XAM IDEA Social Science

9. What were ‘Guls’? (b) Artificial lakes (a) Reservoirs (d) None of these (c) Diversion channels 10. Tehri Dam Aandolan is mainly concerned with the state of (a) Uttarakhand (b) Jharkhand (c) Chhattisgarh (d) None of these states 11. Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favor of multi-purpose river projects? (a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to hose areas which suffer from water scarcity. (b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods. (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood. (d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes. 12. Which among the following is not a source of fresh water? (a) Glaciers and ice sheets (b) Groundwater (c) Surface runoff (d) Oceans 13. According to Falkan Mark, water stress ocean when ____________. (a) water availability is less than 1000 cubic meter per person per day (b) there is no water scarcity (c) there is flood (d) water availability is more than 2000 cubic meter per person per day 14. Which of the following is not cause of water scarcity? (a) Growing population (b) Growing water intensive crop (c) Expansion of irrigational facility (d) Water harvesting techniques 15. Bhakra Nangal River Valley Project is made on the river- (a) Sutlej-Beas (b) Ravi-Chenab (c) Ganga (d) Son 16. Hirakud dam is constructed on the river- (a) Ganga (b) Manjira (c) Manas (d) Mahanadi 17. Water of Bhakra Nangal Project is being used mainly for- (a) Hydel power and irrigation (b) Fish breeding and navigation (c) Industrial use (d) Flood control 18. The diversion channels seen in the Western Himalayas are called- (a) Guls or Kuls (b) Khadins (c) Johads (d) Recharge pits 19. Agricultural fields which are used as rainfed storage structures are called- (a) Kuls (b) Khadins/Johads (c) Recharge pits (d) None of the above 20. Underground tanks seen in Rajasthan to store rainwater for drinking is called- (a) Tankas (b) Khadin (c) Ponds (d) Kuls 21. In Western Rajasthan today plenty of water is available due to- (a) rooftop water harvesting (b) perennial Rajasthan canal (c) construction of Tankas (d) none of the above 22. The only state which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all houses is- (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) Tamil Nadu (d) West Bengal 23. Which one of the following is not an adverse effect of irrigation? (a) Irrigation changes cropping pattern (b) Water intensive crops are grown in dry areas (c) Salinization of soil (d) Increases crop yield 48 Social Science–X: Term–1

24. Which of the following social movements is/are not a resistance to multi-purpose projects? (a) Narmada Bachao Andolan (b) Navdanya (c) Chipko Movement (d) Both (b) and (c) 25. The major source of fresh water in India is- (b) ground water (a) rainfall (d) ocean water (c) atmospheric water 26. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a technique to recharge- (a) ground water (b) river water (c) lake water (d) sea water 27. How much of earth’s surface is covered with water? (a) One-fourth (b) Half (c) Three-fourth (d) Two-third 28. Sardar Sarovar Dam is situated on the river named- (a) Ganga (b) Godavari (c) Mahanadi (d) Narmada 29. Underground tanks seen in Rajasthan to store rainwater for drinking is called- (a) Tankas (b) Khadin (c) Ponds (d) Kuls 30. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is built on which river? (a) Chenab (b) Mahanadi (c) Krishna (d) Satlej 31. On which of the following rivers is Koyena Dam built? (a) Krishna (b) Kaveri (c) Ganga (d) Mahanadi 32. What percentage of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans? (a) 94.5% (b) 95.5% (c) 96.5% (d) 97.5% 33. In which of the following regions, people built Guls and Kuls for irrigation? (a) Northern Plains (b) Western Himalayas (c) Coastal areas (d) None of the above 34. What is the contribution of hydroelectricity in the total generation of electricity? (a) 52% (b) 42% (c) 32% (d) 22% 35. On which of the following rivers Mettur dam is constructed? (a) River kaveri (b) River Krishna (c) River Godavari (d) River Mahanadi 36. Rooftop rainwater harvesting system in Rajasthan is known as- (a) Guls (b) Kuls (c) Tankas (d) Babos 37. Which of the following structures are known as Tankas? (a) Underground tankas for storing rainwater from rooftops for drinking purpose. (b) Tanks constructed on roof tops for storing rainwater. (c) Tanks constructed in agricultural fields to store rainwater. (d) Tanks constructed to store flood water. 38. Which one of the following is not an adverse effect of dams? (a) Inter-state water dispute (b) Excessive sedimentation of reservoir (c) Displacement of population (d) Flood control 39. Due to which of the following reasons are rooftop rainwater harvesting commonly practiced, particularly in Rajasthan? (a) To store water for irrigation (b) To keep house cool (c) To store drinking water (d) To clean rooftops 40. In which of the following areas are Guls and Kuls used to channel water for agriculture? (a) Deccan Plateau (b) Deserts of Rajasthan (c) Western Himalayas (d) Ganga Plains Geography: Water Resources 49

41. Drip irrigation system is a means of _________ conservation. (a) water (b) fauna (c) flora (d) forests 42. Different social groups do not have _________ access to water. (a) special (b) equal (c) different (d) none of the above 43. Multi-purpose dams were launched in India after _________. (a) 1957 (b) independence (c) 1962 (d) none of the above 44. Why is water scarcity mainly caused? (b) Excessive use and unequal access to water (a) Water pollution (d) Using for utility (c) Water management 45. According to hydrological cycle, how can freshwater be obtained? (a) Snow (b) Rainwater (c) Ground water (d) Drainage 46. Even when water is available in many cities in abundance why is there water scarcity? (a) Using to utility (b) Unequal distribution of water (c) Default in technical areas (d) Lack of infrastructure for proper distribution 47. Who is the largest consumer of water? (a) City dwellers (b) Irrigation (c) Villages (d) Industries 48. How can we revolutionise agriculture? (a) By building dams (b) By releasing more water (c) By making rainwater reserves (d) Through developing drought resistant crops and dry farming techniques 49. Most farmers own wells and tube wells and their farms for irrigation to increase their production, what adverse effect can this have? (a) Falling groundwater levels, adversely affecting water availability (b) Imbalance in minerals for soil (c) Unequal distribution of water (d) Could be technical defaults 50. Post-independence India witnessed intensive _____________. (a) agriculture (b) economic problems (c) industrialization and urbanization (d) deforestation 51. How did the increasing number of industries affect the water condition? (a) No effect on water (b) Pressure on existing freshwater (c) Balance between use of water and industry (d) Unequal distribution of water 52. In India hydroelectric power contributes approximately ___________ percent of the total electricity produced. (a) 22 (b) 25 (c) 20 (d) 26 53. Which factors have aggravated the water and energy problems in India? (a) Multiplying urban centers (b) Dams (c) Afforestation (d) Agriculture 54. How are most of the housing societies or colonies in the cities resourcing their water needs? (a) City water works (b) Own groundwater pumping devices (c) Community water pumps (d) Individual motors 50 Social Science–X: Term–1

55. Even if there is ample amount of water in certain places there is hazardous water pollution, what are the causes? (a) Domestic and industrial wastes (b) Wastage of water (c) Over storage (d) Community water pumps 56. What are the causes for the Indian rivers to become toxic? (a) Fossils (b) Agricultural (c) Conservation of water (d) Industrialization 57. What are the important things to do to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems? (a) Urbanization (b) Industrialization (c) Conserve and manage our water resources to safeguard ourselves from health hazards (d) Modern agriculture 58. What will impoverish this water resource and cause an ecological crisis that may have a profound impact on our lives? (a) Industrialization (b) Modern agriculture (c) Urbanization (d) Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources 59. What is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment? (a) Canal (b) Embankment (c) Dam (d) Lake 60. What is the purpose of building dams? (a) For embankment (b) Flood control (c) Storage (d) Water animals’ conservation 61. Which among the following is a multi-purpose dam which is used for conservation of water with flood control? (a) Satluj-Beas river basin (b) Bhakra-Nangal Project (c) Hirakud Project (d) Tehri Dam 62. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the _______________. (a) saviors of India (b) temples of modern India (c) future of India (d) complexes of India 63. Why did Jawaharlal Nehru call dams as Temples of Modern India? (a) They were multi-purpose in nature. (b) Irrigation became better. (c) Development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and growth of the urban economy. (d) Hydel power became ample. 64. Why have multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition recently? (a) The positioning of the dams is not technically correct. (b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow, causing poor sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir. (c) Chances of floods. (d) Dams built recently are not strong enough. 65. Multi-purpose projects and large dams have also been the cause of many new environmental movements like __________________. (a) Narmada Bachao Andolan (b) Save Satluj (c) Save environment (d) Green up to cool down Geography: Water Resources 51

66. Who are benefitted from the multi-purpose projects? (a) Landowners, large farmers and industrialists (b) Local people (c) Government (d) The builders 67. Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement originally focused on- (a) irrigation strategies (b) environmental issues related to trees (c) aim to enable poor citizens, especially the outsees (d) reservoir planning 68. Which is the largest water resource project of India covering four states? (a) Satluj Beas Dam (b) Bhakra Nangal Dam (c) Tehri Dam (d) Sardar Sarovar Dam 69. Which states the largest water resource project of India covers? (a) Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat (b) Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Jharkhand and UP (c) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan (d) Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh 70. Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences for the soil, what is it? (a) Salinization of soil (b) Contamination of soil (c) Pollution of soil (d) Excess of chemicals 71. What reaction did the farmers at Sabarmati-basin farmers have? (a) Development of agriculture and village economy. (b) Farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. (c) They were displaced. (d) They were not rehabilitated. 72. In hill and mountainous regions, people-built diversion channels like- (a) Gullies (b) Ravines (c) Tributaries (d) Guls or kuls 73. What was the traditional practice in the flood plains of Bengal, for irrigation? (a) Canals (b) Man-made lakes (c) Inundation channels (d) Rooftop rainwater 74. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, where was drinking water stored? (a) Wells (b) Underground tanks or Tankas (c) Small village ponds (d) Rooftop tanks 75. In which other places is rooftop rainwater harvesting common other than Rajasthan? (a) Shillong (b) Gujarat (c) West Bengal (d) Sikkim 76. In spite of the fact that today plenty of water is available due to the perennial Indira Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan, why do many homes still prefer the Tanka System? (a) Not enough to reach all homes. (b) Water is not clean. (c) Many do not like the taste of tap water. (d) They feel more secure with the traditional system. 52 Social Science–X: Term–1

77. Which state is the first state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state? (a) West Bengal (b) Meghalaya (c) Rajasthan (d) Tamil Nadu 78. In which state is the 200-year-old system by using bamboo pipes still prevalent? (a) West Bengal (b) Rajasthan (c) Meghalaya (d) Shillong 79. In which place in Karnataka the people have installed, in their households’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs? (a) Amachawadi in Mysore (b) Gendathur in Mysore (c) Chatnahalli in Mysore (d) Gohali in Mysore 80. In Rajasthan what is rainwater referred to as? (a) Barsaat pani (b) Baarish paani (c) Palar pani (d) Badal Pani 81. How is rooftop rainwater filtered? (b) Using electric filters (a) Using sand and bricks (d) Using modern filters (c) Using net system 82. Which of the following is a reason for water scarcity in a region with sufficient water to meet the requirements of the people? (a) Huge population (b) Less rainfall (c) Power requirement (d) Pollution 83. Which of the following problems arises due to water pollution? (a) Sedimentation of water bodies (b) Water-borne diseases (c) Discharge of industrial water (d) Spawning of aquatic life 84. Which of the following data shows the percentage of global precipitation that is received by India? (a) 96.5% (b) 30% (c) 4% (d) 2.5% 85. Which of the following areas would you immediately associate with water scarcity? (a) Deserts of Rajasthan (b) The Ganga plains (c) Hills of North-eastern India (d) Coastal areas of Odisha 86. Which of the following is one of the largest artificial lakes of ancient India built in the 11th century? (a) Govind sagar Lake (b) Hauz-Khas (c) Bhopal Lake (d) Dal Lake 87. Which of the following hydraulic structures is built in river basins? (a) Lakes (b) Dams (c) Tanks (d) Water harvesting 88. Which of the hydraulic structures is not a feature of ancient times? (a) Multi-purpose river valley projects (b) Dams built of stone rubble (c) Reservoirs or lakes (d) Embankments and canals 89. Which of the following structures was constructed by Illtutmish in the 14th century for supplying water to Siri Fort area? (a) Water harvesting at Sringaverapura near Allahabad (b) Bhopal Lake (c) Tank in Haus Khas (d) Irrigation work at Nagarjunakonda 90. In which of the following areas can you find one of the oldest water-harvesting systems of India? (a) Sringaverapura near Allahabad (b) Kalinga and Odisha (c) Bennur and Karnataka (d) Nagarjunakonda and Andhra Pradesh Geography: Water Resources 53

91. Which of the following state governments have raised the Krishna-Godavari dispute? (a) Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh (b) Gujarat and Rajasthan (c) Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh (d) Karnataka and Maharashtra 92. On which of the following rivers are the Tilaiya, Panchet, Maithon, Konar and Bokaro dams are located? (a) Satluj (b) Damodar (c) Mahanadi (d) Krishna 93. Which of the following environmental damages are not induced due to multi-purpose projects? (a) Water-borne diseases and pests (b) Pollution resulting from excessive use of water (c) Earthquakes (d) Volcanic activity 94. Which of the following river projects or groups of river projects provide hydroelectricity to the industries of Maharashtra? (a) Pravara Project and Koyna Project (b) Hirakud Project (c) Nagarjuna sagar Project and Tungabhadra project (d) Ghataprabha Project and Mettur Project 95. Due to which of the following reasons are rooftop rainwater harvesting commonly practiced particularly in Rajasthan? (a) To store water for irrigation (b) To keep house cool (c) To store drinking water (d) To clean rooftop 96. Which of the following dams are part of Chambal project? (a) Maithon, Panchet, Tilaiya, Konar, Bokaro (b) Pravara, Ramagundam (c) Rana Pratap Sagar, Gandhi Sagar (d) Sardar Sarovar Dam 97. Which of the following is not a method of water harvesting used in Rajasthan? (a) Johads (b) Khadins (c) Guls (d) Tankas 98. On which of the following rivers Tehri Dam is constructed? (a) Bhagirathi (b) Yamuna (c) Kosi (d) Sutlej 99. Salal Dam is built on which river? (a) Chenab (b) Mahanadi (c) Krishna (d) Satluj 100. Oceans contain _________ percent volume of water. (a) 90 percent (b) 75 percent (c) 96.5 percent (d) 98 percent 101. Water is renewable resource because- (a) it is being recycled by human beings. (b) it is renewed and recharged through hydrological cycle. (c) it is being renewed through reduction. (d) it can be reused again. 102. Nagarjuna sagar Dam is built on which river? (a) Chenab (b) Mahanadi (c) Krishna (d) Satluj 54 Social Science–X: Term–1

103. Which of the following contributes approximately 22 percent of the total electricity produced in India today? (a) Solar power (b) Hydroelectric power (c) Geothermal energy (d) Thermal power 104. The release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in the year ________________. (a) 2005 (b) 2004 (c) 2000 (d) 2006 105. How did the multi-purpose projects affect the local people? (a) Large scale displacement of local communities. (b) They gained economically. (c) The government gave them benefits. (d) They got housing facilities. 106. What is the rank of India in the world countries in the terms of water availability per person per annum? (a) 129th (b) 130th (c) 131st (d) 133rd 107. Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods. Which of the following reasons is responsible for it? (a) Irrigation of surrounding areas (b) Generation of hydroelectricity (c) Sedimentation in the reservoir (d) Pisciculture in the reservoir 108. Hauz Khas Tank was built in which present Indian state? (a) Chhattisgarh (b) Punjab (c) Bihar (d) Delhi 109. Which among the following is not the dam based on structure and the material used? (a) Timber dams (b) Large dams (c) Embankment dams (d) Masonry dams 110. The water covered surface of the Earth is (a) one-fourth (b) three-fourth (c) half of the earth (d) none of these 111. The earth is occupied mostly with water yet freshwater resources are only (a) 3.5% (b) 5.5% (c) 2.5% (d) 0.5% 112. The primary source of water is (a) evaporation (b) precipitation (c) rain (d) none of these 113. We need more and more _________ for growing food. (a) land (b) water (c) minerals (d) none of these 114. In which one of the following states palar pani is considered the purest form of natural water? (a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Chhatitisgarh 115. On which of the following issues did the Narmada Bachao Andolan first focus? (a) Benefits of irrigation to landless farmers (b) Environmental issues related to submergence of trees under the dam water (c) Rehabilitation of the people displaced due to construction of the dam (d) Economic issues of wastage of money for the construction of the dam 116. Which of the following areas were farmers agitation when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during drought? (a) Krishna-Godavari basin (b) Konya basin, Maharashtra (c) Sabarmati basin, Gujarat (d) Rihand basin, Uttar Pradesh 117. In which of the following areas are ‘guls’ and ‘kuls’ used to channel water for agriculture? (a) Deccan Plateau (b) Deserts of Rajasthan (c) Western Himalayas (d) Ganga Plains Geography: Water Resources 55

118. Which among the following regions of India experience low rainfall and is drought prone? (a) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat (c) Bihar (d) Telangana 119. Which of the following remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka installed household rooftop rainwater harvesting system? (a) Gendathur (b) Vanasthalipuram (c) Chilkunda (d) Kallahalli 120. In which part of India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice? (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Kerala (c) Rajasthan (d) Shilong Answers 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b) 61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (b) 72. (d) 73. (c) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (d) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (c) 81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (b) 84. (c) 85. (a) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (c) 90. (a) 91. (a) 92. (b) 93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (c) 96. (d) 97. (c) 98. (a) 99. (a) 100. (c) 101. (b) 102. (c) 103. (b) 104. (d) 105. (a) 106. (d) 107. (c) 108. (d) 109. (b) 110. (b) 111. (c) 112. (c) 113. (b) 114. (b) 115. (b) 116. (c) 117. (c) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (d) CASE-BASED QUESTIONS Attempt all sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Many thought that given the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multipurpose projects, water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically and environmentally. In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) The diversion channels seen in the Western Himalayas are called: (a) Guls or Kuls (b) Khadins (c) Johads (d) Recharge pits 56 Social Science–X: Term–1

(ii) Agricultural fields which are used as rainfed storage structures are called: (a) Kuls (b) Khadins/Johads (c) Recharge pits (d) None of the above (iii) Underground tanks seen in Rajasthan to store rainwater for drinking is called: (a) Tankas (b) Khadis (c) Ponds (d) Kuls (iv) In which of the following regions, people built ‘Guls’ and ‘Kuls’ for irrigation? (a) Northern Plains (b) Western Himalayas (c) Coastal areas (d) None of these 2. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra – Nangal project water is being used both for hydel power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control. Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Hirakund dam is built on which river? (a) Chenab (b) Mahanadi (c) Krishna (d) Satluj (ii) Which one of the following is not an adverse effect of dams? (a) Interstate water disputes (b) Excessive sedimentation of Reservoir (c) Displacement of population (d) Flood control (iii) Which of the following multipurpose projects is found in the Satluj-Beas river basin? (a) Hirakud project (b) Damodar Valley Corporation (c) Bhakra Nangal Project (d) Rihand Project (iv) For which of the following purposes were dams traditionally built? (a) For generating electricity (b) For supplying water to industries (c) For Flood control (d) To impound river and rain water for irrigation Answers 1. (i) (a) (ii) (a) (iii) (a) (iv) (b) 2. (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) Geography: Water Resources 57

ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. 1. Assertion (A) : In ancient India, along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. Reason (R) : Rainwater, or palar pani, as commonly referred to in these parts, is considered the purest form of natural water. 2. Assertion (A) : Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. Reason (R) : Hence, dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water are integrated with one another. 3. Assertion (A) : In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot over the higher priority given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. Reason (R) : Inter-state water disputes are also becoming less common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-purpose project. 4. Assertion (A) : Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their success to achieve the purposes for which they were built. Reason (R) : Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir. 5. Assertion (A) : It was observed that the multi-purpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne disease. Reason (R) : People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. Answers 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 1. (b) 58 Social Science–X: Term–1

MAP QUESTIONS Maps (Identify the followings) 1. Identify the name of the dam marked on the map. (a) Salal dam (b) Bhakra Nangal (c) Sardar sarovar (d) Tehri 2. Identify the name of the dam marked on the map. (a) Tehri (b) Bhakra Nangal (c) Hirakund (d) Rana Pratap Sagar Geography: Water Resources 59

3. Identify the name of the dam marked on the map. (a) Rana Pratap Sagar (b) Tehri (c) Salal (d) Nagarjuna Sagar zzz Answers 2. (b) 3. (b) 1. (a) 60 Social Science–X: Term–1

4 AGRICULTURE BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART TYPES OF FARMING Primitive Subsistence Farming Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming Is practised on small patches It is practised in areas of high The main characteristics of the of land with the help of population pressure on land. type of farming are used of primitive tools like hoe, dao and It is labour intensive farming, higher doses of modern inputs, digging sticks and where high doses of e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) family/community. biochemical inputs and seeds, chemical fertilizers, It is a ‘slash and burn’ irrigation are used for obtaining insecticides and pesticides in agriculture. higher production. order to obtain higher productivity. THREE MAIN CROP SEASONS OF INDIA Kharif Rabi Zaid It starts with the onset of the It starts with the beginning of This is a short crop season in monsoon and continues till the winter and continues till the between the rabi and kharif beginning of winter (June-July beginning of summer (Oct-Dec season. to September-October). to April-June). Crops like watermelons, The Kharif crops include, rice, The rabi crops include wheat, cucumber, some vegetables maize, millet, cotton, jute, barley, gram and oilseeds. and fodder crops are the major groundnut, moong, urad, etc. crops. Geography: Agriculture 61

MAJOR CROPS OF INDIA RICE WHEAT MILLETS MAIZE PULSES It is the staple food It is the main food Jowar, Bajra and Rabi It is a crop which is India is the largest crop of a majority of crop in north and are the important used both as food and producer as well as the people in India. north-western part of millets grown in India. fodder. the consumer of It is a kharif crop the country. It is a main-fed crop It is a kharif crop pulses in the world. which requires high This rabi crop requires mostly grown in the which requires These are the major temperature and high a cool growing season moist areas which temperature between source of protein in humidity with annual and a bright sunshine hardly needs irrigation. 21°C to 27°C and vegetation diet. rainfall above 100 cm. at the time of ripening. Rabi is a crop of dry grows well in old Major pulses that are Rice is grown in the It requires 50 to 70 cm regions and grows alluvial soil. grown in India are tur, plains of north and of annual rainfall. well on red, black, Major maize urad, moong, masur, north-eastern India, There are two sandy, loamy and producing states are peas and gram. coastal areas and the important wheat shallow black soils. Karnataka, UP, Bihar, Pulses need less deltaic regions of growing zones in the Karnataka is the Andhra Pradesh and moisture and survive canal irrigation and country- the Ganga largest producer of Madhya Pradesh. even in dry tubewells have made Satluj plains in the ragi followed by Tamil conditions. it possible to grow rice north-west and black Nadu. Major pulses in areas of less rainfall soil region of the producing states in such as Punjab, Deccan. India are Madhya Haryana and Western The major wheat Pradesh, UP, U.P. and parts of producing states are Rajasthan, Rajasthan. Punjab, Haryana, UP, Maharashtra and Bihar, Rajasthan and Karnataka. parts of Madhya Pradesh. NON-FOOD CROPS Rubber Fibre Crops Cotton Jute It is an equatorial crop, Cotton, jute, hemp and Cotton grows well in It is also known as but under special natural silk are the drier parts of the black Golden fibre. conditions, it is also four major fibre crops cotton soil of the Jute grows well on grown in tropical and grown in India. Deccan plateau. well-drained fertile sub-tropical areas. The first three are It requires high soils in the flood It requires moist and derived from the crops temperature, light plains, where soils are humid climate with grown in the soil, the rainfall or irrigation, renewed every year. rainfall of more than latter is obtained from 210 frost-free days It requires high 200 cm and cocoons of the and bright sunshine temperature. temperature above silkworms fed on for its growth. Major jute producing 25°C. green leaves specially It is a kharif crop and states are Bihar, It is mainly grown in mulberry. requires 6-8 months to Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rearing of silk worms mature. Odisha, Meghalaya. Karnataka, and for the production of Cotton producing Andaman and Nicobar silk fibre is known as states are MP, Islands and Garo hills sericulture. Karnataka, Andhra in Meghalaya. Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, UP & Haryana. 62 Social Science–X: Term–1

IMPORTANT TERMS 1. Primitive Subsistence Agriculture is practised with small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown. 2. Slash and Burn Agriculture is a method of agriculture used in the tropics, in which forest vegetation is felled and burned, the land is cropped for a few years, then the forest is allowed to reinvade. 3. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture is a method of agriculture, where farmers get more food per acre compared to other subsistence farming methods. This allows farmers to make the most of each harvest. 4. Plantation usually a large farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, on which cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane, or the like is cultivated, usually by resident labourers. 5. Commercial Farming: Farming for a profit, where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market. 6. Cropping Pattern means the proportion of area under various crops at a point of time. 7. Fodder Crops: Crops that are cultivated primarily for animal feed. By extension, natural grasslands and pastures are included whether they are cultivated or not. 8. Tube Wells: A well consisting of an iron pipe with a solid steel point and lateral perforations near the end, which is driven into the earth until a water-bearing stratum is reached, when a suction pump is applied to the upper end. 9. Millets: A cereal grown in warm countries and regions with poor soils, bearing a large crop of small seeds which are chiefly used to make flour. 10. Pulses are part of the legume family, but the term ‘pulse’ refers only to the dried seed. Dried peas, edible beans, lentils and chickpeas are the most common varieties of pulses. Pulses are very high in protein and fibre, and are low in fat. 11. Non-food Crops: An industrial crop, also called a non-food crop, is a crop grown to produce goods for manufacturing, for example – of fibre for clothing, rather than food for consumption. 12. GDP: Gross Domestic product is the total monetary value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year or over a specific time period. 13. Public Distribution System is a government-sponsored chain of shops entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the needy sections of the society at very cheap prices. 14. Food Corporation of India: FCI is a statutory body established via Food Corporation Act 1964 to meet the following objectives of the Food Policy: Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers. Distribution of food grains throughout the country for public distribution system. 15. BPL (Below Poverty Line) is an economic benchmark used by the government of India to indicate economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance and aid. It is determined using various parameters which vary from state to state and within states. Geography: Agriculture 63

16. MSP: Minimum Support Price is a form of market intervention by the Government of India to insure agricultural producers against any sharp fall in farm prices. MSP is price fixed by Government of India to protect the producer - farmers - against excessive fall in price during bumper production years. 17. Globalisation: The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. 18. Bio-diversity: The variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat, a high level of which is usually considered to be important and desirable. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. Which of the following describes a system of agriculture, where a single crop is grown on a large area? (a) Shifting agriculture (b) Plantation agriculture (c) Horticulture (d) Intensive agriculture 2. Tick the characteristics of Commercial farming (a) Plots of land are fragmented. (b) Transport and communication plays an important role. (c) The yield is usually low. (d) The pressure of population is high on land. 3. Choose the correctly matched pair about the agriculture in India from the following options: (a) Rabi crops are sown - October to December (b) Gram – paddy crops (c) Aus, Aman and Boro – Government schemes (d) Kissan Credit Card – Increased the production 4. Which of the following pulses does not help in restoring soil fertility. (a) Moong (b) Gram (c) Peas (d) Arhar 5. The crop that is used both, as food and fodder (a) ragi (b) jowar (c) maize (d) none of these 6. Choose the correctly matched pair about the non-food crops in India from the following options: (a) Cotton – Karnataka (b) Rubber – Assam (c) Jute - UP (d) Fibre Crops – Nicobar Islands 7. Which out of the following is a Zaid crop? (a) Moong (b) Mustard (c) Urad (d) Watermelon 8. What is ‘Boro’? (a) Kharif crop (b) Zaid crop (c) Rabi crop (d) None of these 9. Jhumming in Brazil is called (a) Ladang (b) Masole (c) Roca (d) None of these 10. Fill in the blank: Kharif: ______________, Rabi : barley, Zaid : watermelon (a) gram (b) wheat (c) oilseeds (d) moong 64 Social Science–X: Term–1

11. Which one of the following is a Rabi crop? (a) Rice (b) Gram (c) Millets (d) Cotton 12. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop? (a) Pulses (b) Jawar (c) Millets (d) Sesamum 13. Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop? (a) Maximum support price (b) Minimum support price (c) Moderate support price (d) Influential support price 14. Which of the following is not correct about plantation crop? (a) In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. (b) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. (c) Plantation cover large tracts of land called estates. (d) Farmers clear a patch of land by felling the trees and burning them, to produce cereals and other food crops. 15. Which of the following are plantation crops? (a) Rice and maize (b) Wheat and pulses (c) Tea, coffee, banana and sugarcane (d) None of the above 16. The three crop seasons of India are- (b) Rabi, Kharif and Zaid (a) Aus, Aman and Boro (d) None of the above (c) Baisakh, Paus and Chait 17. Rabi crops are- (a) sown in winter and harvested in summers. (b) sown during rainy season and harvested in winter. (c) sown in summer and harvested in winter. (d) none of the above 18. Kharif crops are grown- (a) with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September-October. (b) with the onset of winter and harvested in summer. (c) with the onset of Autumn and harvested in summer. (d) none of the above 19. The main food crop of Kharif season is- (a) Mustard (b) Pulses (c) Rice (d) Wheat 20. The main food crop of Rabi season is- (a) Wheat (b) Rice (c) Maize (d) Jowar 21. A short season in between Rabi and Kharif season is known as- (a) Aus (b) Boro (c) Zaid (d) None of the above 22. Important non-food crops of our country are- (d) None of the above (a) Tea and coffee (b) Millets and pulses (c) Cotton and jute 23. Which is the main food crop of the eastern and southern parts of our country? (a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Maize (d) Sugarcane 24. The two main wheat growing regions are- (a) The Ganga-Satluj plains and the Deccan trap (b) North-Eastern part and Eastern-Coastal plains (c) Deccan Plateau and Konkan Coast (d) None of the above Geography: Agriculture 65

25. Wheat requires annual rainfall between- (b) About 200 cm (a) 50 and 75 cm (d) Less than 20 cm (c) 200 and 300 cm 26. The third most important crop of our country is- (a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Jowar (d) Ragi 27. Which state is the largest producer of bajra? (a) Rajasthan (b) Maharashtra (c) Gujarat (d) Haryana 28. Which is the right condition for the growth of maize? (a) Temperature between 21 to 27 degrees Celsius and old alluvial soil (b) Temperature below 17 degree Celsius and shallow black soil (c) Temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and 200 cm of rainfall (d) None of the above 29. Which of the following crops is a major source of protein in a vegetarian diet? (a) Wheat (b) Rice (c) Pulses (d) Oilseeds 30. Which one of the following is not true for pulses? (a) Pulses are grown in both rabi and kharif seasons. (b) Pulses are leguminous crops. (c) They are grown in rotation with other crops. (d) Pulses require intensive irrigation facilities. 31. Which is the ideal condition for the growth of sugarcane? (a) Temperature of 21 to 27 degrees Celsius and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm (b) Temperature below 17 degrees Celsius and 50 to 75 cm of rainfall (c) Temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and 200 cm of rainfall (d) None of the above 32. What percentage of our cropped area is covered by oilseeds? (a) 21% (b) 12% (c) 2% (d) 4% 33. Which of the following conditions spoil tea crop? (a) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year (b) Frost free climate (c) Deep fertile well drained soil (d) Clayey soil which has high water holding capacity 34. Coffee cultivation was first introduced in _______________ . (a) Himalayas (b) Aravallis (c) Garo Hills (d) Baba Buden Hills 35. Which of the following crops is an important raw material for automobile industry? (a) Pulses (b) Ragi (c) Rubber (d) None of the above 36. Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as- (a) Sericulture (b) Aquaculture (c) Horticulture (d) Pisciculture 37. Which one of the following is known as golden fibre? (a) Cotton (b) Jute (c) Hemp (d) Silk 38. Primitive subsistence farming is also known as- (a) Mixed farming (b) Cooperative farming (c) Slash and burn agriculture (d) Commercial farming 66 Social Science–X: Term–1

39. Plantation agriculture is a type of- (b) Commercial farming (a) Subsistence farming (d) None of the above (c) Mixed farming 40. How much India’s population is engaged in agriculture? (a) Two-thirds (b) Half (c) One-thirds (d) Almost fifty percent 41. Over these years, cultivation methods have changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of- (a) Type of crop (b) Technological know-how (c) Type of season (d) Government intervention 42. Farming has varied from subsistence to _________ type. (a) intensive (b) extensive (c) commercial (d) plantation 43. Agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe and digging sticks, and family/community labour. What type of agriculture is this? (a) Intensive (b) Primitive (c) Extensive (d) Plantation 44. What has been the main dependency of primitive farming? (a) Monsoon (b) Labour (c) Suitability of environment (d) Technical 45. Which type of agriculture is called ‘slash and burn’ agriculture? (a) Plantation (b) Intensive (c) Primitive subsistence (d) Extensive 46. What among the following is the primitive subsistence farming? (a) Large amount of labour (b) When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land (c) Canals are used (d) Use of fertilizers 47. What is slash and burn agriculture called in North Eastern states? (a) Jhumming (b) Milpa (c) Masole (d) Ray 48. Intensive subsistence farming is _________ farming. (a) machine based (b) crop rotation (c) labour intensive (d) soil consistent 49. Why is there an enormous pressure on agricultural land? (a) Due to the law of inheritance and division of land (b) Overpopulation (c) Small scale farmers are not able to earn livelihood (d) Farmers of less land holdings are not able to afford the right technique 50. If rice is commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, in which state is it a subsistence crop? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Odisha (d) Rajasthan 51. What are the characteristics of plantation farming? (a) Multiple crops (b) Using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant laborer (c) The produce is used for various reasons (d) Crop rotation on the same piece of land Geography: Agriculture 67

52. Name important plantation crop? (a) Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane and banana (b) Cotton (c) Wheat and rice (d) Nuts 53. Which state is known for growing tea? (a) Assam (b) Shillong (c) Meghalaya (d) Sikkim 54. How many cropping seasons does India have? (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 3 55. When are Rabi crops harvested? (a) October (b) April (c) December (d) July 56. Identify the Rabi crop. (a) Jowar (b) Rice (c) Soyabean (d) Peas 57. Which state is known for growing rabi crops? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Rajasthan (c) Odisha (d) Punjab 58. Availability of ____________ during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of Rabi crops. (a) monsoons (b) precipitation (c) frost (d) winds 59. Which among the following states is known for their success in the Green Revolution? (a) Punjab (b) Uttar Pradesh (c) Uttarakhand (d) Gujarat 60. When are kharif crops harvested? (a) September-October (b) December-January (c) June-July (d) April-May 61. Name a crop grown during the Kharif season. (a) Barley (b) Gram (c) Rice (d) Jowar 62. Which of the following crop is grown in Zaid season? (a) Peas (b) Urad (c) Cucumber (d) Maize 63. Name an important rice growing regions from the following: (a) Assam (b) Kerala (c) West Bengal (d) Maharashtra 64. In Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, how many crops of paddy are grown in a year? (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4 65. Name a crop grown in Zaid period. (a) Groundnut (b) Jute (c) Mustard (d) Watermelon 66. How long does sugarcane take to grow? (b) Almost 6 months (a) Almost 4 months (d) Almost 3 months (c) Almost a year 67. India is the ____________ largest producer of rice in the world. (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth 68. Rice requires high humidity with _______________ cm of rainfall. (a) above 100 cm (b) below 100 cm (c) above 75 cm (d) above 60 cm 69. How has it been possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan? (a) With rooftop water reserves (b) Canals (c) Lakes (d) Rivers 68 Social Science–X: Term–1

70. What kind of weather conditions are favorable for the growth of wheat? (a) Hot-wet weather (b) Monsoon (c) Dry hot weather (d) Cool growing season and a bright sunshine 71. Which crops come under the classification of millets? (a) Peas and maize (b) Mustard and soyabean (c) Urad and moong (d) Jowar and Bajra 72. Millets have high nutritional value and are rich in- (a) Iron and calcium (b) Minerals (c) Phosphate (d) Proteins 73. Jowar is the ___________ most important food crop with respect to area and production. (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth 74. Jowar is rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which needs ________ irrigation. (a) high (b) medium (c) less (d) no 75. Name a major Jowar producing state. (a) Haryana (b) Punjab (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Maharashtra 76. Bajra grows well on _______ soil. (a) alluvial soil (b) red soil (c) arid soil (d) black soil 77. Which of the following crops is used both for food and fodder? (a) Jowar (b) Maize (c) Bajra (d) Wheat 78. India is the ______________ largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world. (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth 79. Which crop needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting? (a) Water melon (b) Sugarcane (c) Maize (d) Bajra 80. Name a major banana producing state of India. (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Telangana (c) Meghalaya (d) Kerala 81. Where is rubber mainly grown? (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) Andaman and Nicobar (d) Madhya Pradesh 82. Which fibre crop is obtained from cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves? (a) Jute (b) Silk (c) Cotton (d) Hemp 83. Name a state which is major producer of jute? (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) West Bengal 84. In 2016, India was the _____________ largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. (a) first (b) second (c) third (d) fourth 85. Which one of the following is not a food crop? (a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Cotton (d) Maize 86. Muskmelon grows in- (a) Rabi season (b) Kharif season (c) Zaid season (d) All the above 87. It takes almost a year to grow- (a) Rice (b) Sugarcane (c) Maize (d) Bajra Geography: Agriculture 69

88. The second largest producer of groundnut is ___________. (a) Gujarat (b) Andhra Pradesh (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Kerala 89. Which country is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world? (a) China (b) USA (c) Pakistan (d) India 90. Arabic variety of coffee was initially brought to India from which of the following countries? (a) Yemen (b) Vietnam (c) Japan (d) Korea 91. Which country is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world? (a) China (b) India (c) USA (d) Pakistan 92. Of which one of the following beverage crops, India is the leading producer as well as exporter in the world? (a) Coffee (b) Pulses (c) Tea (d) Curd 93. Which of the following types of farming is practiced in areas with high population pressure on land? (a) Primitive subsistence farming (b) Intensive subsistence farming (c) Commercial farming (d) Plantations 94. Which of the following is the principal crop grown in areas of intensive subsistence farming? (a) Yams and sweet potato (b) Wheat (c) Rice (d) Cotton 95. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of which of the following crops? (a) Rice (b) Millet (c) Pulses (d) Oilseeds 96. Which of the following types of economic activity is agriculture? (a) Primary activity (b) Secondary activity (c) Tertiary activity (d) All the above 97. Which of the following are known as coarse grains? (a) Wheat and rice (b) Millets-Jowar, bajra and ragi (c) Pulses-urad, arhar, gram (d) Oilseeds 98. Which of the following crops is the main source of jaggery, khandsari and molasses? (a) Arhar (b) Coconut (c) Linseed (d) Sugarcane 99. Which of the following is the primary objective of India’s food security policy? (a) To ensure availability of food grains to the common people at an affordable price (b) To diversify crop production to increase income of farmers (c) To provide insurance against crop failure (d) To shift from food grain production to commercial crops 100. India is believed to be the original home of which of the following fiber crops? (a) Cotton (b) Jute (c) Hemp (d) Silk 101. In which of the following states of India rice is considered a commercial crop? (a) West Bengal (b) Odisha (c) Bihar (d) Punjab 102. In which type of soil does maize grow well? (a) Black (b) Light domat (c) Old alluvial (d) None of the above 103. Grapes are mainly produced in the state of ____________ . (a) Meghalaya (b) Himachal Pradesh (c) Mizoram (d) Andhra Pradesh 104. Bhoodan—Gramdan movement was initiated by— (a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (c) Vinoba Bhave (d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak 70 Social Science–X: Term–1

105. Grouping of small land holdings into a bigger one is called- (a) Ceiling on land holdings (b) Collectivization (c) Cooperative farming (d) Consolidation of land holdings 106. Oranges are mainly produced in the state of- (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Kerala (d) Tamil Nadu 107. Intensive subsistence farming is practiced in the area of- (a) high population (b) low population (c) deserts (d) thick forests 108. Which one of the following statements is incorrect as regards to commercial farming? (a) Use of heavy doses of modern inputs (b) Crops are grown for sale (c) Family members are involved in growing crops (d) Practiced on large land holdings 109. The largest tea producing state of India is- (b) Assam (a) Karnataka (d) Arunachal Pradesh (c) Andhra Pradesh 110. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micronutrient and roughage is- (a) Bajra (b) Rajma (c) Jowar (d) Ragi 111. White revolution involves improvement in the production of which of the following products? (a) Cotton (b) Wheat (c) Maize or corn (d) Milk 112. Which type of farming has the use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides? (a) Primitive subsistence (b) Plantation (c) Extensive (d) Commercial 113. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after- (a) China (b) USA (c) Brazil (d) Mexico 114. The oil seed in India grown in both Rabi and Kharif season is- (a) Ground nut (b) Coconut (c) Castor seeds (d) Mustard 115. Ragi is very rich in: (a) Zinc (b) Iodine (c) Iron (d) Phosphorous 116. Choose the correctly matched pair about the major crops of India from the following options: (a) Millets – North eastern part of the country (b) Wheat – North western part of the country (c) Pulses – South western part of the country (d) Rice – South eastern part of the country 117. Fill in the blank: Agriculture contributes __________ to the national income of India. (a) 33% (b) 22% (c) 40% (d) none of these 118. Choose the correctly matched pair about the main crop growing states of India from the following options: (a) Cotton – Meghalaya (b) Rubber – Garo hills of Meghalaya (c) Fibre Crops – UP (d) Jute – Nicobar islands 119. Fill in the blank: Moong : Kharif , ______ : Rabi , watermelons : Zaid (a) Jute (b) Jowar (c) Wheat (d) Soyabean Geography: Agriculture 71

120. Fill in the blank: Jute : Odisha, Cotton : __________, Rubber : Garo hills of Meghalaya (a) Tamil Nadu (b) West Bengal (c) Meghalaya (d) all the above 121. Choose the correctly matched pair about the agriculture pattern of India from the following options: (a) Primitive subsistence agriculture – Dao and digging sticks (b) Slash and burn agriculture – cotton and tobacco (c) Intensive Subsistence agriculture – felled and burned vegetation (d) Commercial farming - hoe 122. Fill in the blank: ______________ farming is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks and family/community. (a) Commercial (b) Intensive Subsistence (c) both (a) and (b) (d) Primitive Subsistence 123. Fill in the blank: Jowar – Karnataka, bajra – Uttar Pradesh, maize - ____________ (a) Bihar (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Odisha 124. The commercial crop of Punjab and Haryana is (a) rice (b) sugarcane (c) cotton (d) wheat 125. By what name is Jhumming known as in the Himalayan belt? (a) Milpa (b) khil (c) Kuruwa (d) Penda 126. Which out of the following is a plantation crop? (a) Jute (b) Sugarcane (c) Cotton (d) Muskmelon 127. Which of the following is not used in ‘subsistence farming’? (a) Hoe (b) Digging sticks (c) Thresher 128. What is ‘Milpa’? (b) type of animal (a) A type of agriculture (c) A type of tribe 129. The crops grown with the onset of monsoon. (a) Rabi (b) Kharif (c) Zaid 130. Which one of the following rights has led to fragmentation of landholding size? (a) Right to succession (b) Right to information (c) Right to inheritance (d) Right to land ceiling 131. Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called: (a) Floriculture (b) Sericulture (c) Horticulture (d) Agriculture 132. About 90% of Rubber demand is met by (b) Karnataka (a) Kerala (d) Maharashtra (c) Tamil Nadu 72 Social Science–X: Term–1

Answers 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b) 1. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 9. (b) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (d) 31. (a) 32. (b) 17. (a) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (a) 25. (a) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (a) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (c) 33. (d) 50. (c) 51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (d) 41. (b) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (a) 61. (c) 62. (c) 63. (a) 64. (b) 49. (a) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (d) 71. (d) 72. (a) 57. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (d) 65. (d) 82. (b) 83. (d) 84. (b) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (b) 88. (b) 73. (c) 90. (a) 91. (b) 92. (c) 93. (b) 94. (c) 95. (c) 96. (a) 81. (c) 98. (d) 99. (a) 100. (a) 101. (a) 102. (c) 103. (d) 104. (c) 89. (a) 106. (b) 107. (a) 108. (c) 109. (b) 110. (d) 111. (d) 112. (d) 97. (b) 114. (c) 115. (c) 116. (b) 117. (d) 118. (c) 119. (c) 120. (a) 105. (d) 122. (d) 123. (b) 124. (a) 125. (c) 126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (a) 113. (c) 130. (c) 131. (c) 132. (a) 121. (a) 1 29. (b) CASE-BASED QUESTIONS Attempt all sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered the pace of agricultural development. Inspite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large parts of the country still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to carry on their agriculture. For a growing population, this poses a serious challenge. Agriculture which provides livelihood for more than 60 per cent of its population, needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. Thus, collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after Independence. ‘Land reform’ was the main focus of our First Five Year Plan. The ‘right of inheritance’ had already led to fragmentation of land holdings necessitating consolidation of holdings. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which of the following is the most important occupation of the people of India? (a) Food gathering (b) Agriculture (c) Manufacturing (d) Services (ii) In spite of development of irrigation , farmers still depend on ____________. (a) artificial water resources (b) monsoon (c) wells (d) none of the above (iii) What do you understand by the term ‘collectivisation’? (a) Combining land of various farmers and then performing the agricultural activities on collective basis (b) Combining land of various farmers and then performing the agricultural activities on individual basis (c) Comparing land of various farmers and then performing the agricultural activities on pocket basis (d) none of the above Geography: Agriculture 73

(iv) What was the main objective of First Five Year Plan? (a) Land forms (b) Land degradation (c) Land reforms (d) all the above 2. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It was there at the time of colonisation. In the nineteenth century when European traders came to India, at that time too, Indian spices were exported to different countries of the world and farmers of south India were encouraged to grow these crops. Till today it is one of the important items of export from India. During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India. You have read about the Champaran movement which started in 1917 in Bihar. This was started because farmers of that region were forced to grow indigo on their land because it was necessary for the textile industries which were located in Britain. They were unable to grow foodgrains to sustain their families. Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. Despite being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices our agricultural products are not able to compete with the developed countries because of the highly subsidised agriculture in those countries. Today, Indian agriculture finds itself at the crossroads. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. The green revolution promised much. But today it’s under controversies. It is being alleged that it has caused land degradation due to overuse of chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity. The keyword today is “gene revolution”, which includes genetic engineering. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) What was grown in Champaran? (a) Indigo (b) Cotton (c) Jute (d) all the above (ii) Cotton textile industry in ______________ and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India. (a) Boston (b) Manchester (c) California (d) New York (iii) In the 19th century which concept was not new? (a) liberalisation (b) Democracy (c) Globalisation (d) None of the above (iv) What do you understand by ‘gene revolution’? (a) white revolution (b) green revolution (c) genetic engineering (d) all the above 3. Identify the soil with the help of the following features.  also known as regur soil.  made of extremely fine i.e. clayey material  ideal for growing cotton 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: You have studied the physical diversities and plurality of cultures in India. These are also reflected in agricultural practices and cropping patterns in the country. Various types of food and fibre crops, vegetables and fruits, spices and condiments, etc. constitute some of the important crops grown in the country. India has three cropping seasons — rabi, kharif and zaid. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. Though, these crops are grown in large parts of India, states from the north and north-western parts such as 74 Social Science–X: Term–1

Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops. However, the success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the above mentioned rabi crops. Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. Some of the most important ricegrowing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the (Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odisha, three crops of paddy are grown in between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which of the following crops is produced during zaid cropping season? (a) sugarcane (b) muskmelon (c) groundnut (d) moong (ii) Rabi crops are: (a) sown in winter and harvested in summer (b) sown during rainy season and harvested in winter (c) sown in summer and harvested in winter (d) None of the above (iii) Which of the following is a kharif crop? (a) Barley (b) Peas (c) Bajra (d) Mustard (iv) Match the following 1. Kharif (a) Watermelon 2. Rabi (b) Aus 3. Zaid (c) millet 4. paddy crop (d) oilseeds Choose the correct option: (a) 1–(d), 2–(c), 3–(b), 4–(c) (b) 1–(b), 2–(c), 3–(d), 4–(a) (c) 1–(c), 2–(d), 3–(a), 4–(b) (d) 1–(c), 2–(a), 3–(b), 4–(d) 5. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops. Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation crops grown in these states. Since the production is mainly for market, a welldeveloped network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays an important role in the development of plantations. Geography: Agriculture 75

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which of the following describes a system of agriculture, where a single crop is grown on a large area? (a) Shifting agriculture (b) Plantation agriculture (c) Horticulture (d) Intensive agriculture (ii) Which one of the following crops is a beverage crop? (a) Tea (b) Cotton (c) Wheat (d) Bajra (iii) Which one of the following is the example of plantation agriculture? (a) Jute (b) Wheat (c) Tea (d) Oilseeds (iv) Which of the following crops is the main source of jaggery, khandsari and molasses? (a) Arhar (b) Coconut (c) Linseed (d) Sugarcane Answers 1. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) 2. (i) (b) (ii) (b) (iii) (a) (iv) (c) 4. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (b) 3. Black soil 5. (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (d) ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. 1. Assertion (A) : Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality. Reason (R) : The Asian variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in the country. 2. Assertion (A) : India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. Reason (R) : Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. 3. Assertion (A) : Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. Reason (R) : It was there at the time of colonisation. 4. Assertion (A) : During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately silk was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. Reason (R) : Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good quality cotton from India. 5. Assertion (A) : Organic farming is much in vogue today because it is practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Reason (R) : Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative manner. Answers 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 1. (c) 76 Social Science–X: Term–1

MAP QUESTIONS Maps (Identify the shaded regions on the map) 1. The marked state on the map below is a major producer of sugarcane. (a) Uttar Pradesh (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Maharashtra 2. The marked state on the map below is a producer of rubber. (a) Tamil Nadu (b) Kerala (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Telangana Geography: Agriculture 77

3. The marked state on the map below is a major producer of cotton. (a) Odisha (b) Assam (c) Madhya Pradesh (d) Karnataka Answers 2. (b) 3. (c) 1. (a) zzz 78 Social Science–X: Term–1

5 POWER SHARING BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART BELGIUM Geographical Position Area and population Ethnic Composition Capital • Small country in Europe. • Smaller in area than the Indian • 59% speak Dutch • 80% speak French • Shares borders with Netherlands, state of Haryana (population little • 40% speak French • 20% speak Dutch. over one crore). • 1% speak German. France & Germany. Note: In Brussels, the Dutch –speaking people are in minority, which is opposite of the rest of the country, where they are in majority. SRI LANKA Geographical Position Population Ethnic Composition Religion • A Smaller island in Asia, off the • About two crore people • 74% Sinhalese speaking people, • Most of the Sinhalese • 18% Tamil speaking people, speaking people are southern coast of Tamil Nadu. (same as Haryana’s) • 13% are natives of Sri Lanka, Buddhists. known as Sri Lankan Tamil. • Most of the Tamils are Hindus or Muslims. Note: Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka A belief that only the majority community should circle a country, make laws for everyone and with total disregard to the wishes and needs of the minority. V ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM Equal number of Special Laws to State Government A separate government A third government Dutch and French become Acts are not made for Brussels, equal called the Community speaking Minister need majority subordinate to representation for both government elected by in the Central from each central government. the linguistic groups. the Dutch, French and Government. language group. German speaking people in change of language, cultural and educational issues. Political Science: Power Sharing 79

POWER SHARING (Two reasons which make power sharing desirable) Reasons Prudential Moral • Reduces the possibility of conflicts between different • The spirit of democracy calls for power sharing. social groups. Social conflicts led to violence, political • People who are affected by the policies must have a hand instability. in shaping those policies • Prevents groups from overstepping their rights to enhance • Citizens participation is a must their own power. • Moral reasons make power sharing essential and valuable. • No single group can subvert the constitution power sharing writes the nation. • When power is not shared, it oppressed the minority and even the majority. POWER IS SHARED AMONG Social Different Pressure Political Different Among the Movements organs of the groups parties social groups governments government at different levels • Force the • Legislative •They influence the • Lead the •Religious (a) Central or Union governments to • Executive government and competition. or Government, change Laws. • Judiciary force them to Linguistic State Government. change policies. • Coalition groups. • Dowry, early •They are famous governments (b) Municipality and marriage. workers and are formed if Panchayats, Local industrialists. any party Self government fails to get (known as federalism). the majority. • Parties have to perform to remain in power. MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Majoritarianism: Rule by a majority, especially the belief that those constituting a simple majority should make the rules for all the members of a group, nation, etc. 2. Ethic: A set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group, field, or form of conduct. 3. Minority: The smaller number or part, especially a number or part representing less than half of the whole. 4. Majority: The greater number. 5. Native: A person born in a specified place or associated with a place by birth, whether subsequently resident there or not. 80 Social Science–X: Term–1

6. Community: A group of people living in the same place or having a particular characteristic in common. 7. Accommodation: A convenient arrangement; a settlement or compromise. 8. Civil War: A war between the citizens of the same country. 9. Power Sharing: A policy agreed between political parties or within a coalition to share responsibility for decision-making and political action. 10. Prudential: Involving or showing care and forethought, especially in business. 11. Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. 12. Community Government: A social group of any size whose member resides in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. 13. Pressure Groups: A group that tries to influence public policy in the interest of a particular cause. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. Which two languages among the following are prominently spoken by Belgium Nationals? [CBSE 2020, 32/2/1] (a) French and English (b) Dutch and French (c) Russian and Dutch (d) Russian and French 2. Power struggle demanding separate Eelam was launched by (a) Sinhalese (b) Buddhists (c) Tamilians (d) none of the above 3. Belgium shares its border with (a) France (b) Germany (c) Luxembourg (d) all the above 4. Under which of the following is power shared in the ‘Community Government’ of Belgium? [CBSE 2020, 32/4/1] (a) Different social groups (b) Different organs of government (c) Central and State government (d) State government and Community government 5. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of (a) population (b) political order (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above 6. Power shared among governments at different levels is also called (a) horizontal distribution (b) vertical distribution (c) slant distribution (d) none of the above 7. Belgium has worked on the principles of (a) majoritarianism (b) accommodation (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above 8. Which of the following is the majority group in Sri Lanka? [CBSE 2020, 32/4/1] (d) Muslims (a) Tamils (b) Christians (c) Sinhalese 9. Which one of the following is a major caste group of Sri Lanka? [CBSE 2020, 32/1/1] (a) Christian and Tamil (b) Buddhist and Hindu (c) Sinhala and Tamil (d) Sinhala and Christian 10. Which of the following is not the form of power sharing? (a) Vertical division of power (b) Horizontal division of power (c) Division of power between people (d) Division of power among social groups Political Science: Power Sharing 81

11. The belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is (a) Power sharing (b) Absolutism (c) Majoritarianism (d) Community government 12. Which one of the following statements about power sharing arrangement is correct? (a) Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions. (b) Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions. (c) Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions. (d) Power sharing is not necessary at all. 13. The people whose forefathers came from India to Sri Lanka as plantation workers during the colonial period are called (a) Sri Lankan Tamils (b) Indian Tamils (c) Tamil Indians (d) Indian Sri Lankans 14. Most of the Sinhalese speaking people in Sri Lanka are (a) Hindus (b) Christians (c) Muslims (d) Buddhists 15. When did Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country? (a) 1949 (b) 1950 (c) 1948 (d) 1951 16. In ______, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhalese as the only official language, thus disregarding the Tamil. (a) 1956 (b) 1957 (c) 1958 (d) 1948 17. By the 1980s several political organizations were formed demanding ________. (a) certain rights (b) independent Tamil Eelam (State) (c) sovereign state (d) priority in jobs for Tamils 18. When did the civil war of Sri Lanka end? (a) 2010 (b) 2009 (c) 2005 (d) 2011 19. How many times was the constitution of Belgium amended between 1970 and 1993? (a) Three times (b) Two times (c) Four times (d) Once only 20. Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers ___________ in the central government. (a) shall be equal (b) shall be more (c) shall be less (d) none of the above 21. Give reason as to why power sharing can be good for a country? (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (b) It is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. (c) It does not lead to confusion. (d) Both (a) and (b) 22. Which of the following is an example of horizontal distribution of power? (a) Power sharing between different states (b) Power sharing between different organs of the government (c) Power sharing between different levels of the government (d) Power sharing between different social groups 23. Who elects the community government in Belgium? (a) People belonging to one language community only. (b) The leader of Belgium. (c) The citizens of whole country. (d) The community leaders of the Belgium. 82 Social Science–X: Term–1

24. The word Ethnic signifies (a) different religions. (b) social division on shared culture. (c) a violent conflict among opposite groups. (d) a careful calculation of gains and losses. 25. Power sharing is the (b) separation of powers at different levels. (a) very spirit of democracy. (d) type of balancing powers. (c) system of checks and balances. 26. Power sharing is desirable as it helps (b) to reduce possibilities of conflict. (a) to increase pressure on government. (d) all the above (c) to generate awareness among people. 27. In dealing with power sharing, which one of the following statements is NOT correct about democracy? (a) People are the source of all political power. (b) In a democracy, people rule themselves through institutions of self-governance. (c) In a democracy, due respect is given to diverse groups and views that exist in a society. (d) In a democracy, if the power to decide is dispersed, it is not possible to take quick decision and enforce them. 28. What does the coalition government imply? (a) Power-sharing between different communities (b) Power-sharing among the different organs of the government (c) Power-sharing by two or more political parties (d) Power-sharing within the government at different levels 29. The idea of power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of ________ . (a) democracy (b) dictatorship (c) monarchy (d) undivided political power 30. Give one moral reason as why power-sharing is good? (a) It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. (b) It does not lead to confusion in managing the state. (c) People have a right to be consulted on how they are governed. (d) Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order. 31. Prudential reasons of power sharing stresses more on (a) reducing the possibility of conflict between various social groups. (b) fair chance to minority. (c) bringing stability in the political order. (d) all the above 32. What is the percentage of major social group of Sinhala speakers in Sri Lanka? (a) 78% (b) 87% (c) 74% (d) 72% 33. Which language was spoken by the majority people in Wallonia? (a) Dutch (b) French (c) German (d) Spanish 34. The majoritarian measures taken by Sri Lankan government increased the feeling of ________ among the Sri Lankan Tamils. (a) anger (b) anguish (c) jealousy (d) alienation 35. Which country has been chosen by European Union as its headquarters? (a) Belgium (b) Germany (c) Switzerland (d) France 36. “Power sharing is a good way to ensure stability of political order.” Which among the following is the reason for power sharing? (a) Moral (b) Prudential (c) Both of the above (d) None of the above Political Science: Power Sharing 83

37. One basic principle of democracy is that people are the source of- (a) encouragement (b) political power (c) public policies (d) none of the above 38. When power is shared among different organs of the government, it is called (a) horizontal distribution of power (b) vertical division of power (c) political division of power (d) division of power 39. When power is shared among governments at different levels, it is also called (a) horizontal distribution of power (b) system of checks and balances (c) vertical division of power (d) none of the above 40. In India, provincial government is also called (a) Federal government (b) State government (c) Central government (d) Local government 41. What kind of arrangement is made to give space to the different social groups? (a) Community government (b) Local government (c) Linguistic division (d) Reserved constituencies 42. 20% of the people of Brussels speak __________. (a) Dutch (b) English (c) German (d) Italian 43. Identify the major social group that constituted the largest share in the population of Sri Lanka. (a) Sri Lankan Tamils (b) Indian Tamils (c) Muslims (d) Sinhala 44. Among the given options what power sharing does not imply? (a) Speed up the decision-making process (b) Accommodating diversities (c) Increases conflicts among different communities (d) All of the above 45. In India, power sharing mechanism does not involve directly (a) Legislature (b) Judiciary (c) Industry (d) Executive 46. Which of the following features are common to Indian and Belgian form of power sharing? A. Power is shared among governments at different levels. B. Power is shared among different organs of government. C. Power is shared among different social groups. D. Power is shared among different parties and takes the form of competition. (a) A, B, C, D (b) B, C and D (c) A and C (d) A, C and D 47. What was the result of majoritarianism in Sri Lanka? (a) There were clashes between the different community groups. (b) There was formation of respect in different social groups. (c) There was formation of different government by different social groups. (d) None of the above 48. How leaders of Sri Lanka dealt with the question of power sharing? (a) The government adopted series of majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy in Sri Lanka. (b) The government denied equal political rights. (c) The government adopted equality in power sharing. (d) None of the above 84 Social Science–X: Term–1

49. What is the role of Community government in Belgium? (a) This government is elected by respective language community. (b) This government have power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these 50. Which of the following is an element of Belgian model? (a) Equal number of Dutch and French speaking ministers in central government. No single community can make decisions itself. (b) Transfer of power from central government to state government. (c) Brussel government have equal representation for both communities. (d) All of the above 51. How leaders of Belgium dealt with the question of power sharing? (a) The majority group tried to suppress minority group that results in clashes in society. (b) The leaders realized the need of respecting the feelings and interests of different communities and regions and thus promoted equality in power sharing. (c) The leaders of Belgium established military rule and controlled the entire country. (d) None of these 52. Why there is need to share power among different social groups? (a) To give minority communities a share (b) To maintain unity in the nation (c) To avoid conflicts in the nation (d) All of the above 53. In which part of Sri Lanka are the Sri Lankan Tamils concentrated? (a) North and South (b) North and East (c) East and West (d) South and East 54. What is the capital city of Belgium? (a) Wallonia (b) Brussels (c) Bonn (d) Paris 55. Which is the state religion of Sri Lanka? (a) Buddhism (b) Christianity (c) Hinduism (d) Islam 56. 59 percent of the country’s total population who speaks Dutch, lives in (a) Wallonia region (b) Brussels (c) Flemish region (d) None of the above 57. Why did the Sri Lankan Tamils launch parties and struggle? (a) To adopt majoritarianism (b) To recognize Sinhalese as the only official language (c) To recognize Tamil as an official language (d) To dominate other languages 58. Main significance of Belgium Model of power sharing is (a) Majoritarianism (b) Power shared in all ethnic groups according to their population (c) On the basis of adult franchise (d) None of the above 59. Where is the Parliament of European Union located? (a) Belgium (b) Britain (c) Germany (d) France 60. Which one of the following is the third tier of government in India? (a) Community Government (b) State Government (c) Panchayati Raj Government (d) Both (b) and (c) 61. Division of powers between higher and lower levels of government is called (a) Horizontal division (b) Parallel division (c) Vertical division (d) None of the above Political Science: Power Sharing 85

62. Which of the following is not a major social group in Sri Lanka? (d) Indian Tamils (a) Sinhala speakers (b) Sri Lankan Tamils (c) Anglo Indians 63. Which of the statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka is correct? (i) In Belgium, the Dutch speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French speaking people. (ii) In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala- speaking majority. (iii) The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs. (iv) The transformation of Belgium from a unitary government to a federal one prevented the division of country on linguistic lines. (a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv) 64. What led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking communities and French-speaking communities in Belgium during the 1950s and 1960s? (a) Both the communities demanded special powers. (b) The minority French-speaking community was richer and more powerful than the majority Dutch-speaking community. (c) The majority Dutch-speaking community was richer and more powerful than the minority French-speaking community. (d) Both the communities were equal in socio-economic ladder and this was resented by the French-speaking community. 65. Which of the following countries have federal division of powers? (a) India (b) Belgium (c) Sri Lanka (d) Both (a) and (b) 66. Non-sharing of power leads to (a) peace among all communities. (b) tyranny of the majority and oppression of the minority. (c) negotiation of the very spirit of democracy. (d) both (b) and (c) 67. Choose the incorrect statement among the following. (a) Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies. (b) Both of them dealt with the question of power sharing similarly. (c) In Belgium, leaders realized that unity of the country was possible only by respecting the feelings and interests of all communities. (d) In Sri Lanka, majority community forced its domination over others and refused to share power. 68. Which among the following is a prudent reason for power sharing? (a) It reduces the possibility of conflict between communities and ensures the stability of political order. (b) Power-sharing is the very spirit of democracy. (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of the above 69. Which of the following was not one of the initial demands of the Sri Lankan Tamils? (a) Recognition of Tamil as an official language (b) Regional autonomy (c) Equality of opportunity in securing jobs and education (d) Creation of an independent Tamil Eelam 86 Social Science–X: Term–1

70. Power can be shared in modern democracies in which of the following ways? (a) Among various levels (b) Among different social groups (c) Among different organs of the government (d) All the above 71. Among which of the following countries principle of Majoritarianism led to civil war? (a) Pakistan (b) Sri Lanka (c) Vietnam (d) Belgium 72. Which one of the following is not a valid reason for power sharing? (a) For majoritarianism (b) Being part and parcel of democracy (c) For political stability (d) To reduce tensions 73. Which one of the following communities is not related to Sri Lanka? (a) Sinhala (b) Indian Tamils (c) Parsis (d) Sri Lankan Tamils 74. Tamil natives of Sri Lanka are called (c) Muslim Tamils (d) None of the above (a) Sri Lankan Tamils (b) Indian Tamils 75. What is the percentage of German speaking people in Belgium? (a) 59% (b) 40% (c) 60% (d) 01% 76. What is the advantage of Horizontal distribution of power? (a) Each government work separately and these never keep check on functioning of other. (b) None of the governmental body exercise unlimited powers and each organ checks the other. (c) Each community in the society grows. (d) None of these 77. Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) In a democracy, all important decisions are taken by the majority community. (b) In a democracy, people rule themselves through the institution of self-government. (c) Political power is distributed in a democracy. (d) In a democratic country, respect is given to various diverse groups. 78. Belgium solved its problem successfully by (a) developing the power-sharing mechanism (b) rejecting the policy of majoritarianism (c) respecting the interests of different communities (d) all the above 79. Which among the following is not an interest group? (a) Trade unions (b) Business groups (c) Farmers union (d) Political parties 80. Consider the following statements about the ethnic composition of Sri Lanka, which among the following is correct? A. Major social groups are the Sinhala-speaking (74%) and Tamil-speaking (18%). B. Among the Tamils, there are two sub-groups, Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. C. There are about 7% Christians, who are both Tamil and Sinhala. D. Most of the Sinhala speaking are Hindu or Muslims and most of the Tamil speaking are Buddhists. (a) A, B, C (b) A, B, D (c) B, C, D (d) A, B, C, D 81. A government for the entire country is usually called (a) Central government (b) State government (c) Federal government (d) None of the above Political Science: Power Sharing 87

82. _________ was amended four times between 1970 and 1993. (a) Indian constitution (b) American constitution (c) Sri Lankan constitution (d) Belgium constitution 83. When the power is divided between higher and lower levels of government, then it is called as (a) Horizontal division (b) Parallel division (c) Vertical division (d) None of the above 84. System of Checks and Balances means (a) horizontal distribution of powers. (b) separation of powers. (c) put a check on the exercise of unlimited powers of the organs of the government by maintaining a balance of power among various institutions. (d) federal division of power. 85. Which of the following is not one of the three organs of government sharing power? (a) Legislature (b) Bureaucracy (c) Executive (d) Judiciary 86. Which of the following is not one of the aspects of federal division of powers? (a) Sharing of powers among central provincial and local governments. (b) Division of powers involving higher and lower levels of government. (c) The constitution clearly lays down powers of different levels of government. (d) There is no vertical division of powers. 87. What led to non-sharing of power? (a) Peace among all communities. (b) Tyranny of the majority and oppression of minority. (c) Negotiation of the very spirit of democracy. (d) Both (b) and (c) 88. __________ is referred to as social division based on culture and language. (a) Pressure group (b) Ethnic group (c) Interest group (d) None of the above 89. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent (a) different ideologies and social groups. (b) different communities. (c) different divisions. (d) different government. Answers 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (a) 1. (b) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 9. (c) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (d) 32. (c) 17. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (c) 25. (a) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 33. (a) 50. (d) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (c) 41. (d) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (c) 61. (c) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (b) 49. (c) 66. (d) 67. (b) 68. (c) 69. (a) 70. (d) 71. (b) 72. (a) 57. (c) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (b) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (d) 80. (a) 65. (d) 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (d) 88. (b) 73. (c) 81. (c) 89. (a) 88 Social Science–X: Term–1

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS Attempt all sub-parts from each question. Each question carries 1 mark. 1. Read the given extract and answer the following questions: Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Let us call this horizontal distribution of power because it allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the others. This results in a balance of power among various institutions. We studied that in a democracy, even though ministers and government officials exercise power, they are responsible to the Parliament or State Assemblies. Similarly, although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Power sharing is between – (a) legislature, executive and parliament (b) legislature, executive and judiciary (c) legislature, high court and judiciary (d) none of the above (ii) It allows different organs of government placed at the same level to exercise different powers is known as ___________. (a) circular distribution of power (b) vertical distribution of power (c) horizontal distribution of power (d) all the above (iii) Judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures, known as ____________. (a) horizontal distribution of power (b) checks and balances (c) vertical distribution of power (d) all the above (iv) Power sharing means – (a) system of political arrangements in which power is shared between ministers of the government (b) system of political arrangements in which power is shared between different organs of the government (c) system of political arrangements in which power is shared between different levels of government (d) all the above 2. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a democracy, we find interest groups such as those of traders, businessmen, industrialists, farmers and industrial workers. They also will have a share in governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision-making process. Political Science: Power Sharing 89

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) What is the meaning of coalition? (a) one party (b) oppose (c) alliance (d) multi party (ii) What does the competition amongst the political parties ensure? (a) power remains in one hand (b) power is shared (c) power does not remain in one hand (d) all the above (iii) None-sharing of power leads to (a) peace among all the communities (b) tyranny of the majority and oppression of the majority (c) negation of the very spirit of democracy (d) both (b) and (c) (iv) What do you understand by pressure groups? (a) organisations that attempt to oppose government policies (b) organisations that attempt to influence government policies (c) organisations that attempt to reject government policies (d) none of the above 3. Read the source given below and answer the following questions: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups. ‘Community government’ in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement. In some countries there are constitutional and legal arrangements whereby socially weaker sections and women are represented in the legislatures and administration. Last year, we studied the system of ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and the parliament of our country. This type of arrangement is meant to give space in the government and administration to diverse social groups who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. This method is used to give minority communities a fair share in power. Power sharing arrangements can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure groups and movements control or influence those in power. In a democracy, the citizens must have freedom to choose among various contenders for power. In contemporary democracies, this takes the form of competition among different parties. Such competition ensures that power does not remain in one hand. In the long run, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Which one of the following statements about community government is true? (a) Power is shared among different organs of the government (b) Power is shared among governments at different levels (c) Power is shared by different social groups (d) Power is shared by two or more political parties (ii) Power can be shared in modern democracies in the following ways: (a) Among different organs of the government (b) Among various levels (c) Among different social groups (d) All the above (iii) Power sharing is good because: (a) It increase the conflict between social groups (b) It ensures the instability of political order (c) It reduces the possibility of conflict between social groups (d) It leads to violence 90 Social Science–X: Term–1

(iv) Which is a prudential reason for power – sharing? (a) It reduces the possibility of conflict between communities and ensures the stability of political order (b) Power- sharing is the very spirit of democracy (c) both the above (d) None of the above 4. Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: The Belgian leaders took a different path. They recognised the existence of regional differences and cultural diversities. Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. The arrangement they worked out is different from any other country and is very innovative. Here are some of the elements of the Belgian model: Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French-speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government. Some special laws require the support of majority of members from each linguistic group. Thus, no What’s wrong if the majority community rules? If Sinhalas don’t rule in Sri Lanka, where else will they rule? single community can make decisions unilaterally. Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country. The state governments are not subordinate to the Central Government. Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation. The Frenchspeaking people accepted equal representation in Brussels because the Dutch-speaking community has accepted equal representation in the Central Government. Belgium is a small country in Europe, smaller in area than the state of Haryana. It has borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg. It has a population of a little over one crore, about half the population of Haryana. The ETHNIC composition of this small country is very complex. Of the country’s total population, 59 per cent lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language. Another 40 per cent people live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining one per cent of the Belgians speak German. In the capital city Brussels, 80 per cent people speak French while 20 per cent are Dutchspeaking. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option. (i) Who elects the community government in Belgium? (a) The citizens of the whole country (b) By the leader of Belgium (c) People belonging to one language community only (d) The community leader to Belgium (ii) Which two languages are generally spoken in Belgium? (a) Dutch and English (b) French and English (c) French and Dutch (d) Dutch and Sinhala (iii) What led to tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities? (a) Both the communities were equal in socio-economic ladder and this was resented by the French-speaking community. (b) He minority French – speaking community was richer and more powerful than the majority Dutch-speaking community. (c) The majority Dutch- speaking community was richer and more powerful than the minority French-speaking community. (d) Both the communities demanded special powers (iv) Which language is spoken by the majority of Belgians? (a) Dutch (b) French (c) German (d) English Political Science: Power Sharing 91

Answers (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (b) 2. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) 4. (i) (c) (ii) (c) (iii) (b) (iv) (a) 1. (i) (b) 3. (i) (c) ASSERTION-REASON QUESTIONS The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (c) A is true but R is false. (d) A is false but R is true. 1. Assertion (A) : Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1946. Reason (R) : The leaders of the Sinhala community sought to secure dominance over government by virtue of their majority. 2. Assertion (A) : In Belgium, the Dutch community could take advantage of its numeric majority and force its will on the French and German-speaking population. Reason (R) : In Sri Lanka, the Sinhala community enjoyed an even bigger majority and could impose its will on the entire country. 3. Assertion (A) : Sri Lanka has a diverse population. Reason (R) : The major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74 per cent) and the Tamil-speakers (18 per cent). 4. Assertion (A) : Power can be shared among governments at different levels – a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Reason (R) : Such a general government for the entire country is usually called federal government. 5. Assertion (A) : Although judges are appointed by the executive, they can check the functioning of executive or laws made by the legislatures. Reason (R) : The arrangement of monarchy is called a system of chess and balances. Answers 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 1. (d) zzz 92 Social Science–X: Term–1

6 FEDERALISM BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART FEDERALISM • Has two sets or • Two sets of • There are • No fundamental • An independent • Sources of levels of identities – different terms provision of the judiciary revenue for each government, one people belong to of government. constitution can prevents level of at a regional level the region as Each has its be changed at conflicts government are and two at the well as the own jurisdiction any level between centre clearly specified national level. country. in matters of arbitrarily. and states in the to ensure legislation, Changes require exercise of their stability. • Each region has taxation and the consent of powers. a separate administration, both levels of system of central, regional government. government, and local. distinct powers and responsibilities. LEGISLATIVE POWERS The Union List The State List Concurrent List • Has 97 subjects. • Has 59 subjects. • Has 47 subjects. • Subjects of national interests – • Subjects like police local • Both the centre and the defence, foreign policy, atomic energy, governments, trade and commerce states can make Laws on within the state and agriculture are the subjects such as banking, post and telegraph are included in it. education, forest, trade • Only the state governments can unions, marriage, adoption included in this. pass laws on this list. and succession. • Only the union government can pass laws on these subjects. Political Science: Federalism 93

how 94 Social Science–X: Term–1

MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Jurisdiction: The official power to make legal decisions and judgements. 2. Federal having or relating to a system of government in which several states form a unity but remain independent in internal affairs. 3. Federalism: The federal principle or system of government. 4. State Government or provincial government is the government of a country subdivision in a federal form of government, which shares political power with the federal or national government. 5. Central Government: The central government is the political authority that governs an entire nation. 6. Coming together Federation: It involves independent states coming together on their own to form a bigger unit so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity, they can increase their security. 7. Holding together Federation is a type of federation, where a large country decides to divide its power between. 8. Constitution: A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed. 9. Three List: The constitution clearly provides a three fold distribution of legislative powers between Union Government and the State government. Thus, it contains three lists – l Union List in this list subjects of national importance are included, such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications, and currency. l State List: It includes subjects of state and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. l Concurrent List: It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union and state governments such as education, forest, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession. 10. Legislative: Having the power to make laws. 11. Legislature: The legislative body of a country. 12. Supreme Court: It’s the highest judicial court in a country or a state. 13. High Court: It’s the second highest judicial court in India. 14. Union Territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the Union Government (Central Government), hence the name ‘union territory’. 15. Linguistic: Relating to language or study of language. 16. Linguistic State: The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries of India’s states and territories, organising them along linguistic lines. 17. Coalition Government is a cabinet of a parliamentary government, in which several political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that coalition. 18. Decentralisation: The transfer of authority from central to local government. 19. Panchayat: A village council 20. Municipal Council is the local government of a municipality. Political Science: Federalism 95

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1. Belgium shifted from a unitary form of government to (a) democratic (b) federal (c) authoritarian (d) none of the above 2. In federalism, power is divided between various constituent units and (a) central authority (b) states (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above 3. In federal system, central government cannot order the (a) principal (b) local government (c) state government (d) none of the above 4. State government has powers of its own for which it is not answerable to the (a) central government (b) executive (c) both (a) and (b) (d) none of the above 5. Power to interpret the constitution is with the (a) courts (b) central government (c) state government (d) none of the above 6. The coming together federation is (a) India (b) Spain (c) USA (d) Australia 7. Who can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union list? (a) Local government (b) State government (c) Union government (d) State and Union 8. The municipal corporation officers are called (a) Mayors (b) MLAs (c) Sarpanchs (d) none of these 9. Federations have been formed with the two kinds of (a) states (b) routes (c) people (d) none of the above 10. When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to local government, it is called: (a) Centralisation (b) Decentralisation (c) Panchayat samiti (d) None of these 11. Which among the following are examples of ‘coming together’ federations? (a) India, Spain and Belgium (b) India, USA and Spain (c) USA, Switzerland and Australia (d) Belgium, Sri Lanka and India 12. The Union List includes subjects like- (a) education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession (b) residuary subjects like computers (c) police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation (d) defense, foreign affairs, banking, currency, communications 13. Which one of the following states has become union territory of India? (a) Uttarakhand (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) J & K (d) Nagaland 14. Which one of the following countries is an example of ‘coming together’ federation? (a) USA (b) India (c) Spain (d) Belgium 96 Social Science–X: Term–1

15. Given are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Which of the following holds true in the case of India? (a) The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity. (b) Language based states have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language. (c) The language policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over other languages. (d) All the above 16. If there is a clash between the laws made by the state and the center on a subject in the concurrent list (a) the central law prevails. (b) the state law prevails. (c) the supreme court has to intervene to decide. (d) both the laws prevail in their respective jurisdiction. 17. Which of the following subjects are included in the ‘State list’? (a) Police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation (b) Education, forests, trade unions, marriages, adoption and succession (c) Defense, foreign affairs, banking, currency and communications (d) Residuary subjects like computers 18. In India’s federal system, the state government consists of the power to legislate on all those subjects that are included in which of the following list? (a) State list (b) Concurrent list (c) Union list (d) Residuary subjects 19. Which of the given subjects is not included in the State List? (a) National defence (b) Law and order (c) Agriculture (d) Education 20. Identify the government that consists of two or more levels. (a) Coalition government (b) Community government (c) Unitary government (d) Federal government 21. Identify the distinguishing feature of a federal government. (a) Power is distributed between the legislature, executive and judiciary. (b) National government gives some powers to the provincial government. (c) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government. (d) Elected official exercise supreme power in the government. 22. The constitution of India has (a) divided the power between centre and state into three lists. (b) divided the power between center and state into two lists. (c) listed the powers of state and left undefined powers to the state. (d) specified the powers of the state and left the residuary powers with the state. 23. The number of seats reserved for women in the panchayats and municipalities is (a) One-fourth (b) One-third (c) Half (d) One-fifth 24. ‘Holding together’ federations are not found in (a) India (b) Spain (c) Belgium (d) Australia 25. Subjects like computer software comes in (b) State List (a) Union List (d) Residuary Powers (c) Concurrent List Political Science: Federalism 97