Mooladhanam Matham- Full Book

151Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw ]cnj- vIc- Ww am{Xa- mWv km[ya- mb- n´- p≈- Xv F∂ \\ne]- mSv kzoIcn- °pI- bpw sNøp∂- b- mf- mW- mt√m thW- p. Xs∂t- ∏mse Bflm¿∞- - ambn kn.-]n.-sF.-Fw. tkmjy-en-ksØ X≈n-∏-d-bp-∂n√ F∂m- Wt√m At±lw ]cnX- ]- n°- p∂- X- v. Ing°- ≥ bqt- dm∏- ns- ebpw tkmhn- b‰v bqWnb- \\- ns- ebpw Xncn®- S- nIsf kn.]- n.s- F.F- w. hneb- nc- pØ- p∂- Xv am¿Ivkn-k-Øn-s‚tbm tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚tbm ]cm-P-b-am-bn-´√ {]tbm-K-X-e-Ønse ]ni-Ip-Iƒ F∂ \\ne-bn-em-Wv. B ]n-i-Ip- Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v kXy-k-‘-ambpw [oc-ambpw \\nin-X-ambpw ]m¿Sn hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 14-˛mw ]m¿´n tIm¨{Kkv AwKo-I-cn® \"\"Nne {]Xy-b-imkv{X {]iv\\-߃ kw_-‘n® {]tab'' Øn¬ B hneb- nc- pØ- e- pI- ƒ ASß- nb- n´- p≠- v. H∂masØ ]ni-Iv, apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ tijnsb Ipd-®p-Im-Wp- Ibpw AXns‚ XI¿® hfsc ASp-sØ-Ønb km[yX F∂ \\ne- bn¬ IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂-Xm-Wv. D¬∏m-Z\\ D]m-[n-I- sfbpw AXp-hgn D¬∏m-Z-\\-_-‘-ß-sfbpw \\nc-¥cw ]cn-h¿Ø\\ hnt[-b-am°n apX-em-fnØw kzbw k÷-am-Ip-∂Xv icn-bmbn hne- bnc- pØ- m≥ CXpa- qew Ign™- n√- . CtXms- Sm∏w tkmjye- nk- Ø- ns‚ tijnsb s]cp∏- n®- pI- mW- pI- bpw t\\¿tcJ- b- ne- qsS ]ptcmKa- n°- p∂ H∂mWv AsX∂v Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠m-a-Xmbn, tkmjy-en- k-Øn-\\v Iognse `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ h¿K-kz-`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw afi-e- Øn¬ sX‰pI- ƒ kw`h- n®- p. sXmgne- mf- nh- ¿§ k¿hm[- n]- X- ys- a∂- Xv ]m¿´n k¿hm-[n-]-Xy-ambn amdn. ]m¿´n Xocp-am-\\-߃ P\\m-[n-]-Xy- ]-c-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ P\\-ß-fpsS thZn-I-fn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°- s∏S- W- s- a∂ se\\n\\- nÃv XXzw ewLn°- s- ∏´p P\\m[- n]- Xy tI{µoI- - c-W-XXzw \\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xnse sshIeyw Dƒ∏m¿´n P\\m-[n-]Xyw l\\n-°p-∂-Xn-\\n-S-bm-°n. aq∂m-a-Xmbn tkmjy-enÃv kmº-ØnI \\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn¬ D¬∏m-Z-I-i-‡n-I-fpsS {ZpX-hn-Im-k- Øn\\v A\\pk- c- n®v kmºØ- nI amt\\P- vsa‚ v coXnI- ƒ \\nc¥- cw \\ho- I-cn-°m-\\m-bn-√. CXns‚ ^ew kº-ZvL-S-\\-bpsS apc-Sn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. \\mem-a-Xm-bn, P\\-߃°pw ]m¿´n AWn-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ h¿K-t_m- [hpw Pm{KX- bpw i‡ns- ∏S- pØ- p∂- X- n¬ t]mcmbva kw`h- n®- p. Cu hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fp-sSbpw ]mT-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn¬ sX‰p- Iƒs°X- nsc Pm{KX ]pe¿ØpI- bpw kz¥w {]h¿Ø\\- ß- sf {Iao-

152 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv I-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv kn.-]n.-sF.-Fw. sNøp-∂-Xv. tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ auenI XXzß- s- fb- msI Dt]£- n°- pI- b- √- . Xncn®- S- nI- f- n¬\\n∂- p≈ apJy]- mT- a- mbn ]m¿´n IcpX- p∂- X- v. am¿Ivknk- Ø- ns‚ imkv{Xob- hpw hnπh- I- c- h- pa- mb D≈S- °- sØ Db¿Øn∏- nS- n°- pI F∂X- pX- s- ∂b- m- Wv. hnπ-hhpw tkmjy-en-khpw Hcn-°¬ DS≥ hnπ-h-Øn-\\n-d-ßn-∏p-d-s∏´ thWp C-t∏mƒ ]d-bp- ∂Xv hnπhw Akm[- ya- ms- W∂pw tkmjye- nkw Hc- n°- epw ssIsb- ØmØ kz-]v\\-am-sW-∂p-am-Wv. Akm-[y-amb hnπ-h-Øn-s‚bpw tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ AWn-Isf h©n-°p-I-bmWv kn.- ]n.-sF.-Fw. F∂ Zpcm-tcm-]-Whpw At±lw D∂-bn-°p-∂p. AXn-hn- - πh- Ø- ns‚ ]mXb- n¬ \\n∂v hnπh- s- ØX- s∂ X≈n∏- d- b- p∂ \\neb- n- te-°p≈ ]X\\w a‰p ]e hn-π-h-km-l-kn-I-∑m¿°p-sa-∂-t]mse thWp-hn\\pw kw`-hn-®-Xn¬ H´pw ]pXp-a-bn-√. AXv kzm`m-hn-Ihpw A\\n-hm-cy-hp-amb Zpc-¥-am-Wv. hnπhw km[y-am-sW∂pw apX-em-fn- ØØ- n\\v _Z¬ tkmjye- nk- a- ms- W∂- pa- p≈Xn¬ ]m¿´n°v kwib- - ta-Xp-an-√. \\ne-hn-ep≈ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ Cu \\nK-a-\\-ßsf km[q- Ic- n°- p∂- X- mW- v. F∂m¬ hnπh- hpw tkmjye- nk- hpw £n{]k- m[y- ams- W∂ hymtaml- a- √; kpZo¿Lhpw k¶o¿Whpw hfh- pX- nc- nh- pI- - fp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp {]{In-b-bm-WXv F∂ imkv{Xob kao-]-\\-amWv kn.]- n.s- F.F- Ωn\\p≈- X- .v hnπh- Ø- ns‚ hkXv p\\- nj- Tv hpw Bfl\\- nj- Tv - hp-amb LS-I-ßsf icn-bmbn hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ct∏m- gsØ hnπhL´w P\\-Iob P\\m-[n-]-Xy-Øn-t‚-XmWv F∂pw AXn- \\pt- ij- a- mWv tkmjye- nÃv ]cnh- ¿Ø\\w km[ya- mh- pI F∂pw ]m¿´n hneb- nc- pØ- nb- n´- p≈- X- v. hnπhw Akm[- ya- ms- W∂pw apXe- mf- nØ- Ø- n\\v _Ze- ns- √∂- pa- p≈ hmZ-߃°v ASn-ÿm-\\-ambn thWp Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv \\ne-hn- ep≈ BtKm-f-km-l-N-cy-ß-fm-Wv. Cu BtKm-f-km-l-N-cy-߃ imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb hf¿®-bpsS ^e- am-sW-∂p-IqSn thWp ]d-bp-tºmƒ c≠v sX‰mb \\nK-a-\\-ß-fn¬ At±lw FØn-t®-cp-∂p. H∂v imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI hf¿® hnπh hncp-≤-amWv F∂pw as‰m∂v Ct∏m-gsØ BtKmf kml-N-cy-߃

153Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw am-‰-an-√msX XpS-cp-sa-∂pw. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI hnZym-ap-t∂-‰sØ sIm≈-em`w sImøp-∂-Xn\\pw NqjWw Xo{h-am- °p-∂-Xn-\\p-amWv apX-em-fnØw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. am¿Ivkv Nq≠n- °mW- n®- X- pt- ]mse aqe[- \\- Ø- ns‚ A[nI- X- c- a- mb tI{µoI- c- W- Ø- n- te°- mWv CXv \\bn°- p∂- X- v. CXns‚ adp]- pdw Bgt- ad- nb Aka- X- z- -ßfpw sXmgn¬ \\jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hf¿®bpw alm-`q-cn-]£w P\\- ß-fp-sSbpw {Ib-ti-jn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ CSn-hp-am-Wv. apX-em-fn-Ø- Øns‚ kl-P-amb sshcp[yw ˛ kmaq-ly-amb D¬]m-Z-\\hpw hy- ‡n]- c- a- mb ssIbS- °- epw XΩne- p≈- Xv ˛ i‡ns- ∏S- p∂- p. Cu Nqj- W-{I-asØ \\ne-\\n¿Øm≥ km{am-PyXzw ssk\\n-Ihpw cm{„o-b-hp- amb _e-{]-tbm-KsØ IqSp-X-embn B{i-bn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ ^e- ambn BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬Øs∂ sshcp-[y-߃ aq¿On-°p-I-bm-Wv. km{amP- yX- zhpw aq∂mw temIc- mP- yß- fpw XΩne- p≈ sshcp[- yß- ƒ aq¿On°- p∂- X- ns‚ {]Xn^- e- \\w C∂v temIØ- msI ImWmw. aq∂mw temI-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ km{am-Py-Xz-\\-b-߃ \\S-∏m-°p∂ `c-Wm-[n-Im- cnI- ƒs°X- nc- mbn Dbc- p∂ hºn® {]t£m`- ß- fpw sXcs- ™S- p∏- nse P\\-hn-[n-Ifpw CXv sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. em‰n-\\-ta-cn° CXns‚ anI® ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. am{X-a-√, apX-em-fnØ cmPy-ß-fn¬Øs∂ BtKm- fh- ¬°c- W {]{Inb- b- psS ^ea- mbn B`y¥- c sshcp[- yß- ƒ i‡n- s∏S- p∂- p≠- .v im‡nI _em_- e- Ø- n¬ km{amP- yX- zØ- n\\v Ct∏mg- p≈ ta[m-hnXzw ÿmbn-b√ F∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. GI-{[p-h-tem-I-Øn- s\\-Xn-cmbn Db-cp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw _lp-{[p-htemI-Øns‚ {]h- W-X-Iƒ kPo-h-am-Ip-∂Xpw Ct∏m-gsØ ta[m-hnXzw Xm¬°m-en- I-am-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv imkv{X-˛-km-t¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw apX-em-fnØ hnIm-khpw BtKm-f-km-l-N-cy-ßsf \\niN-v e- a- m°n \\n¿ØpI- b- √- , sshcp[- yß- sf aq¿On∏- n°- pI- bpw hnπ- hØ- ns‚ hkXv p\\- njTv kmlN- c- yß- sf krjSv n°- pI- b- pa- mWv sNøp- I. hf¿∂ph- c- p∂ Cu ]cnX- xÿ- nX- nI- sf D]t- bmK- s- ∏S- pØn hnπhw \\S-Øm-\\m-h-iy-amb Bfl-\\njvT LSIw ˛ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbpw AXns‚ t\\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn-emfn ˛ I¿jI kJyhpw ˛ sI´n- ∏-Sp-°m-\\p≈ {ia-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\\-ß-fn-emWv kn.-]n.-sF.-Fw. G¿s∏´- n´- p≈- X- .v apXe- mf- nØ- Ø- n\\v _Z¬ tkmjye- nkw am{Xa- mWv F∂Xv shdpw

154 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv kz]v\\-a-√, imkv{Xob kXy-am-Wv. F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ NqjWw apX-em-fnØ D¬∏m-Z-\\-co-Xn-bpsS kl-P-amb kz`m-h-am-Wv. AXn- √msX apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\\v an® aqey-ap-≠m-°m\\pw em`w h¿≤n-∏n- °m\\pw aqe[- \\w kaml- c- n°- m\\pw \\ne\\- n¬°m≥ Xs∂bpw Ignb- n- √. AXm-bXv thWp ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse F{X ]cn-jvI-cn-®m-epw Nqj-W-ap-‡-amb apX-em-fnØw km[y-a-√. D¬∏m-Z\\ D]m-[n-Iƒ s]mXp DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-bn-Øo-cp∂ \"tkmjy-en-k-Øn≥ Iogn¬ am{Xta NqjWw C√mX- mh- q. AXn\\- m¬ apXe- mf- nØ- Ø- n\\- p≈ Htc- sbmcp _Z¬ tkmjye- nk- a- mW- v. Cu bmYm¿∞y-ßsf ad-®p-sh®v Akm-[y-amb hnπ-h-sØ-°p- dn®pw apXe- mf- nØ- Ø- ns‚ A{]a- mZ- nX- zs- Ø°- pd- n®pw hmNme- \\- mh- p∂ thWp-hmWv P\\-ß-sf-bmsI h©n-°p-∂-Xv, kn.-]n.-sF.-Fw A√. Hcn°- ¬ kn.]- n.s- F.F- Ωn\\v hnπhw t]msc∂ Bt£]- h- pa- mbn t]mb thWp Ct∏mƒ apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn\\pth≠n {]Xy-b-im-kv{X -Zm-ky- the sNøp∂- nS- t- Ø°v FØnb- nc- n°- p∂- p. B Zmkyt- he- b- psS coXn- imkv{Xw hfsc ]pXp-a-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-hn-π-h-_m-[-bpsS `qX-Im- eØv Xm≥ kzoI-cn-®Xpw hnπ-h-hocyw Xo¿Øpw tNm¿∂p-I-gn™ h¿Øa- m\\- I- me- Øv Xm≥ ]pe¿Ønh- c- p∂- X- pa- mb sX‰mb \\ne]- mS- p- Iƒ kn.]- n.s- F.F- Ωns‚ Xeb- n¬ sI´ns- h®v ]m¿´n {]Xyb- i- mk- v{X- °pc- p°- ne- mWv F∂v Ip‰s- ∏S- pØ- e- mW- X- v. AXps- Im≠v kn.]- n.s- F.- FΩns\\ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-°p-cp-°ns‚ {]Xn-°q-´n-em°n hnNm-cW sNøm≥ ]pd-s∏´ thWp-hns‚ teJ\\w Hcp Bfl-hn-Nm-c-W-bmbn ]cnW- a- n°- pI- b- mW- v. tZim`- na- m\\n hmcnI, 2008 s^{_p-hcn

155Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw kz`m-h-l-Xy-bpsS cm{„obw \"\"`ocq shSns- hb- v°v, \\o sIm√p∂- Xv Hcp a\\pj- ys\\ am{Xa- mWv.'' hniz hnπh- I- mc- n sNKpthc, Xs∂ h[n°- m\\- p≈ kn sF FbpsS DØc- hv \\S∏- m°- ms- \\Ø- nb amcntbm sSdm≥ F∂ km¿P‚ns‚ \\nd- tXm-°n-\\p-ap-∂n¬ \\n∂p K¿÷n® hm°p-Iƒ. Cu [oc hnπ-h-Im- cnsb A]I- o¿Øns- ∏S- pØ- m≥ km{amP- yX- zØ- ns‚ sshXmf- nI- ∑- m¿ {]Nc- n∏- n®- Xv A¥y \\nanj- ß- f- n¬ At±lw Poh\\- pt- h≠n bmNn®p F∂m-Wv. IΩyq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿s°-Xn-cmb lo\\-amb cm{„ob Bbp-[- am°n kz`m-h-l-Xysb i{Xp-°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ FÆ-a‰ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-sem-∂p-am-{X-am-Wn-Xv. emhvens‚ t]cn¬ ]nW-dm-bn- bn¬ XpSßn Ct∏mƒ C¥y≥ Iayq-WnÃv {]ÿm-\\-Øns‚ kap- ∂X t\\Xm-°-fmb kp¿Pn-Xn-te°pw {]Imiv Imcm-´n-te°pw hsc FØn-°-gn-™Xpw tZiob Xe-Øn-te°v hym]n-®-Xp-amb kz`mh lXym-{i-a-߃ H‰-s∏-´tXm CXm-Zy-ambn \\S-°p-∂tXm As√∂v ImWm-\\m-hpw. km¿h-tZ-iob˛ tZiob Xe-Øn¬ kz`mhlXy-bp- sSbpw A]-hmZ {]N-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw Iayq-WnÃv hncp≤ {]tbm-K- Øn\\v Hcp Zo¿L Ncn{Xw Xs∂-bp-≠v. sNKpthcsb AXy¥w {Iqc-ambn kz`m-h-l-Xy- \\-S-Øp∂ Hcp hnIe kr„n ASp-ØnsS Hcp ]pkvX-tIm-’-h-Øn¬ ImWp-I-bp ≠mbn. sN sb kv{Xoe-º-S\\pw `ocphpw BUw-_-c-{]n-b\\pw kpJ teme- p]- \\pw Im]S- y°- mc- \\- ps- ams- °b- mb- n´- mWv AXn¬ Nn{XoI- c- n®- n- ´p-≈-Xv. Iyq_≥ GIm-[n-]Xn _m‰n-Ã-bpsS sIm´m-c-Øn¬\\n∂v e£°- W- °- n\\v tUmf¿ hne hcp∂ Hcp BUw_- c hm®v sN ssI

156 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv °e- m°- ns- b∂- X- S°ap≈ hnjw ]pc´- nb At\\Iw \\pWI- ƒ AXn¬ ajn ]pc´- nb- n´- p≠- .v hnπh- m\\- ¥- c Iyq_b- nse A[nI- mc- Ø- ns‚ AXyp- ∂X- ß- f- n¬\\n∂v ^nZe- n\\v kvt\\l]- q¿∆w Hcp IØpw FgpX- ns- h®v a{¥n-]-Zhn Dt]-£n®v s_mfo-hn-b≥ ImSp-I-fnse acWw ]Xn-bn-cn- °p∂ Kdn√m t]mcm´- Ø- ns‚ A]I- S- h- oY- nI- f- nt- e°v kzbw Cdß- n- h-∂ alm-\\mb hnπ-h-Im-cn-sb-bmWv C{X tami-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®- sXt- ∂m¿°pI. sN bpsS `qtKmf- Ø- ns- eº- mS- pa- p≈ Bcm[- I- sc aqV- ∑m¿ F∂mWv ]pkvXI- Ø- n¬ Bt£]- n®- n´- p≈- X- v. ^nZ¬ Imkvt{Smbpw kz`m-h-l-Xym-{i-a-ß-fpsS Cc-bm-Wv. ^nZ- ens\\ temI-Ønse G‰hpw henb kº-∂-\\m-bn-´mWv Ata-cn-°- bnse t^m_vkv amknI apºv AhX- c- n∏- n®- X- v. Imkvt{Smb- psS Poh- s\\S- p°- m≥ kn sF F \\SØ- nb Adp\\- q‰n ap∏s- Ø´v h[{- ia- t- Øm- sSm∏w thWw \\nc-¥-c-amb kz`m-h-l-Xym-{i-a-ß-sfbpw ImWm≥. tcmK-_m-[n-X-\\mb ^nZ¬ ÿm\\-sam-gn-™-Xns\\ XpS¿∂v hnπ-h- Øn¬ ^nZe- n\\pw sN b°v psam∏w t\\Xr]- c- a- mb ]¶p hln® ktlm- Z-c≥ duƒ Imkvt{Sm {]kn-U‚m-b-t∏mƒ ^nZ-ens\\ IpSpw-_-hm-gvN- bpsS h‡mh- mb- mWv Nn{XoI- c- n®- X- .v se\\ns- \\bpw amthmtbbpw i{Xp- °ƒ shdpsX hn´n-√. djy≥ hnπ-h-Im-eØv Igp-Øn-t\\‰ shSn-bp- ≠-bmWv ]n∂oSv se\\ns‚ ac-W-Im-c-W-am-b-sX∂ kXyw temI- Øn\\- msI Adnb- p∂- X- mW- v. F∂m¬ ASpØ- I- me- Øv, se\\ns‚ ac- W -Im-cWw kn^n-enkv Bbn-cp-s∂∂ A[-a-{]-Nm-cWw i{Xp-°ƒ \\SØ- pI- b- p≠- mb- n. amthm acn®v Gsd°meØ- n\\- pt- ijw PohN- c- n{Xw F∂ te_-en¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® Hcp a™-∏p-kvXIw ssewKnI sshIrX- ß- fpw ssewKnI AcmP- I- X- zß- fpw hscb- p≈ \\nIr„- a- mb Btcm]- W- ß- ƒ D∂b- n®- p. Ãmens- \\°- pd- n®- mI- s´, IayqW- nÃv hncp- ≤¿ sNmcn™ A]h- mZ- ß- ƒ IW°- ‰- X- mW- v. At±l- Ø- ns‚ sX‰p- Isf ]¿∆X- oI- c- n®pw Aht- bms- Sm∏w C√m°- Y- I- fpw \\pWI- fpw Iq´n- t®¿Øpw kz`m-h-lXy \\S-Øm\\pw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ {]Xn-°q-´n¬ ln‰ve¿s°m∏w {]Xn-jvTn-°m-\\p-amWv i{Xp-°ƒ F∂pw {ian-®n-´p- ≈-Xv. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-bs‚bpw Ing-°≥ bqtdm-∏nse tkmjy-en- k-Øn-s‚bpw XI¿®-bv°p-tijw kz`m-h-l-Xym-{i-a-ß-fpsS then- tb‰w Xs∂-bp-≠m-bn. tkmjy-enÃv P¿Ω-\\n-bnse {]kn-U‚m-bn- cp∂ FdnIv tlmsW-°sd°p-dn®v _q¿jzm- am-[y-a-߃ kn\\n-am-

157Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw °-YI- -tf°- mƒ AXn-it- bm-‡n]- c- a- mb hm¿Ø-I-fmb- n-cp∂p {]N-cn- ∏n-®-Xv. tlmtW-°¿, Agn-a-Xnbpw A[n-Imc Zp¿hn-\\n-tbm-Khpw \\SØn iXt- ImS- nI- f- psS kºØv B¿÷ns- ®∂- mb- nc- p∂p IYI- ƒ. F∂m¬ B a\\pj- y≥ ]n∂oSv Iym≥k¿ _m[nX- \\- mbn Atßb- ‰w Zmcn{- Zyhpw Zb\\- ob- h- pa- mb kmlN- c- yß- f- n¬ acn®- Xv hm¿Øt- bb- m- bn-√. ]gb tImSo-iz-cs‚ hn{`-an-∏n-°p∂ IY-I-sf√mw am[y-a- ߃Xs∂ \\n»–- a- mbn hngpß- n. tIcf- Ø- n¬ k: Agot°mS- ≥ cmLh- s\\ Agna- X- nt- °mS- ≥ F∂p- hn-fn®v A[n-t£-]n-®Xv ad-∂p-Iq-Sm. C Fw Fkns‚ aI≥ tPmen- bpt- ]£- n®v ]m¿´nb- psS apgph- ≥ kab {]h¿ØI- \\- mb- t- ∏mƒ AXv a°ƒ cmjv{So-b-am-sW∂v A]-hmZw ]d-™Xpw Bcpw ad-∂n-´n-√. \\njvIm-a- I¿Ωn-bmb k: C.Fw.-F-kns\\ Icp-Wm-I-cs‚ a°ƒ cm{„ob- h- pa- mbn XmcX- a- ys- ∏S- pØ- p∂ Im¿´qW- pI- fpw IYI- fpw \\n¿Ωn- ®-h-cmWv tIc-f-Ønse Iayq-WnÃv hncp≤ am[y-a-߃. F√m kz`m-h-l-Xym-{i-a-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n∂n-ep-≈Xv Iayq-WnÃv hncp≤ cm{„obw Xs∂b- mW- v. emhvens‚ ]pIa- d- b- v°p- ]n∂n¬\\n∂v ]nWd- mbn F∂ Hcmƒ°v t\\sc am{Xa- √, C¥yb- nse G‰hpw henb Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS D∂X t\\Xr-Xz-Øn\\v t\\sc-bmsI B{I- aWw \\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWv Iayq-WnÃv hncp-≤¿. emhven≥ bp≤-Øn¬ inJ-fin-sb-t∏mse ap∂n¬ \\n¿Ønb a™-]-{Xm-[n- ]¿ U¬ln-bn¬ \\S-Ønb ]{X-k-tΩ-f-\\hpw AtX-‰p-]n-Sn® bp.-Un.- F^v ˛ _n.-sP.]n t\\Xm-°-fpsS hmsam-gn-Ifpw Iayq-Wn-ÃvImsc t]Sn®v hnjw Ign®v acn-°m-s\\m-cp-ßn-b-h-cpsS P\\n-XI ]mc-ºcyw tXSn s]‰ps- ]c- pI- nb am[ya am¿÷mc- ∑- mc- psS tamße- pI- fpw C¥y- bnse D∂X Iayq-WnÃv t\\Xr-Xz-sØ-bmsI Ah-tl-fn-°p-∂-h-bm- Wv. {_n´o-jp-Im¿ apX¬ Jen-ÿm≥ Xo{h-hm-Zn-Iƒ hsc-bp-≈-h- cpsS shSn-bp-≠-Isf AXn-Po-hn-®, Ggp ]Xn-‰m-≠ns‚ [\\y-amb hnπh Pohn-X-Øns‚ DS-a-bmb kp¿Pn-Xn-s\\bpw tZiob cm{„o-b- Ønse sXfna- b- m¿∂ hy‡nX- zØ- n\\- pS- a- b- mb {]Imiv Imcm´- ns- \\bpw B{I-an-°p-tºmƒ e£yw ]m¿´nbm-sI-bm-sW∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. A¥-cn® k: C. _mem-\\-µ≥ X\\n°v tcJ-Iƒ tNm¿Øn-X-s∂∂ a™]{X-Øns‚ ]{Xm-[n] hne-£-Ws‚ Ah-ImihmZw D∂-X- \\mb B sXmgn-emfn h¿§ t\\Xm-hns‚ kz`mh [m¿„ysØ Xs∂

158 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Aht- lf- n°- e- mW- v. a≥taml- ≥ knwKv k¿°mc- ns‚ Poh≥ c£n®- X- ne- qsS tIm¨{K- kns‚ B]¬_m-‘-h-\\mbn amdnb Aa¿kn-MmWv emhven≥ tIkn¬ kn _n sF cm{„ob kΩ¿±-Øn\\p hg-ßn-sb∂v ]d-™- Xv. Xcnºpw hnizm-ky-X-bn-√mØ bph-tam¿®m t\\Xm-hns‚ hnSp-hm- bXzwhsc, \\nd™ kv{Io\\n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-\\p≈ \\ΩpsS Nm\\- ep-I-sfm∂pw Aa¿knMv ]d-™-Xmbn `mhn-®n-√. BWh Icm¿ {]iv\\-Øn¬ CS-Xp-]-£-tØbpw kn ]n sF Fw t\\Xm-°-sfbpw IS∂- m{- Ia- n®- t- ∏mƒ CtX Aa¿knMv am[ya- ß- f- nse Xmca- mb- nc- p∂p Ft∂m¿°-Ww. emhven≥ \\ntj-[-Ønepw Aa¿knMv kn ]n sF FΩn\\v FXn-cm-bmWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬ am[y-a-N¿-®-Ifpw hni- I-e-\\-ßfpw l\\p-ams‚ hmep-t]mse A¥an-√msX \\o≠p-t]m-Ip- amb- nc- p∂- p. C∂v tIm¨{Kkv ˛ _n.-sP.-]n. CXc aq∂mw tNcn-sb∂ CS-Xp- ]£ \\ne]- mS- ns- \\m∏w IqSpX- ¬ atXX- c ]m¿´nI- ƒ AWn\\- nc- °- pI- - bp-am-Wv. Cu kmlNcy-Øn¬, CS-Xp-]£w tZiob cm{„o-b-Øn¬ \\n¿Wmb- I i‡nb- mI- p∂- X- ns\\ km{amP- yX- zhpw C¥yb- nse `cW h¿Kß- fpw `bs- ∏S- p∂- p. CSX- p]- £- Ø- ns‚ i‡nt- I{- µß- f- n¬ Xo{h he-Xp-]£w apX¬ Xo{h CS-Xp-]£w hsc km{am-Py-Xz-Øns‚ Im¿anI- X- zØ- n¬ AWn\\- nc- °- p∂ hnime IayqW- nÃv hncp≤ ap∂Wn CS-Xp-]-£sØ XI¿°pI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. \\µn-{Kmapw knwKqcpw _p≤-tZ-hn-s\\-Xn-cmb h[-{i-a-hp-sa√mw _wKm-fnse CS- Xp-]-£sØ XI¿°m-\\m-Wv. _wKm-fnse _p≤-tZ-hns\\ imco-cn-I- ambn hI hcp-Øm≥ {ian-®-h-cp-sSbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]nW-dm-bnsb kz`mh lXy \\S-Øp-∂-h-cp-sSbpw e£yw H∂p-X-s∂. c≠n-SØpw {]ÿm\\- Ø- ns‚ Bflh- ocyw tNm¿ØpI- . Hdo - b- nse \\yq\\]- £- t- h´, C{kt- be- pa- mb- p≈ NßmØw, Ata- cn-°≥ hnt[-bXzw F∂n-ß-s\\-bp≈ \\nc-h[n cm{„o-b-{]-iv\\-߃ N¿® sNøs- ∏´- m¬ bp Un F^n\\v \\n¬°I- ≈- nb- n√- mX- mh- pw. AsXm- gn-hm-°m-\\mWv emhven≥ a{¥w AJ-fi-\\ma b⁄w t]mse Dcp- hn-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kZm-Nm-chpw [m¿Ωn-I-Xbpw IΩyq-WnÃv cm{„o-b-Øn-s‚bpw Poh-n-X-N-cy-bp-sSbpw Poh-hm-bp-hm-Wv. h¿§- - i- {Xp°- f- psS klmb- t- ØmsS kwc£- nt- °≠- tXm heX- p]- £ am[- y-

159Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw a-ß-fpsS kmtcm-]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\\n∂v Dƒs°m-t≈-≠tXm A√ hnπ- h-Im-cn-bpsS kZm-Nm-cw. AXv hnπh {]h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ Xo£vWm- \\p`- h- ß- f- ne- qsS A\\nh- mc- ya- mbpw kzm`mh- nI- a- mbpw kzmbØ- a- m°- p- ∂X- mW- v. tZim-`n-am\\n Zn\\-]{Xw, 2009 am¿®v H∂v

160 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv kn.-]n.sF (Fw)Dw h¿-§-˛-_-lp-P-\\- kw-L-S-\\-Ifpw IayqWnÃv ]m¿´n-bn¬ \\n∂v ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-´-h¿ _q¿jzm-am-[y- a-߃°v {]nb-¶-c-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv ]pXp-a-b-√. Fw.-hn.-cm-L-h-\\pw Kucn-b-Ω-bp-sa√mw C°q-´-Øn¬s]-´-h-cm-Wv. Cßs\\ _q¿jzm-am- [ya- ß- f- psS sN√I- p´- nI- f- psS Iq´XØ- n¬ ÿm\\w ]nSn°- m≥ Ign™ BfmWv hn.-_n.-sN-dn-bm≥, BZyw ]d-™-hsct]mse sNdn-bm- s\\bpw Cu ]Z-hn-°¿l-\\m-°n-bXv kn]n-sF-F-Ωn¬\\n∂v ]pd-Ø- °s∏´p F∂ tbmKy-X-bm-Wv. km[m-cW Cßs\\ Ipsd-°mew sIm≠p\\S- °- p∂- h- sc _q¿jzma- m[- ya- ß- ƒ C\\n {]tbmP- \\- a- ns- √∂v tXm∂p-∂-tXmsS s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ Dt]-£n-°p-I-bmWv ]Xn-hv. `mhn- bn¬ sNdn-bm\\pw kw`hn-°m-\\n-cn-°p∂ hn[n CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ Ah¿°v sNdnb- ms\\ Bhi- ya- p≈- X- ps- Im≠- mWv kn]ns- F- FΩ- ns- \\X- nc- mb sNdnb- ms‚ P¬]\\- ß- sf henb ssk≤m¥- nI hn- i-I-e-\\-ß-sf∂ a´n¬-A-h¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nne teJ-\\-ßfpw A`n-ap-J-ßfpw {]kvXm-h-\\-Ifpw F√m-ambn sNdn- bms\\ am[ya- ß- ƒ B\\b- n®v \\S°- p∂- Xv kn]nsF FΩns- \\X- nc- mb- , Hcp Bbp[w In´nb kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. C-ßs\\ am[ya IpØ-I-Iƒ HuZm-cy-]q¿∆w \\¬Inb ÿehpw kuIc- yhpw D]t- bmK- n®v kn]nsFFΩns- \\X- nc- mbn Xs‚ Bt£]- - ]¿∆w At±lw XpS¿∂ps- Im≠- nc- n°- p∂- p. At±lw D∂b- n®- ps- Im- ≠nc- n°- p∂ Hcp {][m\\ hna¿i\\w h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- f- psS kzX{¥ {]h¿Ø\\- sØ XS - s- ∏S- pØn ]m¿´n Ahsb shdpw t]m

161Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw jI kwL-S-\\-I-fm°n A[x]Xn-∏n-®p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv. ]m¿´n-°p-]p-d- Ømb sNdnb- ms- \\t- ∏me- p≈ Nne¿ Bh¿Øn®- ps- Im≠- nc- n°- pt- \\#v\\ Cu hna¿i\\- Ø- n\\v bmsXmcp ASnÿ- m\\- hpw C√ F∂X- mWv hkXv p- X. CXp a\\ - ne- m°- m≥ h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- t- fmS- p≈ kn]n- sFF- Ω- ns‚ kao]- \\w F¥ms- W∂- -dn-b-Ww. h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- sf kw_‘- n® ]m¿´nb- psS icnb- mb ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv 1978-˛se km¬°nb πo\\-Øn¬sh-®m- Wv. km¬°nb πo\\-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m-\\-s∏´ Xocp-am\\w \"\" C¥y≥ sXmgn-emfn h¿§-Øns‚ _lp-P-\\-hn-π-h-]m¿´n'' bmbn kn]nsF FΩns\\ am‰Ww F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\\ amdm≥ Ign- bW- s- a¶- n¬ sXmgne- mf- nI- ƒ, I¿jI- ¿ XpSß- nb A[zm\\- n°- p∂ P\\- hn-`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw bphm-°ƒ, aln-f-Iƒ, hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ XpS-ßnb P\\-e-£-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Iayq-Wn-Ãp-Im¿ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A-Snb-¥nc {]iv\\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n {]h¿Øn-°p∂ h¿K_- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- ƒ sI´n∏- S- p°- pI- bpw thWw. Cu _lp- P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS t\\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ {]t£m-`-W-ß-fn-eq-sS, Db¿∂p-h-cp∂ ]Xn-\\m-bn-c-°-W-°n\\v _lp-P-\\-ßsf ]m¿´n-bpsS A\\p`- mh- nI- f- pw, {ItaW AwKß- f- pa- m°n am‰W- w. Cßs\\ am{Xsa Hcp _lp-P-\\-hn-πh ]m¿´n-bmbn amdm≥ kn]n-sF-F-Ωn\\v Ign-bp- sh∂v km¬°nbm πo\\w hneb- nc- pØ- n. km¬°nbm πo\\w Bhnj- Iv c- n® ImgNv ∏- mS- ns‚ khnt- ij- X h¿K- ˛-_-lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS kzX-{¥yhpw P\\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-hp-amb {]h¿Ø\\w F∂X- mW- v. Cu ImgvN∏- mSv apdpsI ]nSn®- ps- Im≠- mWv XpS¿∂nt- ßm´v kn]ns- FFw {]h¿Øn®- ph- c- p∂- X- v. A√ms- X, sNdn- bm≥ Bt£-]n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse t]mj-I-kw-L-S\\m kao-]-\\-a√ kn]n-sFFw ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. t]mj-I-kw-L-S-\\-Iƒ kn]n-sF-F- Ωns‚ A√, _q¿jzm-]m¿´n-I-fpsS coXn-bm-Wv. _q¿jzm-]m¿´n-Iƒ t]mjI- k- wL- S- \\- I- sf hf¿Øp∂- Xv thm´p_- m¶v cmjv{Sob- Ø- ns‚ `mKa- mb- mW- v. kn]n-sF-F-Ωn-\\m-Is´ P\\-Iob P\\m-[n-]Xy ap∂Wn sI´n-∏-Sp- °m-\\p-≈-k-a-tcm-]-I-c-W-ß-fmWv h¿K-˛-_-lp-P\\ kwL-S-\\-Iƒ, AXmb- Xv kn]ns- FF- Ω- ns‚ coXn, h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- ˛- k- wL- S- \\- I- f- psS {]h¿Ø-\\-sØbpw {]t£m-`-ß-sfbpw ]m¿e-sa-≠dn {]h¿Ø-\\-

162 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Øn\\v Iogsv ∏S- pØ- p∂ tkmjy¬ sUtam{- Im‰- nIv coXnb- s- √∂- ¿∞w. hnπh i‡n-I-fpsS hf¿®sb Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ cmk-Xz-c-I-ß-fm- bmWv kn]n-sFFw h¿K-_-lp-P\\ kwL-S-\\-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS {]t£m`- ß- s- fbpw ImWp∂- X- v. Cu icn-bmb kao-]\\w apdp-sI-]n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v kn]n-FwFw {]h¿Øn®- X- n\\- me- mWv ]m¿´n°pw ]m¿´n t\\XrXzw \\¬Ip∂ h¿K- ˛_- l- pP- \\ kwLS- \\- I- ƒ°pw hºn® hf¿® ssIhc- n°- m≥ Ign™- - Xv. ]m¿´n t\\XrXzw \\¬Ip∂ h¿K-˛-_-lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS samØw AwK-kw-Jy91¬ 2,87,79,569 Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ 2001 Bb-t∏m- tg°pw CXv 4,05,94,829 Bbn h¿[n-®p. Cu Hcp Zi-I-Øn-\\n-S-bn¬ AwK-Øn-ep-≠mb h¿[-\\hv 41 iX-am-\\-am-Wv. ]m¿´n AwK-Xz-am-h- s´, 91se 5,79,666¬ \\n∂v 2001 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw 7,96,073 Bbn h¿[n- ®p. 37.3 iX-am\\w h¿[-\\-hv. Cu IW-°p-Iƒ ImWn-°p-∂Xv hn]p-e-amb h¿K-˛-_-lp-P\\ kwL-S-\\-Iƒ sI´n-∏- -Sp-°m\\pw, Ah-bpsS hf¿®sb ]m¿´n-bpsS hf¿®b- n¬ {]Xn^- e- n∏- n°- m\\pw Ign™- ps- h∂- X- mW- v. km¬°nbm πo\\w hn`m-h\\w sNbvX coXn-bn¬ h¿K-_-lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\\- ß- f- ps- Sbpw {]t£m`- ß- f- ps- Sbpw `mKa- mbn Db¿∂ph- ∂ ]Xn-\\m-bn-c-°-W-°n-\\m-fp-Isf ]m¿´n-bn-te°v dn{Iq´p sNøm≥ Ign™psh-∂¿∞w. Cu hºn® t\\´w h¿K-˛-_-lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\- Iƒ°pw ]m¿´n°pw ssIh-cn-°m≥ Ign-™Xv t]mj-I-kw-L-S\\m _‘-a√ ]m¿´nbpw _lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-Ifpw XΩn-ep-≈Xv F∂-Xp- sIm-≠m-Wv. _lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS kzX-{¥hpw P\\m-[n-]-Xy-]- ch- pa- mb {]h¿Ø\\- hpw AtXk- a- bw ]m¿´nb- psS cmj{v Sob- hpw Bi- b-]-c-hp-amb t\\Xr-Xzhpw Iq´n-bn-W-°m≥ Ign-™-Xp-sIm-≠mWv _lpP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- ƒ°pw ]m¿´n°pw Hcpt- ]mse hf¿®b- p≠- m°- m- \\mb- X- v. cmjv{So-b-ambpw Bi-b-]-c-ambpw ]m¿´n-bpsS t\\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn°- p∂ h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- ƒ Cu Imeb- f- h- n¬ \\S- Ønb FÆa- ‰ {]t£m`- ß- fpw Ahb- psS kzX{¥ {]h¿Ø\\- Ø- n‚ DZml- c- W- ß- f- mW- .v BtKmf- h- ¬°c- W- \\- b- ß- ƒ°pw a‰pw FXnc- mbn t{SUv bqWn-b≥˛ I¿j-I-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ CX-c-{]-ÿm-\\-Øn\\v t\\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Ign-™Xv {it≤-b-amb t\\´-am-Wv. bphm-

163Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw °ƒ, hnZym¿∞nI- ƒ XpSßn CXc P\\h- n`- mK- ß- ƒ°nS- b- nepw AX- Xp-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS {]iv\\-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ ka-c-ap-∂-Wn- Iƒ°v cq]w sImSpØ- ps- Im≠- nc- n°- pI- b- mW- v. tbmPn®- Xpw hnime- - hp-amb Cu ka-c-{]-ÿm-\\-߃°v t\\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ ]m¿´n- bpsS h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- ƒ°v Ign™- Xpw Ah XpS¿∂ph- - cp∂ kzX{- ¥yhpw P\\m[- n]- X- y]- c- h- pa- mb {]h¿Ø\\- c- oX- nb- psS ^e- amb- mW- v. Cßs\\ h¿K-˛-_-lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS kzX-{¥-{]-h¿Ø\\w F∂ ImgvN∏- mS- nt\\ms- Sm∏w Xs∂ kn]nsF Fw apdps- I]- nS- n°- p∂ XXz-amWv _lp-P\\ kwL-S-\\-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]m¿´n AwK- ߃ ]m¿´n-bpsS \\b-Øn\\pw Xocp-am-\\-߃°pw hnt[-b-ambn {]h¿Øn-°Ww F∂-Xv. _lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-Iƒ°v ]m¿´n-bpsS cmj{v Sob- hpw Bib- ]- c- h- pa- mb t\\XrXzw \\¬IpI F∂ ISa \\n¿∆- ln°- W- s- a¶- n¬ Ahb- n¬ {]h¿Øn°- p∂ ]m¿´n AwKß- ƒ ]m¿´n- bpsS \\b-ß-tfmSpw Xocp-am-\\-ß-tfmSpw Iqdp-]p-e¿tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. _lpP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- t- fmS- p≈ ]m¿´n kao]- \\- Ø- n¬ {]IS- a- mI- md- p≈ Hcp sX‰mb {]h-WX km¬°nbm πo\\w Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p- ∂p≠- v. _lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS kzX-{¥-hy-‡nXzw \\ne-\\n¿Øp-∂- Xns‚ t]cn¬ Ah-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]m¿´n AwK-߃ ]m¿´n \\bß- ƒs°X- nc- mbn {]h¿Øn°- p∂- X- mW- v. h¿K˛- _- l- pP- \\- k- wL- S- - \\-Iƒ°-IØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ]m¿´n saº¿am¿ ]m¿´n-tbm-Sp≈ DØc- h- mZ- nØw ad°- pI- bpw _lpP- \\- k- wL- S- \\- I- sf kz¥w t]m°‰v kwLS- \\- I- f- mbn {]h¿Øn∏- n°- m≥ {ian°- pI- bpw sNøp∂ sX‰mb {]h-W-X-sb-°p-dn®v C Fw Fkpw Nq≠n-Im-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. (kn-]n- sFFw Hcp eLp-hn-h-c-Ww, ]pdw 75, Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv) Cu KpcpX- c- a- mb sX‰n\\v t_m[]- q¿∆w t\\XrXzw sImSpØ- X- ns\\ XpS¿∂v ]m¿´n°- p]- pd- Ø- mb BfmWv hn _n sNdnb- m≥. _lpP- \\- - kwL- S- \\- I- f- psS kzX{¥ {]h¿Ø\\- s- Ø, Ahb- n¬ {]h¿Øn°- p∂ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n AwK-߃°v F¥pw sNøp-hm-\\p≈ (]m¿´n-s°- Xnsc {]h¿Øn-°m≥ t]mep-ap-≈) kzmX-{¥y-ambn Zp¿hym-Jym\\w sNøm-\\mWv sNdn-b≥ apºpw Ct∏mgpw {ian-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ ]m¿´n AwK-߃, ]m¿´n-°p-hn-t[-b-ambn am{Xsa {]h¿Øn-°mhq

164 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv F∂pw, Aßs\\ {]h¿Øn-°m-\\p≈ Ah-cpsS _m[yX _lp-P-\\- kwL- S- \\m kzmX{- ¥yØ- ns‚ t]cn¬ Dt]£- n°- m≥ ]mSns- √∂- pa- p≈ kwLS- \\m ImgNv ∏- mSv A´na- d- n°- pI- b- mW- v sNdnb- m≥ sNbXv X- .v _lp- P\\- k- wL- S- \\- I- f- psS kzX{¥ {]h¿Ø\\- s- a∂ ImgvN∏- mS- ns\\ ]m¿´n- hnc- p≤ {]h¿Ø\\- Ø- n\\v adb- m°- m\\- p≈ hn^e- a- mb {iaa- mb- nc- p∂p sNdnb- mt- ‚X- v. kzm¿∞-e-£y-ßfpw ÿm]n-X-Xm¬]-cy-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p sNdn- bms\\ CXn\\v t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. _lp-P-\\-kw-L-S-\\-I-fpsS kzX{¥ {]h¿Ø-\\-sa∂ icn-bmb ImgvN∏m-Sns\\ Zp¿hym-Jym\\w sNbvXv hnIrX- a- m°- nb sNdnb- m≥ ]m¿´ns- °X- nc- mbn F{Xt- Ømfw t]msb∂v F√mh- ¿°pw Adnb- mw. tkhv kn]nFw t^mdw F∂ t]cn¬ kam- ¥-c-tI{µw ÿm]n®v ]m¿´nsb sh√p-hn-fn-°p-Ibpw ]m¿´n-sbbpw t\\XrX- zs- Øbpw Zpj{v ]N- c- W- ß- f- ne- qsS A]I- o¿Øns- ∏S- pØ- pI- bpw Aßs\\ ]m¿´n°p ]pdØ- mh- pI- bpw sNbXv sNdnb- m\\- mWv Ct∏mƒ {]Xyb- i- mkv{X kwLS- \\m Imcyß- f- n¬ kn]ns- FF- Ω- ns\\ hna¿in- °m\\pw D]-tZ-in-°m-\\p-ambn Cd-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\\mbn sNdn- bm\\v k¿h-]n-¥p-Wbpw klm-b-hp-ambn ]n-∂mse Cd-ßn-bn-cn-°p- ∂Xv IayqW- nÃv hncp≤- X apJa- p{- Zb- m°- nb am[ya- ß- f- mWv F∂Xpw A¿∞K- ¿`- a- mW- v. h¿K-i-{Xp-°sf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Hcp ap≥I-ayq-Wn-Ãp-Im- cs\\ e`n-°p-∂Xv hfsc kt¥m-j-ap≈ Imcy-am-Wv. Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´ns- °X- nc- mb Hcp Bbp[- a- mbn D]t- bmK- n°mw F∂X- pX- s∂ Imc- Ww. sNdnb- ms\\ Ct∏mƒ Nne am[ya- ß- ƒ sIm≠p \\S°- p∂- X- n\\p ]n∂n-ep-≈Xpw Cu e£yw am{X-am-Wv. sNdn-bms\\ kw_-‘n-®m- - sW-¶n¬ Xs‚ Cu Id-I-f™ Iayq-WnÃv hncp-≤-X°v Ct∏mgpw e`n-°p∂ am[ya kzoIm-cyX cmjv{Sob D]-Po-h-\\-Øns‚ D]m-[n- bmbn Ign-bp-∂{X Imew D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNømw. Iayq-WnÃv hncp-≤-cpsS ]cn-K-W-\\bpw kl-Xm-]hpw \\jvS-s∏-SmsX \\ne- \\n¿Øm\\pw AhK- W- n°- s- ∏S- mX- nc- n°- m\\- pa- mbn X\\n°p t\\scb- p≈ B{Ia- W- Ø- ns- ‚bpw `ojW- nb- ps- Sbpw \\ndw]- nS- n∏- n® IYI- fpw sNdn- bm\\p ]d-bm-\\p-≠v. kn]nsF FΩn\\v cmjv{So-bhpw , Bi-b-]-c-hp- ambn sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp∂ Hcp alm-{]-Xn-`m-k-amWv Xms\\∂v kzbw \\Sn®v hm¿Ø-I-fn¬ \\ne-\\n¬°m-\\p≈ hy{KX F∂-Xn¬

165Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Ign™ Kuch- s- am∂pw AØcw {]Nc- W- ß- ƒ°v Bcpw \\¬Ip∂- n- √. h¿Kh- ©- I- c- psS HfnØ- mh- f- ß- f- ne- nc- p∂- ps- Im≠v h¿K_- ‘- s- Ø- °pd- n®pw IayqW- nÃv hgnb- n¬ Dd®- p\\- n¬°p∂- X- ns- \\°- pd- n®psa√mw ta\\n]- d- b- pI- bpw C Fw Fkns\\ ]nSn®v BWb- nS- pI- bpw sNøp∂- - Xps- Im≠v Xs‚ Im]S- yhpw IpSne- e- £- yß- fpw ad®- ps- h®v P\\ß- sf I_-fn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-b-sa-∂m-Wv sNdn-bm≥ Icp-Xp-∂-sX-¶n¬ \\ncm- i-s∏-tS≠n hcpw. ]n≥Xn-cn-∏≥am-cpsS HuZmcyw sIm≠v In´p∂ ]Z-hn-Ifpw hnti-j-W-ß-fp-sam∂pw sNdn-bms‚ X\\n-\\n-dw aqSn-sh- °m≥ ]cym]- Xv a- √- . Ct∏mƒ [och- nπ- h- I- mcn Na™- p\\- S- °- p∂ sNdn- bms\\ \\msf cmL-h\\pw Iq´cpw cq]w sImSp-Øn-´p≈ Iayq-WnÃv hncp-≤-cpsS AJn-te¥ym Iq´m-bva-bpsS \\nc-bn¬ I≠m-epw, A¤p- Xs- ∏t- S≠- X- n√- . sNdnb- ms- \\t- ∏me- p≈ IayqW- nÃ- ph- nc- p≤- ¿°v F¥p- sIm≠pw km¿ht- Zi- ob BNmc- y\\- mbn kzoIc- n°- mh- p∂ tKm¿_t- ®- hns‚ {]Xn]- pc- pj- ≥ t\\cn´- ph- ∂v A\\p{- Kl- n® Cu h¿Kh- ©- I kJy- Øns‚ Xmh-f-Øn¬ sNdn-bm\\pw Hcp apdn e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°n-√. Nn¥ hmcnI, 2003 Pq¨ Bdv

166 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv acWw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\\p≈ kzmX{¥yw \"\"hmbphn¬ hnjw \\nd-™n-cn-°p-tºmƒ izkn-°p-hm-\\p≈ kzmX{¥yw acn°- m\\- p≈- X- mW'v ' Fs∂g- pX- nb- Xv aeb- mf- Ø- ns‚ {]nb- Ihn k®n-Zm-\\-µ-\\m-Wv. _q¿jzm kzmX-{¥y-Øn-s‚bpw P\\m-[n-]-Xy- Ønt- ‚bpw lrZb- i- q\\- ya- mb Im]S- yhpw s]m≈Ø- c- hpw Xpd∂- pI- m- ´p∂ k®n-Zm-\\-µs‚ hcn-I-fmWv t`m∏m-ens‚ C\\nbpw Ah-km-\\n- °mØ Zpc¥- h- rØ- m¥- ß- ƒ Hm¿Ωn∏- n°- p∂- X- .v Ccp]- Ø- nb- md- ph- ¿jw apºv Hcp XWpØ Unkw_- d- n¬ bqWnb- ≥ Im¿ss_Uv F∂ Ata- cn°- ≥ _lpc- mjv{S IpØI t`m∏me- ns‚ hmbph- nt- e°v hnjw han- ∏n®t∏mƒ F¥mWv kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂pt]mepw A-dnbpw -apºv, X߃ izkn-°p-∂Xv ac-W-am-sW-∂p-t]mepw a\\- n-em-°msX ]nS™p acn-®-h-cpsS FÆw \\mem-bn-c-am-Wv. hnj-hm-XIw izkn-®- Xns‚ ]m¿iz^- e- ß- sf XpS¿∂v ]n∂- oSv C©n©- mbn acn®- h- ¿ Ccp- ]X- n\\- mb- nc- s- a¶- nepw hcps- a∂- mWv IW°- v. IÆpw ImXpw \\„s- ∏´- - hcpw icocw Xf¿∂pt- ]mb- h- cpw F{X hcps- a∂v IW°- n√- . Xea- pd- - Isf th´-bm-Sp∂ Zpc-¥-ambn t`m∏m¬ ]cn-W-an-®-t∏mƒ Ct∏mgpw AhnsS ]nd∂- ph- og- p∂ Ip™pß- ƒ P∑\\m _p≤na- mµyw kw`h- n®- - hcpw Iym≥k¿ tcmKn-I-fp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. C\\nbpw F{X Xe-ap-d- Iƒ Zpc¥- Ø- ns‚ DanØ- ob- n¬ \\odn\\odn acnt- °≠- nh- c- ps- a∂v B¿°- dnbmw? temI Ncn{- XØ- nse G‰hpw henb hymhk- mb- nI Zpc¥w AYhm Iq´s- °me \\S∂v Ccp]- Ø- nb- md- ph- ¿jß- ƒ°ptijw Ign™ Pq¨ 7˛\\v t`m∏m-en¬ Ac-tß-dn-bXv \\oXn-bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

167Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw t`m∏m¬ kw`-h-Ønse {]Xn-Iƒ°v tImSXn hn[n-®Xv c≠p-h¿jw XShpw A©pe- £- w cq] ]ngbpw am{Xw! cmPyØ- n\\- I- Øpw ]pdØpw F¥nt-\\sd Ata-cn-°-bn¬t]mepw {Iqchpw ]cn-lm-ky-hp-amb Cu hn[n ISpØ hna¿i\\- Ø- n\\- ph- nt- [b- a- mb- n. Cu hn[n \\n -lm-b-cmb a\\p-jy¿s°-Xn-cmbn \\S∂ Hcp henb D]-Pm-]-Øn-s‚bpw sImSpw N-Xn-bp-sSbpw ^e-am-Wv. `c-W-Iq-Shpw (k¿°mcpw PpUo-jy-dn-bp-apƒs∏-sS) A¥m-cm{„ IpØI aqe-[- \\hpw ]¶mf- nI- f- mb D]P- m]- a- mW- nX- v. Ign™ Ccp]- Ø- nb- mdp h¿j- ߃°nS- b- n¬ \\S∂ Cu sImSpwN- X- nb- psS clk- yß- ƒ Hmtcm∂- mbn Ct∏mƒ Npcpf- g- n™- ph- c- nI- b- mW- v. t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥- Ø- ns‚ apJy{- ]X- nbpw bqWnb- ≥ Im¿ss_U- ns‚ A∂sØ kn C Hbpa- mb hmd≥ B≥tUg- vkW- ns‚ c£s- ∏S- e- n¬ XpSß- p∂p NXnb- psS IY. B≥tUg- vks\\ AdÃv sNbvXv tImSX- n- bn¬ lmPc- m°- p∂- p. DS≥ Pmayw t\\Sn ]pdØ- ph- c- p∂- p. ]n∂oSv Ie- Œ-dpsS Imdn¬ hnam-\\-Øm-h-f-Øn-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS \\n∂v A∂sØ a≤y-{]-tZiv k¿°m¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb hnam-\\-Øn¬ U¬lnb- nt- e°pw XpS¿∂v Atac- n°- b- nt- e°pw B≥tUg- kv ¨ c£- s∏S- p∂- p. B≥tUg- vkW- ns‚ c£s- ∏S- e- n¬ A∂sØ {][m\\- a- {¥n cmPo-hvKm‘n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈hcmWv {]Xn-°q-´n¬ \\n¬°p-∂-Xv. AXyp-∂-X-ß-fn¬ \\n∂p≈ HØm-i-bn-√msX Hcp sImSpw Ip‰-hm- fn°v cmPyw hn´pt- ]mI- m\\- mh- n√ F∂v B¿°mW- d- nb- mØ- Xv? cmPyw hn´ B≥tU-gvks\\ hn´p-In-´m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign™ Ccp-]-Øn-bmdp h¿jØ- n¬ ]Xns- \\´- ph- ¿jhpw cmPyw `cn® tIm¨{K v {]tXyIw {i≤n®- nc- p∂- ps- h∂- mWv Ct∏mƒ hy‡a- mI- p∂- X- .v CS°- me- Øv tIk- t\\z-jn® kn _n sF Hm^o-k¿ _n B¿ em¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv B≥tU-gvks\\ hn´p-In-´m≥ {iaw \\S-Øp-∂-Xn-s\\-Xn-cmbn C¥y≥ hntZi- I- mc- ya- {- ¥me- b- Ø- ns‚ i‡- a- mb kΩ¿±a- p≠- mb- nc- p∂- ps- h∂- m- W.v 2004 Pqsseb- n¬ apwss_b- nse Atac- n°- ≥ tIm¨kpte‰v tÉv Un∏m¿´vsa‚n\\-b® tcJ-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv B≥tU-gvks\\ hn´p-In- ´Ww F∂Xv C¥ysb kw_-‘n®v Hcp {][m\\ Bh-iy-a√ F∂m- Wv. am{X-a-√, bqWn-b≥ Im¿ss_-Un-s\\-Xn-cmbn 300 tImSn tUmf- dn\\v tIkps- ImS- pØ tI{µk- ¿°m¿ HSph- n¬ shdpw 47 tImSn tUmf- dn\\v (15%) HØpX- o¿∏p≠- m°- n CcI- sf h©n°- pI- bpw sNbXv p. CXp-

168 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv {]-Imcw acn®-h-cpsS B{in-X¿°v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw icm-icn e`n- ®Xv shdpw 13,000t- Ømfw cq] am{Xa- mW- .v bqWnb- ≥ Im¿ss_U- ns\\ ]n∂oSv hne-bv°p-hm-ßnb Uu sIan-°¬kv F∂ as‰mcp Ata-cn- °≥ _lp-cm{„ IpØ-Isb t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥-Øns‚ _m[y-X-I- fn¬\\n∂v hnap-‡-am-°-Ww F∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ipdn∏v a{¥n-am- cmb NnZw-_cw 2006 epw Ia¬\\mYv 2007-˛epw Fgp-Xn-bXv Ct∏mƒ ]pdØ- ph- ∂- nc- n°- p∂- p. cØ≥Sm‰ Uu sIan°- ¬kn\\v A\\pI- qe- a- mbn 2006 \\pw 2007 \\pw CS-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb IØv \"\"Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-K-Wn- °W- s- a∂v {][m\\- a- {¥n t\\ms´g- pX- pI- bpw D≠mb- n. t`m∏m¬ Zpc¥- - Øns‚ CcI- ƒs°X- nc- mbpw sImeb- mf- nI- ƒ°pt- h≠- nbpw F{X \\·- amb- n´- mWv tIm¨{Kkv a{¥na- mcpw k¿°mc- pI- fpw \\nes- Im≠- X- v F∂- Xns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wn-sXm-s°. PpUo-jy-dnbpw Cu D]-Pm-]-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS ]¶v \\n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≠v. tIkn¬ BZyw Npa-Ønb C¥y≥ in£m-\\n-b-a-Ønse 304-˛mw hIp∏v 304 (F) Bbn Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-Øn- bXv kp{]ow tImS-Xn-bm-Wv. hml-\\m-]-I-S-t°-kp-I-fn¬ km[m-cW Npa-Øp∂ Hcp hIp-∏p- aXn ]mh-s∏´ Bbn-c-߃ Iq´-s°me sNø-s∏´ Hcp kw`-h-Øn\\v DØ-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-cmbn F∂v \\n›-bn® tImS-Xn-bpsS P\\-hn-cp- ≤hpw ]cn-lm-ky-hp-amb \\oXn-t_m[w Ad∏pw tcmj-hp-amWv Df- hm-°p-I. AXmWv Ct∏m-gsØ Cu Akw-_-‘-hn-[n°v Imc-W-am- bX- v. {]apJ \\nba- ⁄- \\- mb sI Sn Fkv Xpƒkn ]d™- X- pt- ]mse C≥shÃ- nt- K‰- ohv GP≥knbpw t]mknI- yqj- \\pw KpcpX- c- a- mb hogNv - Iƒ hcpØ- pI- bpw tImSXn lrZb- hpw a\\xk- m£- nb- pa- n√- mØ b{¥- ambnØocp-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv t`m∏m¬ hn[n-bn¬ I≠-Xv. Kh¨ sa‚pI- f- pt- Sbpw PpUoj- yd- nb- ps- Sbpw aqe[- \\- Z- mk- yØ- ns- ‚bpw km{am- PyXz hnt[-b-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw IdpØ kvamc-I-amWv Cu hn[n. Cu hn[n-bn¬ \\n∂v Hcp ]mThpw ]Tn-°m≥ bp.]n F k¿°m¿ k∂-≤-a√ F∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hmWv BW-h-_m-≤y-Xm-_n-√n¬ dnbm- Œ-dp-Iƒ \\¬Ip∂ IpØ-I-Isf DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-Øn¬\\n∂v tamNn-∏n- °p∂ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ. BWh A]-ISw kw`-hn-®m¬ \\„-]-cn-lmcw \\SØ- n∏- pI- mc- n¬\\n∂p (C¥- ymK- h- ¨sa‚ v) am{Xta CuSm°- m\\- mhq F∂mWv hyh-ÿ. Cu \\„-]-cn-lm-c-Øp-I-bm-hs´ ]c-am-h[n 500 tImSn-bmbn \\nP-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. t`m∏m¬ Zpc-¥-Ønse \\„-]-

169Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw cnl- mc- Ø- pI CXns‚ \\menc- ´- nb- mb- n´pw CcI- ƒ°v icmi- cn e`n®- Xv GXm≠v 13,000 cq] am{Xa- ms- W∂v Hm¿°pI- . t`m∏me- nt- \\°- mƒ ]Xn- ∑S- ßv amcI- a- mt- b°- mh- p∂ BWh- Z- pc- ¥- Ø- ns‚ \\„]- c- nl- mc- Ø- pI shdpw 500 tImSn am{X-ambn \\nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\\¿∞w t`m∏m¬ h©\\ IqSp-X¬ {Iqc-ambn Bh¿Øn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv. Ata-cn-°≥ kΩ¿±sØ XpS¿∂v Atac- n°- ≥ IpØI- I- ƒ°v _m≤yX Npa°- m≥ AXnh- nZ- qc- a- mb km≤yX am{Xa- p≈ 17˛- mw hIp∏- pI- qSn ]m¿es- a‚n¬ _n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-tijw k¿°m¿ \\o°n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t`m∏m-ens‚ ImcyØ- n¬ kw`h- n®- Xv bmZr—- nI- a- mb sX‰mb- nc- p∂- ns- √∂pw Bkq- {Xn-X-amb h©-\\-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv CXn-\\¿∞w. BW-h-_m- ≤yX- m_- n¬ h©\\- b- psS XpS¿°Y- b- mh- pI- b- mW- .v cmPyt- {Zml- ]- c- a- mb Cu _n√n-s\\-Xn-cmb CS-Xp-]£ \\ne-]mSv km[q-I-cn-°p-∂-XmWv t`m∏m¬ hn[nbpw A\\p_- ‘ kw`hh- nI- mk- ß- f- pw. cmPysØ H‰p- sIm-Sp-°p∂ `c-W-IqSw A\\p-h-Zn-®p-X-cp-∂Xv hnjw izkn®v acn- °tWm BWh hnIn-c-W-ta‰p acn-°tWm F∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°m- \\p≈ kzmX-{¥y-am-Wv. bph[- mc,

170 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv acw \\Sp-∂Xnse km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp-≤X h‰nt∏m-Ip∂ ISepw A{]-Xy-£-am-Ip∂ \\Zn-Ifpw acp-`q-an-bm- bnØ- oc- p∂ lnat- iJ- c- ß- fpw s]m≈p∂ `qanbpw Icnb- p∂ PohP- m- e-ßfpw kb≥kv ^n£-\\p-I-fnse I¬]nX IY-I-f-√. a\\p-jy-cm- inb- psS Dd°w sISpØ- p∂ shdpw Zpxkz]- \\v ß- f- pa- √- . C\\nbpw \\n - lm-b-cm-bn-cp-∂m¬ `qansb ImØn-cn-°p∂ k¿h-\\m-i-Øns‚ ap∂- dnb- n∏- pI- f- mW- v. `qanb- ps- Sbpw AXnse PohP- me- ß- f- ps- Sbpw \\ne\\- n¬∏n\\v t\\sc Dbc- p∂ G‰hpw Bk∂- hpw KpcpX- c- h- pa- mb `ojWn BtKmf- X- m]- - \\hpw AXpa- qe- a- p≠mIp∂ Imemh- ÿm hyXnb- m\\- h- pa- mW- .v Cu `oj- Wn-bpsS A]m-b-aWn C∂v temI-amsI apg-ßp-∂p-≠v. imkv{X- ⁄-∑m¿ apX¬ km[m-c-W-°m¿ hsc C∂v DXvI-WvT-Iƒ ]¶p-sh- °p-Ibpw km[y-amb ]cn-lmc \\S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\\z-j-W- ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-cm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. P\\-Iob {]ÿm-\\-ß-fpsS AP-≠-bn-te°v ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\\-߃ {]m[m-\\y-tØmsS IS- ∂p-h-cp-∂p. am[y-a-߃ Kuc-h-tØmsS {]iv\\-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi- ߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. tZiob k¿°m-cp-Ifpw A¥m- cmj{v S GP≥knIfpw BtKmf- X- m]- \\- Ø- ns- ‚bpw Imemh- ÿm hyXn- bm-\\-Øn-s‚bpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI XI¿®-bp-sSbpw {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf- °p-dn®v hmtXm-cmsX ]d-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw N¿®m ktΩ-f-\\- ßfpw D®t- ImS- nI- fpw kwLS- n∏- n°- pI- bpw sNøp∂- p. ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-fpsS Kuchw F√m-hcpw Xncn-®-dn-™p-Xp-S-ßn-bn-cn- °p∂- p. ]T\\ dnt∏m¿´pI- fpw Ahb- ne- S- ß- nb- nc- n°- p∂ hkvXpX- I- fpw

171Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw hnhc- ß- fpw kmlN- c- yØ- ns‚ KpcpX- c- h- mÿ- b- nt- e°v \\Sp°- t- ØmsS \\sΩ \\bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C‚¿ Kh¨sa‚¬ ]m\\¬ Hm¨ ss¢a‰v sNbv©v (sF- ]n- kn- kn) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv A¥-co-£-Ønse lcn-X-Krl hmX-I-ß-fpsS km{µo-I-cWw ]cn-[n-Iƒ ewLn-°p-∂n- St- Ø°v \\oßnØ- pS- ß- nb- nc- n°- p∂p F∂mW- .v Cßs- \\t- ]mb- m¬ hn\\m- i-I-c-amb Imem-hÿm am‰-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw ^e-sa∂pw Ah¿ ap∂- dn-bn∏v \\¬Ip-∂p. Imehpw {Iahpw sX‰n-bp≈ t]am-cnbpw CS- bv°ns- Sb- p≈ sh≈s- ∏m°- hpw hcƒ®bpw hn\\mi- I- mc- nI- f- mb Npg- en-°m-‰p-Ifpw kw`-hn-°p-sa∂ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ CXn-\\Iw Xs∂ bmYm¿∞y-am-Ip-∂Xv \\mw ImWp-I-bp-≠m-bn. lcn-X-Krl hmX-I- ßf- psS AanX- a- mb \\n¿Ka- \\w ImcWw A¥c- o£- Ø- nse Hmtkm¨ IhN- Ø- ne- p≠- mI- p∂ hn≈e- pI- f- ne- qsS Aƒ{Smh- b- e- ‰v ciav nIƒ `qan- bn¬ ]Xn°- p∂- X- mWv BtKmf- X- m]- \\- Ø- n\\v CSb- m°- p∂- X- v. Cßs\\ NqSv IqSp-tºmƒ {[ph-ß-fnse a™v Dcp-Im≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw kap{Z Pe-\\n-c∏v Db-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. Zzo]v cmjv{S-ßfpw kap-{Z-Xo-c-ap≈ cmPy-ß-fp-amWv CXns‚ {]Xym-LmXw G‰hpw s]s´∂pw t\\cn´pw A\\p`- h- nt- °≠- nh- c- nI- . amenZ- zo]- n¬ kap{- ZP- e- \\- nc- ∏v CXn\\- I- wX- s∂ F´n©v Db¿∂pI- g- n™- p. GXm\\pw h¿jß- ƒ Ignb- pt- ºmƒ amen- Zzo]v ]q¿Wa- mbpw sh≈Ø- n\\- S- nb- ne- mI- ps- a∂v `bs- ∏S- p∂- p. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\\-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^-e-߃°v IqSp-X¬ Cc- bm-bn-Øo-cm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ cmPy-amWv C¥y. lnam-e-b-Øns‚ hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ taJ-e-bn¬ Ign™ \\qdp-h¿j-Øn-\\n-S-bn¬ 1.4 Un{Kn sk¬jykv NqSv IqSn-sb∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-cn- °p∂- p. temIØ- ms- Ib- p≈ Xm]\\- ne- b- nse h¿≤\\- h- nt- \\°- mƒ IqSp- X-em-WnXv F∂ hkvXpX Bi-¶-bp-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. CXv \\Zn-I- fn¬ sh≈s- ∏m°- Ø- n\\pw ]n∂oSv Ah h‰nh- c- f- p∂- X- n\\pw ]e alm- \\Z- nI- fpw A{]X- y£- a- mI- p∂- X- n\\- pt- ]mepw ImcW- a- mt- b°- mw. \\ΩpsS Poh-[m-c-bmb a¨kq-Wns‚ KXn-{I-a-߃ amdn-a-d-bm\\pw Afhv KWya- mbn Ipdb- m\\pw km[yX- b- p≠- v. Aßs\\ h∂m¬ D¬]mZ- \\w XI-cpw. Ct∏mƒØs∂ {]Xn-k‘n t\\cn-Sp∂ \\ΩpsS `£y-kp-c- £sb AKm-[-amb A]-I-S-Øn-te°v \\bn-°pw. ]´n-Wnbpw £mahpw km¿h-{XnI hn\\m-i-hp-am-bn-cn°pw ^ew. BtKmf- X- m]- \\- hpw Imemh- ÿm hyXnb- m\\- hpw a\\pj- yc- pƒs∏sS

172 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv kIe PohP- me- ß- s- fbpw _m[n°pw F∂ Imcyw hy‡w. ]t£, BcmWv Cu Zpc¥- Ø- ns‚ t\\cn´- p≈ CcI- ƒ? BcpsS PohnX- a- mb- n- cn°pw BZyw hoWpS- b- pI? kwibw th≠. `qanb- nse Zcn{- Zcpw ]mh- s∏-´-h-cp-amb P\\-tIm-Sn-I-fm-bn-cn°pw CXns‚ Cc-Iƒ. Hcp A¥m- cmjv{S GP≥kn-bpsS ]T\\w ]d-bp-∂Xv 2015 BIp-tºm-tgbv°pw BtKm-fXm-]\\w tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p∂ 375 -Z-i-e£w t]cn¬ alm`- qc- n]- £- hpw hnIk- zc cmPyß- f- ne- p≈- h- c- mb- nc- n°pw F∂mW- v. C\\n BcmWv CXn-\\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂v t\\m°p-I. 1950-˛\\pw c≠m-bn-c-Øn\\pw CS-bn¬ lcn-X-Krl hmXI _ln¿K-a-\\-Øns‚ 72 iXa- m\\- hpw hnIk- nX cmjv{Sß- f- psS hIb- mb- nc- p∂- p. C¥yb- psS {]Xni- o¿j Im¿_¨ UssbI- sv skUv _ln¿Ka- \\w 1.1 S¨ BsW- ¶n¬ Atac- n°- b- pt- SXv 20.1 S¨ BWv. \\Ωpt- SX- ns‚ Ccp]- Xv Cc´n! temI P\\-kw-Jy-bn¬ hnI-knX cmjv{S-ß-fpsS ]¶v Ccp-]Xv iX- am-\\-am-Wv. F∂m¬ BtKmf \"\"Im¿_¨ kvt]kn'' s‚ 75 iX-am- \\w Ah¿ Iø-S-°n-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu IW-°p-Iƒ BtKmf Xm]- \\Ø- ns- ‚bpw Imemh- ÿm hyXnb- m\\- Ø- ns- ‚bpw cm{„ob- a- mWv hni- ZoI- c- n°- p∂- X- .v hnIk- nX apXe- mf- nØ cmPyß- f- psS A‘a- mb Nqj- W-amWv Cu {]Xn-k-‘n-bpsS Imc-W-sa∂v IW-°p-Iƒ hy‡-am- °p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXns‚ Cc-I-fm-hs´ Zcn{Z `qcn-]-£-hpw. AXm- bX- v, D≈h- \\pw C√mØ- h- \\pw XΩne- p≈ h¿Kk- a- c- Ø- n\\v Hcp ]mcn- ÿn-XnIXew IqSn ssIh-∂n-cn-°p-∂p F∂¿∞w. BtKm-f-h-ev°- c-W-Im-eØv sIm≈-em-`-Øn-\\mbn aqe-[\\ i‡n-Iƒ {]Ir-Xnsb A‘a- mbn NqjWw sNøp∂ {]{Inb Xo{ha- mb- nc- n°- p∂- p. CXns\\ sNdp-°pI F∂Xv BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øn\\pw apX-em-fnØ Nqj- W-Øn\\pw FXn-cmb ka-c-Øns‚ {][m\\ IS-a-bm-bn-Øocp∂p-≠v. BtKm-f-Xm-]\\w t]mep≈ {]iv\\-ß-fn¬ km{am-PyXz kΩ¿±- ߃°v IogS- ß- p∂ tI{µk- ¿°md- ns‚ kao]- \\- Ø- ns‚ cm{„ob- hpw icn-bmbn a\\- n-em-°-Ww. tIm∏≥ tlK-\\n¬ C¥y {]Jym-]nX \\ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\\n∂v ]n∂m°w t]mb-Xn-s‚bpw Dd® \\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoIc- n°- mX- nc- p∂- X- ns- ‚bpw ]›mØ- e- Ø- eanXmW- v. lcnX cm{„o-b-Øns‚ km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp≤ D≈-S°w a\\- n-em- °n-b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Un ssh -F-^v sF ]mcn-ÿn-XnI {]iv\\-ß- fnse CSs- ]S- ¬ ssZ\\wZ- n\\ {]h¿Ø\\- Ø- ns‚ At`Zy `mKa- mI- Ww

173Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw F∂v Xocpa- m\\- n®- n´- p≈- X- v. temI ]cnÿ- nXn Zn\\a- mb Pq¨ A©n\\v tIc-f-amsI e£-°-W-°n\\v hr£-ssØ-Iƒ sh®p-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xv shdps- amcp Im¬]\\- nI ]cnÿ- nXn {]h¿Ø\\- a- √- , t_m[]- q¿ha- mb cmj{v Sob- {- ]h- ¿Ø\\- a- mW.v Im¬]\\- nI ]cnÿ- nX- nh- mZ- hpw ]cnÿ- nXn auenIhmZhpw ^mj\\- mbn Acß- pX- I- ¿°p∂ tIcf- Ø- n¬ AØcw s]m≈-bmb s]mß-®-ß-tfmSv hy‡-amb ho£W hyXym-khpw Un ssh- F-^v -sF-°p-≠v. tIhe ]cn-ÿnXnhmZ-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn- ÿnXn auenIhmZØ- ns- ‚bpw bp‡nc- ml- nX- yhpw Im]S- yhpw Bi- - b-iq-\\y-X-bp-sa√mamWv AXn-c-∏≈n ]≤Xn kw_‘n® tI{µ hnZ- Kv≤-k-an-Xn-bpsS Is≠-Ø-en-eqsS Hcn-°¬IqSn hy‡-am-b-Xv. sIm≈-em`w am{Xw e£y-am-°n-bp≈ aqe-[\\ i‡n-I-fpsS {`m¥- amb ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Nqj-W-Øn\\pw ]cn-ÿnXn {]Wbw Ae-¶m-c- am-°n-b-h-cpsS Im¬]-\\nI Nm]-ey-߃°pw at[y-bp≈ ka-{Khpw k¥p-en-Xhpw kphy-‡-hp-amb cm{„o-b-amWv R߃ apt∂m-´p-sh- °p∂- X- .v bph[- mc, 2010 Pq¨

174 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv kwh-c-W-Øns‚ kwL¿j-ta-Je cmPohv tKmkzma- nsb Ct∏mƒ Bsc¶- nepw Hm¿Ωn°p∂- pt≠m? aWvU¬ hncp≤ {]t£m-`-Øns‚ A]-kvam-c-an-f-Inb sXmÆqdp-I- fpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ Zn-√n-bnse sXcp-hp-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ sh®v Bfn-°- Ønb Hcp Bƒcq-]w. A¬∏m-bp- m-bn-Øo¿∂ am[ya ]cn-em-f-\\- Iƒ°pw hoc-]-cn-t- h-j-Øn\\p-sam-Sp-hn¬ Bcmepw {i≤n-°-s∏-Sm- sXbpw thZ\\- b- \\- p`- h- n®pw Zo¿LI- mew X≈n\\- o°n HSph- n¬ Ign™ h¿ja- mWv cmPohv tKmkzman IYmh- t- ij- \\- mb- X- v. cmPohv tKmkzm- ansb H-cn-°¬ sIm≠m-Sn-bn-cp∂ am[y-a-߃, B sNdp-∏-°m-c-s\\- s°m-≠p≈ Bhiyw Ign-™-Xp-sIm-≠mImw Abm-fpsS ac-W- hm¿Øv Nc-a-t°m-f-Øns‚ aqe-bn-sem-Xp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kwh-c- Wh- ncp≤kac- s- ams° Bfn°- Ø- n°- m≥ Xobpw ]pIbpw DuXns- ∏- cp-∏n-°p-Ibpw Fcn-Xo-bn¬ FÆ-sbm-gn®p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX am[y-a-ßfpw a‰p ÿm]nX Xm¬]-cy-°mcpw ]S¿Ønb XobmWv cmPohv tKmkzma- ns- bt- ∏me- p≈- h- c- psS icoc- ß- t- fbpw hngpß- nb- X- v. H∂c ZiI- Ø- n\\- pt- ijw Zn√nb- nse sXcph- pI- f- n¬ ho≠pw kwh- cW hntcm-[-Øns‚ Icn-ºpI Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. aWvU¬hn-cp≤ {]t£m-`-Im-esØ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ t]mse ]e-{]-Z- am-Ip-∂n-s√-¶nepw am[y-a-߃ hnti-jn®pw Zriy-am-[y-a-߃ kPo- ha- mbn Xs∂ cwKØ- p≠- .v cmPys- غ- mSpw \\S°- p∂ I¿jI Bfl- l-Xy-Ifpw Zpcn-Xhpw ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsS hºn® ka-c-ßfpw ImWm≥ IÆn-√msX t]mIp∂ am[ya `oa≥am¿ GXm\\pw saUn- °¬ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Nne \\K-c-߃ am{Xw tI{µo-I-cn®v \\S-Øp∂

175Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw ka-tcm-’-h-߃ tZiob {]iv\\-am°n am‰m-\\p≈ X{X-∏m-Sn-em-Wv. tUmIvS¿am-cp-tSbpw sshZy-hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fp-tSbpw kacw ]mh-s∏-´- h¿°v krjvSn°- p∂ ZpcnX- ß- s- f°- pd- n®v hnhc- n°- m≥ Ah¿°v tImf- ßfpw ka-bhpw C√. _µns‚ P\\-t{Zmlw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ D’m- l`- c- nX- c- mI- p∂- h- ¿ kac- ∏- ¥- e- nse tUmIvS¿amc- psS \"tkh\\- \\- mS- I' sØ°pd- n®v hmNme- c- mh- p∂- X- mWv \\mw ImWp∂- X- v. `c-W-L-S\\m ]n≥_ew sF.-sF.-Sn.-Ifpw sF.-sF.-F-Ωp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ tI{µ k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep≈ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk ÿm]-\\-ß-en¬ ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-°m¿°v (H _n kn) 27% kwh-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp- sa∂ tI{µ-am-\\h hn`-h-ti-jn-h-Ip∏v a{¥n A¿Pp≥ knßns‚ {]Jym-]-\\-tØmsSbmWv Ct∏m-gsØ {]t£m-`-ß-fpsS XpS-°w. F∂m¬ hnZ- ym`- ymk- t- aJ- e- b- n¬ ]nt∂m°- °- m¿°v kwhc- Ww G¿s∏- Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw AXv Ccp-]-Xp-h¿j-tØ-s°-¶nepw XpS-cp-sa-∂p- amWv aWvU¬ IΩo-js‚ ip]m¿i. 1990¬ aWvU¬ dnt∏m¿´v `mKn-I-ambn \\S-∏n-em-°nb hn.-]n.-knßv Kh¨sa‚n\\v hnZym-`ym-k- ta-J-e-bnse kwh-cWw F∂ \\n¿t±iw A∂v \\S-∏m-°m-\\m-bn-√. bp]nF A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-ti-j-am-I-s´, s]mXp-an-\\naw ]cn-]m-Sn- bn¬ Xs∂ Cu \\n¿tZiw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bnse ]nt∂m° kwh-cWw F∂ \\n¿tZiw \\S-∏n-em-°m-\\p≈ ASn-b-¥nc kml-Ncyw krjvSn- °s- ∏´- Xv ]n.G- .C- \\- mwZ- m¿ tIknse (2005) kp{]owt- ImS- Xn hn[nt- bm- sS-bm-Wv. Cu tIknse hn[n-bn-emWv kzIm-cy, A¨-F-bvUUv hnZym`- ymk ÿm]\\- ß- f- n¬ kwhc- W- hpw k¿°m¿ Izm´bpw G¿s∏- SpØ- p∂- Xv `cW- L- S- \\m hncp≤- a- ms- W∂v kp{]owt- ImS- Xn hn[n®- X- v. Cu hn[n krjvSn® {]Xn-k‘n amdn-I-S-°m-\\mWv ]m¿e-sa‚ v 93- ˛mw `cW- L- S- \\- mt- `Z- K- Xn ]m m°- nb- X- v. B t`ZK- Xn {]Imcw ]pXp- Xmbn Dƒs∏-SpØnb A\\p-tOZw 15(5), hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bn¬ ˛ kzImc- y˛- A- ¨F- b- vUUv ÿm]\\- ß- f- ne- pƒs∏sS ˛ kwhc- W- Ø- n\\v hyhÿ sNøp∂- X- mW- .v Cu t`ZK- Xn \\neh- n¬ h∂t- XmsS k¿°m- cn\\v h∂p tN¿∂ `c-W-L-S-\\m-_m-[yX \\nd-th-‰m-\\p≈ ]cn-{iaw am{X-amWv A¿Pp≥ knßns‚ {]Jym-]-\\-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. `c-

176 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv WL- S- \\- mt- `Z- K- Xn \\neh- n¬ h∂p Ign™ ÿnXn°v kwhc- Ww \\S- ∏n-em-°m-\\p≈ {iaw \\S-Øm-Xn-cp-∂m-emWv {]Xn-tj-[-ap-b-tc-≠-Xv. Chn-sS-bm-Is´ `c-W-L-S\\m _m[yX \\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-s\\-Xn-sc-bm-bn- ´mWv Nne¿ sXcph- ne- nd- ß- nb- nc- n°- p∂- X- v. sadn-‰n\\v FXntcm? kwh-cW hncp≤ {]t£m-`-I-cp-sSbpw Ahsc ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h- cps- Sbpw {][m\\- h- mZw sadn‰v ]q¿Æa- mbpw A´na- d- n°- s- ∏S- p∂p F∂- Xm-Wv. AXns‚ ^e-ambn sF.-F.-Sn-Ifpw sF.-sF.-F-Ωp-Ifpw t]mep≈ A¥mc- mj{v S \\neh- mc- Ø- ne- p≈ D∂X hnZym`- - ymk ÿm]- \\-߃ anI-hns‚ tI{µ-ß-f-√m-Xm-bn-Øocpw F∂pw Ah¿ hne-]n- °p-∂p. Cu Bi-¶-I-fn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw hkvXp-X-bpt≠m? AXv ]cnt- im[- n°- W- s- a¶- n¬ sadn‰v F∂ k¶¬∏sØ Xs∂ Hcp kq£av ]cn-tim-[-\\°v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. sadn‰v F∂Xv kmaqly bmYm¿∞- yß- f- n¬ \\n∂v AS¿Ø- na- m‰n tIhe- a- mbn hneb- nc- pt- Ø≠ H∂-√. C¥y-t]mse ISpØ kmº-Øn-Im-k-a-Xz-ßfpw Xo{h-amb kmaq-ly-hn-th-N-\\hpw \\ne-\\n-ev°p∂ Hcp cmPyØv Cu LS-I-ß- sfm∂pw kzm[o-\\n-°m-ØXpw thdn´v \\n¬°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp am\\-Z- WvU-amWv sadn‰v F∂ hmZw bp‡n-k-l-P-a-√. D∂X-h- n-Zym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\\-ß-fn-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\\-Øn¬ sadn‰v \\n›-bn-°p-∂Xv {]th-i-\\-]-co-£-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\\-Øn-em-W-t√m. sF.s- F.S- nI- ƒ, sF.s- F.F- Ω- pI- ƒ F∂nh- b- nt- e°- p≈ {]thi- \\- ]- - ]c- o£- I- f- n¬ hnPbw sImøp∂- h- c- psS kmaqly kmºØ- nI ]›m- Øew F¥mWv? Ah-cn¬ alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw kh¿Æ, D]-cn-a-[y- h¿K ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \\n∂p-h-cp-∂-h-cmWv F∂v ]T-\\-߃ sXfn- bn-°p-∂p. D∂-X-amb kzIm-cy, htcWy kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®v, ]Whpw ka-bhpw sNe-h-gn®v kzIm-cy-tIm-®nßv sk‚-dp-I-fn¬ \\n∂p≈ ]cni- oe- \\w t\\Snb- mWv Ch¿ {]thi- \\ ]co£- b°v v FØp- ∂X- v. AtXk- a- bw ZfnX- v, ]nt∂m° hn`mK- ß- f- n¬s]´ Ip´nI- ƒ°v sNet- hd- nb tIm®nßpw Xøms- dS- p∏- pI- f- pw- kz]v\\w ImWm≥ t]mep- amh- n√- . Ah¿ IS∂- ph- c- p∂- Xv ªm°tv _m¿Upw aq{X∏- pc- bpw ta¬°q- cbpw C√mØ k¿°m¿ hnZyme- b- ß- f- n¬ \\n∂pa- mW- v. XnI®- pw, `n∂- amb, Cu km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \\n∂p-h-cp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS sadn-‰ns\\

177Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Htc Af-hp-tIm¬sIm≠v \\n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ F¥v \\ymb-amWp ≈Xv? AXmb- Xv sadn‰- ns- \\°- pd- n®- p≈ k¶¬∏w Xs∂ s]mfns- ®S- p- t°≠- nb- nc- n°- p∂p F∂¿∞w. kwh-cWw \\S-∏m-°n-bm¬ anI-hns‚ tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \\ne-hm-c-Ø- I¿®-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂ hmZ-Ønepw Ig-ºn-√. Imc-Ww, tbmKy-Xm-]- cn£ {]Imc- a- p≈ an\\naw tbmKyX t\\Sp∂- h- ¿ am{Xa- mW- t√m kwh- c-W-Øn\\pw AXn-eqsS {]th-i-\\-Øn\\pw A¿l-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. an\\naw tbmKy-X-bp-≈-h-cn¬ \\n∂v ]cn-an-X-amb ko‰p-I-fn-te°v hnZym¿∞nI- sf sXcs- ™S- pt- °≠- nh- c- p∂- X- ps- Im≠- mW- t√m {][m- \\-ambpw {]th-i-\\-]-co£ Xs∂ th≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. Cßs\\ an\\naw tbmKyX t\\Sn-b-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ {]th-i\\ ]co£m ISº IS- °p∂ \\yq\\-]-£-sam-gnsI as‰-√m-hcpw \\ne-hmcw Ipd-™-h-cmWv F∂ hne-bn-cp-ج bp‡n°v \\nc-°p-∂-X-√. kwh-c-W-Øn-eqsS {]th-i\\w t\\Sp-∂-h-sc√mw tami-°m-cmWv F∂ hmZsØ {]apJ hnZym`- ymk hnN£- W- \\pw a{Zmkv C≥Ãn‰- yq´v Hm^v sUhe- ]- vsa‚ v ÃUo-kns‚ (MIDS) sNb¿am-\\p-amb tNm.-Fw.-A-\\-¥-Ir-jvW≥ JWvUn-°p-∂p. kwh-cWw \\ne-\\n¬°p∂ C¥y-bpsS ]e {]apJ k¿∆I- e- mi- me- I- fpw anIhpw D∂X- \\- ne- h- mchpw \\ne\\- n¿Øp∂- I- mcyw At±lw Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Jc-Kv]q¿ sF.-sF.-Sn.-bpsS Ub-d-IvS- dpsS {]XnI- c- W- hpw tUm.A- \\- ¥- I- rj- vWs‚ \\ne]- mS- pI- sf icns- h- °p∂ Xc-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. U¬ln Ph-l¿em¬ s\\lvdp k¿∆-I- em-ime A[ym-]n-Ibpw {]apJ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄-bp-amb tUm.-P-bXn tLmjv, kwh-cWw D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\\-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw kºpj- vSa- m°- ps- a∂pw CXv KpW\\- ne- h- mcw h¿≤n°- m≥ klmb- n°- ps- a∂pw hniZ- oI- c- n°- p∂- p. sadn-‰n-s\\-°p-dn®pw KpW-\\n-e-hm-c-sØ-°p-dn®pw Ct∏mƒ Bi-¶- s∏S- p∂- h- s- cm∂pw I®h- S hnZym`- ymk- ÿ- m]- \\- ß- fpsS hym]\\- Ø- n\\pw Iym]n-t‰-j≥ ^o k{º-Zm-b-Øn-\\p-sa-Xnsc i_vZn-®n-s√∂ Imcyw {it≤-b-am-Wv. Iym]n-t- ‰-j≥ ^okv k{º-Zm-bhpw ]Ww apS-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-h¿°p -a- m{Xw {]th-i\\ap≈ kzm{i-b-ÿm-]-\\-ßfpw D∂- X-hn-Zym-`ymkw kº-∂¿°p-am-{X-ambn kwh-cWw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp- ∂p. sadn-‰p-≠m-bn´pw ]W-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\\m¬ F{Xtbm Ip´n-Iƒ°v CØcw ÿm]-\\-ß-fn¬ {]th-i\\w \\ntj-[n-°-s∏´ A\\p-`-h-߃

178 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv \\ΩpsS ap-∂n-ep-≠v. Ft¥ At∏m-sgm∂pw sadn‰v A´n-a-dn-°-s∏-Sp- ∂X- ns- \\X- nsc tcmja- pb- ¿∂n√? ]n∂m° kwhc- W- sØ \\Ji- nJ- m ¥w FXn¿°p∂- h- s- ct¥ kzm{ib- t- Imt- fP- pI- f- nepw kzImcy k¿∆- Ie- mi- me- I- f- nepw F≥B- ¿sF Izm´ G¿s∏S- pØ- p∂- X- n\\pw AXns‚ t]cn-ep≈ ko‰v teew hnfn°pw FXnsc cwK-Øp-h-∂n√? kwh-c Ww anSp-°≥am-cpsS ko‰v \\jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ F≥.- B¿.sF Izm´ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ \\jvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-sØ-°p- dn®v apdh- nfn Iq´p∂- h- ¿ bpPnk- nb- pt- Sbpw F.s- F.k- n.S- nb- pt- Sb- ps- a√mw \\n›nX am\\-Z-WvU-߃ ewLn-®p-sIm≠pw Bh-iy-amb `uXnI kuI-cy-߃ t]mcp-an-√m-sXbpw \\ne-hmcw Ipd™ hnZym-`ymkw hn]Ww sNøp∂ kzm{ib tImtfP- pI- f- pt- Sbpw kzImc- yk- ¿∆I- e- m- im-e-I-fp-sSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ F¥p \\ne-]m-sS-Sp-°p∂p? Cu ÿm]- \\ß- f- n¬ \\n∂v h¿jw tXmdpw ]pdØ- nd- ß- p∂ \\neh- mc- a- n√- mØ _ncp- Z-[m-cn-Isf Ch¿ ImWmsX t]mIp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? kwhc- Ww \\S∏- ne- m°- p∂- X- ps- Im≠v sadn‰v A´na- d- n°- s- ∏S- pI- b- √ kmaq-ly-\\o-Xnbpw Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzhpw AXp-hgn P\\m-[n-]Xy hyh- ÿ-X-s∂bpw i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. kwh-cWw \\ne- hnep≠mb- n´pw sXt° C¥y≥ kwÿm\\- ß- f- n¬ IqSpX- ¬ {]h¿Ø- \\-£-a-amb P\\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Xmc-X-tay\\ anI® {]I-S\\w ImgvN-sh- °p∂ kºZ- hv yhÿb- paps≠∂ \\nco£- Ww s{]m^: Im© Geø \\S-Øp-∂p-≠v. am{X-a-√, Idp-Ø-h¿-K-°m¿°v Xpey Ah-kcw {]Zm\\w sNbvX-Xn-\\p-tijw am{X-amWv Ata-cn-°≥ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ- bn¬ apt∂‰w Zriy-am-bXv F∂pw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ]ptcmK- X- nb- n¬ Ahsc ]¶mf- nb- mt- °≠- X- ns- ‚ {]m[m\\yhpw s{]m^: Im© Geø Du∂n∏- d- b- p∂- p. Xo{h-amb Ak-a-Xzw kwhc- WsØ FXn¿°p∂- h- ¿ C¥yb- nse kmaqly bmYm¿∞y- ßfpw Ah D∂X- h- nZ- ym`- ymk taJe- b- n¬ Fßs\\ {]IS- a- m°- p∂- p- sh∂pw a\\ - ne- mI- mØ- h- tcm As√¶- n¬ AtX°- pd- n®v t_m[]- q¿∆w A⁄X \\Sn°- p∂- h- tcm BWv. D∂X- h- nZ- ym`- ymk- t- aJ- e- b- n¬ ]´n- I-PmXn ]´n-I-h¿K hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw {]mX- n\\- n[yw kw_‘- n®v e`ya- mb IW°- pI- ƒ sR´n∏- n°- p∂- h- b- m-

179Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Wv. sF.-sF.-Sn.-Ifpw sF.-sF.-F-Ωp-Ifpw t]mep≈ AXn-hn-in- jvS-amb D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\\-ß-fnse {]th-i\\w P\\-kw-Jy- bnse \\mens- em∂v hcp∂ htcW- yh- n`- mK- ß- ƒ IpØI- b- m°n sh®n- cn°- pI- b- mW- v. cmPysØ P\\k- wJ- yb- n¬ 8% hcp∂ ]´nI- h- ¿K°- m¿ 16% ]´nI- P- mX- n°- m¿ 52% hcp∂ H._- n.k- nI- ƒ F∂nh- ¿°v Cu ÿm]- \\-ß-fn¬ ÿm\\-an-s√-∂p-Xs∂ ]d-bmw. cmPysØ D∂X s{]m^- jW- e- pI- f- n¬ \\men¬ aq∂v `mKt- Øbpw kw`mh- \\ sNøp∂- Xv P\\- kw-Jy-bnse \\men-sem∂v am{Xw hcp∂ kh¿Æ htcWy hn`m-K- ßf- mW- v. anIh- ns‚ tI{µß- ƒ F∂d- nb- s- ∏S- p∂ hnce- ns- eÆ- mh- p∂ ÿm]- \\-ß-fn¬ am{X-a√ cmPysØ D∂X hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ s]mXp- hn¬ Cu Aka- Xzw {]IS- a- mW- v. \\mjW- ¬ kmºnƒ k¿t∆ {]Im- ca- p≈ ÿnXnh- nh- c- W- °- W- °- pI- sf Bkv]Z- a- m°- nb- p≈ Hcp ]T\\w ]d-bp-∂-Xv, P\\-kw-Jy-bnse Ccp-]-Xp-h-b- n-\\p-ap-I-fn¬ {]mb-ap-≈- hc- psS FÆØ- n\\v B\\p]- mX- nI- a- mbn _ncpZ- [- mc- nI- f- psS FÆw IW- °m-°p-tºmƒ Fkv.-kn, Fkv.-Sn, H.-_n.kn hn`m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈-Xns‚ A©n-c-´n-bn-te-sd-bmWv kh¿Æ lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse _ncp-Z-[m-cn- I-fpsS FÆw F∂m-Wv. CXv {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse IW-°m-sW- ¶n¬ \\Kc- ß- f- nse Aka- Xzw CXnt- \\°- mƒ cq£a- mWv F∂pw ]T\\w ]d-bp-∂p. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ tZiob icm-i-cn-bpsS hfsc apIf- ne- mWv kh¿Æ lnµph- n`- mK- ß- s- f¶- n¬ Fkv.k- n, Fkv.- Sn, H._- n.k- n, ap…ow hn`mK- ß- ƒ F√mb- vt∏mgpw AXn\\- ph- f- sc Xmsg- bms- W∂pw ]T\\w hy‡a- m°- p∂- p. Cu ÿnXn hnhc- °- W- °- pI- ƒ hnc¬Nq≠- p∂- Xv cmPysØ D∂- Xh- nZ- ym`- ymk- c- wK- Øv \\ne\\- n¬°p∂ kh¿Æ kº∂- t- a[- mhnX- zØ- n- te°pw hnZym`- ymk- Ø- ns‚ Xs∂ h¿Kk- z`- mh- Ø- nt- e°- pa- mW- v. h¿- K]- c- a- mb A[oi- X- zsØ \\ne\\- n¿Øp∂ D]I- c- W- a- mbn hnZym`- ymkw h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv Fßns\\ F∂v Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. hn⁄m\\w Xs∂ aqe[- \\- a- mbnØocpI- bpw Adnh- n\\- pt- ae- p≈ B[n- ]Xyw kmaqly kmº-ØnI ta[m-hn-Xz-hp-ambpw cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c- hp-ambpw IqSp-X¬ -{]-I-S-ambn _‘w ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv C∂v \\ne\\- n¬°p∂- -Xv. AXn-\\me- mWv D∂-Xh- n- Zym-`ym-k-cw-KØv s]mXp-hnepw t{ijvT-amb ÿm]-\\-ß-fn¬ hnti-

180 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv jn®pw \\ne-hn-ep≈ h¿K-L-S-\\°v AXn-tem-e-amb t]md-se-¶nepw G¬°m≥ kwhc- Ww CSb- m°- ptam F∂ Bi¶- b- n¬ ISpØ Ak- ln-jvWp-Xbpw FXn¿∏p-ap-b-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp {]apJ Cw•ojv Zn\\-]-{X- Øn¬ kwh-c-WsØ i‡-ambn FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v Hcp hnZym¿∞n FgpX- nb Ipdn∏- n¬, B[p\\- nI C¥yb- psS apJa- mb sF.s- F.S- nI- fpw sF.s- F.F- Ω- pI- fpw hnZym`- ymk- c- wK- sØ t£{Xß- f- mWv F∂v hnti- jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu Xmc-X-ay-hpw, t£{X-{]-th-i\\w Xs∂ hne- °n-bn-cp∂ ]g-b-Im-e-Øns‚ Hm¿Ω-I-fp-W¿Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. t£{X- {]-th-i\\w \\ntj-[n® Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A\\o-Xn-bpsS Bh¿Ø\\w Xs∂-bmWv D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk {]th-i-\\-Øn-s\\-Xn-cmb \\ne-]mSpw F∂v tUm.- A-\\-¥-Ir-jvW≥ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. B[p-\\nI C¥y- bpsS apJ{io \\jvS-s∏-Sp-Øm\\pw ]pXnb ImesØ hnZym-t£-{X- ßf- psS ]hn{- XX \\jvSs- ∏S- pØ- m\\pw CSb- m°- p∂ ]nt∂m° ]´nI- - Pm-Xn-°m¿°v ap∂n¬ hmXn-ep-Iƒ Xpd-°-cpXv F∂-XmWv kwh-c- W-hn-cp-≤-{]-t£m-`-I-cpsS at\\m-`m-hw. kuIcyw hn]p-eo-I-cn-°Ww kwhc- WsØ FXn¿°p∂- h- ¿ Ct∏mƒ ]db- p∂- Xv {]mYa- nI hn- Pym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-emWv kwh-cWw BZyw \\S-∏m-t°-≠Xv F∂m- Wv. hn.-]n.-knwKv k¿°m¿ tI{µ-k¿∆o-kn¬ tPmen-kw-h-cWw \\S- ∏n-em-°n-b-Xns\\ FXn¿°p-tºmƒ ]d-™Xv tPmen-°√ AXn\\v {]m]vXc- m°- m≥ D∂X- h- nZ- ym`- ymk- t- aJ- e- b- ne- mWv kwhc- Ww G¿s∏- Sp-tØ-≠Xv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymk cwKØv kwh-c-W- Øns‚ {]iv\\w h∂-t∏m-gsØ \\ymbw AXv {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k- cw-K-Øm-hs´ F∂m-bn-cp∂p!! {]mY-anI hn-Pym-`ym-k-cw-KØv IqSp- X¬ kuIc- yß- ƒ krjvSn°- pI- bpw \\neh- mcw Db¿ØpI- bpw thW- sa∂pw kwh-c-WsØ FXn¿°p-∂-h¿ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Bhiyw \\ndt- h‰- W- s- a¶- n¬ hnZym`- ymk- c- wK- Øv k¿°mc- ns‚ sNehv h¿≤n-∏n-°-Ww. hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv \\n∂p≈ k¿°m-cns‚ ]n≥am- ‰wA- \\- pi- mk- n°- p∂- h- b- mWv BtKmf- oI- c- W- \\- b- ß- ƒ. Cu \\bß- sf ]n¥p-W-°p-∂-h¿ Xs∂-bmWv Ct∏mƒ {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-cw- KsØ k¿°m¿ CS-s]-S¬ h¿≤n-∏n-°-W-sa∂ apd-hnfn Db¿Øp- ∂Xv F∂ sshcp-≤y-hp-ap-≠v. Xo¿®-bmbpw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k- -

181Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Øns‚ \\ne-hm-chpw kuI-cy-ßfpw h¿≤n-∏n-°-Ww. ]t£, ASn- b-¥nc ]cn-lmcw AX-√. D∂-Xn-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ hmXn-ep-Iƒ ZfnX- v, ]nt∂m° hn`mK- ß- ƒ°v Xpd∂- ps- ImS- p°- pI F∂ ASnb- ¥- n- cmh- i- yØ- n\\v as‰m∂pw ]Ic- a- mh- n√- . ASnb- ¥- nc- a- mbn sNtø≠- Xv D∂X- h- nZ- ym`- ymk- c- wK- sØ ]T\\- k- u- Ic- yß- ƒ hn]pe- oI- c- n°- pI F∂X- mW- v. anIh- ns‚ tI{µß- ƒ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bnse ko‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-h¿≤n-∏n-°-Ww. CØcw hninj- vSa- mb ÿm]\\- ß- f- psS FÆhpw Iqt´≠- X- p≠- v. B Znib- ne- p≈ Nne \\o°ß- ƒ tI{µk- ¿°m¿ \\SØ- p∂- Xv kzmKX- m¿l- am-Wv. ImcWw C¥y-bn¬ KpW-ta≥a-bp≈ D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k- Øn\\p≈ Bhiyw h¿≤n®p hcn-I-bm-Wv. cmPysØ P\\-kw-Jy- bnse 54% hpw Ccp-]-Øn-b©v hb- n\\p Xmsg {]mb-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv. D∂X- h- nZ- ym`- ymk- Ø- n\\v A¿lc- mb {]mb]- c- n[- nb- n¬s]´- h- c- n¬ shdpw 6%Øn\\p-am-{Xta C¥y-bn¬ ]T-\\-ku-Icyw e`y-am-Ip-∂p-≈p. hnI- knX cmPyß- f- ns- e√mw A¿la- mb {]mb]- c- n[- nb- n¬s]´ 20% Øn\\v D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw e`y-am-Wv. kuIcyw ]cn-an-X-am-bXpw A¿l-cm- b-h¿s°√mw Ah-kcw \\¬Im≥ Ign-bm-ØXpw aqe-amWv kwh- cWw A\\nh- mc- ya- mb- nØ- oc- p∂- X- .v hnZym`- ymk- c- wK- sØ kmaql- y\\- oXn i‡ns- ∏S- pØ- m≥ ÿm]\\- ß- fpw ko‰pw h¿≤n∏- n°pI- bpw ]nt∂m- °-°m¿°v kwh-cWw ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-amWv {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb am¿Kw. Cßs\\ kwh-cWw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Xs∂ AXns‚ B\\p-Iqeyw ]nt∂m-°-°m-cnse ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v In´p∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm\\pw Ah¿°n-S-bnse kmº-Øn-I-ambn sa®-s∏-´-h¿°v In´p∂p F∂v Dd-∏ph-cp-Øm\\pw Ah¿°n-S-bnse kmº-Øn-I-ambn sa®-s∏-´-h¿ AXv Iø-S-°m-Xn-cn-°m\\pw Bh-iy- amb Hcp kmºØ- nI- - kmaqly am\\Z- WvUw Bhnj- n°- c- nt- °≠- X- p- ≠v. F√m hn`m-K-ß-fn-te°pw kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v {]tbmP- \\w e`n°pw hn[a- mb- nc- n°- Ww kwhc- W- Ø- ns‚ am\\Z- W- vU- ߃°v cq]w \\¬tI-≠-Xv. am{X-a-√, 93-˛mw `c-W-L-S-\\, t`Z-K-Xn- bpsS ]n≥_ew D]t- bmK- s- ∏S- pØn ]nt∂m°- °- m¿°p≈ kwhc- Ww kzImc- yk- zm{- ib tImtfP- pI- f- n¬°qSn \\S∏- m°- pI- bpw Ahsb IqSp- X¬ ^e-{]-Z-ambn \\nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn-\\p≈ kXzc \\S-]- Sn-Ifpw D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

182 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Npcp-°-Øn¬, kwh-cWsØ ap≥\\n¿Ønbp≈ X¿°w sshIm- cnI- a- mb Hcp {]iv\\a- m°n DuXns- ∏c- p∏- n°- m≥ A\\ph- Z- n°- mØ hn[- Øn¬ bp‡-nk-l-amb \\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I-bmWv Bh-iyw. aWvU¬ IΩoj- ≥ dnt∏m¿´v \\S∏- ne- m°- p∂- X- ns- \\X- nc- mbn Bkq{- Xn- Xa- mbn Agn®- ph- n´- {- ]t- £m`- Ø- ns‚ ]mTß- ƒ hnkav c- n®- pI- qS- m. kmaq- lyk- wL- ¿jØ- ns- ‚bpw kmapZ- mb- nI kv]¿≤b- pt- Sbpw Xobmf- p∂- - Xn\\v kwh-c-W-{]iv\\w tlXp-hm-bn-Øo-c-cp-Xv. AtX-k-a-bw kmaq- ly-\\o-Xn, Ah-k-c-k-a-Xzw, P\\m-[n-]Xyw F∂o e£y-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤-X-bn¬ hn´p-hogvN sNømsX Xs∂ ]nt∂m° hn`m-K-kw- hc- Ww \\S∏- m°- pI- bpw thWw. bph[- mc, 2006 Pq¨

183Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw `mKw \\mev

184 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Hm.-F≥.hn: Ihn-X-bpsS \\nXy-h-k-¥-w hm°p-Iƒ°v hcƒ®bpw `mh-\\bv°v ssiXyhpw _m[n-°msX Ihn-X-bn¬ \\nXy-h-k¥w krjvSn®v Bdp ]Xn-‰m-≠mbn A\\¿§-f- ambn HgpI- p∂ Imhy{- ]h- ml- a- mWv Hm.F≥.h- n. At±l- Ø- ns‚ km¿ ∞-Ihpw k^-e-hp-amb Imhy-Po-hnXw HSp-hn¬ ⁄m\\-]o-T-sa∂ A£-c-tem-I-Øns‚ DØpw-K-irw-K-ambncn°p-∂p. B\\-µm-Xn-tc-I- tØms- Sb- mWv aeb- mfn ktΩml- \\- a- mb Cu ImgNv sb FXnt- c¬°p- ∂X- v. Hm.F- ≥.h- n. aeb- mf- Ø- ns- e∂- √- , `mcX- ob kmlnX- yt- emI- Ø- p- Xs∂ Hcp Imhy hnkva-b-am-Wv. kpZo¿L-amb Imhy-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep- S\\- ofw ssieo`- {- ZX- bpw in¬]N- mc- pX- bpw `mhX- o{- hX- bpw `mjb- psS Hfn-a-ßmØ HmP pw ImØp-kq-£n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn-s\\-t∏mse A[nI- am¿°pw Ign™- n´- n√- . a\\p-jy-kvt\\-l-Øns‚ Xo£vW kuµ-cyw, AXn¬\\n-∂p-f-hm- Ip∂ \\nkz-h¿§ ]£-]m-Xw, CXp c≠pw tN¿∂ hnπ-hm-`n-apJyw CXn-s\\-√m-sam∏w at\\m-l-c-ambn ebn-®p-tN-cp∂ {]W-bhpw B¿{Z- Xbpw \\nd™ Imev]\\- nI emhWyw F∂nh- s- b√- ma- mWv H.F- ≥.hn. Ihn-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z. \"Zmln°- p∂ ]m\\]- m{Xw' F∂ BZyk- a- ml- mc- Ø- n\\v AhX- mc- nI Fgp-Xnb ap≠-t»cn amÿ At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv \"Hcm-bp- jvImew sIm≠v sNtø≠ Ihn-I¿Ωw sNdp-∏-Øn¬ sNbvX Ihn'' F∂mb- nc- p∂- p. GsXmcp sNdp∏- °- mc- s- \\bpw {]tem`- n∏- n°- m\\pw kzbw ad°- m\\- pwt- ]m∂ {]iwk- , ]t£, H.F- ≥.h- n. IhnI- ¿aØ- ns‚ ZuXyw icn°pw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]e Ihn-I-tfbpw Iem-Im-c-∑m-

185Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw scbpw Ae-´nb Zm¿i-\\nI {]iv\\-Øn\\v ˛ B¿s°m∏w \\n¬°-W- sa∂ {]i\\v Ø- n\\v ˛ H.F- ≥.hn°v A∂pa- n∂pw Ak∂- nK- ≤v a- mb DØ- c-ap≠v. ]pc-kvIm-c-hn-hcw Adn-™-ti-j-ap≈ Hcp Nm\\¬ A`n-ap-J- Øn¬, \"\"ssIX∏- qh- ns‚ aWhpw NInc- nt- ®md- ns‚ \\m‰h- pa- p≈'' {Kma- Ønse Ip´n-°mew Fß-s\\-bmWv Xs‚ Ihn-Xsb AKm-[-ambn kzm[o\\- n®- s- X∂v At±lw ]db- pI- b- p≠- mb- n. Nhd- s- b∂ sNdp{- Kma- Ønse A[zm\\- n°- p∂ a\\pj- yc- psS hnb¿∏pw ]XnX- c- psS IÆoc- ns‚ D∏pw Nh¿∏p-sa-√m-amWv Xs‚ Imhy-Z¿i-\\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- sX∂pw Ihn-Xs∂ {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. \\nµn-X-s‚bpw a¿±n-X-s‚bpw lrZb- X- mf- h- pa- mbn Hm.F≥.h- n. IhnX XmZmfl- ys- ∏S- pØ- p∂- Xv bmZr- ›n-I-a√ F∂¿∞w. At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\\-I-fn-ep-S-\\ofw A¥¿[m- cb- mb- nc- n°- p∂- Xv Cusbmcp ]XnX- h- ¿§]- £- ]- mX- a- mW- v. G‰h- ps- am- Sp-hn¬ \"\"kvt\\ln®p Xocm-Ø-h¿'' F∂ Ihn-X-bn-epw. \"\"kvt\\ln®p \\Ωƒ A\\-iz-c-cm-hpI kvt\\ln®p Xocms- Ømc- mfl- m°- f- mh- pI''- ˛ F∂n-ßs\\ F√m ]dp-Zo-km-\\-jvS-Øn-\\-∏pdw `qan-bnse kz¿§w \"Xm≥t]mc- na- b- p≈ a\\pj- yc- n¬' BsW∂ ImcyØ- n¬ Hm.F≥.hn°v kwib- t- aX- pa- n√- . \"\"s]m∂c- nh- mf- º- nf- nb- ns- e...'' F∂p XpSß- p∂ \\mSI- K- m\\- Ø- nepw {]Wb- hpw ]XnX- h- ¿§m`- na- pJ- yhpw hnπh- m`- nh- mR- vObpw Cgt- N¿∂ Im¬]-\\nI kuµ-cy-amWv hgn-s™m-gp-Ip-∂-Xv. C{X-ta¬ A¿∞- k-ºp-jvShpw kwKo-X-a-[p-chpw lrZ-bm¿{Z-hp-amb hcn-Iƒ tIƒ°m\\pw aqfm\\pw sImXn°- mØ aeb- mf- nI- ƒ `qanb- ns- eh- ns- Sbpw D≠m-In-√. Cßs\\ {]mb-t`-Z-at\\y Xe-ap-d-Isf H∂n-∏n-°p-Ibpw ImesØ AXnP- oh- n°- pI- bpw sNøp∂ A\\i- zc- a- mb At\\Iw hcn- I-fmWv Hm.F≥.hn sb ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°-{X-ta¬ {]nb-¶-c-\\m-°p-∂-Xv. \"\"\\Ωfp sImøpw hb-se√mw \\Ωp-sS-XmIpw ss]¶n-fntb'' ˛ F∂v Hm.F≥.hn ]mSn-bXv At±- lØ- n\\v hfsc sNdp∏- a- mb- nc- p∂- t- ∏mg- mW- v. F∂m¬ B_me- h- r≤w P\\X- bpw AtX‰- p]- mS- nb- Xv B P\\X- b- psS AXnP- oh- \\- k- a- c- Ø- ns‚ {]Xymi- bpw {]Xyb- i- mk- v{Xhpw Bhml- ns- ®S- pØv B‰n°- pd- p°- nb A]q¿∆-Nm-cp-X-bp≈ hcn-I-fmbn Ah Ncn-{X-Øn¬ CSw-]n-Sn-®Xpw

186 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Ahnk- vac- W- ob- a- mW- v. amXr-Xz-sa∂ B¿{Z-hn-ip-≤hpw km¿∆-eu-In-I-hp-amb alm-k- Xyhpw `qanb- nse kIe kuµc- yØ- n\\pw ]n∂ne- p≈ A[zm\\- Ø- ns‚ hnb¿∏pw IÆocpw alm-Xym-K-ß-tfm¿Ωn-°p∂ \"AΩ' t]mep≈ F{X-sb{X Xo{h-amb Imhym-\\p-`-h-߃ tIc-fo-b¿°v kΩm-\\n-®n- cn-°p∂p Cu Ihn. a\\p-jy-cn-ep≈ AN-©-e-amb hnizm-khpw am\\-hn-I-X-tbm-Sp≈ AS-ßmØ B`n-ap-Jyhpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-≈-Xp-Iq-Sn-bmbn ]cn-W-an- °p-∂p≠v At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬. Cu B`n-ap-Jyhpw {]Ir- Xn-tbmSv sNøp∂ ]mX-I-ß-fn-ep≈ \\odp∂ tcmjhpw Ihn-X-bmbn Hgp-In-b-XmWv \"`qan-bvs°mcp Nc-a-KoX-w'. Bk-∂-amb B]-Øn- s\\-°p-dn®v ap∂-dn-bn∏v \\¬In-bn-cp∂p {Im¥-Z¿in-bmb Ihn. a\\p- jy-tcmSpw {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-ap≈ A\\p-`m-hw, kl-`m-hhpw XmZm-fly- hp-ambn hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xns‚ A£-c-km-£y-amWv Hm.F≥.hnbpsS Imhy{- ]]- ©- w. \"\"IqS-dn-bp-∂n-√. ]£n-X≥ k¶-S'' -sa∂v D÷-bn-\\n-bn¬ At±-l- sa-gp-Xp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ A⁄m-X-amb sI´p-]m-Sp-I-sf-°p- dn®pw \\mw Adn-bmsX Hm¿Øp-t]m-Ip-∂p. \"\"PohnXsa∂ alm-al'' sØ°p-dn-®p≈ hnizm-k-{]-amWw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS G‰hpw kpµ- chpw AXn-tesd kpXm-cyhpw AXn-ep-tasd `{Z-hp-amb ssIh-gn-I- fne- qsS ]I¿∂pX- ∂- X- mWv Hm.F≥.hnsb hyXnc- n‡- \\- m°- p∂- X- v. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bvs°-∂-t]mse Imhym-flI \\nd-™p-Xp-fp-ºp∂ Km\\ß- f- ne- qsS Ne®- n{- XK- m\\- i- mJ- b°v pw At±lw Aaqe- ya- mb kw`m- h-\\-Iƒ \\¬In. Hm.F≥.hn ˛ tZh-cm-P≥ Zzbw s\\bvsX-SpØ \\mS- I-kw-Ko-X-Ønse ]pXnb `mhp-IXzw Ne-®n{X Km\\-im-J-bn-te°v hnI-kn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hb-em¿ ˛ ]n `mkvI-c≥ F∂o alm-c-Y- ∑m¿s°m∏w Ne®- n{- XK- m\\- i- mJ- b°v v efnX- k- wK- oX- Ø- ns- ‚bpw ip≤- kwK- oX- Ø- ns- ‚bpw emhW- ya- t- ±lw ]I¿∂p\\- ¬In. \"\"Btcbpw `mh- Km-b-I-\\m-°p∂ Bfl-ku-µcy''ap≈ Km\\-߃ ho≠pw ho≠pw tIƒ°m≥ Bkzm-Z-I-e-£-߃ B{K-ln-®p. imen\\n Fs‚ Iq´p- Im-cn-bnse \"\"lna-ssie sskI-X-`q-hn-en-cp∂p \\o...'', \\J-£-X-ß- fnse \"\"a™ƒ{]k- mZ- hpw...'', \\osb{X [\\y F∂ kn\\na- b- nse \"\"Acn-

187Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw In¬ \\o D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬...'' XpS-ßn-bh F°m-e-sØbpw {]W- b-k-¶-ev]-ßsf Zo]vX-am-°p∂ A]q¿∆ kpµc Km\\-ß-fn¬ Nne- XmW- .v hnπh- t- XP-  - mb Imƒ am¿Ikv v {]nbX- a sP∂n°p ka¿∏n® {]Wb- I- h- nX- I- f- psS hmb\\- m\\- p`- hw AXns‚ sshImc- nI Xo£vW X H´pw tNm¿∂p-t]m-ImsX ae-bm-fn°p kΩm-\\n-®Xv Hm.F≥.hn Bbnc- p∂- t- √m. al-Ømb ae-bmf Imhy-]m-c-º-cysØ {]Im-i-]q¿Æ-am°n s°m≠v {]tim-`n-°p∂ Ihn-t{i-jvT-\\mWv Hm.F≥.hn. `mjbv°pw kmlnX- yØ- n\\pw hcpwX- e- a- pd- I- ƒ°pw At±l- Ø- ns‚ IhnX {]tNm- Z-\\-Øns‚ h‰mØ Dd-h-bm-bn-cn-°pw. At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w ae-bmfw ho≠ps- amc- n°- ¬IqSn Hu∂X- yØ- ns‚ s\\dpI- b- nt- ed- pt- ºmƒ aqt∂- Im¬tImSn aeb- mf- nI- ƒ- °v A`na- m\\- a- plq¿Øa- mW- nX- v. IhnX- b- ns- e- ∂t- ]mse PohnX- Ø- nepw Kcna- bpw Ipeo\\- X- bpw anXX- zhpw ImØp- kq£n-°p∂ Ihn°v C\\nbpw Gsd-°mew kvt\\lm-£-c-߃ sIm≠v A\\ph- mN- I- sc Bt«j- n°- m\\- mI- psa∂v {]Xymi- n°- mw. bph[- mc, 2010 HtŒm-_¿

188 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv \\\\-bmØ hnπ-h-Pzme Hm¿aIf- psS Zo]vXa- mb temIØ- nt- e°v sF kn ]n ]n≥hmß- n. sabv 27-˛\\v cmhn-se-bm-bn-cp∂p B alm-\\p-`m-hs‚ A¥yw. sImSp- ¶m‰- pI- ƒ hoinb- Sn® Hcp {]£pœ- I- me- Ø- ns‚ {]tNmZ- \\- hpw km£n- bp-am-bn-cp∂p Cu ]c-a-km-Xzn-I≥. sF kn ]n F∂ aq∂-£cw {]Xn-[z-\\n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Ncn-{X-Øn¬ apg-ßnb DW¿hns‚ CSn-ap-g-°- ßs-f-bm-Wv. \\hXn ]n∂n´ Zo¿L-Po-hnXw apgp-h≥ At±-l-Øn\\v t]mcm´- hpw ]T\\- h- pa- mb- nc- p∂- p. BZyw kapZ- mb ]cnj- vIc- W- Ø- ns‚ I¿a`- qa- n, ]ns∂ tZiob- {- ]ÿ- m\\- w, AXn¬ \\n∂v IayqW- nÃv ]m¿´n ˛ F∂nß- s- \\b- mb- nc- p∂- p A- t- ±l- Ø- ns‚ kac- X- o£- vWa- mb k©m- c-]-Y-߃. HSp-hn¬ ico-c-Øns‚ Ah-i-X-Iƒ I¿acw-KsØ kPo- hX- bv°v hnLmX- a- mb- t- ∏mgpw Nn¥b- nepw A`n{- ]mb- ß- f- nepw {]mbm- [n-Iy-Øn\\v hg-ßm≥ sF kn ]n bpsS a\\ v hnk-Ω-Xn-®p. Nn¥- bnepw \\ne-]m-Sp-I-fnepw Xnf-®p-a-dn-bp∂ buh-\\-Øns‚ {]k-cn∏v A¥yw-hsc Hfn-a-ßmsX sF kn ]n ImØp-kq-£n-®p. Iuam-c-\\m- fp-I-fn¬ XpS-ßnb Bghpw ]c-∏p-ap≈ hmb\\ ac-W-Øn\\v Hcm-gvN- ap-ºp-hsc A£oWw XpS¿∂p. sXmÆq-dp-I-fn-se-Øn-bn´pw ]pkvX- I-ß-fpsS temIØv \\hm-K-X-\\mb Hcp inip-hns‚ HSp-ßmØ Pn⁄m-k-tbmSpw IuXp-I-tØm-Spw-IqSn At±lw ho≠pw ho≠pw hmbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ]{X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw temIØ- nse F√m ]pXpN- e- \\- ß- ƒ°pw \\qX\\- mi- b- ß- ƒ°ps- am∏w sF kn ]nbpw \\S∂- p. HSph- n¬ {]Imiw aßnb IÆpI- ƒ°v A£- cß- ƒ A]c- nN- nX- a- mb- t- ijw A[nI- \\- mƒ sF kn ]n Pohn®- nc- p∂- n-

189Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw √. As√-¶nepw H∂pw sNøm-\\n-√mØ Hcp \\nc¿YI PohnXw \\bn- °m≥ At±-l-Øn-\\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬, kpJt- `mK- ß- f- psS Bek- yß- f- n¬ A`nc- a- n°- m≥ hIb- p≠- mb- nc- p∂ P∑nØ-d-hm-Sns‚ ]Sn-bn-dßn kl-P-cpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ I\\¬∏m- XI- f- nt- e°v At±lw kzbw Cdß- nh- c- pa- mb- nc- p∂- n√- t√m? \\ºq-Xn-cnsb a\\p-jy-\\m-°m≥ 1910 k]vXw-_¿ Hº-Xn-\\mWv ]gb h≈p-h-\\mSv Xmeq-°nse (C∂v H‰∏mew Xmeq-°v) Nf-hd C´ymw]d-ºØv a\\-°¬ hmkp-tZ- h≥ \\ºqX- nc- nb- ps- Sbpw {iotZhn A¥¿P\\- Ø- ns- ‚bpw aI\\- mbn sF kn ]n F∂ Npcp-°-t∏-cn¬ ]n∂oSv {]i-kvX-\\mb C´ymw-]-d-ºØv sNdnb ]ct- ai- zc- ≥ \\ºqX- ncn P\\n°- p∂- X- v. At±l- Ø- n\\v {]mYa- nI hnZym-`ymkw t]mepw A∂v e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√. ]t£, thZ-]-T-\\hpw kwkvIrX- ]- T- \\- hpw \\SØ- m≥ Ahk- c- a- p≠- mb- nc- p∂- p. kwkvIrX- ]- - T\\- Ø- ns‚ \\mfpI- f- n¬Xs∂ ]ptcmK- a- \\- mi- b- ß- ƒ sF kn ]nbpsS Iuam-c-a-\\- ns\\ kzm[o-\\n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. B kzm[o-\\w, kap-Zm-b-]-cn- jvI-c-W-Øns‚ Iml-f-ap-b¿Ønb D¬]-Xn-jvWp-°-fp-am-bp≈ kº¿°Ønt- e°- mWv At±l- sØ \\bn®- X- v. \"\"\\ºq-Xn-cnsb a\\p-jy-\\m-°pI' F∂ hn.SnbpsS hnπ-h-I-c-amb Blzm-\\-Øns‚ {]Xn-\\n-[n-Iƒ At∏m-tgbv°pw bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz- Øns‚ Cu‰n√- ß- sf hnds- Im≈- n®p XpSß- nb- nc- p∂- p. BbnS- b- °v mWv sF kn ]nbpsS ktlm-Zcn {iotZ-hnsb Hcp hr≤≥ \\ºq-Xn-cn°v hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°m≥ Btem-N-\\-bp-≠m-b-Xv. GXp hnt[- \\bpw AXp XS-b-W-sa∂v sF kn ]n ZrV-\\n-›bw sNbvXp. AXn- \\mbn \\ºq-Xncn bph-P-\\-kw-L-Øns‚ klmbw tXSn. Aß-s\\- bmWv hn Sn `´X- nc- n∏- mS- n\\v ktlmZ- c- nsb sF kn ]n hnhmlw sNbXv p- sImS- p°- p∂- X- .v A°me- Øv \\ºqX- ncn kapZ- mb- Ø- n¬ IpSpw_- Ø- n¬ c≠m-asØ aI-\\mb hn SnbpsS kzPm-Xn-bn¬\\n-∂p≈ hnhmlw kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠m-°nb FXn¿∏v h√m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn-s‚ t]cn¬ sF kn ]nbpw hn Snbps- a√mw Hcp]- mSv {]bmk- ß- ƒ t\\cnt- S- ≠nh- ∂- n´- p≠- v. CXn\\- p]- n∂- ms- eb- mWv hn[h- b- mb ktlmZ- cn Dasb Fw.B¿.-_n.°v hnhmlw Ign-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ sF kn ]n ap≥ssI- sø-S- p-Ø-Xv. hn[-hm-hn-hmlw I¿i-\\-ambpw \\njn-≤-am-bn-cp∂ \\ºq-

190 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Xncn kap-Zm-b-Øn¬, A∂m-Zy-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Aß-s\\-sbm∂v \\S- °p∂- X- .v CXv A£c- m¿∞Ø- n¬Øs∂ kapZ- mb- {- ]a- mW- na- msc \\Sp- °n. bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-Xz-Øns‚ A{]-am-Zn-Xz-Øn\\v A]-cn-lm-cy-amb BLm-X-amWv Cu kw`hw G¬]n-®-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn-\\p- t\\-XrXzw sImSp-Ø-h-sc√mw ISpØ {]Xym-Lm-X-߃ t\\cn-tS-≠n- h-∂p. C Fw Fkn-\\p-t]mepw Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ kapZ- mb- {- `jvSv Iev]n®- p. ]t£, `hnj- yØ- pI- s- fm∂pw sF kn ]nsb-t∏m-ep≈ ]ptcm-K-a-\\-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \\n›-b-Zm¿VysØ A¬]wt- ]mepw Xf¿Ønb- n√- . sF kn ]n bpsS as‰mcp ktlmZ- c- n- bmb {]nb-Z-Øsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cugh kap-Zm-b-°m-c\\pw {]apJ Iayq-Wn-Ãv, t{SUv bqWn-b≥ t\\Xm-hp-amb I√m´v IrjvW- \\mb- nc- p∂- p. tbmK-t£-ak`-bpsS kPo-h-{]-h¿Ø-I-\\mbn At±lw kap-Zm- b]- c- nj- vIc- W ktµi- h- pa- mbn tIcfw apgph- ≥ bm{X sNbvXn´- p≠- v. kwLm-S-I-s\\∂ \\ne-bn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-S-am- Ip-∂Xv Cu kµ¿`-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. \\ºq-Xncn kv{XoI-fpsS ssZ\\y PohnX- sØ lrZb- k- v]¿inb- mbn AhX- c- n∏- n°- pI- bpw AIØ- f- ß- - fn¬t∏mepw am‰-Øns‚ A\\p-c-W-\\-߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX \"\"ASp-°-f-bn¬\\n∂v Ac-ß-tØ°v'' F∂ aq¿®-tb-dnb {]l-k-\\- Øns‚ BZysØ Ah-X-cWw Xriq-cnse FSp-°p-∂n-bn¬ \\S-∂- t∏mƒ AXns‚ kwLm-S-I-cn¬ {]ap-J-\\mbn sF kn ]nbp-ap-≠m-bn- cp∂- p. hn Sn FgpXn kwhn[- m\\w sNbXv Cu \\mSIw sF kn ]nbpsS hnhm-l-tØm-S-\\p-_-‘n®v At±-l-Øns‚ C√Øpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p- I-bp-≠m-bn. hn Sn bpsS t\\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \\ºq-Xncn kap-Zm-b-Ønse bphm°- f- ps- Sb- nS- b- n¬ \\ho\\ hnZym`- ymk- Ø- ns‚ ktµiw {]Nc- n∏- n- °m\\pw AXn-\\p-th≠ [\\-k-am-l-c-W-Øn-\\p-ambn \\S∂ \"bmN-\\- bm{X' bpsSbpw apJyk- wL- mS- I- ≥ sF ]n knbmb- nc- p∂- p. 1913e- mb- n- cp∂p CXv. Cßs\\ C Fw Fkv, hn Sn, Fw B¿ _n F∂o alm-c- Y∑mc- psS kaI- me- nI- \\pw kai- o¿j\\- pa- mbn kmapZ- mb- nI ]cnj- vIc- - WØ- ns‚ ]mXb- ne- qsS k©c- n®v B¿÷n® ]Iza- mb cm{„ob [mc- W-Iƒ At±-lsØ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw tZiob {]ÿm-\\-Øn-te-s°- Øn®- p.

191Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw tZiob {]ÿm-\\-Øn-eqsS Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n-bn-te°v hcpw hcm-bvI-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ktµ-l-ß-fn-√msX kzmX-{¥y-k- a-c-Øns‚ A·n-ho-Yn-I-fn-te-°n-d-ßnb sF kn ]n h≈p-h-\\m-´nse tIm¨{Kk- ns‚ kPoh {]h¿ØI- \\- mbn. sshIms- XX- s∂ tIm¨{K- knse tkmjy-enÃv Nn¥m-KXn-°m-cpsS Iq´-Øn-te°pw At±lw FØnt- ®¿∂p. almc- m{- „b- nse ss^k]v qc- n¬ 1937˛- ¬ \\S∂ tIm¨- -{Kkv ktΩ-f-\\-Øn¬ At±lw ]s¶-Sp-Øncp∂p. C Fw Fkn\\pw IrjvW-]n-≈-°p-sam∏w ktΩ-f\\ {]Xn-\\n-[n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ tkmjy- enÃv Bib- ß- ƒ {]Nc- n∏- n°m≥ sF kn ]nbpw ap≥\\n∂v {]h¿Øn- ®p. XpS¿∂v Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n AwK-am-bn. 1939se {]kn-≤-amb ]nW-dmbn ]md-∏pdw ktΩ-f-\\-Øn¬ At±-lhpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. H‰- ∏m-eØv BZy-ambn ]m¿´n LSIw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\\v t\\XrXzw sImSpØ- Xpw sF kn ]nbmb- nc- p∂- p. h≈ph- \\- mSv Xmeq°- nse Iayq- WnÃv ]m¿´n sk{I-´-dn, s]m∂m-\\n, ]me-°m-Sv, Gd-\\mSv Xmeq-°p-I- fnse ]m¿´n Npa-X-e-°m-c≥ F∂o DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßfpw At±lw \\n¿h-ln-®p. 56¬ ]me-°m-´p-sh®v \\S∂ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´nbpsS \\memw tIm¨{K-kns‚ apJy-kw-Lm-S-I-cn-sem-cm-fmbpw sF kn ]n {]h¿Øn®- p. C Fw Fkpa- mb- p≈ kº¿°Ø- ne- qs- Sb- mWv k. ]n. IrjvW]- n- ≈sb sF kn ]n ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kJm-hmWv sF kn ]nbnse kwLm-S-Is‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂Xpw hnhn[ Npa-X-e-Iƒ G¬]n°- p∂- X- pw. Hfnh- ne- nc- n°- p∂ t\\Xm°- ƒ°v sj¬´d- pI- ƒ Hcp- °pI- , Hfnh- pI- me {]h¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ kwLS- n∏- n°- pI- , Bib- {- ]N- c- Ww \\SØ- pI F∂o NpaX- e- I- f- mWv At±l- Ø- n\\v {][m\\- a- mb- pw \\- ¬In- bncp-∂Xv. ]n.IrjvW-]n-≈, C Fw Fkv, sI kn tPm¿÷v, F hn Ip™-ºp, H sP tPmk^v XpSßn F{Xtbm t\\Xm-°sf AXn-km- lk- nI- a- mbn s]meok- ns- ‚bpw H‰pI- mc- ps- Sbpw IÆn¬s∏S- msX kpc- £n-X- Xm-h-f-ß-fn¬ At±lw FØn-®n-´p-≠v. CXn-\\n-S-bn¬ ]e-X- hW Ad-Ãn-emb At±lw `oI-c-a¿±-\\-Øn\\pw Pbn¬hm-k-Øn\\pw hnt[b- \\- mb- n. {_n´ojv t]meok- ns‚ th´b- mS- ¬ i‡a- mb- t- ∏mƒ ]e- t∏mgpw kzbw Hfn-hn¬ t]mtI-≠nbpw h∂p. Hfn-hp-Po-hn-X-Øn-\\n-S- bnepw ]m¿´n ktµ-i-ßfpw kmln-Xy-hp-ambn cl-ky-ambn tIcfw

192 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv apgph- ≥ k©c- n®- p. 1940˛- ¬ sF kn ]n Hfnh- ne- nc- nt- °b- mWv tImbº- Ø- qc- n¬ ]m¿´n tI{µw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ apJy-Np-a-Xe kJmhv ]n IrjvW-]n≈ At±-lsØ G¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv. c≠p-h¿jw B Npa-Xe At±lw \\n¿hl- n®- p. h[i- n£- b°v p hn[n°- s- ∏´ Iøq¿ kJm°- sf ImWm≥ Iayq-WnÃv ]m¿´n P\\-d¬ sk{I-´-dn-bm-bn-cp∂ k. ]n kn tPmjn Pbn¬ kµ¿in®- t- ∏mƒ IrjvW]- n≈- s- °m∏w sF kn ]nbpw At±- lsØ A\\p-K-an-®n-cp-∂p. Cßs\\ Hfn-hnepw sXfn-hn-ep-ambn Iayq- WnÃv ]m¿´n-bpsS kwLm-S-I≥, Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-I≥ F∂o \\ne-I-fn- se√mw sF kn ]n \\S-Øn-bn-´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\\-߃ XymK-\\n¿`-c-am- W.v 1964¬ IayqW- nÃ]v m¿´n ]nf¿∂t- ∏mƒ BZyw kn ]n sFs°m∏w \\n∂ At±lw ]n∂oSv acn°- pt- hmfw kn ]n sF FΩns‚ A`ypZ- b- - Imw£- nb- mbn XpS¿∂p. ]{X{- ]h- ¿Ø\\- c- wK- Øv sF kn ]n Xs‚ s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ BZy-Imew apX¬ hym]-cn-®n-cp∂ taJ-e-bm-bn-cp∂p ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\\w. Hc¿∞Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\\v ]{X-{]-h¿Ø\\w s]mXp {]h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ apJy D]m[n Xs∂b- mb- nc- p∂- p. tbmKt- £a k`b- psS apJ- ]- {- Xa- mb \"DÆn \\ºq-Xncn' bnte°v dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw teJ-\\-ßfpw Xøm-dm-°n-s°m- ≠mWv sF.kn.]n Xs‚ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ Imc-W-h-ÿm-\\o- b-cn¬ {]ap-J-\\mbn amdn-b-Xv. \"{]`mXw' ]{X-Øns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W- amb- nc- p∂- p {][m\\- a- mb as‰m∂.v tIm¨{Kk- nse tkmjye- nÃv Nn¥m- K-Xn-°m-cpsS Bi-b-{]-N-c-W-Øn\\v Hcp ]{Xw thW-sa∂ Bh-iy- Øn¬\\n∂- mb- nc- p∂p {]`mX- Ø- ns‚ XpS°- w. C Fw Fkv \\¬Inb ]W-ap-]-tbm-Kn®v {]kpw a‰p k÷o-I-c- W-ßfpw kwLSn-∏n-°m≥ ITn-\\m-[zm\\w sNbvXXpw HSp-hn¬ B kz]v\\w bmYm¿∞y-am-°n-bXpw sF kn ]nbm-bn-cp-∂p. 1935 P\\p- hcn HºX- n\\v tjm¿Wqc- n¬\\n∂v {]`mXw {]kn≤oI- c- n®- p- XpS- ß- nb- - t∏mƒ AXns‚ {]n‚dpw ]ªn-jdpw At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. C Fw Fkpw a‰pa- mb- nc- p∂p AXnt- e°- mh- i- ya- mb apJ°- pd- n∏pw teJ- \\-ß-fp-sa√mw Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ sF kn ]nbpw apJ{- ]k- wK- s- ag- pX- nb- nc- p∂- p. \"]n® In´nb- X- pa- n√- , ]´n

193Fw.-_n. cmtPjv aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw ISn°- pI- bpw sNbvXp' F∂ t]cn¬ At±l- s- ag- pX- nb {]ik- vXa- mb apJ-{]-kwKw {_n´ojv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Isf Hs´m-∂p-a√ {]tIm-]n-∏n- ®-Xv. XpS¿∂v sNm∆c ]c-ta-iz-cs‚ \"Bfl-\\mZw' F∂ IhnX IqSn \"{]`mX' Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-tXmsS {_n´ojv k¿°m¿ ]ng Npa- Øn. ]ngs- bmS- p°- m\\- mI- msX h∂t- ∏mƒ ]{XØ- ns‚ {]kn≤- oI- c- Ww apSß- pI- bpw sNbvXp. tZim-`n-am-\\n-bp-ambpw sF kn ]n°v kpZo¿L-amb Bfl-_-‘- am-Wp-≈-Xv. Zn\\-]-{X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\\p-apºv tZim-`n-am\\n hmcn-I-bm-bn, 1942¬ tImgnt- °m´- p\\- n∂v {]kn≤- oI- c- n®p XpSß- nb- t- ∏mƒ apJy ]m¿´n- Np-a-Xe sF kn ]n°m-bn-cp-∂p. '46¬ Zn\\-]-{X-ambn {]kn-≤o-I-c-W- am-cw-`n-®-t∏mgpw {][m-\\-Np-a-X-e-°m-c≥ sF kn ]n Xs∂-bm-bn-cp- ∂p. B lrZ-b-_‘w acWwhsc At±lw ImØp-kq-£n-®p. CS- °me- Øv tZim`- na- m\\n \\ntcm[- n®- t- ∏mƒ IayqW- nÃv ]m¿´n Xriqc- n¬\\n- ∂m-cw-`n® dn∏-ªnIv F∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Np-a-X-ebpw sF kn ]n°mb- nc- p∂- p. ]m¿´n \\ntcm[- n°- s- ∏´ Zp¿LS- k- ‘- nI- f- n¬ {]Xn- _‘- ß- sf AXnP- oh- n®- ps- Im≠v ]m¿´n kmlnX- y{- ]N- mc- Ww \\SØ- p- ∂X- n¬ sF kn ]n AXnb- mb sshZKv≤yw {]Z¿in∏- n®- nc- p∂- p. Iayq- WnÃv ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\\-Øns‚ ssii-hm-h-ÿ-bn¬\\n∂v B[p-\\nI Ime-tØ-°p≈ AXn-th-K-Øn-ep≈ hf¿®sb Pohn-Xm-¥yw-hsc At±lw Hu’pIytØmsS ho£n°- pI- b- mb- nc- p∂- p. Ccp-fnse hgn-hn-f°v Xs‚ kz¥w {Kma-amb Nf-h-d-bnse ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚mbn Zo¿L-Imew {]h¿Øn® At±lw F∂pw P\\-߃s°m-∏-am-bn-cp- ∂p. {]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂ thf-bn¬, C∂v hym]I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°- s∏´ P\\I- ob Iq´mb- vaI- f- ne- qs- Sb- p≈ hnIk- \\- s- a∂ ImgvN- ∏- mS- ns‚ BZy-]m-T-߃ Nf-h-d-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t\\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \\S-∏n-em- °n. sF kn ]nbpsS {Im¥-Z¿in-Xz-Øns‚ DØ-tam-Zm-l-c-W-ambn AXns\\ IW°- m°- mw. 91-˛mw hb- n¬ Xs‚ kpZo¿L-amb Pohn-X-bm-{X-bnse kº- ∂hpw kac- \\- n¿`c- h- pa- mb A\\p`- h- I- Y- I- f- psS \"Hm¿aI- pd- n∏- pI- ƒ' IqSn ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-Iƒ°mbn ]d™p Xo¿Øp-sIm≠v Hcp \\ntbmKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-hp-am-bmWv sF kn ]n hnS ]d-™-

194 aqe-[\\w aXw cm{„obw Fw.-_n. cmtPjv Xv. sF kn ]nbpsS acWw Ncn-{X-h¿Ø-am-\\-߃°n-S-bn¬ Hcp h√mØ iq\\yX krjSv n°- p∂- p≠- .v ]t£, B iq\\yX- b- psS Ccpƒh- gn-I-fn¬ sF kn ]nbpsS Xs∂ PohnXw {]Im-i-ambn \\nd-bp-∂p- ≠v. Nn¥- hmc- nI, 2001 Pq¨ $