ;g nqfu;k ds lcls mRiknd {ks=kas esa fxuk tkrk gSA viuh moZjrk ds dkj.k] ;g {ks= ges'kk cgqr le`) vkSj le`) jgk gSA ikVfyiq=] cukjl] bykgkckn] vkxjk] fnYyh] eqYrku vkSj ykgkSj ds çfl) 'kgj bl {ks= esa fLFkr gSaA /ku vkSj le`f) ds dkj.k] bl {ks= ds fuoklh ges'kk 'kkafriw.kZ jgs gSa vkSj foykflrk dk thou thrs gSaA cM+s jsfxLrku] ?kus taxy vkSj lQy ioZr J`a[kyk,a dbZ {ks=ksa dks mdsjrh gSa tks nqxZe FksA bu LFkkuksa dh iqjkuh tutkfr;ksa us eSnkuksa ds HkxksM+ksa dks vkJ; fn;kA ,sls LFkkuksa esa çkphu tutkfr tSls Hkhy] laFkky] dksy] xksaM vkSj vU; jgrs FksA ;gk¡ lkLa —frd {ks= esa] mÙkj Hkkjr dk ;ksxnku loksZPp gSA bl {ks= dh laifÙk us yksxksa dks 'kkafr vkSj lgtrk çnku dhA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 37 vkthfodk dh fparkvksa ls eqä] muds ikl dyk vkSj lkfgR; dh [ksrh ds fy, i;kZIr le; FkkA oSfnd lkfgR; gekjs ns'k dk lcls ewY;oku [ktkuk gSA ekS;Z vkSj xqIr dky esa dyk vkSj f'kYi ukVdh; :i ls fodflr gq,A çfl) xka/kkj Ldwy v‚Q vkVZ Hkh bl {ks= esa fodflr gqvkA lkfgR; ds {ks= esa] dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= vkSj dkfynkl ds ukVd çkphu Hkkjr ds vej migkj gSaA r{kf'kyk vkSj ukyank ds fo'o çfl) fo'ofo|ky; Hkh mÙkjh Hkkjr esa [kwc Qys&QwysA mÙkj Hkkjr esa laL—fr ds {ks= esa ;g çxfr bldh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k gSA z mÙkj dh rqyuk esa nf{k.k esa HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds dkj.k thou vf/kd lqjf{kr vkSj lqjf{kr FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lH;rk vkSj laL—fr dk j{kd lkfcr gqvk] tc mÙkj dks fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds geyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA z ifjogu vkSj lapkj ds lk/kuksa dh deh ds dkj.k O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; ,d vPNs lkSns dk foLrkj ugha dj ldsA çk—frd canjxkgksa dh deh us bl detksjh dks Hkh tksM+k ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd Hkkjrh;ksa ds fons'kksa ds lkFk O;kolkf;d lEcU/k ugha FksA xqIr dky ds nkSjku] Hkkjrh; O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; vius çeq[k LFkku ij Fks vkSj ;g fons'kksa esa dqN mifuos'kksa dh LFkkiuk ds dkj.k Fkk fd Hkkjr dks ^xzsVj bafM;k* dgk tkrk FkkA 1.13 fu\"d\"kZ bl çdkj] ge ;g fu\"d\"kZ fudky ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa us bl ns'k ds bfrgkl dks cgqr çHkkfor fd;k gSA blus fofHkUu jktuhfrd mrkj&p<+koksa dks lh/ks çHkkfor fd;k gS] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd thou dks xfr nh gS vkSj bldh vkfFkZd le`f) esa csgn btkQk fd;k gSA M‚- ,p-lh- j‚;pkS/kjh us mi;qä fVIi.kh dh gS fd ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ikBîØe] nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa dh rjg] ,d cM+s eki esa gS] tks blds Hkwxksy }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSÞA 1.14 lkjka'k fdlh Hkh ns'k ds bfrgkl dks mlds Hkwxksy ds dqN Kku ds fcuk ugha le>k tk ldrk gSA Hkwxksy us Hkkjr dks ,d vyx vfLrRo fn;k gS vkSj mldh [kqn dh ,d Li\"V igpku cuk, j[kh gSA Hkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dks fo'ks\"k fo'ks\"krkvksa okys fuEufyf[kr 'kkjhfjd foHkktuksa ds varxZr oxhZ—r fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s mÙkj esa fgeky; dh ioZr J`a[kyk,¡ gSa] egku baMks&xaxk eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku] nD[ku dk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 bfrgkl & I iBkj] rVh; ?kkV] }hi vkSj Hkkjrh; jsfxLrkuA Hkkjr ds mÙkj esa] Å¡ps fgeky; ioZr gSa tks iwoZ esa QSyrs gSa vkSj lkFk gh if'pe esa d'ehj ls if'pe esa vle rd QSys gq, gSaA fgeky; 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ßcQZ dk fuoklÞ ¼laL—r 'kCn ghlk dk vFkZ gS ßcQZÞ vkSj vyk;k dk vFkZ gS ßfuoklÞ½A fgeky; dh ioZrekyk nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr gSaA fganqdq'k] lqyseku] lQn dksg] vkSj dhFkZj tSlh igkfM+;k¡ igyk legw cukrh gSa] tks fgeky; ds mÙkj&if'pe {ks= esa fLFkr gSa] tcfd nwljs lewg esa [kklh] t;afr;k tSlh igkfM+;k¡ gSaA ikV dksb vkfn] tks blds iwohZ {ks= esa fLFkr gSaA Hkkjr ds mÙkj&if'pe esa] [kScj] rksph] xksey] vkfn tSls dbZ ekxZ gSa] tks vrhr esa Hkkjr vkSj vU; ns'kksa ds chp okf.kfT;d vkSj lkaL—frd vknku&çnku ds pkSuy ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA fgeky; dh ckgjh lhek dks f'kokfyd fgYl dgk tkrk gSA f'kokfyd fgYl] ftls pqfj;k fgYl Hkh dgk tkrk gS] tks fla/kq unh ls yxHkx 2,400 fdyksehVj iwoZ esa czãiq= unh ds djhc QSyk gSA egku Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ;k mÙkjh eSnku dks Hkkjr dh rhu çeq[k tydqaM ç.kkfy;ksa] tks fd fla/kq] xaxk gSa] vkSj czãiq= us viuh lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lkFk feydj fgeky; dh rygVh esa ços'k fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds çfl) 'kgj] cukjl] bykgkckn] vkxjk] fnYyh vkSj ikVfyiq= mÙkjh eSnku ls lacaf/kr gSa] tks çkphu dky ds 'kfä'kkyh jkT;ksa ds mRFkku vkSj iru dk xokg FkkA nDdu dk iBkj Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSA nD[ku iBkj yxHkx ,d f=Hkqt tSlk fn[krk gSA ;g igkM+ksa vkSj igkfM+;ksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA blds mÙkj esa] foa/; vkSj lkriqM+k ioZrekyk bls Hkkjr&xaxk ds eSnku ls vyx djrh gS vkSj dsi dkseksfju rd <yku nsrh gSA egsaæfxjh iwohZ ?kkV dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh gSA Hkkjr esa nks çeq[k virVh; }hi laifÙk gSa ;kuh y{k}hi }hilewg vkSj vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewgA y{k}hi] tks dsjy ds ekykckj rV ds djhc fLFkr gSA bl }hi esa çoky }hikas ds lewg gSaA caxky dh [kkM+h esa fLFkr vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewg vkSj fgan egklkxj ij fLFkr gSA Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku vjkoyh igkfM+;ksa ds if'peh gkf'k;s ij fLFkr gSA fo'kky fgeky; ioZr vkSj mÙkj esa bldh if'peh vkSj iwohZ J`a[kykvksa us Hkkjr dks 'ks\"k ,f'k;k ls vyx dj fn;k gSA xaxk] tequk] fla/kq] czãiq= vkfn tSls fgeky; ioZr ls fudyus okyh fo'kky ufn;ksa us mÙkjh eSnku dks vR;ar mRiknd cuk fn;k gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 39 1.15 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z HkkSfrd fo’ks\"krk,a % lrg ij ,d izk—frd fo’ks\"krk] tSls fd ikuh] igkM+ vkSj jsfxLrkuA z bfrgkl % bfrgkl vrhr gS tSlk fd fyf[kr nLrkostksa esa of.kZr gS] vkSj ogka dk v/;;uA z Hkkjr % Hkkjr esa ifjn`’;] egku fojklr vkSj laL—fr] fofHkUu ouLifr;ksa vkSj thoksa dk vla[; gSA z fgeky; % fgeky;] ;k fgeky;] ,d ioZr J`a[kyk gS tks fd Hkkjrh; ,iegk}hi ds eSnkuksa dks frCcrh iBkj ls vyx djrh gSA z mÙkjh eSnku % mÙkjh eSnkuh {ks= Hkkjr dk lcls de vk;q dk ’kkjhfjd y{k.k gSA os fgeky;h yykV nks\"k ls vyx gksdj f’kokfydksa ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSaA 1.16 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. Hkkjr dh eq[; HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds ikBîØe ij fgeky; vkSj egku mÙkjh eSnkuksa ds çHkko dk vuqekuA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.17 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. fgeky; dh ioZr J`a[kykvksa ij ,d laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaA 2. mÙkjh eSnku ds ckjs esa la{ksi esa fy[ksaA 3. nD[ku iBkj ij ,d laf{kIr fooj.k nsaA 4. rVh; ?kkVksa ij ,d laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaA 5. Hkkjrh; jsfxLrku ds ckjs esa mYys[kA 6. Hkkjr ds eq[; HkkSxksfyd foHkktuksa ij ppkZ djsaA 7. Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa HkkSfrd lqfo/kkvksa dk D;k çHkko gS\\ le>kukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

40 bfrgkl & I 1.18 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. fgeky; 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ______A (a) ß?kj dk fuoklÞ (b) ßcQZ dk fuoklÞ (c) ßvkdk'k dk fuoklÞ (d) ßigkM+h dk fuoklÞ 2. fgeky; ioZrekyk dkSu lk ugha gS\\ (a) n [kScj (b) rksph (c) xksey (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha 3. nD[ku dk iBkj yxHkx ,d ______ tSlk fn[krk gSA (a) lfdZy (b) f=Hkqt (c) vk;r (d) vaMkdkj 4. y{k}hi Hkkjr ds fdl jkT; ds rV ds djhc fLFkr gS\\ (a) dsjyk (b) xqtjkr (c) vksfMlk (d) vkU/kz izns’k 5. Hkkjr dh rhu izeq[k ty ikB~;Øe iz.kkfy;k¡ tks fla/kq] xaxk vkSj czãiq= gSa mudh lgk;d ufn;k¡ gSaA (a) nf{k.kh eSnku (b) nD[ku iBkj (c) mÙkjh eSnku (d) if’peh Hkwfe mÙkj% 1. (b)] 2. (d)] 3. (b)] 4. (a)] 5. (c) 1.19 lUnHkZ 1. ,-- nso] ßlH;rk dh dgkuhÞ vkSj ßHkkjr dh HkkSfrd fo'ks\"krk,aÞ] NCERT] 1999A 2. ,y-,l- pansy] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl fu;ekoyhÞ] 2001A 3. ds- jktkjke] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

çkphu 'kCn dks ifjHkkf\"kr djsa 41 4. oh-ds- vfXugks=h] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2002A 5. ds-,y- [kqjkuk] ,oa vkj-lh- 'kekZ] ßflaiy fgLVªh v‚Q ,af'k,aV bafM;kÞ] 1988A 6. ih- eSrh] ßçkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 7. ,y- ck'ke] ßn oaMj nSV bf.M;kÞ] [kaM 1A 8. vkj-,l- 'kekZ] ßHkkjr ds çkphu vrhrÞ] 2005A 9. vkj- Fkkij] ßn isxa qbu fgLVªh v‚Q vyhZ bafM;k v‚Q n vksfjftUl Ý‚e n 1300 bZLohÞ] 2002A 10. ,e-,u- nkl] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2003A 11. ts- iVuk;d] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 1993A 12. ch-,u- ywfu;k] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1992A 13. ;w- flag] ßçkphu vkSj çkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2009A 14. ds-ds- jsìh] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2000A 15. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clar] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd lsfVax vkSj iwoZ&,sfrgkfld laL—fr;ksa dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 16. ,p- ikaMk] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2014A 17. Ogh-lh- ikaMs] ßHkkjrh; laL—fr dk fodklÞ] 1991A 18. ch- canksik/;k;] ,oa vkj- fo|k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2012A 19. ,l- pan] ,oa ,l- f=ikBh] ßHkkjr dk bfrgklÞ] 2017A 20. ts-ds- pksiM+k] ßHkkjrh; bfrgklÞ] 2007A 21. ds-,u- >k] ßçkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu HkkjrÞ] 2007A 22. oh- flag] ,oa ih-ds- clra ] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dks le>ukÞ] 2014A 23. ih-lh- nkl] vkjA LoSu] ßySaMekdZ bu bafM;u fgLVªhÞ] 2014A 24. ch-ih- 'kkg] ,oa ds-,l- csgjk] ßHkkjr dk çkphu bfrgklÞ] 1996A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 bfrgkl & I ?kVd 2 gM+Iik vkSj vU; fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk Lakjpuk 2.0 mís'; 2.1 ifjp; 2.2 gM+Iik dh ;k=k dk mRifÙk ,oa foLrkj 2.3 iqjkrkfRod [kkstsa ,oa le; fu/kkZj.k 2.4 fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk HkkSxksfyd forj.k 2.5 fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk dkyØe 2.6 vU; fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk 2.7 gM+Iik lH;rk dh eq[; fo'ks\"krk,a 2.8 fu\"d\"kZ 2.9 lkjka'k 2.10 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 2.11 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 2.12 o.kZukRed ç'u 2.13 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 2.14 lUnHkZ 2.0 mís’; bl ?kVd dks i<+us ds ckn] Nk=ksa dks bl ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,% z gM+Iik lH;rk dh mRifÙk vkSj dkyØeA z gM+Iik laL—fr dh lhekA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

gM+Iik vkSj vU; fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk 43 z gM+Iik laL—fr dh fo'ks\"krk,aA z gM+Iik laL—fr ds iru dk dkj.kA 2.1 ifjp; vkj-Mh- cuthZ vkSj n;kjke lgkuh }kjk eksgUktksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik dh [kqnkbZ] Hkkjrh; bfrgkldkjksa ds fy, 20 oha 'krkCnh dh A-D dh lcls 'kkunkj ?kVuk FkhA mR[kuu lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh çkphurk dks de ls de 3000 bZ-iw- bldh ljy uxj fu;kstu] ty fudklh ç.kkyh] lM+d vkSj ;krk;kr vkSj thou thus ds lH; rjhds us Hkkjrh; lH;rk dks çkphu eslksiksVkfe;k] cschyksfu;u vkSj eSlksfj;u lH;rkvksa ds lkFk leku :i ls j[kk gSA cfYd blus mUgsa nqfu;k dh lcls çkphu fu;ksftr 'kgj lH;rk ds :i esa mR—\"V LFkku fn;kA fla/kq ?kkVh ds yksxkas us f'kykys[kksa vkSj vU; nLrkostksa ds vkdkj esa dksbZ L=ksr ugha vo’ks\"kksa dks NksM+ fn;k gSA dqN eqgjksa dh fyfi] tks [kqnkbZ ds nkSjku feyh Fkh] vc rd fo[kafMr ugha gqbZ gSA ifj.kkeLo:i iqjkrkfRod vo'ks\"k ,dek= L=ksr gSa tgka ls ge viuh çkphu lH;rk ds ckjs esa dqN tku ldrs gSaA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dk mÙkj&if'peh Hkkx ftlesa iatkc fLFkr gS] Hkkjr esa lcls igyh lH;rk dk vk/kkj FkkA ^lH;rk* 'kCn] ,d {ks= esa euq\";ksa ds fof'k\"V lewg ds thou ds fof'k\"V rjhds dks n'kkZrk gS] bls fofo/k rjhdksa ls ifjHkkf\"kr fd;k x;k gSA vfuok;Z :i ls] blesa ys[ku vkSj 'kgjh dsaæksa dh mifLFkfr 'kkfey gS tks ,d tfVy rduhd ¼O;kogkfjd mís';ksa ds fy, Kku dk vuqç;ksx½] vFkZO;oLFkk] vkSj lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj lkaL—frd thou ds lkFk&lkFk dqN çdkj dh jktuhfrd 'kfä dk lq>ko nsrs gSaA bl lH;rk dks vkerkSj ij fla/kq unh ds ckn dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g ewy :i ls fla/kq unh ç.kkyh dh ?kkfV;ksa ;k ?kkfV;ksa ¼fupys bykdksa½ ds lkFk QSyh gqbZ gS] ftlesa >sye] fpukc] jkoh] C;kl] lryt vkSj ljLorh ¼ckn esa ?kXxj unh dk lw[kk fcLrj us ?ksj fy;k) ufn;k¡A ;g lH;rk gM+Iik uke ds nks çeq[k 'kgjksa esa ls ,d ds ckn Hkh çfl) gSA ikfdLrku iatkc esa jkoh unh ds rV ij fLFkr] gM+Iik lcls igys iqjkrRofonksa }kjk çdV vkSj [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA ikfdLrku ds fla/k çkar esa yjdkuk ftys esa eksgutksnM+ks mR[kuu ds ckn dk lcls cM+k 'kgj Fkk] ysfdu gM+Iik ls igys bldk {k; gks x;kA blfy,] iqjkrRofon~ bl lH;rk dks ^gM+Iik* ¼;kuh gM+Iik ls lEcfU/kr½ dgrs gSaA fo}kuksa vDlj ^laL—fr* 'kCn dk mi;ksx ^lH;rk* ds lkFk yksxksa ds thou ds lai.w kZ rjhds ds fy, djrs gSaA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)