Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore วัจนกรรมการแสดงความไม่พอใจ รุ่งอรุณ ใจซื่อ

วัจนกรรมการแสดงความไม่พอใจ รุ่งอรุณ ใจซื่อ

Published by chutikan84, 2018-07-02 00:29:03

Description: วัจนกรรมการแสดงความไม่พอใจ รุ่งอรุณ ใจซื่อ

Search

Read the Text Version

140 °œÉ¹Š “‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—” °µ‹Å¤n¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁž}œšÉ¸‡œÅ¤n­œ·š˜o°Š¦´¦¼o ®¦º°°µ‹Áž}œÅ—oŗoªµn Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ Ť‹n µÎ Áž}œ˜o°Š°„‡ªµ¤¦o¼­„¹ …°Š˜œÄ®‡o œÅ¤n­œš· ¦o¼ Áœ°ºÉ Š‹µ„ „´‡œÅ¤­n œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡ªµ¤­¤´ ¡œ´ ›r„œ´ ×¥˜¦Š ÒÑ. Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦¸Ê„µ¦„¦³šÎµÅ¤n¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r…°ŠŸo¼¢{ŠÃ—¥„µ¦…°Ä®o¨³Áªoœ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ‹Îµœªœ ÔÖ ™o°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ ÒÔ.ÓÖ ¤µ„„ªnµÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š šÉ¸ž¦µ„’‹Îµœªœ ÔÑ ™o°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ Ù.ØÑ —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤Ÿ¼o¡—¼ ‡œÁ—¥¸ ª„´œÂ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n Ÿ¼¨o ³Á¤—· Ž¹ÉŠ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤˜µn Š„´œ Ánœ (Á¡°ºÉ œ­œš· ) Űo­¦µ— ¤Š¹ „ªµ—…¥³¤µÅª®o œoµ®°o Š„š¼ µÎ Ťª³ (…¥³) (Á¡°ºÉ œš¸ÅÉ ¤­n œš· ) nª¥°¥µn „ªµ—…¥³¤µÅªo®œµo ®o°ŠŸ¤—ªo ¥œ³‡¦´ (…¥³) ‹µ„˜ª´ °¥nµŠ ‹³Á®Èœªµn ¤oªnµŸo¡¼ ¼—‹³Á¨º°„„¨µn ª™¹Š„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ‡º°„µ¦ “„ªµ—…¥³¤µÅªo®œoµ®o°Š„¼ (Ÿ¤)” Á®¤º°œ„´œ šÊ´ŠÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÂ¨³Å¤n­œ·š ˜nĜ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡—¼ Á¨°º „č„o µ¦¦·£µ¬Ÿ¼o¢Š{ —oª¥‡µÎ ®¥µ Á¡º°É ­—ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢Š{ ¦´ ¦o¼‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹…°Š˜œ°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ°¸„šÊ´Š„¨ª·›¸„µ¦™µ¤Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦¨³Á¤·— „ÈÁž}œ„¨ª·›¸š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®oŸo¼¢{ŠÅ—o„¨nµªÂ„o˜´ª®¦º°°›·µ¥Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦„¦³šÎµŸ·——oª¥ Ÿo¼¡¼—™µ¤Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦¨³Á¤·—Á¡¦µ³Ÿ¼o¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸ¼o¢{а›· µ¥Á¡ºÉ°Á¦¥¸ œ¦o¡¼ §˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„´œÂ¨³„œ´ ­ªn œÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–Ár ¡°ºÉ œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„Ťn™µ¤Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Ťn˜o°Š„µ¦š¦µ ®¦º°Å¤n‹ÎµÁž}œšÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—˜o°Š¦´¦o¼Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°ŠŸ¼o¢{ŠŽ¹ÉŠÅ¤n­œ·š„´˜œ —´ŠœÊ´œ „µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼— ‹¹ŠÂ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®ÈœÁžjµ®¤µ¥Äœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼— „¨nµª‡º° „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—š¸É­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦Á®˜»Ÿ¨Â¨³‡Îµ°›·µ¥‹µ„Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·— Á¡ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦o¼°»žœ·­´¥…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­nªœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—š¸ÉŤn­œš· Ÿ¡o¼ ¼—˜o°Š„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°Š˜œ ¨³Á¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¢o¼ {Ѝ³Áªœo „µ¦¨³Á¤·— ­°—‡¨o°Š„´ šÉ¸ ¨µ¢°Á¦­šr (2002) „¨µn ªªµn „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹„´‡œ¦‹¼o „´ Ážœ} ŞÁ¡Éº°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦o¼ ¨³Â­ªŠ®µ‹»—šÉ¸šÊ´Š­°Š iµ¥‹³­µ¤µ¦™¦´Å—o„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ Á¡Éº°—ε¦ŠÅªoŽÉ¹Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡œ´ ›šr ɸ¦µ¦Éœº Ĝ…–³š¸É„´‡œÂž¨„®œoµ Á¦µÅ¤n‹ÎµÁž}œ‹³˜o°Š­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r—oª¥ ‹¹ŠÅ¤n‹ÎµÁžœ} š‹¸É ³˜o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œ¦oÁ¼ ¡Éº°ž¦´ Áž¨¥É¸ œ¡§˜„· ¦¦¤Ä—Ç …°Š„œ´ ¨³„´œ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹¹ŠÁž}œ„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼— ¨³Á¡ºÉ°‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Â„oŅ¡§˜·„¦¦¤Á¡ºÉ°—ε¦ŠÅªoŽ¹ÉŠ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°Š ®¦º°­·š›·…°Š­Š´ ‡¤­nªœ¦ª¤

141Ô.Ó.Ô.Ó ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡œ´ ›r¦³®ªnµŠž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤„´„µ¦Á¨°º „čo„¨ª›· ¸ °°o ¤ ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹šÊ´Š®¤— Ó,ÔÚÔ ™o°¥‡Îµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°®œoµŸ¼o¢{Š—oª¥™o°¥‡ÎµÂ°o°¤ ‹Îµœªœ Ò,×ÑÚ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ר.ÓՋεœ„Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ‹Îµœªœ ÚÕÑ ™o°¥‡Îµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œšÅɸ ¤n­œš· ‹µÎ œªœ ××Ú ™°o ¥‡µÎ Á¤Éº°œÎµ…o°¤¼¨„µ¦ž¦µ„’…°Š„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤š´ÊŠ®¤— ¤µ‹ÎµÂœ„˜µ¤„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤ šÊ´Š ÒÔ „¨ª·›¸ Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥¦³®ªnµŠ¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¤µ„¨³œ°o ¥ ¡ªnµ¤‡¸ ªµ¤™¸É„µ¦ž¦µ„’¨³‡µn ¦o°¥¨³„µ¦ž¦µ„’Ĝ˜¨n ³„¨ª·›¸ —´Š˜µ¦µŠ˜n°ÅžœÊ¸

142˜µ¦µŠšÉ¸ Ô.Ò× Â­—Š„µ¦ž¦µ„’¨³‡nµ¦°o ¥¨³…°Š„¨ª›· ¸ °o°¤Áž¦¥¸ Á𥏠˜µ¤ž‹{ ‹¥´ ‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤ ‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤ ­œš· Ť­n œš·„¨ª·›„¸ µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹Â°°o ¤ ‡ªµ¤™É¸ ¦°o ¥¨³ ‡ªµ¤™É¸ ¦o°¥¨³Ò. „µ¦°„…°o ¤¼¨µŠ°¥µn ŠÂ„Ÿn ¢o¼ Š{Ò.Ò „µ¦°„…°o ¤¨¼ Á¡É°º Ä®Ÿo o¢¼ Š{ ¦o˜¼ ª´ ÓÓ Ó.ÔÕ ÒÔ Ò.ÚÕÒ.Ó „µ¦°„…°o ¤¼¨Á¡º°É œ³Ä®Ÿo ¢o¼ {ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—Ò.Ó.Ò „µ¦°„…°o ¤¨¼ …°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—®¦º°‡œ°ºœÉ Ç ÒÙØ ÒÚ.ÙÚ ÒÓÒ ÒÙ.ÑÚÒ.Ó.Ó „µ¦°„…°o ¤¼¨…°Š­ŠÉ· šÉ¸Á„¥É¸ ª…°o Š„´ ­™µœ„µ¦–„r µ¦¨³Á¤—· ÓØ Ó.ÙØ ÓÙ Õ.ÒÙÒ.Ó.Ô „µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨š¸ÁÉ ž}œŸ¨¦µo ¥‹µ„„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼¢o Š{ ØÖ Ø.ÚÙ ÓÖ Ô.ØÕÓ. „µ¦„¨µn ªÁ˜°º œŸ¢¼o Š{Ó.Ò Á˜º°œŸo¼¢{ŠÄ®¦o ³ªŠ´ ¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š˜œÁ°Š ÓÓ Ó.ÔÕ ÒÑ Ò.ÕÚÓ.Ó Á˜º°œŸo¢¼ {ŠªnµŸo°¼ ɺœ‹³Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ÒÑ Ò.Ñ× Ó Ñ.ÔÑÔ. „µ¦­ÉŠ´ Ÿ¼o¢Š{ Ä®o„¦³šµÎ µŠ°¥µn ŠÔ.Ò „µ¦­ŠÉ´ Á¡°Éº Ä®Ÿo ¼¢o {Ц¼˜o ª´ ¨³Á¡°Éº œ³Ä®o„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ×Ô ×.ØÑ ×Ù ÒÑ.Ò×Ô.Ó „µ¦­ŠÉ´ Ÿo¢¼ Š{ Ä®„o ¦³šµÎ µŠ°¥µn ŠÁ¡º°É „oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ÓÑÔ ÓÒ.×Ñ ÒÑ× ÒÖ.ÙÕÔ.Ô „µ¦­É´ŠŸo¢¼ {ŠÄ®„o ¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÄœ‡¦´ÊŠ˜°n Ş ר Ø.ÒÔ ÒÙ Ó.×ÚÕ. „µ¦Á¦¸¥„¦o°ŠŸ¼¢o {ŠÄ®¦o ´ Ÿ—· °˜n°„µ¦¨³Á¤·— Ö Ñ.ÖÔ × Ñ.ÚÑÖ. „µ¦…°¦o°ŠŸ¢¼o Š{ Ä®„o ¦³šµÎ µŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°Â„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ØÓ Ø.×× ÒÓÕ ÒÙ.ÖÔ×. „µ¦Âœ³œÎµ­É·Šš‡É¸ ª¦„¦³šÎµÂ„nŸ¼¢o {Š ÓÓ Ó.ÔÕ ÒÙ Ó.×ÚØ. „µ¦„¨µn ª„´ ªœŸo¢¼ Š{ Ä®„o ¦³šÎµµŠ°¥µn ŠÁ¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®o„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ÒÔ Ò.ÔÙ Ó Ñ.ÔÑÙ. „µ¦„¨µn ªÄ®°o £´¥˜n°„µ¦¨³Á¤·—…°ŠŸ¢o¼ Š{ ÔÕ Ô.×Ó ÓÓ Ô.ÓÚÚ. „µ¦„¨µn ª°œ»µ˜Ÿ¼¢o Š{ Ä®¨o ³Á¤—· Ÿ¼o¡—¼ ŗo × Ñ.×Õ Ø Ò.ÑÖÒÑ. „µ¦™µ¤Á¡É°º Ä®o¦o¼˜´ª®¦°º Á¡Éº°Âœ³Ä®o„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ÕÖ Õ.ØÚ ÕÑ Ö.ÚÙÒÒ. „µ¦Á­œ°‡ªµ¤ªn ¥Á®¨°º Ä®oŸ¼¢o {Š Ó Ñ.ÓÒ Ó Ñ.ÔÑÒÓ. „µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨°o Á¨œn ÔÑ Ô.ÒÚ Ô Ñ.ÕÖÒÔ. „µ¦Ä™o o°¥‡µÎ œ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ (Verbal irony) ÔÖ Ô.ØÓ ÖÕ Ù.ÑØ ¦ª¤ ÚÕÑ ÚÚ.ÚÚ ××Ú ÚÚ.Úڋµ„…°o ¤¼¨˜µ¦µŠ ­µ¤µ¦™­¦ž» ŗ—o ´Šœ¸Ê

143 Ò. Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š „¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„čo¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ‡º°„µ¦­É´ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡Éº°Â„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ‹Îµœªœ ÓÑÔ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ÓÒ.×Ñ ­nªœÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦…°¦o°ŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡Éº°Â„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—¤µ„š¸É­»— ‹Îµœªœ ÒÓÕ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ÒÙ.ÖÔ —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤Ÿo¼¡¼—‡œÁ—¸¥ª„œ´ ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¨¼ ³Á¤·—޹ŠÉ ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤˜nµŠ„´œ Áœn(Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š) Á±o¥ ˜µ¤‡ª· Á—n (ފ‡ª· )(Á¡°Éº œšÉ¸Å¤n­œš· ) ªn ¥˜n°˜µ¤‡ª· —oª¥‡n³ (ފ‡·ª) ‹µ„˜´ª°¥µn Š „´Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„­´ÉŠŸ¼o¢{ŠªnµÄ®o “˜µ¤‡·ª” ­nªœ„´Á¡ºÉ°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·šŸo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„…°¦o°ŠŸ¼o¢{Šªnµ “nª¥...—oª¥‡n³” ­°—‡¨o°Š„´¨´„¬–³…°Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤šÉ¸ªnµ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹œÊ´œ œ°„‹µ„ Ÿ¡o¼ ¼—˜°o Š„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤®Š—» ®Š·—®¦º°Å¤¡n °Ä‹Â¨ªo Ÿ¡¼o ¼—¥Š´ ˜°o Š„µ¦Ä®„o µ¦¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Á„·—…ʹœÅ—o¦´„µ¦Â„oҰ¸„—oª¥ ¨³­°—‡¨o°Š„´­¤¤˜·“µœ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸Éªnµ ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡­¼n œšœµ ¤¸Ÿ¨˜°n „µ¦Á¨°º „„¨ª·›„¸ µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ šÊŠ´ œÊ¸ Á¡¦µ³‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤šÎµÄ®Ÿo ¡o¼ —¼Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÂ¨³Å¤n­œ·šÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œ „´Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{Цo¼‹´„°»žœ·­´¥…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹¹Š­µ¤µ¦™­É´ŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—Å—o°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ­nªœ„´ Á¡Éº°œšÉŸ ¤­n œš· Ÿ¼o¡—¼ Ť¦n ¼o‹´„°»žœ·­´¥…°ŠŸo¢¼ Š{ Ÿ¡¼o —¼ ‹Š¹ ¤„´ Á¨°º „č„o ¨ª›· š¸ É­¸ £» µ¡¤µ„„ªµn Ó. ˜µ¤ÁŠº°É œÅ…ª´‹œ„¦¦¤…°ŠÁް¦¨r (Searle, 1969) „¨ª·›„¸ µ¦­ÉŠ´ ¨³…°¦°o ФÁ¸ ŠÉº°œÅ…Á„ɸ¥ª„´‡ªµ¤‹¦·ŠÄ‹Á®¤º°œ„´œ ‡º° Ÿo¼¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµ­É·Šš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—…° (S wants H to do A)˜nµŠ„´œš¸É „µ¦­É´ŠœÊ´œŸ¼o¡¼—¤¸°Îµœµ‹Á®œº°Ÿ¼o¢{Š Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Á„·—…ʹœ Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÁž}œ iµ¥¨³Á¤·—Ÿo¼¡¼— Ÿ¼o¡¼—¥n°¤¤¸°Îµœµ‹Â®nЇªµ¤°›¦¦¤š¸É‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¼¢{ŠÅ—o ŤnªnµŸo¼¢{Š‹³­œ·š­œ¤„´Ÿ¼o¡¼—®¦º°Å¤n ­°—‡¨o°Š„´…o°¤¼¨˜µ¦µŠš¸É¡ªnµ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦­´ÉŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡Éº°Â„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— œ°„‹µ„ ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š¤µ„š¸É­»—¨oª ¥´Šž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š¤µ„Ánœ„œ´ ×¥ž¦µ„’‹µÎ œªœ ÒÑ× ™o°¥‡Îµ‡—· Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ÒÖ.ÙÕ Äœ…–³š¸É „¨ª·›¸„µ¦…°¦o°ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— Ž¹ÉŠž¦µ„’¤µ„Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·šœÊ´œ „¨´¡ªnµ ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·šÁ¡¥¸ Š ØÓ ™o°¥‡µÎ ®¦°º ‡—· Áž}œ¦°o ¥¨³ Ø.×× Ášµn œÊœ´ Ô. Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š ¡ªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦­´ÉŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÄœ‡¦Ê´Š˜°n Ş ‹Îµœªœ ØÓ ™o°¥‡µÎ ‡·—Ážœ} ¦°o ¥¨³ Ø.×× ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–Ár ¡°Éº œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·šŽ¹ÉŠž¦µ„’Á¡¸¥Š ÒÙ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ Ó.×Ú „¨ª·›¸„µ¦­É´ŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÄœ‡¦´ÊŠ

Õ 144˜n°Åž ˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦­´ÉŠÃ—¥š´ÉªÅž šÊ´Šœ¸Ê Á¡¦µ³Ÿo¼¡¼—čo‡Îµ°„Áª¨µÄœ°œµ‡˜ Ánœ ‡¦µª®œoµ‡¦µª®¨´Š ª´œ®¨Š´ Á¡°ºÉ ­Éº°‡ªµ¤ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®oŸo¢¼ {Š„¦³šÎµ˜µ¤‡Îµ­Š´É œ´ÊœÄœ‡¦´ŠÊ ˜n°Åž šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¢{ോ˜¸‡ªµ¤Å—oªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¡¥¸ Š˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o˜œ„¦³šµÎ ­ÉŠ· œœ´Ê Ĝ‡¦µª®œoµ ®¦°º Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ ¤·Å—o˜o°Š„µ¦˜Îµ®œ·„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼¢o Š{ šÉÁ¸ „·—…œÊ¹ Ĝ‡¦Š´Ê œ„ʸ ÈÁž}œÅ—o °¸„šÊ´Š„¨ª·›¸œÊ¸¥´ŠÂ­—Šœ´¥š¸Éªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—¥´Š‡Š˜o°Š„µ¦¦´„¬µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´Ÿ¼o¢{Š˜n°Åž ­°—‡¨o°Š„´„µ¦ž¦µ„’…°Š„¨ª·›¸„µ¦­É´ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÄœ‡¦Ê´Š˜n°Åž šÉ¸¤´„ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š ¤µ„„ªnµ Á¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š Á¡¦µ³„´Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—š¸ÉŤn­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{ŠÅ¤n¤‡¸ ªµ¤­´¤¡œ´ ›„r œ´ ‹¹ŠÅ¤n­¤Á®˜­» ¤Ÿ¨š¸ÉŸ¡o¼ —¼ ‹³˜o°Š¦„´ ¬µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r˜n°Ÿo¼¢{Š Á¤ºÉ°Ÿo¼¡¼—™¼„¨³Á¤·—¨³Å—oÁ¨º°„­—Š®¦º°Å¤n­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·—ިoª „È™º°ªnµ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ‡¼n­œšœµÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–„r µ¦¨³Á¤—· œ´ÊœÅ—o­Ê·œ­—» ¨ŠÂ¨ªo Õ. ‹µ„…°o ¤¨¼ ¡ªµn „¨ª·›¸šÉ¸ž¦µ„’¤µ„Áž}œ¨Îµ—´šÉ¸­°Š šÊ´ŠÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÂ¨³Á¡ºÉ°œšÅɸ ¤n­œš· ‡°º „¨ª›· „¸ µ¦°„…o°¤¨¼ …°ŠŸo¡¼ ¼—®¦°º ‡œ°ºÉœÇ ×¥ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š‹Îµœªœ ÒÙØ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ÒÚ.Ú٠Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š ‹Îµœªœ ÒÓÒ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Ážœ} ¦o°¥¨³ ÒÙ.ÑÚ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—®¦º°‡œ°ºÉœÇ Áž¦¸¥Á­¤º°œ„µ¦Â­—ŠÁ®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦­´ÉŠ®¦º°…°¦o°Š Á¡¦µ³šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o¢{ŠÁ®ÈœªnµŸ¼o¡¼—¤¸Á®˜»Ÿ¨®¦º°¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁž}œÄœ„µ¦­´ÉŠ®¦º°…°¦o°ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµ˜µ¤‡ªµ¤˜°o Š„µ¦…°Š˜œ —´Š…°o ¤¼¨š¸¡É ‹µ„­°™µ¤ Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ ‡œÁ—¥¸ ª„´œÂ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¨o¼ ³Á¤—· ŽÉ¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤˜nµŠ„œ´ —Š´ ˜ª´ °¥nµŠ (Á¡É°º œ­œ·š) ÁµÁ­¥¸ Š®œn°¥­·ª³ Á¦µ‹³šµÎ „µ¦µo œ (Á­¥¸ Š—Š´ ) (Á¡ºÉ°œšÉŸ ¤n­œ·š) ªn ¥ÁµÁ­¥¸ Š®œn°¥Å—o¤¥´Ê ‡¦´ ‹³šÎµ„µ¦oµœ (Á­¸¥Š—´Š) Ö. ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÁž}œŸ¨¦oµ¥‹µ„„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š ‹Îµœªœ ØÖ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ Ø.ÚÙ ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·šŽ¹ÉŠž¦µ„’Á¡¸¥Š ÓÖ ™o°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ Ô.ØÕ Ášnµœ´Êœ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÁž}œŸ¨¦oµ¥‹µ„„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š œ°„‹µ„‹³Áž}œ„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨ŽÉ¹Šnª¥­œ´­œ»œ‡ªµ¤°›¦¦¤…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Äœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÂ¨oª „¨ª·›¸„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨š¸ÉÁž}œŸ¨¦oµ¥‹µ„„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š š¸Éž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ¥´ŠÁž}œÁ®¤º°œ„µ¦…°‡ªµ¤Á®ÈœÄ‹‹µ„Ÿo¼¢{а¸„—oª¥ Á¡¦µ³„´Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¢{Š¥n°¤Á…oµÄ‹Â¨³Á®ÈœÄ‹Äœ‡ªµ¤Á—º°—¦o°œ…°ŠÁ¡Éº°œ¤µ„„ªnµŸ¼o¢{ŠšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤ Ÿ¡o¼ ¼—‡œÁ—¥¸ ª„œ´ ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¨o¼ ³Á¤·—ŽÉй ¤¸‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤˜µn Š„œ´ Ánœ

Ö 145(Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š) ¨oª„¦¼‹³°nµœ°³Å¦¨n³ÁœÉ¸¥ (­¤»—®µ¥)(Á¡º°É œšÅɸ ¤n­œš· ) œµ¥nª¥®µ™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦…°Š‡œ°ÉºœÄ®Áo ¦µ—oª¥Â¨ªo „´œ (­¤»—®µ¥) ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸°„…o°¤¼¨ŽÉ¹ŠÁž}œŸ¨¦oµ¥‹µ„„µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š Á¡Éº°Ä®oŸ¼o¢{Ц´¦¼o‡ªµ¤Á—º°—¦o°œ…°Š˜œ Á¡ºÉ°…°‡ªµ¤Á®ÈœÄ‹ ¨³Á¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®oŸ¢o¼ Š{ „¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°Â„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· Ÿo¼¡¼—ÁÉ°º ªµn Ÿo¢¼ Š{ Ž¹ÉŠÁžœ} Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š…°Š˜œ‹³Á…oµÄ‹ …–³šÉ¸ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦…°¦o°ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÃ—¥¦³»­É·ŠšÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—˜°o Š„µ¦Ä®Ÿo ¢o¼ {Š„¦³šÎµ°¥µn Š—´ Á‹œ °œÉ¹Š „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¡¸¥ŠÁ°n¥™¹ŠŸ¨¦oµ¥š¸ÉÁ„·—…ʹœÂ„nŸo¼¢{ŠŽ¹ÉŠÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š…°Š˜œ ¨oªŸo¼¢{Š­µ¤µ¦™¦´¦o¼ Á…oµÄ‹ ®¦º°Â„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— „È™º°Å—oªnµÁž}œ„µ¦¡·­¼‹œr‡ªµ¤Áž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ„´œ°¸„—oª¥ Á¡¦µ³Á¡ºÉ°œ¥n°¤¦¼oċÁ¡Éº°œ ®¦º°Áž}œ„µ¦¡·­¼‹œrªnµ Ÿ¼o¢{Š¡¦o°¤‹³Â„oŅ¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š˜œÁ°Š ®µ„ªnµ˜œšÎµÄ®oÁ¡ºÉ°œÁ—°º —¦°o œ Ÿo¨¼ ³Á¤·—šÉ¸Áž}œÁ¡°ºÉ œ­œš· ¥°n ¤˜°o Š„µ¦Â­—ŠÄ®oÁ¡º°É œÁ®Èœªnµ˜œ¡¦o°¤šÉ¸‹³ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦„¦³šÎµ Á¡º°É —µÎ ¦ŠÅªŽo ŠÉ¹ ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡œ´ ›šr ¸É¦µ¦ºÉœ¦³®ªµn ŠŸ¼¡o —¼ ¨³Ÿo¼¢Š{ ×. ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœŸo¼¢{ŠÄ®o„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®o„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ‹Îµœªœ ÒÔ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ Ò.ÔÙ ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š ŽÉ¹Šž¦µ„’Á¡¸¥Š Ó ™o°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ Ñ.ÔÑ Ášnµœ´Êœ —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤Ÿ¼o¡—¼ ‡œÁ—¸¥ª„œ´ ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¨¼ ³Á¤·—ŽÉй ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤˜µn Š„œ´ Ánœ(Á¡Éº°œ­œš· ) Á±¥o ®µ¦„œ´ œ³ ‡¦ÊŠ´ ®œoµ„ÄÈ o—oª¥„œ´ Á¨¥ (…ä¥)(Á¡É°º œšÅɸ ¤n­œš· ) Á„ȝ⤨µo Š®œoµÅªoÄ®—o ¸ ŤnÄ®¤o ´œ…ä¥Ä™o µo ‹³ÄoÄ®o…°¥¤º „n°œ (…ä¥) ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœÄ®oŸo¼¨³Á¤·—čo⤨oµŠ®œoµ¦nª¤„´˜œ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦´„ªœ ‡º° „µ¦š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—¡¥µ¥µ¤Á­œ°„µ¦„¦³šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š­œÄ‹„¦³šÎµ¦nª¤„´Ÿ¼o¡¼— ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„ Ÿo¼¡¼—ÁÉº°ªnµ„µ¦„¦³šÎµœÊ´œÁž}œ„µ¦„¦³šÎµš¸É™¼„˜o°Š Á®¤µ³­¤ ®¦º°Áž}œ‡ªµ¤˜o°Š„µ¦…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—šÉ¸‹³„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠ¦nª¤„´Ÿo¼¢{Š Á¡Éº°Âœ³Ä®oŸ¼o¢{ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Á„·—…¹ÊœÄœ…–³š¸É„´Á¡ºÉ°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¨º°„Ťn„¨nµª™o°¥‡ÎµÂ˜nÁ¨º°„„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—šœ —´Šœ´Êœ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœ‹¹ŠÁž}œ„¨ª·›¸š¸É¤´„ž¦µ„’„´Á¡Éº°œ­œ·šÁšnµœÊ´œ Á¡¦µ³„´Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{Ф¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—´„ªœÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠ¦nª¤„´œ ‹¹Š¤¸Ã°„µ­Áž}œÅžÅ—o¨³­¤Á®˜­» ¤Ÿ¨¤µ„„ªµn „´ Á¡º°É œšÉŸ ¤n­œš·

146 Ø. ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµªÂœ³œÎµ ž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ¦o°¥¨³Ó.ÔÕ Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š š¸Éž¦µ„’¦o°¥¨³ Ó.×Ú „¨ª·›¸Âœ³œÎµ ˜„˜nµŠ‹µ„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœ ‡º° „µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœœÊ´œ Ÿo¼¡¼—­—Їªµ¤Áž}œ¤·˜¦Â¨³˜o°Š„µ¦šÉ¸‹³„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠ¦ªn ¤„´Ÿ¼o¢Š{ ˜n„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Âœ³œµÎ œ´œÊ Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ Á¡¸¥ŠÂœ³Ä®oŸo¼¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥nµŠŽÉ¹ŠŸo¼¡¼—ÁºÉ°ªnµÁž}œ­·ÉŠ—¸®¦º°¤¸ž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°Ÿ¼o¢{Š ˜nŸo¼¡¼—¤·Å—o˜o°Š„µ¦‹³„¦³šÎµ­É·ŠœÊ´œ¦nª¤„´Ÿ¼o¢{Š ŤnªnµŸ¼o¨³Á¤·—‹³­œ·š®¦º°Å¤n­œ·š„´Ÿ¼o¡¼— Ÿ¼o¡¼—„È­µ¤µ¦™Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Âœ³œÎµÅ—oÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ —´Šœ´Êœ ‹¹Š­°—‡¨o°Š„´…°o ¤¨¼ š¡É¸ ªnµ Ÿ¼o¡—¼ £µ¬µÅš¥Ä„o ¨ª·›¸„µ¦Âœ³œÎµÄ„¨Áo ‡¸¥Š„´œšŠ´Ê ˜n°Á¡°Éº œ­œš· ¨³Å¤n­œ·š Ù. Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Äo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ‹Îµœªœ ÔÑ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ Ô.ÒÚ ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š Ž¹ÉŠž¦µ„’Á¡¸¥Š ԙo°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ Ñ.ÕÖ ÁšnµœÊ´œ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦„¦³šµÎ Ťn¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡…r °ŠŸo¢¼ {Š®¦°º „¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦¨³Á¤—· šÁɸ „—· …¹Êœ°¥µn Š˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µÂ˜—n ªo ¥œµÊÎ Á­¥¸ Ѝ°o Á¨œn®¦º°šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÁ…oµÄ‹ªnµŸo¼¡¼—¨o°Á¨nœ ®¦º°Å¤n‹¦·Š‹´Š —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤Ÿ¼o¡¼—‡œÁ—¸¥ª„´œÂ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜°n Ÿo¨¼ ³Á¤·— ŽŠ¹É ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤˜µn Š„´œ Áœn(Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ) Á®¥¸¥Ä®o¦Š„ªµn œÊ¸Ž¤· ¹Š (Á®¥¥¸ Ášoµ) (‡ŠÂŽª„œ´ Á¨œn Ç ™µo Ážœ} Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š„œ´ ‹¦·ŠÇ) (Á®¥¸¥Ášoµ)(Á¡º°É œšÉŸ ¤n­œš· ) ŤnÁžœ} Ŧ (Á‡µo ‡ŠÅ¤Ån —˜o ´ÊŠÄ‹Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo Á¦µ) ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ ™o°¥‡Îµš¸É¡·¤¡r˜´ªÁ…o¤‡º°™o°¥‡Îµš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—„¨nµª„´Ÿo¼¢{Š ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸°¥n¼ÄœªŠÁ¨È‡º°Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦„¨nµª™o°¥‡ÎµœÊ´œ š¸ÉŸ¼o˜°Â­°™µ¤¦³» ‹³Á®Èœªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—­É´ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÁ®¥¸¥Ášoµ…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—Ä®o¦Š…¹Êœ Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÁ…oµÄ‹Å—oªnµ™o°¥‡Îµœ¸Ê Ÿo¼¡¼—Ťnŗo™º°Áž}œ‹¦·Š‹´ŠÁ¡¦µ³Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–r—´Š„¨nµª Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÁ®¥¸¥Ášoµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨oªÅ¤n…°Ãš¬ šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¡¼—Ťn¡°Ä‹ Ÿo¼¡¼—‹¹ŠÅ¤nœnµ‹³Á·ªœÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÁ®¥¸¥Ášoµ˜œ°¸„ Ÿo¼¢{ŠÅ¤nœnµ‹³˜¸‡ªµ¤ªnµŸo¼¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦„¦³—ž¦³´œ˜œÁœ°ºÉ Š‹µ„ ™°o ¥‡µÎ —´Š„¨nµªŸ¼¡o —¼ ­¦µo Š¦¦¥µ„µ«…°Š„µ¦­œšœµªnµÁž}œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ °¸„šÊ´ŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{Š„ÈÁž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œš· „œ´ ŽÉ¹Š¥°n ¤¨o°Á¨œn „´œÅ—Áo ž}œž„˜·ª·­´¥ ­nªœÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œš¸ÉŤn­œ·š ‹³Á®Èœªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨°º „„¨µn ªÄ®o°£´¥Ÿo¢¼ Š{ ×¥°„Á®˜Ÿ» ¨ªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‡·—ªµn Ÿ¢o¼ Š{ ŤÅn —¤o ¸Á‹˜œµšÉ¸‹³¨³Á¤—· Ÿ¼o¡¼— Ú. „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—„¨nµª°¥nµŠ®œ¹ÉŠÂ˜n®¤µ¥‡ªµ¤˜¦Š„´œ…oµ¤ ®¦º°„µ¦¡¼—­·ÉŠš¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—ÁÉº°ªnµÁž}œÁšÈ‹Á¡Éº°Âœ³‡ªµ¤®¤µ¥˜¦Š„´œ…oµ¤ Ÿ¼o¡¼—°µ‹Äo„¨ª·›¸—´Š„¨nµªÅ—ošÊ´ŠÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ ®¦º°Á¡Éº°ž¦³—ž¦³´œŸ¼o¢{Š „µ¦‹³˜´—­·œªnµ™o°¥‡ÎµÄ—

147Áž}œ™o°¥‡Îµš¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ ®¦º°˜o°Š„µ¦ž¦³—ž¦³´œœÊ´œ ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨Â­°™µ¤ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥‹ÎµÂœ„Å—o‹µ„…o°‡ªµ¤ÄœªŠÁ¨ÈŽ¹ÉŠ„¨n»¤…o°¤¼¨¦³» ž¦³„°„´…o°­´ŠÁ„˜šÉ¸ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š „µ¦Á¨º°„čo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ œnµ‹³Á¡ºÉ°„µ¦šÎµÄ®o—¼Á®¤º°œ„µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ¤µ„„ªnµž¦³—ž¦³œ´ šÊ´Šœ¸Ê Á¡¦µ³„´Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š Ÿo¼¡¼—¤´„Á¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ Á¡¦µ³‡n¼­œšœµš¸É­œ·š­œ¤„´œ¥n°¤¦¼o°»žœ·­´¥„´œ Ÿ¼o¡¼—¦o¼ªnµÁ¡Éº°œ‹³Å¤nĦ›®µ„˜œ¡¼—°°„Åž˜¦ŠÇ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹¹ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š„¨nµª°o°¤‡o°¤ ®¦º°Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œÁ¡ºÉ°ž¦³—ž¦³´œŸ¼o¢{Š —´ŠœÊ´œ œ°„‹µ„ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªµn Ї­n¼ œšœµ ‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Â¨oª ž‹{ ‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤ ¥´ŠÁžœ} ž{‹‹´¥­µÎ ‡´š¸ÉŸo¼¢Š{ čžo ¦³„°Äœ„µ¦˜¸‡ªµ¤™o°¥‡µÎ …°ŠŸo¼¡—¼ °¸„—ªo ¥ ÒÑ. „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ Á¡ºÉ°„µ¦ž¦³—ž¦³´œŸo¼¢{Š Ĝеœª·‹´¥œÊ¸¡ªnµž¦µ„’Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š ‹Îµœªœ ÖÕ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ Ù.ÑØ ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š š¸Éž¦µ„’Á¡¸¥Š ÔÖ ™o°¥‡Îµ®¦º°¦o°¥¨³ Ô.ØÓ —´Š…o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤Ÿo¼¡¼—‡œÁ—¥¸ ª„œ´ ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤—· ŽŠÉ¹ ¤‡¸ ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤˜µn Š„´œ Áœn(Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ) šÎµÅ¤¤Š¹ Á¨ª‹´Š (ފ‡ª· )(Á¡°Éº œšÅ¸É ¤­n œ·š) …°Ãš¬œ³‡¦´ „µ¦«„¹ ¬µÅ¤šn µÎ Ä®‹o ¦·¥›¦¦¤‡»–Á¡¤·É Á¨¥Á®¦°‡¦´[Á­¥¸ Š—Š´ ] ‡œ°ÉºœÁ…µ„Ȧ¸ œ³‡¦´ ®¦º°Ä‡¦šÉ¸µo œ‡»–˜µ¥ (ފ‡ª· ) ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠ ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸¡·¤¡r˜´ªÁ…o¤‡º°™o°¥‡Îµš¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—„¨nµª„´Ÿo¼¢{Š ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸…¸—Á­oœÄ˜o‡º°„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ ‹³Á®Èœªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¼¢{ŠÃ—¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª›· ¸Â˜¦Š …–³š„¸É ´Á¡º°É œœ­· ·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ Ÿo¼¡¼—čo®¨µ¥„¨ª·›¸¦nª¤„´œ ž¦³„°—oª¥ „µ¦—¼™¼„Ÿ¼o¢{Š „µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨ ¨³„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—čo‹³Á®Èœªnµ ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨nµªªnµ “®¦º°Ä‡¦š¸Éoµœ‡»–˜µ¥” Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ‡Îµ™µ¤Ž¹ÉŠÅ¤nÁ®¤µ³­¤„´­™µœ„µ¦–ršÉ¸Á„·—…¹Êœ ¥n°¤šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¢{Š­µ¤µ¦™¦´¦o¼Â¨³Á…oµÄ‹Å—oš´œš¸ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—˜o°Š„µ¦ž¦³—ž¦³´œŸo¼¢{Š ¤oªnµ™o°¥‡Îµš¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„´Á¡Éº°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š‹³—¼­»£µ¡ ˜n„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œÁ¡ºÉ°ž¦³—ž¦³´œŸo¼¢{Š ¥n°¤­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Á‹ÈÄ‹Â„nŸo¼¢{ŠÅ—o¤µ„„ªnµ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦ŠÅžÁ­¸¥°¸„ °œ¹ÉŠ „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨µn ªž¦³—ž¦³œ´ Ÿ¢o¼ {Š ¥´Š¤¸œ´¥ªµn Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ Ťn­œÄ‹‡ªµ¤¦o­¼ ¹„…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š Á¡¦µ³Ÿo¼¡¼—„´Ÿo¼¢{ŠÅ¤nŗo­œ·š­œ¤„´œ ‹¹ŠÅ¤n¤¸‡ªµ¤‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š™œ°¤œÎʵċ…°Š„´œ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—‹¹ŠÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤®Š»—®Š·— ®¦°º Á¡°ºÉ ‡ªµ¤­³Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—Ášnµœœ´Ê

Ù 148 ÒÒ. ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨¡ªnµ Ÿ¼o˜°Â­°™µ¤š¸ÉÁ¨º°„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ÂÅ¤¡n —¼ ˜°n ®œoµŸ¼¢o Š{ Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ÂÅ¤n¡¼—˜n°®œoµŸ¼o¢{Šš¸ÉÁž}œÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·šœo°¥¤µ„Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–Ár ¡°Éº œ­œ·š Ÿ¡¼o ¼—š¸ÁÉ ¨º°„Ť¡n —¼ ˜n°®œoµ Á¨º°„čo„¨ª›· ¸„µ¦œ·œšµªµn ¦µo ¥Ÿo¨¼ ³Á¤—· ¨´ ®¨Š´ ¨³„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦¼o­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹„´Ÿo¼°ºÉœ¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ­nªœÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œšÉ¸Å¤n­œ·š ¡ªnµ Ÿo¼˜°Â­°™µ¤Á¨°º „č„o ¨ª·›„¸ µ¦œœ· šµªnµ¦µo ¥Ÿo¼¨³Á¤—· ¨´®¨´Š¤µ„š­¸É —» ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´œ ‹µ„Ÿ¨šÉ¸Å—o­µ¤µ¦™­¦»žÅ—oªnµ ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´„µ¦Á¨º°„ª·›¸„µ¦Â¡¼—˜n°®œoµ®¦º°Å¤n¡¼—˜n°®œoµÂ˜Ån ¤¤n ¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡œ´ ›„r ´ „µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ÂÅ¤n¡¼—˜n°®œoµ š´ÊŠœÊ¸Á¡¦µ³„¨ª·›¸šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡—¼ ŽŠÉ¹ Á¨°º „„¨ª›· ¸ÂÅ¤n¡¼—˜°n ®œoµ¤´„‹³Á¨°º „čo‡°º „µ¦œœ· šµªnµ¦µo ¥¨´ ®¨´Š ‹µ„„µ¦«„¹ ¬µ‡ªµ¤­¤´ ¡œ´ ›r¦³®ªµn Š„¨ª›· „¸ µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹„´ž‹{ ‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œš·­œ¤ Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥¡ªnµ ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡n¼­œšœµ Áž}œž{‹‹´¥­Îµ‡´šÉ¸¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥠭°—‡¨o°Š„´­¤¤»˜·“µœ…°ŠŠµœª·‹´¥šÉ¸ªnµ ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡n¼­œšœµ Áž}œ˜´ªÂž¦­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ ĜšœÊ¸Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o«¹„¬µž{‹‹´¥š´ÊŠ­°Š °´œÅ—o„n ž{‹‹´¥¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤ªnµ¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥮦º°Å¤nŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸Éŗo­°—‡¨o°Š„´­¤¤˜·“µœ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥…o°š¸É Ó šÉ¸ªnµ ž{‹‹´¥¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤¦³®ªµn Ї¼n­œšœµ Ážœ} ˜ª´ ž¦­µÎ ‡´Äœ„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›š¸ µŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¡¼o ¼—£µ¬µÅš¥

šš¸É Õ š­¦ž» ĜšœÊ¸Ÿo¼ª·‹´¥‹³­¦»žŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ץnа°„Áž}œ Õ ˜°œ ˜°œšÉ¸ Ò Áž}œ„µ¦­¦»žž¦³Á—Èœ­Îµ‡´‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ ˜°œšÉ¸ Ó Áž}œ„µ¦­¦»žÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœª´•œ›¦¦¤Å𥄴„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœª´•œ›¦¦¤°Éºœ ˜°œš¸É Ô Áž}œ„µ¦°£·ž¦µ¥Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹¥´ ¨³Äœ˜°œ­»—šµo ¥Áž}œ…o°Á­œ°Âœ³ ×¥¤¸¦µ¥¨³Á°¥¸ ——´Š˜°n ޜʸÕ.Ò ­¦ž» Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥ еœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê¤»nŠ«¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥šÉ¸Áž}œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µÃ—¥¤ª¸ ´˜™ž» ¦³­Š‡rĜ„µ¦«„¹ ¬µ Ó …o° ‡°º (Ò) «„¹ ¬µ„¨ª›· ¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rŤn¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r ‹Îµœªœ Ù ­™µœ„µ¦–r ŗo„n ­™µœ„µ¦–r­¤»—®µ¥Á­¸¥Š—´Š …¥³ ފ‡·ª …ä¥ Ú¦«´¡šr Á®¥¸¥Ášoµ ¨³®¥·…°Š Á¡Éº°ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°­™µœ„µ¦–rŤn¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r¨³„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ (Ó) «¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤­¤´ ¡œ´ ›¦r ³®ªnµŠ„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ „´ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤ Á„ȝ…°o ¤¼¨Ã—¥Äo­°™µ¤ ‹µ„Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥤵˜¦“µœš¸ÉÁž}œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ ‹µ„ª·š¥µ¨´¥Â¨³¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ÓØ ®Šn šÉ´ªž¦³Áš« ץŤn‹Îµ„´—‡–³ Á¡« °µ¥» ®¦°º ˜´ªÂž¦°œÉº Ç Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®nÁ¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·—­ªn œŸo¡¼ ¼—š¸ÁÉ ¨°º „ŤÂn ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹ Á¨°º „šÎµÁŒ¥Ç ¨³šµÎ °¥nµŠ°Éºœ ×¥­nªœÄ®nÁž}œ„µ¦Á¨º°„šÎµÁŒ¥Ç ×¥°„Á®˜»Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦šÎµÁŒ¥ÇŪo Ø Á®˜»Ÿ¨ Á¦¸¥Š˜µ¤¨Îµ—´¤µ„Åžœo°¥ —´Šœ¸Ê Áž}œÁ¦ºÉ°ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ Ħ›Â˜nÁŒ¥ ‡·—ªnµ¤¸Á®˜»Ÿ¨‹ÎµÁž}œ Áž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ„´œ Ťn°¥µ„¤¸Á¦Éº°Š Áž}œ­·š›Í·…°ŠÁ…µ Á‡¥šÎµÁ®¤º°œ„´œ ¨³Å¤nŗo¦³» ­nªœŸo¼¡¼—šÉ¸Á¨º°„„µ¦šÎµ°¥nµŠ°ºÉœ ¡„µ¦šÎµ°¥nµŠ°ºÉœÁ¦¸¥Š˜µ¤¨Îµ—´¤µ„Åžœo°¥ —´Šœ¸Ê „µ¦Â„oŅ „µ¦Â­—Š­¸®œoµšnµšµŠ „µ¦Â„o‡oœ „µ¦­nŠ­´µ–µŠ°¥nµŠ „µ¦Á…¸¥œÃœo˜Â¨³„µ¦ž¦³— Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®nšÉ¸Á¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—oª¥™o°¥‡Îµ ¡ªnµ „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥠭µ¤µ¦™‹ÎµÂœ„Å—o Ô ¨´„¬–³ ‡º° „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦Š „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤ ¨³„¨ª·›¸Á­¦·¤„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ×¥­¦ž» ŗ—o Š´ œ¸Ê

150 Ò. „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦Š ‹ÎµÂœ„Å—o Ø „¨ª·›¸ ŗo„n (Ò) „µ¦¦£· µ¬Ÿ¼o¢{Š (Ó) „µ¦°„‡ªµ¤¦o¼­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼— (Ô) „µ¦„¨nµª™¹Š„µ¦¨³Á¤·—®¦º°‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š(Õ) „µ¦¸Ê…o°„¡¦n°Š…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š (Ö) „µ¦…n¤…¼nŸo¼¢{Š (×) „µ¦„¨nµªÂnŠŸo¼¢{Š ¨³ (Ø) „µ¦„¨nµª˜´—‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´Ÿ¼o¢{Š „¨ª·›¸šÉ¸¡¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ‡º° „µ¦¦·£µ¬Ÿo¼¢{Š—oª¥„µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œ‡nµŸo¼¢{Š®¦º°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ …°ŠŸ¢¼o {ŠÄœšµŠ¨ „¨ª›· š¸ ž¸É ¦µ„’œo°¥š¸­É »— ‡º° „µ¦„¨µn ªÂŠn Ÿo¢¼ Š{ ¡Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ™o°¥‡µÎ Ášµn œÊ´œ Ó. „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤ ‹ÎµÂœ„Áž}œ Ó Â ‡º° „¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤š¸ŸÉ ¡o¼ —¼ Á¨º°„„¨µn ª™o°¥‡Îµ˜n°®œµo Ÿ¢o¼ Š{ ¨³„¨ª·›¸Â°°o ¤šŸ¸É ¼¡o ¼—Ť„n ¨nµª™°o ¥‡µÎ ˜n°®œµo Ÿ¼¢o Š{ Ó.Ò „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á¨º°„„¨nµª™o°¥‡Îµ˜n° ®œµo Ÿ¢¼o Š{ ‹µÎ œ„Áž}œ ÒÔ „¨ª·›¸ —Š´ œÊ¸ (Ò) „µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨µŠ°¥nµŠ (Ó) „µ¦Á˜º°œ (Ô) „µ¦­ŠÉ´ (Õ) „µ¦Á¦¸¥„¦°o ŠŸ¢¼o Š{ Ä®¦o ´Ÿ·—°˜°n „µ¦¨³Á¤·— (Ö) „µ¦…°¦°o ŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµµŠ°¥µn ŠÁ¡Éº° „Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤·— (×) „µ¦Âœ³œÎµ­·ÉŠš¸É‡ª¦„¦³šÎµÂ„nŸ¼o¢{Š (Ø) „µ¦„¨nµª´„ªœŸo¼¢{ŠÄ®o„¦³šÎµ µŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡Éº°Âœ³Ä®o„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— (Ù) „µ¦„¨nµªÄ®o°£´¥˜n°„µ¦¨³Á¤·—…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š (Ú) „µ¦„¨nµª°œ»µ˜Ä®oŸo¼¢{Ѝ³Á¤·—Ÿ¼o¡¼—Å—o (ÒÑ) „µ¦™µ¤Á¡ºÉ°Ä®o¦o¼˜´ª®¦º°Á¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®o„oŅ „µ¦¨³Á¤·— (ÒÒ) „µ¦Á­œ°µŠ­·ÉŠÁ¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®oŸo¼¢{ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·— (ÒÓ) „µ¦¨o°Á¨nœ ¨³ (ÒÔ) „µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œ „¨ª·›¸š¸ÉŸ¼o¡¼—œ·¥¤Äo¤µ„š¸É­»— ‡º° „µ¦­´ÉŠÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµ µŠ°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°Â„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ¨³„µ¦°„…o°¤¼¨…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—®¦º°‡œ°ÉºœÇÁ¡ºÉ°Âœ³Ä®oŸo¼¢{ŠÂ„oŅ „µ¦¨³Á¤·— ×¥¡Äœ‡ªµ¤™É¸Ä„¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´œ „¨ª·›¸šÉ¸ž¦µ„’œo°¥š¸É­»— ‡º° „µ¦Á­œ°µŠ­É·ŠÁ¡ºÉ° œ³Ä®Ÿo ¢o¼ {ŠÂ„Åo …„µ¦¨³Á¤—· Ó.Ó „¨ª·›„¸ µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°°o ¤šŸÉ¸ ¡o¼ ¼—Á¨º°„Ťn„¨nµª™o°¥‡Îµ˜n° ®œµo Ÿ¼o¢Š{ ‹ÎµÂœ„Áž}œ Õ „¨ª›· ¸ —´ŠœÊ¸ (Ò) „µ¦„¨nµªÃ—¥Å¤nÁ‹µ³‹ŠÁžjµ®¤µ¥ (Ó) „µ¦œ·œšµªnµ ¦oµ¥Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—¨´®¨´Š (Ô) „µ¦°„Ÿ¼o°ºÉœÄ®o­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·— ¨³ (Õ) „µ¦ ¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦­¼o „¹ Ť¡n °Ä‹„´ Ÿ°¼o ºœÉ ×¥„¨ª·›š¸ ž¸É ¦µ„’¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ‡º° „µ¦œ·œšµªnµ¦oµ¥Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·— ¨´ ®¨´Š „¨ª·›¸šÉž¸ ¦µ„’œo°¥šÉ­¸ »— ‡º° „µ¦„¨µn ªÃ—¥Å¤Án ‹µ³‹ŠÁžµj ®¤µ¥ Ô. „¨ª·›¸Á­¦·¤„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ‹ÎµÂœ„Áž}œ Ó Â ‡º° (Ò) „¨ª·›¸Á­¦·¤Á¡Éº°Á¦¸¥„‡ªµ¤­œÄ‹‹µ„Ÿo¼¢{Š ‹Îµœªœ Ó „¨ª·›¸ ž¦³„°—oª¥ „µ¦Á¦¸¥„Ÿo¼¢{ŠÂ­»£µ¡—oª¥‡Îµªnµ “…°Ã𬔠¨³„µ¦Á¦¸¥„Ÿo¼¢{ŠÂÅ¤n­»£µ¡ ¨³ (Ó) „¨ª·›¸Á­¦·¤Á¡ºÉ°Á­¦·¤„µ¦Â­—൦¤–rŤn¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸo¼¡¼— ‹Îµœªœ Ô „¨ª›· ¸ ž¦³„°—ªo ¥ „µ¦Ä‡o 尚» µœ „µ¦Ä‡o 坦» »¬­¦¦¡œµ¤ ¨³„µ¦Ä‡o µÎ ¨Ššoµ¥ Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥¡ªnµ Áž}œÅž˜µ¤­¤¤˜·“µœšÉ¸˜Ê´ŠÅªo…o°Â¦„ „¨nµª‡º° Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªnµ„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦ŠÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ×¥‹µ„‹Îµœªœ™o°¥‡ÎµšÉ¸Áž}œ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹š´ÊŠ®¤— ‹Îµœªœ Ó,ÔÚÔ ™o°¥‡Îµ ¡ªnµ Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n

151¡°Ä‹Â˜¦ŠÁ¡¸¥Š ×ÑÚ ™o°¥‡Îµ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ÓÖ.ÕÖ ™o°¥‡Îµ ¨³Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°°o ¤ ‹µÎ œªœ Ò,×ÑÚ ™o°¥‡µÎ ‡·—Áž}œ¦o°¥¨³ ר.ÓÕ Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ¨³­™µœ„µ¦–rŤn¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r ¡ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸¤É ¦¸ ³—´ ‡ªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ Ÿ¼o¡—¼ £µ¬µÅš¥¤¸ÂœªÃœ¤o š¸‹É ³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—oª¥™o°¥‡Îµ¤µ„„ªnµšÎµÁŒ¥Ç ®¦º°šÎµ°¥nµŠ°Éºœ ­nªœÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸É¤¸¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹œ°o ¥ ð„µ­š¸ŸÉ o¡¼ —¼ £µ¬µÅš¥‹³Â­—Š®¦º°Å¤Ân ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—ªo ¥™o°¥‡Îµ¤°¸ ˜´ ¦µ­nªœÁšµn Ç „´œ Á¤Éº°¡·‹µ¦–µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤ ¡ªnµ ž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤Å¤n¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„®¦º°Å¤nÁ¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—oª¥™o°¥‡Îµ…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥ ˜n¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ „¨nµª‡º° Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š ¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤š¸ÉŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥‹³Äo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦ŠÂ¨³Ä‡o 宥µ¤µ„„ªµn Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡°ºÉ œÅ¤n­œ·š Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥š¸Éŗo ‹¹Š­°—‡¨o°Š„´­¤¤˜·“µœ…°Š„µ¦ª·‹´¥…o°š¸É Ó šÉ¸ªnµ ž{‹‹´¥¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž{‹‹¥´ ‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤¦³®ªµn Ї­¼n œšœµ Ážœ} ˜ª´ ž¦­Îµ‡´ Ĝ„µ¦Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¡¼o ¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Õ.Ó ­¦»žÁž¦¥¸ Áš¸¥Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹¥´ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœª•´ œ›¦¦¤Åš¥„´ „µ¦Â­—Š ‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœª´•œ›¦¦¤°ºœÉ „µ¦«¹„¬µª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥ÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê ­³šo°œÄ®oÁ®œÈ ¨´„¬–³µŠž¦³„µ¦…°Š„µ¦­°Éº ­µ¦Äœª•´ œ›¦¦¤Å𥠗´Š˜n°Åžœ¸Ê Ò. Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹¥´ ¡ªµn Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ £µ¬µÅš¥Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦ŠÁ¡¸¥Š¦o°¥¨³ ÓÖ.ÕÖ ÁšnµœÊ´œ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®nÁ¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªnµ Á¤ºÉ°¡·‹µ¦–µ„µ¦ž¦µ„’¦nª¤…°Š„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ÄœÂ˜n¨³‡Îµ˜° ¡ªnµ ‡Îµ˜°šÉ¸Áž}œ„µ¦ž¦µ„’¦nª¤„´œ…°Š„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦ŠÁ¡¸¥Š°¥nµŠÁ—¸¥ªœ´Êœ¡œo°¥¤µ„ ­nªœÄ®nŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥šÉ¸Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦Š ¤´„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¦nª¤—oª¥ ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ ‡œÅš¥Å¤nœ·¥¤„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ­°—‡¨o°Š„´š¸É Ǥ·œ (Komin, 1990 °oµŠÄœ Panpothong, 2001) „¨nµªªnµ ‡œÅ𥤴„®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥Š„µ¦ÁŸ· ®œoµÁ¤É°º Á„·—‡ªµ¤…´—Â¥oŠ Á¤°Éº Áž¦¥¸ Á𥏠„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ£µ¬µÅ𥄴£µ¬µ°ºÉœ ¡ªnµ µª°­· ¦µÁ°¨¤„´ ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹—ªo ¥„¨ª›· ¸˜¦ŠÂ¨³„¨ª·›¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡—oµœª„ ­nªœµª°´Š„§¬¤´„čo„¨ª·›¸°o°¤Â¨³„¨ª·›¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡—oµœ¨ ­nªœµª°Á¤¦·„´œ‹³°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ­°ŠÂœ¸Ê (Olshtain and

152Weinbach, 1987) Ĝ…–³šÉ¸ µªÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤´„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ¨³¤´„Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›š¸ ¸É¦»œÂ¦Š¤µ„„ªnµµª°´Š„§¬ (House and Kasper, 1981 °µo ŠÄœ Tatsuki, 2000) °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ Á±oµ­r¨³Â‡­Áž°¦r (House and Kasper, 1981 °oµŠÄœ Tatsuki,2000) Ä®o‡ªµ¤Á®Èœš¸Éœnµ­œÄ‹ªnµ ¦³—´‡ªµ¤˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ…°Š„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤Å¤n­µ¤µ¦™œÎµ¤µÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´œÅ—o š´ÊŠœÊ¸ Á¡¦µ³Â˜n¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤¥n°¤¤¸¦¦š´—“µœÄœ„µ¦ž¦³Á¤·œ„µ¦Â­—а°„®¦º°¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ „¨nµª‡º° ¤oªnµŸ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹³¡ªnµ µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÄo„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦Š¤µ„„ªnµµª°´Š„§¬ ˜n„ÈŤn­µ¤µ¦™‹³­¦»žÅ—oªnµ µªÁ¥°¦¤´œ¤¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡œ°o ¥„ªµn µª°´Š„§¬ Á¡¦µ³­Îµ®¦´µªÁ¥°¦¤´œÂ¨oª ª·›¸„µ¦˜¦Š—´Š„¨nµª°µ‹Å¤n™º°ªnµÁž}œÁ¦Éº°ŠÅ¤n­»£µ¡ ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥ š¸É¤oªnµŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á¨º°„„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªnµÂ˜¦Š ˜n„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤µŠ°¥nµŠ Ánœ „µ¦œ·œšµªnµ¦oµ¥®¦º°„µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œÁ¡Éº°„µ¦ž¦³—ž¦³´œ„Ȱµ‹Å¤n­»£µ¡ ®¦º°šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¢{Ц¼o­¹„Á‹ÈÄ‹Å—o¤µ„„ªnµ„µ¦¡—¼ ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ„ÈÁžœ} ŗo Ÿ¼¡o ¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­ªn œ®œ¹ŠÉ šÉ¸Ÿoª¼ ·‹¥´ ŗ­o ´¤£µ¬–rÁ®Èœªnµ „¨ª·›¸—´Š„¨nµª šÎµÄ®oŸ¼o¢{Цo¼­¹„Á­¸¥®œoµ¤µ„„ªnµ„µ¦¡¼—˜n°®œoµÂ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µÁ­¸¥°¸„ Á¡¦µ³Ÿo¼¡¼—ŤnÁžd—ð„µ­Ä®oŸo¼¢{ŠÅ—o°›·µ¥Á®˜»Ÿ¨ °¸„šÊ´Š®µ„Áž}œÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ª·›¸¡¼—˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ‹³­»£µ¡„ªnµ„µ¦œµÎ ުµn „´ ‡œ°Éœº ¨´®¨Š´ —´ŠœÊœ´ „µ¦ž¦³Á¤œ· ªnµ„¨ª›· ¸°°o ¤­»£µ¡„ªnµ„¨ª›· ˜¸ ¦Š‹¹Š°µ‹Å¤n™¼„˜o°ŠÁ­¤°Åž ˜n°µ‹…œÊ¹ °¥n„¼ ´ž‹{ ‹¥´ ‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠŸo¡¼ —¼ ¨³Ÿo¢¼ Š{ Á‹˜œµ…°ŠŸ¼¡o ¼— ²¨² Ó. ‡nµœ·¥¤¤¸šµš­Îµ‡´Äœ„µ¦„ε®œ—¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤ ¦ª¤šÊ´Š„µ¦Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤—oª¥ ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁnœ ­´Š‡¤ÁªÁœŽ¼Á°¨µ šÉ¸Á®Èœªnµ‡ªµ¤…´—Â¥oŠÁž}œ­·ÉŠšÉ¸¡¹Šž¦µ¦™œµÂ¨³Áž}œž¦³Ã¥œr˜n°­´Š‡¤ µªÁªÁœŽ¼Á°¨µ‹¹Š¤´„‹³Â­—Šª´‹œ„¦¦¤„µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥oа¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ¤µ„„ªnµ„µ¦„¨nµªÂ¥oŠÃ—¥°o°¤ (Garcia, 1989 and Endstrom, 2004 °oµŠÄœ žª¸–µ ª´¦­»ª¦¦–,ÓÖÕØ) Ĝ­´Š‡¤„¦¸„ ŽÉ¹ŠÁ®Èœªnµ„µ¦Â¥oŠÁž}œ„µ¦Â­—Š™¹Š„µ¦¤¸ž’·­´¤¡´œ›r¦nª¤„´œ…°Š‡œÄœ­´Š‡¤„ȚεĮoµª„¦¸„¤´„‹³Â­—Š„µ¦Ã˜oÂ¥oŠ„´œ°¥n¼Á­¤° (Kakava, 2002 °oµŠÄœ žª¸–µ ª´¦­»ª¦¦–,ÓÖÕØ) Ĝ…–³š¸É ­´Š‡¤Åš¥Á®Èœªnµ „µ¦…´—Â¥oŠ„´œ¤µ„Ç ¨³n°¥Ç °µ‹šÎµÄ®oÁ­¸¥­´¤¡´œ›£µ¡°´œ—¸˜n°„´œÅ—o (­œ·š ­¤´‡¦„µ¦, ÓÖÓÒ) —´ŠœÊ´œ „µ¦šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®nÁ¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªnµ„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦ŠÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ œnµ‹³Áž}œŸ¨‹µ„‡nµœ·¥¤µŠž¦³„µ¦ —´Šš¸Éœ´„­´Š‡¤ª·š¥µ„¨µn ªªµn ­´Š‡¤Åš¥Ážœ} ­´Š‡¤ “Ä i­´¤¡´œ›”r (Relations orientation) ‡œÅš¥™º°ªnµ„µ¦¦‹¼o „´‡œ¤µ„ ¨³„µ¦¦´„¬µÅ¤˜¦¸‹·˜¦³®ªnµŠ„´œÁž}œ­É·Š‹ÎµÁž}œ (­»œš¦¸ Ǥ·œÂ¨³­œ·š ­¤´‡¦„µ¦, ÓÖÓÓ)‡nµœ¥· ¤—Š´ „¨nµª šÎµÄ®o‡œÅš¥Å¤n­—Їªµ¤…´—Â¥Šo °¥µn Š˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ ®¦°º ŤÂn ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°nŸ°o¼ œÉº °¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ

153 °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ Á¤Éº°¡·‹µ¦–µž{‹‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œ·š­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡n¼­œšœµ‹³Á®Èœªnµ ¤oªnµŸo¼¡¼—‹³Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªµn „¨ª›· ¸Â˜¦ŠšÊŠ´ ˜n°Á¡°Éº œ­œš· ¨³Å¤n­œš· ˜Än œ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š ¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤šÉ¸Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥‹³Äo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦Š¤µ„„ªnµÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ¡Éº°œÅ¤n­œ·š ­°—‡¨o°Š„´šÉ¸ ­œ·š ­¤´‡¦„µ¦ (ÓÖÓÒ) „¨nµªªnµ ­´¤¡´œ›£µ¡¦³®ªnµŠÁ¡°Éº œ­œš· Ážd—ð„µ­Ä®¤o ¸„µ¦…—´ Â¥oŠ„œ´ ŗo ˜nĜšµŠž’· ´˜‹· ¦·ŠÇ ‡ªµ¤…´—Â¥oŠ„ÅÈ ¤Än ‡¦nž¦µ„’ Á¡¦µ³˜µn Š iµ¥˜nµŠ¤Š»n ™œ°¤œÊεċ®¦°º ¤nŠ» ¦„´ ¬µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›°r œ´ —˜¸ n°„´œ¤µ„„ªnµ Ž¹ÉŠ­°—‡¨o°Š„´ …o°¤¨¼ ‹µ„­°™µ¤š¡¸É ªµn ¤ªo nµŸ¡¼o —¼ £µ¬µÅš¥‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦Š„´Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š¤µ„„ªnµ„´Á¡ºÉ°œÅ¤n­œ·š ˜nŸ¼o¡¼—„ÈŤn‡·—ªnµÁ¡Éº°œ‹³Ã„¦› °¸„šÊ´Š¥´ŠÁ®Èœªnµ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Á¡Éº°œ­œ·šÁž}œ„µ¦Áž—d ÁŸ¥‡ªµ¤¦­¼o ¹„˜°n „´œ Á¡É°º ž¦´˜ª´ ¨³Á¦¥¸ œ¦¼o°»žœ·­´¥…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œ ­°—‡¨o°Š„´Šµœª·‹´¥…°Š ¨µ¢°Á¦­šr (Laforest, 2002) š¸É„¨µn ªªµn ‡n¼­œšœµšÉ¸¦‹o¼ ´„­œ·š­œ¤„´œ¤¸Ã°„µ­ž¦³Á¤·œ¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„œ´ ¨³„´œn°¥‡¦´ŠÊ „ªnµ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹„´‡œ¦¼o‹´„Áž}œÅžÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o ¨³Â­ªŠ®µ‹»—šÉ¸š´ÊŠ­°Š iµ¥‹³­µ¤µ¦™¦´Å—o„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š„´œÂ¨³„´œÁ¡ºÉ°—ε¦ŠÅªoŽÉ¹Š‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rš¸É¦µ¦ºÉœÄœ…–³š¸É„´‡œÂž¨„®œoµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Ťn‹ÎµÁž}œ‹³˜o°Š­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r—oª¥ „µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹‹¹ŠÁž}œ„µ¦¦³µ¥‡ªµ¤¦o¼­¹„…°ŠŸo¼¡¼— ¨³Á¡ºÉ°‹³šÎµÄ®oÁ„·—„µ¦Â„oŅ¡§˜·„¦¦¤Á¡ºÉ°—ε¦ŠÅªoŽ¹ÉŠ‡ªµ¤™¼„˜o°Š ®¦°º ­·š›…· °Š­Š´ ‡¤­ªn œ¦ª¤Áž}œ­Îµ‡´ Ô. Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž{‹‹´¥¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°­™µœ„µ¦–rŤn¡¹Šž¦³­Š‡r ¡ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸É¤¸¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¤µ„Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥤴„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¤µ„„ªnµ‹³šÎµÁŒ¥Ç ®¦º°šÎµ°¥nµŠ°ºÉœ ˜n®µ„­™µœ„µ¦–rœ´ÊœŸo¡¼ ¼—Å—oÁ‡¥„¦³šÎµŸ·—ÁnœšÉ¸Ÿ¼o¢{Š„¦³šÎµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤š¸É‹³šÎµÁŒ¥Ç¤µ„„ªnµ ¤oªnµŸ¼o¡¼—‹³¦¼o­¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„„Șµ¤ ŽÉ¹ŠÁ¤Éº°Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„´Šµœª·‹´¥…°Š ±µªÁް¦r¨³­ª·œ—rÁ¨°¦r (Hauser andSwindler, 1988 °µo ŠÄœ Olshtain and Weinbach, 1993) ŽÉ¹Š«„¹ ¬µ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¦³®ªnµŠŸo¼°¡¥¡­°ŠÁÊº°µ˜· ¡ªnµ Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rÂ¥nŠšÉ¸‹°—¦™ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–ršÉ¸Ÿ¼o¨³Á¤·—…´¦™Á…oµÅž‹°—Äœš¸ÉªnµŠšÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—„ε¨´Š‹³Á…oµÅž‹°— Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rœÊ¸ µª¦´­Áޏ¥‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹—oª¥„¨ª·›¸Â¦»œÂ¦Š Ánœ ˜´„Á˜º°œ ¦·£µ¬ ®¦º°ÂnŠ …–³šÉ¸ µªÃ¤¦È°‡Ã‡‹³šÎµÁŒ¥Ç ®¦º°Å¤n„ÈÁ¡¸¥ŠÂ‡n­—Їªµ¤®Š»—®Š·—Á¨È„œo°¥ÁšnµœÊ´œ š´ÊŠœÊ¸ µª¦´­Áޏ¥Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµ ‡œÁ¦µ‡ª¦‹³Á®ÈœÄ‹„´œÂ¨³‡ª¦¦´„¬µÅªoŽ¹ÉŠ‡ªµ¤¥»˜·›¦¦¤ …–³šÉ¸ µªÃ¤¦È°‡Ã‡Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµ „µ¦¨³Á¤·——´Š„¨nµªÅ¤nčnÁ¦ºÉ°Š¦oµ¥Â¦ŠÁ¡¦µ³®µ„Ážœ} Ÿo¼¡¼—Á°Š„È‹³šÎµÁnœœÊ´œÁ®¤º°œ„´œ Ĝеœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦Â¥nŠš¸É‹°—¦™¤·Å—o™¼„Á¨º°„Äœ„µ¦Á„È …o°¤¼¨ °¥nµŠÅ¦„Șµ¤ Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥„È¡°‹³šÎµÄ®o¤°ŠÁ®Èœ‡ªµ¤‡¨oµ¥‡¨¹Š„´œš¸Éªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—š¸ÉÁ‡¥„¦³šÎµŸ·—ÁnœÁ—¸¥ª„´š¸É˜œ„ε¨´Š™¼„¨³Á¤·—¥n°¤¦o¼­¹„ªnµ „µ¦¨³Á¤·——´Š„¨nµª¤·ÄnÁ¦Éº°Š¦oµ¥Â¦Š šÊ´ŠœÊ¸°µ‹Áž}œ

Õ 154Á¡¦µ³š«´ œ‡˜…· °Š­Š´ ‡¤šµÎ Ä®Ÿo ¡o¼ ¼—Á®ÈœªnµÁžœ} Ánœœ´œÊ ‹¦·ŠÇ ®¦º°Áž}œÁ¡¦µ³Ÿ¼o¡¼—Á°Š„ÈÁ‡¥šÎµÁnœœÊ´œ ‹¹Š¦¼­o ¹„ªµn ˜œ…µ—‡ªµ¤°›¦¦¤Äœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼¨o ³Á¤—· „ÁÈ ž}œÅ—o Õ. Ÿo¼‡œÄœÂ˜n¨³ª´•œ›¦¦¤ ¥n°¤ž¦³Á¤·œ‡ªµ¤¦»œÂ¦Š…°Š­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦¨³Á¤·—˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅž˜µ¤‡nµœ·¥¤…°Š­´Š‡¤œ´Êœ Ánœ µª°Á¤¦·„´œ¤´„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ¦»œÂ¦ŠÂ¨³˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ˜°n ­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ˜œ™„¼ ފ‡·ª Á¡¦µ³­Š´ ‡¤°Á¤¦·„´œ¤¸‡ªµ¤‡·—Á¦Éº°Š­·š›·Â¨³‡ªµ¤Á­¤°£µ‡ (Olshtain and Weinbach, 1987) ­nªœÄœ­´Š‡¤Å𥠡ªnµ ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ®¥¸¥ÁšoµÁž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–Ár —¸¥ªš¸É¡ªµn Ÿ¡¼o —¼ £µ¬µÅš¥Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Ã—¥Äo„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦Š¤µ„„ªnµÂ°o°¤šÊ´Šœ¸Ê °µ‹Áž}œÁ¡¦µ³­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ®¥¸¥ÁšoµÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê ¦³»ªnµ “Ÿ¼o¢{ŠÁ®¥¸¥ÁšoµÂ¨oªÅ¤n…°Ã𬔠šÎµÄ®‡o ªµ¤Ÿ—· …°ŠŸo¨¼ ³Á¤—· šÉ¸Ÿ¡o¼ —¼ „¨nµª™¹Š¤¸šÊŠ´ „µ¦¨³Á¤·—šµŠ„µ¥Â¨³„µ¦Å¤n„¨µn ª‡Îµ…°Ãš¬ Ĝ…–³šÉ¸µª°·­¦µÁ°¨¤´„‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ¤µ„šÉ¸­»— Ĝ­™µœ„µ¦–rš¸ÉÁ¡Éº°œoµœ­nŠÁ­¸¥Š—´Š¥µ¤ª·„µ¨ (Olshtain and Weinbach, 1987) ŽÉ¹ŠÄœŠµœª·‹´¥œÊ¸¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Á®Èœªnµ„µ¦­nŠÁ­¸¥Š—´ŠÄœ¥µ¤ª·„µ¨ Áž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–ršÉ¸¤¸¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¤µ„Ánœ„´œ ˜nŸo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®n„¨´Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸Â°o°¤¤µ„„ªnµ„¨ª·›¸Â˜¦Š °¸„š´ÊŠ¥´Š¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦¦·£µ¬—oª¥‡Îµ®¥µÄœ­™µœ„µ¦–rœ¸Êœo°¥šÉ¸­»—°¸„—oª¥ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥‡n°œ…oµŠ¦³¤´—¦³ª´Š™o°¥‡ÎµÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ­¸¥Š—´Š ÁœÉº°Š‹µ„­™µœ„µ¦–rœ¸Ê Ÿo¼¡¼—­nªœÄ®nÁ„¦Š„¨´ªªnµ Ÿo¼¢{ോ‹³Ã„¦›Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨´ ®¦º°šÎµ¦oµ¥¦nµŠ„µ¥Ÿ¼o¡¼—Å—o ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ ¤oŸo¼¨³Á¤·—‹³„¦³šÎµŸ·—®¦º°šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¡—¼ Ť¡n °Ä‹ ¨³Â¤ªo µn Ÿo¼¡—¼ ‹³¤¸‡ªµ¤‡ªµ¤°›¦¦¤Äœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿ¼o¢{Š ˜n®µ„Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–œr ´Êœ Ÿo¡¼ ¼—¤¸‡ªµ¤Á­¸É¥Šš¸É‹³™¼„šÎµ¦oµ¥ ®¦°º Á­É¥¸ Š˜n°°´œ˜¦µ¥Â¨ªo Ÿ¡¼o ¼—„Ȥ„´ ‹³Á¨É¸¥ŠÅ¤n­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ‹¹Š°µ‹„¨nµªÅ—oªnµ „µ¦Å¤n­—Їªµ¤…´—Â¥oŠ…°Š‡œÅš¥ œ°„‹µ„‹³Á¡ºÉ°®¨¸„Á¨É¸¥Š‡ªµ¤…´—Â¥oŠ„´Ÿ¼o°œºÉ ¨ªo ¥´ŠÁ¡º°É ž„žj°Š˜œÁ°Š‹µ„°œ´ ˜¦µ¥°„¸ —oª¥Õ.Ô °£ž· ¦µ¥Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹¥´ Ò. ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„еœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Á„ȝ…o°¤¼¨‹µ„„¨n»¤˜´ª°¥nµŠšÉ¸Áž}œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ ŽÉ¹Š‹µ„„µ¦ª‹· ´¥…°Š ­œ» 𦏠Ǥ·œÂ¨³­œ·š ­¤‡´ ¦„µ¦ (ÓÖÓÓ) ¡ªnµ „¨¤n» šÉ¤¸ ¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ­¼Š­»—®¨¸„Á¨¸É¥Š„µ¦…´—Â¥oŠŽÉ¹Š®œoµœo°¥„ªnµŸo¼š¸É¤¸„µ¦«¹„¬µœo°¥ —´Šœ´Êœ ‹¹Š¤¸‡ªµ¤Áž}œÅ—oªnµ ®µ„Á¨º°„„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ„¨»n¤°ºÉœšÉ¸¦³—´„µ¦«¹„¬µÂ˜„˜nµŠ„´œÅž Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥„Ȱµ‹Â˜„˜nµŠÅž—oª¥ ¤oªnµž{‹‹´¥„µ¦«¹„¬µ‹³¤·Änž‹{ ‹´¥š¸ŠÉ µœª·‹¥´ œ¸¤Ê Šn» «¹„¬µ ˜‹n µ„Ÿ¨…°Š„µ¦ª‹· ¥´ „°È µ‹˜ŠÊ´ …o°­Š´ Á„˜Å—ªo nµ œ­· ·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µÁ¨°º „­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜°n ­™µœ„µ¦–r„µ¦¨³Á¤—· ¤µ„„ªµn „¨¤n» °ºÉœÇ šŠÊ´ œÊ¸ Á¡¦µ³œ­· ·˜œ´„«„¹ ¬µµŠ­ªn œ¤¸‡ªµ¤‡—· Á¦ºÉ°Š “­š· ›”· Áœn Á—¸¥ª„´ ‡œÄœ­Š´ ‡¤˜³ªœ´ ˜„

Ö 155 Ó. Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥¤¸‡ªµ¤Á®Èœªnµ ‡œÅš¥Ä®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´˜n°‡Îµ¡¼—Áž}œ°¥nµŠ¤µ„ ­´ŠÁ„˜‹µ„­Îµœªœš¸ÉÁ„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦¡¼— Ánœ “¡¼——¸Áž}œ«¦¸Â„nžµ„” ®¦º°„µ¦Å¤n¡¼— Ánœ \"¡¼—Åž­°ŠÅ¡ÁÊ¸¥ œ·ÉŠÁ­¸¥˜Îµ¨¹Šš°Š” °¸„š´ÊŠ„µ¦š¸É‡œÅš¥Ä®o‡ªµ¤­Îµ‡´„´ “‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹” ŽÉ¹Š®¤µ¥™¹Š „µ¦®¨¸„Á¨É¸¥Š„µ¦„¦³šÎµÂ¨³‡Îµ¡¼— °´œ°µ‹‹³šÎµÄ®oŸo¼°Éºœ Ž¹ÉŠÁ¦µ¤¸ž’·­´¤¡´œ›r—oª¥Á„·—‡ªµ¤Å¤n­µ¥Ä‹ Ťn¡°Ä‹ (µ¥Ã¡›·­·˜µ, ÓÖÔØ) ‡œÅ𥋹ŠÅ¤n°„µ¦…´—Â¥oŠ Ťn°„µ¦Ž´„™µ¤ Á¡¦µ³Á„¦Š£´¥ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ ®¦º°„¨´ª˜ª´ Á°Š‹³°´°µ¥…µ¥®œoµ (­œ·š ­¤‡´ ¦„µ¦, ÓÖÓÒ) °¸„šŠ´Ê ‹µ„…o°¤¼¨Â­°™µ¤Ÿo¼ª·‹´¥¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥Á„¦Šªnµ ®µ„˜œ¡¼—°¥nµŠ˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ °µ‹šÎµÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÃ„¦›®¦º°Á„·—‡ªµ¤¦o¼­¹„š¸ÉŤn—¸˜n°„´œ®¦º°Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨´ªªnµŸo¼¢{Š‹³Á…oµÄ‹Á‹˜œµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—Ÿ·— °´œ°µ‹œÎµÅž­n¼„µ¦¤°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—ÄœšµŠ¨ ­°—‡¨o°Š„´ Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µÁž¦¸¥Á𥏠¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÂ¨³Å¤n­œ·š šÉ¸¡ªnµ „´Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Áž}œÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ¤µ„„ªnµ„´Ÿo¼¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Å¤n­œ·ššÊ´Šœ¸Ê Á¡¦µ³Ÿo¼¡¼—ÁÉº°ªnµ Á¡Éº°œ‹³Á…oµÄ‹Á‹˜œµ…°Š˜œÄœÂŠn¤»¤š¸É—¸Â¨³Å¤nĦ›Ÿ¼o¡¼— ­°—‡¨o°Š„´š¸ÉPanpothong (2001) „¨nµªªnµ „¨ª·›¸‡ªµ¤­»£µ¡¤·Å—očoÁ¡¸¥ŠÁ¡ºÉ°¦´„¬µ®œoµ…°ŠŸ¼o¢{ŠÁšnµœ´Êœ ˜n¥´ŠÄoÁ¡Éº°ž„žj°Š®œoµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼— ŤnÄ®oŸo¼°ºÉœ¤°ŠªnµÅ¤n¤¸œÎʵċ®¦º°Å¤n­»£µ¡°¸„—oª¥ ž¦³„°„´‡nµœ·¥¤šÉ¸ªnµ‡œÅ𥥄¥n°Š„µ¦¦³Š´°µ¦¤–r¨³„µ¦¤¸Ä‹­Š (‡¨°­Áœ°¦r, ÓÖÔØ) —´Šœ´Êœ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®‹n й ¤´„Á¨º°„čo„¨ª·›„¸ µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤ Á¡¦µ³œ°„‹µ„‹³Áž}œ„¨ª·›¸Á¡É°º ¦„´ ¬µ®œµo…°ŠŸ¼o¢{Š ¨³‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{ŠÄ®o¦µ¦ÉºœÂ¨oª ¥´ŠÁ¡ºÉ°ž„žj°Š®œoµ…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—ŤnÄ®oŸ¼°o œºÉ ¤°Šªµn Ÿo¼¡—¼ Áž}œ‡œ°µ¦¤–¦r oµ¥®¦º°®¥µ‡µ¥°¸„—ªo ¥ Ô. „¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµªÄ®o°£´¥Ÿ¼o¢{Š ž¦µ„’¤µ„š¸É­»—Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–r­¤»—®µ¥ Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–ršÉ¸¤¸¦³—´‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹¤µ„š¸É­»— ¨³Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rœÊ¸„ÈŤnž¦µ„’ªnµŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥄍nµª™¹Š‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—…°ŠŸ¼o¢{ŠšÉ¸Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦¨³Á¤·—Á„ɸ¥ª„´¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤Á¨¥ …–³Á—¸¥ª„´œ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦„¨nµªÄ®o°£´¥Ÿ¼o¢{Š „ÈŤnž¦µ„’Á¨¥Äœ­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ­¸¥Š—´ŠÂ¨³­™µœ„µ¦–rÁ­¸¥ŠÃ𦫴¡šr Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–ršÉ¸¡ªnµ Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®nÁ¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ ×¥„¨nµªªnµŸ¼o¢{ŠÅ¤n¤¸¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ‹¹Š°µ‹Áž}œÅžÅ—oªnµ „µ¦¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥋳­µ¤µ¦™Ä®o°£´¥Å—o ‡º°„µ¦¨³Á¤·—šÉ¸„¦³šÎµ˜n°Ÿ¼o¡¼— Ťnčn„µ¦¨³Á¤·—¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤ „¨nµª°¸„œ´¥®œÉ¹ŠÅ—oªnµ ®µ„Ÿ¼o¢{Ѝ³Á¤·—¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤ Ÿo¼¡¼—Ťn¤¸­·š›·šÉ¸‹³Ä®o°£´¥Ÿo¼¢{Š ¨³Å¤n­¤Á®˜»­¤Ÿ¨šÉ¸Ÿo¼¡¼—‹³Ä®o°£´¥Ÿ¼o¢{Š ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„šÊ´ŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{Š˜nµŠ„ÈÁž}œ­¤µ·„…°Š­´Š‡¤ ŗo¦´„µ¦Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o …´—Á„¨µ ¨³Á…oµÄ‹Äœ¦¦š´—“µœ…°Š­´Š‡¤Á—¸¥ª„´œ š´ÊŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿo¼¢{Š˜nµŠ„È¡¥µ¥µ¤šÉ¸‹³ž’·´˜·˜µ¤¦¦š´—“µœœÊ´œ Á¡ºÉ°Â­—Šªnµ˜œÁž}œ­¤µ·„šÉ¸—¸…°Š­´Š‡¤ Á¤ºÉ°‡œ°ºÉœšÎµŸ·—¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤ Ÿ¼o¡¼—‹¹Š¤´„Á¨º°„šÉ¸‹³„¨nµª™¹Š‡ªµ¤Ÿ·—œ´ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oŸ¼o¢{Š­Îµœ¹„ ¨³Á¡Éº°Á¦¸¥œ¦¼o¤µ¦¥µš­´Š‡¤œÊ´œ¤µ„„ªnµ Ĝ…–³š¸É „µ¦¨³Á¤·—Ž¹ÉŠÁ„·—„n˜´ªŸo¼¡¼—

156Á°ŠœÊ´œ Ÿo¼¡¼—¤¸‡ªµ¤°›¦¦¤Á˜È¤š¸Éªnµ‹³Á¨º°„­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹˜n°Ÿo¼¢{Š®¦º°Å¤n ¨³°¥nµŠÅ¦ °œÉ¹Š„¨ª·›„¸ µ¦Ä®o°£¥´ Ÿ¼o¢{Š „ÈÁž}œ°¸„„¨ª›· ¸®œ¹ÉŠšÉ¸ ­—ŠÄ®Áo ®œÈ ™¹Š‡µn œ¥· ¤Á¦º°É Š “‡ªµ¤¤¸œÎʵċ” …°Š‡œÅš¥ Õ. Ĝеœª·‹´¥œ¸Ê Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥¤¸‡Îµ™µ¤Äœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥ªnµ ‡nµœ·¥¤Á¦Éº°Š “‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹” œnµ‹³¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅ𥠗´Šš¸É Suntaree Komin (1991) „¨nµªªnµ ­Îµ®¦´ª´•œ›¦¦¤Å𥠇œÅ𥰵‹Å¤Ân ­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹°¥µn Š˜¦ŠÅž˜¦Š¤µ Áœº°É Š‹µ„­´Š‡¤Å𥤇¸ µn œ¥· ¤Äœ„µ¦‡·—™¹Š‡œ°Éºœ ®¦º°„µ¦¦¼o‹´„ “Á„¦ŠÄ‹” —´Šœ´Êœ Á¡Éº°¡·­¼‹œr‡Îµ„¨nµªœÊ¸ Ĝ­°™µ¤Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥‹¹ŠÅ—oÁ¡·É¤‡Îµ™µ¤Äœ­nªœšÉ¸ Ô ‡º° š´«œ‡˜·Á„ɸ¥ª„´‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹ …o°¤¼¨‹µ„­°™µ¤¡ªnµ ‹µ„„¨»n¤…o°¤¼¨šÊ´Š®¤— ÒÖÑ ‡œ ¡ªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥­nªœÄ®n°„ªnµÁ„¦ŠÄ‹š´ÊŠÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÂ¨³Á¡Éº°œœ·­·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ ‹Îµœªœ ÒÒÑ ‡œ Ÿo¼¡¼—š¸É°„ªnµÅ¤nÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·šÁ„¦ŠÄ‹ÁŒ¡µ³Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ ¡‹Îµœªœ ÔÔ ‡œ Ÿo¼¡¼—š¸É°„ªnµÁ„¦ŠÄ‹ÁŒ¡µ³Á¡Éº°œ­œ·šÅ¤nÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡Éº°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ ¡œo°¥š¸É­»—Á¡¸¥Š × ‡œ ¨³Å¤n˜° Ò ‡œ ‹µ„Ÿ¨š¸Éŗo­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµ Ÿo¼¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥šÉ¸Áž}œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ­nªœÄ®n ¤‡¸ ªµ¤‡—· Á¦º°É Š “‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹” Ÿ¼o¡¼—­nªœÄ®Án ®œÈ ªµn ‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹ ­µ¤µ¦™šÎµÄ®‡o ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠŸ¼o¡¼—¨³Ÿ¼o¢{Š—ÎµÁœ·œÅž°¥nµŠ¦µ¦Éºœ Ĝ…–³š¸É Ÿo¼šÉ¸°„ªnµÅ¤nÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ä®oÁ®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµÁ¡¦µ³‡ªµ¤­œ·š‹Š¹ ­µ¤µ¦™¡—¼ ‡»¥„œ´ ŗšo »„Á¦°ºÉ Š ­ªn œŸš¼o É¸ °„ªµn Á„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡ºÉ°œœ­· ˜· œ´„«¹„¬µŽŠ¹É Ťn­œ·š°„Á®˜»Ÿ¨ªnµ ‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹Áž}œ “ĝÁ·„šµŠ” Ĝ„µ¦­¦oµŠ‡ªµ¤ž¦³š´Ä‹Â„nŸo¼°ºÉœ ¨³Áž}œ “Á„¦µ³”ž°j Š„œ´ Ÿo¡¼ —¼ ‹µ„„µ¦™¼„Ÿo¼°ºÉœ¤°ŠÄœšµŠ¨ ­ªn œŸ¡o¼ —¼ šÉ¸°„ªµn ŤnÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡Éº°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µÁ¡¦µ³ªnµŸ¼o¡—¼ Ťn¦o‹¼ ´„œÊœ´ ž¦µ„’œo°¥¤µ„ ŽÉ¹Š…´—Â¥oŠ„´ œª‡·—…°Šœ´„ª·µ„µ¦®¨µ¥šnµœš¸É„¨nµªªnµ ‡œÅ𥋳Á„¦ŠÄ‹ÁŒ¡µ³‡œšÉ¸˜œ¦o¼‹´„Ášnµœ´ÊœÂ¨³Å¤nœ·¥¤Â­—Їªµ¤…´—Â¥oа°„¤µ˜¦ŠÇ „´‡œšÉ¸˜œÁ„¦ŠÄ‹(°‡·œ ¦¡¡¸ ´•œ,r ÓÖÕÓ, œ·›· Á°¸¥ª«¦¸ªŠ«,r ÓÖÕ×, ­»œš¦¸ Ǥ·œÂ¨³­œ·š ­¤‡´ ¦„µ¦, ÓÖÓÓ)Õ.Õ …°o Á­œ°Âœ³ ‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥‡¦´ÊŠœÊ¸ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Á®Èœªnµ¥´Š¤¸ž¦³Á—Èœš¸Éœnµ­œÄ‹Â¨³­µ¤µ¦™«¹„¬µÁ¡·É¤Á˜·¤Å—o°„¸ °µšÁ· œn Õ.Õ.Ò Áœ°Éº Š‹µ„еœª‹· ´¥œ¸Ê Ÿo¼ª‹· ¥´ «¹„¬µ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹Ã—¥¡‹· µ¦–µž‹{ ‹¥´¦³—´ ‡ªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â¨³ž‹{ ‹´¥‡ªµ¤­œš· ­œ¤¦³®ªnµŠ‡¼n­œšœµÁž}œ®¨´„ ˜n‹µ„…o°¤¼¨Â­°™µ¤Ÿo¼ª·‹´¥­´ŠÁ„˜ªnµ ‡Îµ˜°…°ŠŸo¼˜°Â­°™µ¤Á¡«µ¥Â¨³®·Š¤¸‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œš¸Éœnµ­œÄ‹°„¸ šÊ´Š‹µ„‹µ„š‡ªµ¤…°ŠŸ¼oª·‹´¥Á¦Éº°Š „¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Äœ­´Š‡¤Åš¥: „¦–¸«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤Â˜„˜nµŠ¦³®ªµn ŠÁ¡« ޹ŠÉ «„¹ ¬µ„¨ª›· ¸šµŠ£µ¬µÄœ„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹…°ŠŸ¼¡o —¼ £µ¬µÅš¥˜µ¤Á¡«

157­£µª³ Ô Â ‡º° Á¡«µ¥ Á¡«®·Š ¨³Á¡«µ¥šÉ¸¤¸‹·˜Ä‹Áž}œ®·Š Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµ Á¡«®·ŠÄo„¨ª·›¸„µ¦…°¦o°ŠÄ®oŸo¼¢{ŠÂ„oŅ„µ¦¨³Á¤·—­»£µ¡¤µ„šÉ¸­»— Á¡«µ¥Äo„µ¦˜Îµ®œ·Â˜„˜nŠ‡Îµ¡¼—¤µ„šÉ¸­»— ­nªœÁ¡«µ¥šÉ¸¤¸‹·˜Ä‹Áž}œ®·ŠÄo„¨ª·›¸®¨µ„®¨µ¥Â¨³Äœ‡ªµ¤™¸ÉĄ¨oÁ‡¸¥Š„´œ¦³®ªnµŠ„µ¦šÎµÁŒ¥Ç ¨³„µ¦…°¦o°Š ˜nšÉ¸ž¦µ„’¤µ„°¥nµŠÃ——Á—nœ ‡º° „µ¦Äo™o°¥‡Îµœ´¥Ÿ„Ÿ´œÂ¨³„µ¦˜µÎ ®œ·ÂÅ¤˜n „˜nŠ‡Îµ¡¼— (¦n»Š°¦»– ċŽÉº°, ÓÖÕØ) —´ŠœÊ´œ ž{‹‹´¥Á¡«…°ŠŸo¼¡¼—Áž}œ°¸„ž{‹‹´¥®œÉ¹ŠšÉ¸œµn ­œÄ‹«„¹ ¬µ Á¡¦µ³œµn ‹³šÎµÄ®¤o °ŠÁ®Èœ¨„´ ¬–³µŠž¦³„µ¦Äœ­´Š‡¤Åš¥š¸œÉ nµ­œÄ‹ Õ.Õ.Ó Äœš‡ªµ¤Á¦Éº°Š Social distance and speech behavior: The case ofindirect complaints …°Š È°„Áް¦r (Boxer, 1993) œ°„‹µ„ «¹„¬µ„¨ª·›¸„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹Â°o°¤Â¨oª È°„Áް¦r ¥´Š«¹„¬µ„µ¦˜°„¨´—oª¥ Ÿ¨„µ¦«¹„¬µ¡ªnµ µª°Á¤¦·„´œ˜°„µ¦Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹ 6  ‡º° (Ò) Ťn˜°®¦º°Áž¨É¸¥œÁ¦Éº°Š (Ó) ™µ¤Ÿ¼o¡¼—„¨´ (Ô) ‡´—‡oµœ®¦º°Â¥oŠ(Õ) šµÎ ˜¨„ (Ö) œ³œÎµ ¨³ (×) Á®œÈ —oª¥®¦º°Â­—Їªµ¤Á®œÈ ċ Ž¹ÉŠ¡¤µ„š¸É­»— Áœ°Éº Š‹µ„еœª‹· ¥´ œ¸ÊŸ¼oª·‹´¥¤·Å—o«¹„¬µŸ¨´—˜°…°ŠŸo¼¢{Š —´Šœ´Êœ ‹¹ŠÁž}œ­·ÉŠš¸Éœnµ­œÄ‹«¹„¬µ˜n°Åžªnµ Ĝ­´Š‡¤Åš¥Ÿ¼o¡¼—£µ¬µÅš¥˜°™o°¥‡ÎµÂ­—Їªµ¤Å¤n¡°Ä‹°¥nµŠÅ¦

¦µ¥„µ¦°oµŠ°Š·£µ¬µÅ𥄻¨›—· µ ᛫· ¦¸Á¦°º Š. ÓÖÕ×. „µ¦«„¹ ¬µšµš…°Šž¦· šÄœ„µ¦˜‡¸ ªµ¤Á‹˜œµ…°Š¦ž¼ ž¦³Ã¥‡ ‡µÎ ™µ¤£µ¬µÅš¥. ª·š¥µœ¡· œ›žr ¦· µ¤®µ–´ ”˜· £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r ‡–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ .‡¨°­Áœ°¦,r ª¨· Á¨É¥¸ ¤ Á‹. ÓÖÔØ. ­³šo°œª•´ œ›¦¦¤Åš¥ Á¨¤n Ò. ž¨Ã—¥ …˜´ ˜¥· µ „¦¦–­¼˜. „¦Š» Á𡲠: „¦¤ª·µ„µ¦,‡¨°­Áœ°¦r, ª¨· Á¨¥É¸ ¤ Á‹. ÓÖÔÚ. ­³šo°œª•´ œ›¦¦¤Åš¥ Á¨¤n Ó. ž¨Ã—¥ ­¦· ª· ´•œr ‡Îµªœ´ ­µ. „¦Š» Á𡲠: „¦¤ª·µ„µ¦,‹´œš¤· µ ®ªŠ´ ­¤Ã‡. ÓÖÕÚ. „¨ª›· ­¸ °ºÉ °µ¦¤–r…´œÄœ¨³‡¦˜¨„­™µœ„µ¦–r…°ŠÅš¥. ª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r ž¦·µ¤®µ–´ ”˜· ­µ…µª·µ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦Ár ¡ºÉ°„µ¦­°ºÉ ­µ¦ ‡–³«·¨ž«µ­˜¦r ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r.‹¸¦¦´˜œr Á¡¦¦˜´ œÃ¤¦µ. ÓÖÕÕ. „µ¦«„¹ ¬µ„µ¦…°Ãš¬…°ŠŸ¼šo ¸É¤­¸ ™µœ£µ¡šµŠ­Š´ ‡¤˜µn Š„œ´ Ĝ £µ¬µÅš¥. ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›rž¦·µ¤®µ´–”˜· £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µªš· ¥µ¨´¥.µ¥ ᛷ­·˜µ. ÓÖÔØ. ŤnÁžœ} Ŧ. ­»ª¦¦–µ ­™µ°µœœ´ šr ¨³ ÁœÉº°Šœo°¥ –» ¥Áœ˜¦, ‡Îµ: ¦n°Š¦°¥ ‡ªµ¤‡·— ‡ªµ¤Á°Éº Ś¥, ÔÓÚ-ÔÔ×. „¦Š» Á𡲠: ­Îµœ„´ ¡¤· ¡‹r »¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ,š«´ œ¸¥r Á¤‰™µª¦ª•´ œµ. ÓÖÕÒ. ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤„µ¦…°Ãš¬Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥. ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›žr ¦·µ ¤®µ–´ ”˜· £µ‡ª· µ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r ‡–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ .š«´ œrª¨´¥ Áœ¥¸ ¤»Ÿµ. ÓÖÕÕ. „µ¦Äžo ¦³Ã¥‡ÁŠº°É œÅ…­—ŠÁ‹˜œµ˜µn ŠÇ Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥. ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›rž¦· µ¤®µ–´ ”·˜ £µ‡ª· µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µª·š¥µ¨´¥.œªª¦¦– ¡œ´ ›Á» ¤›µ. ÓÖÓØ. Ū¥µ„¦–År š¥. „¦Š» Á𡲠: ­Îµœ´„¡·¤¡°r ´„¬¦Á‹¦· š´«œ,r–´“¡¦ ¡µœÃ¡›·Íš°Š. ÓÖÕØ. Á°„­µ¦ž¦³„°„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥ ª· µ °¦¦™ªÁ· ‡¦µ³®r (ÓÓÑÒ×ÑÚ) £µ‡ž¨µ¥ ž„e µ¦«„¹ ¬µ ÓÖÕØ £µ‡ª· µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°´„¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš· ¥µ¨´¥ (Á°„­µ¦Å¤˜n ¸¡¤· ¡r)œ›· · Á°¥¸ ª«¦¸ªŠ«.r ÓÖÕÒ. ­·š›Â· ¨³‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹. ª´•œ›¦¦¤‡ªµ¤‹œ, ÓÖ-ÔÑ. „¦»ŠÁ𡲠: ¡¦ª­Îµœ´„¡¤· ¡,r

Ú 159œ·›· Á°¥¸ ª«¦¸ªŠ«.r ÓÖÕ×. ‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹. (˜nµŠ) ‡·—Äœ‡°„ (˜œ) ªµn —oª¥ª´•œ›¦¦¤Â¨³ª›· ¸‡—· , ÒØ-ÓÓ. „¦»ŠÁ𡲠: ­µÎ œ´„¡·¤¡¤r ˜·œ,žª–¸ µ ª´ ¦­»ª¦¦–. ÓÖÕØ. „¨ª›· „¸ µ¦„¨µn ªÂ¥Šo Ĝ£µ¬µÅš¥…°ŠŸšo¼ ¸¤É ­¸ ™µœ£µ¡˜nµŠ„´œ: „¦–¸«¹„¬µ…°Š‡¦Â¼ ¨³œ„´ Á¦¥¸ œ. ª·š¥µœ¡· œ›žr ¦·µ¤®µ´–”˜· £µ‡ª· µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš· ¥µ¨´¥.¦µ–´ ”·˜¥­™µœ. ÓÖÕÖ. £µ¬˜· ‡µÎ ¡Š´ Á¡¥ ­µÎ œªœÅš¥ Œ´¦µ–´ ”·˜¥­™µœ („Åo …Á¡¤·É Á˜¤· ). ¡¤· ¡‡r ¦´ŠÊ šÉ¸ ÒÒ. „¦Š» Á𡲠: ­®¤·˜¦¡¦œ·Ê ˜Ê·Š,¦µ´–”·˜¥­™µœ. ÓÖÕ×. ¡‹œµœ„» ¦¤ Œ´ ¦µ–´ ”˜· ¥­™µœ ¡.«. ÓÖÕÓ. „¦»ŠÁ𡲠: œµœ¤¸»p‡­¡r ´¨·Á‡œÉ´ ­,rª‹· ·œ˜œr £µ–¡» Š«.r ÓÖÔÓ. ǦŠ­¦µo Š…°Š£µ¬µÅš¥. ¡¤· ¡‡r ¦ÊŠ´ š¸É ÒÑ. „¦Š» Á𡲠: ­µÎ œ´„¡¤· ¡r ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ¤‡ÎµÂ®Š,ª­· ´œ˜r ­…» ª­· š· ›·Í. ÓÖÕØ. ª‹´ œ„¦¦¤„µ¦¦·£µ¬Äœ£µ¬µÅš¥. ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›rž¦·µ¤®µ´–”·˜ £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ .­œ·š ­¤‡´ ¦„µ¦. ÓÖÓÒ. ‡ªµ¤…´—Â¥Šo ž{ ®µÂ¨³°œµ‡˜Åš¥: ¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„‡µn œ¥· ¤šµŠ ª´•œ›¦¦¤Ážœ} ­Îµ‡´. ”˜· ¥µ ­ª» ¦¦–³’, ­œš· ­¤´‡¦„µ¦, ÁŒ¨¥¸ ª ¦» £¸ „´ —,¸ ­´Š‡¤Â¨³ ª´•œ›¦¦¤Åš¥: …°o ­´ŠÁ„˜Äœ„µ¦Áž¨¥É¸ œÂž¨Š, ÔÓ-ÖÚ. ¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦ª·‹´¥. (°´—­ÎµÁœµ)­¦· ·¡¦ ®§š´¥ª· s¼. ÓÖÕÖ. „µ¦«„¹ ¬µ¦³¦» »¬­¦¦¡œµ¤£µ¬µÅš¥Äœ­¤´¥¦˜´ œÃ„­œ· š¦Är œÂœª ÁŠ· ž¦³ª˜´ .· ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›žr ¦·µ¤®µ–´ ”·˜ £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µ«µ­˜¦r ‡–³°´„¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µª·š¥µ¨´¥.­¦· ·¨´„¬–r ®œ»n «¦¸Šµ¤. ÓÖÕÕ. „µ¦«¹„¬µž¦³Ã¥‡£µ¬µÅš¥š¤É¸ ‡¸ 媵n ‘šÎµÅ¤’ šµŠ—oµœ°¦¦™«µ­˜¦r ¨³ª´‹œž’·˜´ «· µ­˜¦.r ªš· ¥µœ¡· œ›žr ¦· µ¤®µ´–”˜· £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹»¯µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ .­»œš¦¸ Ǥ·œ, ­œš· ­¤´‡¦„µ¦. ÓÖÓÓ. ‡µn œ¥· ¤Â¨³¦³‡nµœ·¥¤Åš¥: Á‡¦º°É Ф°º Ĝ„µ¦­Îµ¦ª‹ª´—. ¦µ¥Šµœ„µ¦ª‹· ´¥. ­™µœ´ –´ ”·˜¡´•œ¦®· µ¦«µ­˜¦,r­œ» —´ —µ ª·¦¥· µ. ÓÖÕÕ. „µ¦«„¹ ¬µ„µ¦…°¦°o ŠÄœ£µ¬µÅš¥. ªš· ¥µœ·¡œ›rž¦· µ¤®µ–´ ”˜· £µ‡ª· µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°´„¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ .°‡·œ ¦¡¡¸ ´•œ.r ÓÖÔØ. Á„¦ŠÄ‹. ­ª» ¦¦–µ ­™µ°µœ´œšr ¨³ Áœ°Éº Šœ°o ¥ »–¥Áœ˜¦, ‡Îµ: ¦n°Š¦°¥ ‡ªµ¤‡—· ‡ªµ¤Á°Éº Ś¥, ÓÚÚ-ÔÑÖ. „¦»ŠÁ𡲠: ­Îµœ„´ ¡¤· ¡‹r ¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ,°ž» „˜· «¨· ž­µ¦, ¡¦³¥µ. ÓÖÕ×. ®¨´„£µ¬µÅš¥. ¡·¤¡‡r ¦Š´Ê šÉ¸ ÒÓ. „¦»ŠÁ𡲠: ­Îµœ„´ ¡·¤¡r Ś¥ª´•œµ¡µœ·,

160£µ¬µ°´Š„§¬Angkab Palakornkul. 1972. A Socio-linguistic study of pronominal strategy in spoken Bangkok Thai. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms International.Austin, John L. 1962. How to do things with words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,Bergman, Marc L. and Gabriele Kasper. 1993. Perception and performance in native and nonnative apology. IN: Kasper, G., Blum-kulka, S. (eds.), Interlanguage pragmatics, 82-107. New York: Oxford University Press,Boxer, Diana. 1993. Social distance and speech behavior: The case of indirect complaints. Journal of Pragmatics 19: 103-125.Boxer, Diana. 1993. Complaints as positive strategies: What the learner need to know. TESOL Quarterly 27: 277-299.Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. 1978, 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. London: Cambridge University press,Chen, Rong. 2001. Self-politeness: A proposal. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 87-106.Clyne, Michael. 1994. Intercultural Communication at Work. Cultural Values in Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,Cooke, Joseph R.. 1926. Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese and Vietnamese. Ann Arbor, Mich: University Microfilms InternationalDaly, Nicola and Janet Holmes, Jonathan Newton, Maria Stubbe. 2004. Expletives as solidarity signals in FTAs on the factory floor. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 945-964.DuFon, Margaret A.. 1995. Review of the book: Complaining and commiserating. Journal of Pragmatics 23: 693-707.Endstrom, Anne. 2004. Expression of disagreement by Venezuelans in conversation: reconsidering the influence of culture. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1499-1518.Garcia, Carmen. 1989. Disagreeing and requesting by Americans and Venezuelans. Linguistics and Education 1: 299-322.Grice, Paul. 1975. Logic and Conversation. In Peter Cole and Jerry Morgan (eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3, 41-58. New York: Academic press,

161Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual. Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press,Hauser, Z., & Swindler, I.. 1988. A comparison of realization patterns of complaints among Israelis from Morroco and from the Soviet Union. Unpublished seminar paper, School of Education, Tel Aviv University.House, Juliane and Gabriele Kasper. 1981. Politeness markers in English and German. In: F. Coulmas, ed., Conversational routine: Explorations in standardized communication situation and pre-patterned speech, 157-185. The Hague: Mouton,Kakava, Christina. 2002. Opposition in Modem Greek discourse: cultural and contextual constraints. Journal of Pragmatics 34: 1537-1568.Kuha, Mai. 2003. Perceived seriousness of offense: the ignored extraneous variable. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1803-1821.Laforest, Marty. 2002. Scenes of Family life: Complaining in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 34: 1595-1620.Lakoff, Robin. 1973. The Logic of Politeness; or minding your p’s and q’s. Paper from the Ninth Regional Meeting at the Chicago Linguistics Society, 292-305.Leech, Geoffrey N.. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman,Mey, Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Second Edition. Oxford: Blackwell,Natthaporn Panpothong. 1996. A Pragmatic Study of Verbal Irony in Thai. PhD Dissertation University of Hawaii.Natthaporn Panpothong. 2001. Thai ways of responding to an expression of gratitude. Papers presented at the 11th Annual Southeast Asian Linguistics Conference March 16-18.Natthaporn Panpothong. 2001. Thai way of saying ‘No’ to a request. Manusya Vol.4 No.2 September 2001: 63-76.Olshtain, Elite. 1989. Apologies across language. In: Blum-kulka, S., House, J., Kasper, G. (eds.), Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Advances in Discourse Processes, Vol.31, 155-173. Norwood, NJ: Ablex,

162Olshtain, Elite and Liora Weinbach. 1993. Interlanguage Features of the Speech Act of Complaining. Gabriele Kasper and Shoshana Blum-kulka (eds.), Interlanguage Pragmatics, 108-122. New York: Oxford University Press,Olshtain, E, & Weinbach, L. 1987. Complaints--A study of speech act behavior among native and non-native speakers of Hebrew. In: M. B. Papi & J. Verschueren (eds.), The Pragmatic perspective: Selected papers from the 1985 International Pragmatics Conference, 195-208. Amsterdam: Benjamins,Searle, John R. 1969. Speech acts: An Essay in the philosophy of language. London: Cambridge Alden & University Press,Suntaree Komin. 1991. Psychology of the Thai People: Values and Behavioral Patterns. Bangkok: Research Center National Institute of development Administration (NIDA),Tatsuki, D. Hurst. 2000. If my complaints could passion move: An interlanguage study of aggression. Journal of Pragmatics 32: 1003-1017.Weinbach, L. 1988. The realization pattern of complaints in Hebrew: Native speakers and Learners. Unpublished master’s thesis, School of Education, Tel Aviv University.Wetzel, Patricia T. 1988. Are “powerless” communication strategies the Japanese norm?. Language in Society 15: 349-374.Vollmer, Helmut J. and Elite Olshtain. 1989. The language of apologies in German. In: Blum-kulka, S., House, J., Kasper, G. (eds.), Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, Advances in Discourse Processes, Vol.31, 197-218. Norwood, NJ: Ablex,

£µ‡Ÿœª„

Ò1×64Õ £µ‡Ÿœª„ „ ‹Š´ ®ª—´ ‹Îµœªœ „¨n¤» …°o ¤¨¼ „¦Š» Á𡲠ØÔ „¦»ŠÁ𡲠ךɸ É°º ­™µœ«¹„¬µ „¦Š» Á𡲠ÒÒ ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–¤r ®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ „¦»ŠÁ𡲠ÓÓ ªš· ¥µ¨´¥žÃd ˜¦Á¨¥¸ ¤Â¨³žÃd ˜¦Á‡¤¸ ‹¯» µ² „¦Š» Á𡲠ÓÔ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¡¸ ¦³‹°¤Á„¨oµ „¦Š» Á𡲠ÕÕ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r „¦Š» Á𡲠ÒÖ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ¤‡ÎµÂ®Š „¦Š» Á𡲠Ò× ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¤®—· ¨ žš»¤›µœ¸ ÔØ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ Á„¬˜¦«µ­˜¦r žš»¤›µœ¸ ÒÙ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ «¦¸œ‡¦·œš¦ªÃ· ¦• œ‡¦ž“¤ ÓÚ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ›¦¦¤«µ­˜¦r ¦µ»¦¸ ÒÒÑ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ Áš‡ÃœÃ¨¥¦¸ µ¤Š‡¨›´ ¦» ¸ (‡¨°Š 6) ¨¦» ¸ ÓÒÒ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ «¨· žµ„¦ ¡·¬–»Ã¨„ ÕÒÓ ª·š¥µ¨´¥Áš‡œ‡· ¦µ¦» ¸ °»˜¦—˜· ™r ÓÒÔ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¦¼ ¡µ ¨µÎ žµŠ ÒÒÕ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ œÁ¦«ª¦ Á¥¸ ŠÄ®¤n ÔÒÖ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ£’´ °»˜¦—·˜™r Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ÒÒ× ª·š¥µ¨¥´ Áš‡œ‡· ¨ÎµžµŠ Á¥¸ Цµ¥ ÒÒØ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n …°œÂ„œn ÒÒÙ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ¤nËo ¤®µ­µ¦‡µ¤ ÒÒÚ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ£’´ Á¸¥Š¦µ¥ ­¦» µ¬’¦r›µœ¸ ÒÓÑ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ …°œÂ„nœ ­Š…¨µ ÓÓÒ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¤®µ­µ¦‡µ¤ ÓÓÓ ª·š¥µ¨¥´ °µ¸ª«¹„¬µ­¦» µ¬’¦r›µœ¸ ˜¦Š´ ÔÓÔ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ£´’­Š…¨µ ž˜{ ˜µœ¸ ÖÓÕ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ­Š…¨µœ‡¦œ· š¦r Á…˜„µ¦«¹„¬µ˜¦Š´ £Á¼ „Ș ÓÕÓÖ ¤®µª·š¥µ¨¥´ ­Š…¨µœ‡¦œ· š¦r ªš· ¥µÁ…˜ž{˜˜µœ¸ „¦Š» Á𡲠ÒÖÑÓ× ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ¦µ£’´ £Á¼ „È˜ÓØ ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨¥´ ›»¦„‹· –´ ”˜· ¥r ¦ª¤

£µ‡Ÿœª„ … ֝­°™µ¤š¸ÉčÄo œ„µ¦ª‹· ´¥ 165 ­°™µ¤ ­°™µ¤»—œÊ¸‹´—šÎµ…¹ÊœÁ¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µÁ¦Éº°Š„µ¦­ºÉ°­µ¦Äœª´•œ›¦¦¤Åš¥ Ÿo¼ª·‹´¥Áž}œœ­· ˜· £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°„´ ¬¦«µ­˜¦r ‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µª·š¥µ¨´¥ ­™µœ„µ¦–r˜nµŠÇ šÉ¸„ε®œ—Ĝ­°™µ¤œ¸Ê Áž}œ­™µœ„µ¦–r­¤¤˜·š¸ÉčoÁ¡ºÉ°„µ¦«¹„¬µ£µ¬µ ¨³…o°¤¼¨š¸Éŗo‹³ÄoÁ¡Éº°„µ¦«¹„¬µ£µ¬µÁšµn œÊ´œ Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥…°…°¡¦³‡»–Áž}œ°¥nµŠ­¼ŠšÉ¸šnµœÅ—o„¦»–µ­¨³Áª¨µ˜°Â­°™µ¤Â¨³Ä®o…o°¤¨¼ šÁɸ žœ} ž¦³Ã¥œr°¥nµŠ¥·ŠÉ Ĝ„µ¦«¹„¬µª·‹¥´ —oµœ£µ¬µÅ𥠦n»Š°¦–» ċŽÉ°º ˜´ª°¥µn Š„µ¦˜°Â­°™µ¤­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É „: ¤µ­µ¥ šnµœœ´—šÎµ¦µ¥Šµœ„´Á¡ºÉ°œÁª¨µ Ú Ã¤ŠÁoµ ˜nªnµÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š…°Ššnµœ„¨´¤µ˜°œÒÒ.ÑÑ œ. ¨³Å¤Ãn 𦫡´ šr¤µ°„šµn œ„n°œ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ εĮošµn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ 5 Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœ¸°Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· )¸5 ¡—¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœ´œÊ ˜n°®œµo ªµn ...........ŞŮœ¤µ šÎµÅ¤Å¤nÚ¦¤µ°„ Á¦µ¦°˜ÊŠ´ 2 ª´É 䊜³˜n°Åž‹³Å¤n¦°Â¨ªo œ³Ãª¥o ..........................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œµo ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœÉº ‡°º ........................................................................................................… Ťšn µÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊ´Šœ¸ÊÁ¡¦µ³........................................................................................... ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ

­ªn œš¸É Ò …o°¤¼¨­ªn œ˜´ª 166­™µœ´ „µ¦«„¹ ¬µ.............................................................‹Š´ ®ª´—.............................Á¡« … µ¥ … ®Š·­ªn œš¸É Ó „µ¦¦¦¥µ¥­™µœ„µ¦–r­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ò: ®¥· …°ŠÃ—¥Å¤…n °¥¤º šnµœ„ε¨´Š‡oœ„¨n°Š—·œ­°Á¡ºÉ°®µžµ„„µÂ˜n„ÈŤn¡ ž¦µ„’ªnµÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š…°ŠšnµœÂ°®¥·žµ„„µÂ¨³Á‡¦Éº°ŠÁ…¸¥œ°œºÉ Ç Äœ„¨°n Š—œ· ­°…°ŠšnµœÅžÄo ץŤn °„šnµœ„°n œ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦°ºÉ ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ … ‡n°œ…oµŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šÎµœ°¸Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜°n ®œoµ ˜¡n —¼ „´................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ ˜nšµÎ °¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn µÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊ´ŠœÊÁ¸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ó: Á®¥¸¥ÁšoµÂ¨ªo Ť…n °Ãš¬ Á¡Éº°œœ·­˜· œ„´ «¹„¬µ‡œ®œŠ¹É Á—·œ¡¨µ—¤µÁ®¥¸¥Ášµo …°Ššµn œ ¨ªo Ť„n ¨nµª…°Ãš¬ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦Éº°ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šÎµœÊ°¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´ ................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšÎµ°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šŠÊ´ œ¸ÊÁ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ô: ފ‡·ª 167 šµn œ˜o°Š˜—· ˜n°›œµ‡µ¦—nªœª´œœ¸Ê ˜n›œµ‡µ¦¤¸‡œ¤µ„ šnµœ‹¹Š˜o°Š˜n°Â™ª¥µª¤µ„ ¨³˜o°Š¦¸ÅžÁ¦¸¥œÄ®oš´œ˜°œnµ¥—oª¥ ˜n…–³šÉ¸Ä„¨o¨³™¹ŠÁª¨µÁ¦¸¥œÂ¨³‹³™¹Š‡·ªšnµœÂ¨oª °¥¼nÇ Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š…°Ššnµœ‡œ®œÉ¹Š„ȤµÂŽŠ‡·ªšµn œ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ εĮšo µn œ¦­o¼ „¹ Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦°Éº ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šÎµœ°¸Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œoµ ˜¡n ¼—„´................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜nšµÎ °¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn ε°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ŠÊ œÁʸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Õ: Á­¥¸ ŠÃ𦫴¡šr—Š´ Ĝ®°o ŠÁ¦¸¥œ …–³š¸É°µ‹µ¦¥r„ε¨´Š­°œ°¥n¼®œoµ´Êœ ¨³œ·­·˜/œ´„«¹„¬µš»„‡œÄœ®o°Š„Ȅε¨´Š˜Ê´ŠÄ‹¢{Š„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥°¥nœ¼ Ê´œÁ­¥¸ ŠÃ𦫴¡šr…°ŠÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œš· …°Ššµn œŽÉ¹ŠœÉ´Š°¥…¼n µo ŠÇ šnµœ„È—Š´ …¹Êœ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­¼o „¹ Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œo°¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦É°º ŠÁ¨„È œo°¥ … ‡°n œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœÊ°¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜°n ®œµo ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œµo ˜n¡¼—„´ ................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—˜šn ε°¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšÎµ°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šŠÊ´ œÁʸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

Ù­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ö: …ä¥Á¨„È Ç œ°o ¥Ç 168 šnµœ­´ŠÁ„˜ªnµÃ¢¤¨oµŠ®œoµ…°Ššnµœ®¤—Á¦ÈªŸ·—ž„˜· ª´œ®œ¹ÉŠšnµœ‹¹Šš¦µªnµÁ¡Éº°œœ·­·˜œ„´ «¹„¬µ‡œ®œÉ¹ŠÂ°…ä¥ÄÃo ¢¤¨µo Š®œoµ…°Ššnµœ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê εĮšo µn œ¦­o¼ „¹ Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦É°º ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡°n œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ œÊ°¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œoµ ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ ˜nšÎµ°¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšµÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊŠ´ œÊ¸Á¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ×: Á®¥¸¥ÁšoµÂ¨ªo Ť…n °Ãš¬ Á¡º°É œ­œš· …°Ššµn œÁ—œ· ¡¨µ—¤µÁ®¥¸¥Ášoµšµn œ ¨ªo Ťn„¨µn ª…°Ãš¬ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê εĮšo µn œ¦­o¼ ¹„Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦°Éº ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œ°Ê¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡—¼ „´................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—˜nšÎµ°¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšÎµ°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ŠÊ œÊÁ¸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

Ú 169­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ø: Á­¥¸ Š—Š´ (®µ„šnµœÅ¤nŗo°¥¼n®°¡„´ Ä®…o oµ¤Åž…o°°ºœÉ ) ®¨µ¥‡ºœ¤µÂ¨oªšÉ¸Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ®o°Š…oµŠÇ Ážd—Á‡¦Éº°ŠÁ¨nœŽ¸—¸ Á­¸¥Š—´Š„¦³®¹É¤ÅžšÊ´ŠÊ´œÄœ…–³šš¸É nµœ˜°o ŠÄo­¤µ›·Á¡É°º šµÎ „µ¦µo œ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­o¼ „¹ Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ¨„È œo°¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œ°¸Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œµo ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—˜šn ε°¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn ε°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊŠ´ œÊ¸Á¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ù: ®¥·…°ŠÃ—¥Å¤…n °¥¤º …–³šÉ¸šnµœÂ¨³Á¡Éº°œœÉ´ŠšÎµ„µ¦oµœšÉ¸Ã˜p³¤oµ®·œ°n°œ®œoµ‡–³ Á¡Éº°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ‡œ®œÉ¹ŠŽ¹ÉŠœ´ÉŠšÎµ„µ¦oµœ°¥n¼Ã˜p³…oµŠÇ „ÈÁ°Êº°¤¤º°¤µ®¥·žµ„„µÂ¨³Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÁ…¸¥œÄœ„¨n°Š—·œ­°…°ŠšnµœÅžÄoץŤn°„šµn œ„°n œ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ εĮošµn œ¦­¼o „¹ Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦°Éº ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡°n œ…oµŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ œÊ¸°¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œµo ˜n¡—¼ „´ ................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšÎµ°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊ´ŠœÊ¸Á¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

170­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ú: …ä¥Á¨„È Ç œo°¥Ç šnµœ­´ŠÁ„˜ªnµÃ¢¤¨oµŠ®œoµ…°Ššnµœ®¤—Á¦ÈªŸ·—ž„˜· ª´œ®œ¹ÉŠšnµœ‹¹Šš¦µªnµÁ¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š…°ŠšnµœÂ°ÄÃo ¢¤¨oµŠ®œoµ…°Ššnµœ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ µÎ Ä®ošµn œ¦­¼o „¹ Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦É°º ŠÁ¨„È œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœÊ¸°¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œµo ˜n¡¼—„´ ................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn µÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊŠ´ œÊÁ¸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÑ: šµÎ ­¤—» Á¨„Á°¦®r µ¥ šnµœÄ®oÁ¡Éº°œ­œ·š¥º¤­¤»—‹—Á¨„Á°¦rª·µ­Îµ‡´…°ŠšnµœÅž™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦ Á¡Éº°°nµœ„n°œ­°Â˜nž¦µ„’ªµn ¥´ŠÅ¤nšœ´ ‹³Å—œo µÎ Ş™µn ¥Á°„­µ¦ Á¡º°É œ­œ·š…°Ššnµœ„¨´šµÎ ­¤—» …°Ššµn œ®µ¥ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê µÎ Ä®ošµn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦Éº°ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ œ°¸Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œµo ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜°n ®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—˜nšµÎ °¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšµÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) šÊ´ŠœÊ¸Á¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

171­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÒ: ފ‡·ª šµn œ˜°o Š˜—· ˜n°›œµ‡µ¦—nªœª´œœÊ¸ ˜n›œµ‡µ¦¤¸‡œ¤µ„ šnµœ‹¹Š˜o°Š˜n°Â™ª¥µª¤µ„ ¨³˜o°Š¦¸ÅžÁ¦¸¥œÄ®oš´œ˜°œnµ¥—oª¥ ˜n…–³š¸ÉĄ¨o¨³™¹ŠÁª¨µÁ¦¸¥œÂ¨³‹³™¹Š‡·ªšnµœÂ¨oª °¥n¼Ç „Ȥ¸Á¡Éº°œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ‡œ®œÉй ¤µÂŽŠ‡ª· šnµœ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê εĮošµn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œo°¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦°Éº ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…oµŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ œÊ¸°¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡—¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œµo ˜n¡¼—„´ ................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ ˜nšÎµ°¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn ε°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ÊŠœ¸ÁÊ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÓ: …¥³ (®µ„šµn œÅ¤Ån —°o ¥¼n®°¡„´ Ä®o…µo ¤Åž…o°°ºœÉ ) Á¡É°º œ­œ·š…°Ššµn œš¡É¸ „´ ®o°Š…oµŠÇ „ªµ—®o°Š…°Š˜œ ¨ªo Á°µ…¥³¤µ„°ŠÅª®o œoµ®°o Š…°Ššµn œ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦ºÉ°ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡°n œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šµÎ œ°Ê¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· ¸)… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ ˜šn ε°¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšÎµ°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ÊŠœ¸ÊÁ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

172­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ÒÔ: Á­¸¥ŠÃ𦫡´ š—r Š´ Ĝ®o°ŠÁ¦¸¥œ …–³š¸É°µ‹µ¦¥r„ε¨´Š­°œ°¥¼n®œoµÊ´œ ¨³œ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µš»„‡œÄœ®o°Š„Ȅε¨´Š˜´ÊŠÄ‹¢{Š„µ¦¦¦¥µ¥°¥œn¼ œ´Ê Á­¸¥ŠÃ𦫴¡šr…°ŠÁ¡°ºÉ œœ·­˜· œ„´ «¹„¬µ‡œ®œ¹ÉŠŽÉ¹Šœ´Éа¥¼…n µo ŠÇ šnµœ„—È ´Š…ʹœ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ µÎ Ä®ošµn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œo°¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦º°É ŠÁ¨„È œ°o ¥ … ‡°n œ…oµŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šµn œ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœ¸°Ê ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨º°„Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡¼—„´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ˜¡n —¼ „´................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ ˜nšÎµ°¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn ε°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ÊŠœÁʸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ÒÕ: Á­¥¸ Š—Š´ (®µ„šnµœÅ¤nŗo°¥n¼®°¡„´ Ä®…o oµ¤Åž…o°°œºÉ ) ®¨µ¥‡œº ¤µÂ¨ªo š¸ÉÁ¡É°º œ­œ·š…°ŠšnµœŽÉ¹Š¡´„°¥¼n®o°Š…oµŠÇ Ážd—Á‡¦ºÉ°ŠÁ¨nœŽ¸—¸Á­¸¥Š—´Š„¦³®É¹¤ÅžšÊŠ´ ´Êœ Ĝ…–³šÉš¸ nµœ˜°o ŠÄo­¤µ›š· µÎ „µ¦oµœ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œšÊ¸ µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­¼o ¹„Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦É°º ŠÁ¨„È œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œÊ°¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœÊ´ ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´................................ªµn ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn µÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ŠÊ œÊÁ¸ ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

173­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÖ: šÎµ­¤—» Á¨„Á°¦®r µ¥ Á¡°Éº œœ­· ˜· œ´„«¹„¬µšÉ¸Á¦¸¥œª· µÁ—¥¸ ª„´šµn œ‡œ®œŠ¹É ¤µ…°¥º¤­¤»—‹—Á¨„Á°¦ªr · µ­µÎ ‡´ …°ŠšnµœÅž™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦Á¡Éº°°nµœ„n°œ­° ˜nž¦µ„’ªnµ¥´ŠÅ¤nš´œ‹³Å—oœÎµÅž™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦ Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­·˜œ´„«„¹ ¬µ‡œœÊ„¸ šÈ µÎ ­¤»—…°Ššnµœ®µ¥ÅžÁ­¸¥„n°œ(Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê εĮošµn œ¦­o¼ „¹ Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¸¥ŠÄ— … Á¦°ºÉ ŠÁ¨È„œ°o ¥ … ‡n°œ…µo ŠÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„(Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜°n „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œÊ°¸ ¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¸¥Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡—¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œoµ ªnµ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ „´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ˜¡n ¼—„´ ................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n ¼—˜šn µÎ °¥µn аœÉº ‡°º .......................................................................................................… Ťšn ε°³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ŠÊ œÁ¸Ê ¡¦µ³..........................................................................................­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ò×: …¥³ (®µ„šµn œÅ¤Ån —°o ¥n®¼ °¡„´ Ä®…o µo ¤Åž…°o °ºÉœ) Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µšÉ¸¡´„®o°Š…oµŠÇ „ªµ—®o°Š…°Š˜œÁ°ŠÂ¨oªÁ°µ…¥³¤µ„°ŠÅªo®œoµ®o°Š…°Ššnµœ (Ò) „µ¦„¦³šµÎ œš¸Ê µÎ Ä®šo µn œ¦­o¼ „¹ Ť¡n °Ä‹¤µ„œ°o ¥Á¡¥¸ ŠÄ— … Á¦º°É ŠÁ¨È„œo°¥ … ‡°n œ…oµŠÅ¤¡n °Ä‹ … Ťn¡°Ä‹¤µ„ (Ó) šnµœ‹³Â­—Їªµ¤Å¤¡n °Ä‹˜n°„µ¦„¦³šÎµœ¸Ê°¥µn ŠÅ¦ (Á¨°º „Á¡¥¸ Š Ò ª›· )¸… ¡¼—„´‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜°n ®œoµ ªµn ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ť¡n —¼ „´ ‡œ‡œœœ´Ê ˜n°®œoµ ˜n¡¼—„´ ................................ªnµ...................................................................................................................................................................................................… Ťn¡—¼ ˜nšÎµ°¥µn аœºÉ ‡°º .......................................................................................................… ŤnšµÎ °³Å¦Á¨¥ (ÁŒ¥Ç) š´ÊŠœÊ¸Á¡¦µ³..........................................................................................

Õ 174­ªn œšÉ¸ Ô š´«œ‡˜·Á„¥É¸ ª„´ ‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹ (Ò) šnµœ “Á„¦ŠÄ‹” Á¡°Éº œ­œš· ®¦º°Å¤n.........................Á¡¦µ³.............................................…………………………………………………………………..................................................……………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...……. (Ó) šnµœ “Á„¦ŠÄ‹” Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­·˜œ„´ «¹„¬µ ޹ŠÉ šnµœÅ¤­n œš· ®¦°º Ť.n ..........................................Á¡¦µ³.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... …°…°‡–» š¸šÉ nµœÅ—Äo ®o…°o ¤¨¼ šÁɸ ž}œž¦³Ã¥œÄr œ„µ¦ª‹· ¥´ œµŠ­µª¦n»Š°¦–» ċްºÉ

Ö £µ‡Ÿœª„ ‡…°o ¤¨¼ µŠ­ªn œ‹µ„­°™µ¤­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ò: ®¥· …°ŠÃ—¥Å¤…n °¥¤º (Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ) - Á°oµ °¥nš¼ Áɸ ›°Á®¦° ®µ°¥n˜¼ Ê´Šœµœ œ¹„ªnµ®µ¥ÅžÅ®œ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Áž}œÁ¡°Éº œ­œš· „œ´ ¨³Áž}œÁ¦Éº°ŠÁ¨„È œo°¥Å¤œn µÎ ¤µ‡—· - 𮏠¨Š´ Á°µÅžÂ¨oªÁ„ȝŪšo ÉÁ¸ —¤· —ªo ¥Á—°o Á¦µ®µÅ¤nÁ‹° - Á°µÅž„ÅÈ ¤n °„ - ‡¦ŠÊ´ ˜n°Åž‹³Á°µ°³Å¦ °„„´œµo Šœ³Á¡ºÉ°œ - Á°µÅž˜°œÅ®œÁœ¥¸É ‡¦µª®¨Š´ „È °„„°n œœ³ - šµÎ ŤŤ…n °¥º¤„´ Á¦µ„°n œ šµÎ Ť™Š¹ ®¥· ŞÁŒ¥Ç ‡¦µª®œµo ™oµ˜°o Š„µ¦žµ„„µÄ®o°„Á¦µ„°n œ œ³ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) ŤnčÁn ¦°ºÉ ŠÄ®Ãn ˜°³Å¦ - 𮏠¨Š´ ‹³®¥·°³Å¦Åž°„„°n œœ³­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ó: Á®¥¸¥Ášµo ¨ªo Ť…n °Ãš¬ (Á¡ºÉ°œœ·­˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ) - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ťn°¥µ„šµÎ Á¦É°º ŠÁ¨„È Ä®o„¨µ¥Ážœ} Á¦°ºÉ ŠÄ®n - œ!ɸ ‡–» Á¤°ºÉ „¸ÊÁ—·œÁ®¥¥¸ Ášµo Œœ´ - ŤnÁž}œÅ¦®¦°„ (¡—¼ Ĝċ„´ ˜´ªÁ°Š) Á…µ‡ŠÅ¤nŗ˜o Š´Ê ċ ¨oª„È¡—¼ „´Á…µªµn Áœ¸Ë¥³ Á‹È Á®¤°º œ„œ´ œn³ „Ș³„°Ê¸ ³Á›°Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo Á¦µ - (¡—¼ „´ ) Á¡°Éº œÁ¦µ ªµn —‡¼ œœœÊ´ ­·Å¤n—Á¸ ¨¥Á®¥¸¥ÁšoµÁ¦µÂ¨ªo ¥´ŠšÎµÁŒ¥Å¤…n °Ã𬭴„‡µÎ - (Ť¡n —¼ ) ®œ´ Ş—®¼ œµo Á¡¦µ³°¥µ„¦ª¼o µn ®œµo ˜µÁžœ} °¥µn ŠÅ¦ - °oµª Ť‡n —· ‹³…°Ã𬠮¦º°ÅŠ - (¡¼—„´) Á¡º°É œ ªµn œ­· ¥´ Ť—n Á¸ ¨¥ Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo Á¦µÂ¨oª¥Š´ Ť…n °Ãš¬Á¦µ°„¸ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á‡oµ‡Š¨º¤¡—¼ ®¦°º Ť„n ÈŤn¦¼o - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á¡ºÉ°œÅ¤nŗ˜o ŠÊ´ ċ

176­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ô: ފ‡·ª (Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š)- (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ä®Áo ¡É°º œ­œš· ¥œº ˜°n Ş- ªœ´ œ¸ŒÊ ´œ¦¸ Á›°Å¤œn µn ފ‡ª· Œœ´ Á¨¥- (ÁŒ¥Ç) ‡œÄœ›œµ‡µ¦Á¥°³ …¸ÁÊ „¥¸ ‹¤¸Á¦º°É Š„´ Á¡°ºÉ œÄ®°o µ¥‡œ°œºÉ Ç °°„œª®ªn ŠÁ¡ºÉ°œœ—· œ¹Š- šµÎ Ť¤„´ еn ¥°¥µn Šœ¸Ê Á®œÈ Å®¤ªnµÁ…µ„ε¨Š´ Á…oµÂ™ª„œ´ °¥n¼- „¦–» µÁ…oµ‡ª· ŗo¤¥Ê´ Œœ´ „Ȧ¸ °¥Á¼n ®¤º°œ„œ´ Á¡¦µ³¤¸Á¦¥¸ œ˜°n- °oµª ¦¸°¥˜¼n n°…µo Š®¨Š´ Á¨¥Åž- ˜n°‡·ª­‡· ³ °¥µn ފ‡·ª- œÇɸ ޘ°n ™ª—· ¦¸ °¥¼n- œÉ¸Á›° ˜n°Â™ª­· Á¦µ„Ȧ¸Á®¤°º œ„œ´ œ³­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Õ: Á­¥¸ ŠÃ𦫴¡šr—´ŠÄœ®o°ŠÁ¦¥¸ œ (Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ) - ¨¤º žd—Á­¥¸ ŠÁ®¦° - ¥·Ê¤Ä®Áo ¡°ºÉ œ ¨oª°„ªµn ŤnÁž}œÅ¦ - 𮏠¨Š´ °¥µn ¨º¤žd—Á­¸¥ŠÃ𦫴¡š¨r ³n 555 °µ¥Á…µÅ®¤Áœ¸¥É ³ °¤º Ç ‡¦µª®¨´Š„°È ¥µn ¨¤º ¨³„´œÁœo° - ˜´ŠÊ ¦³Á­¸¥ŠšÎµÅ¤šµÎ ŤŤ˜n ʊ´ ¦³­´Éœ œ¤É¸ ´œÁª¨µÁ¦¸¥œœ³ - (Ť¡n ¼—) ®œ´ ®œµo Ş®µÁ¡Éº°œ Á¡°Éº Á˜°º œ­˜· - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ť¦n ¼ªo µn ‹³¡¼—°³Å¦ - (Ť¡n —¼ ) ¤°Š®œµo ÁŒ¥Ç - Á—¸¥Ì ª°µ‹µ¦¥—r ®» ¦°„ ¦¸ ž—d ­· - (ÁŒ¥Ç) žkÁ—¥¸ ª Á—¸¥Ì ª¤œ´ „È‹³®¥—» —Š´ Á°Š­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ö: …ä¥Á¨È„Ç œo°¥Ç (Á¡º°É œœ·­·˜œ„´ «¹„¬µ) - ‹³ÄošµÎ ŤŤn °„ ¨ªo šÎµÅ¤Å¤Ån žŽºÊ°¤µÄo¨³n - ‡¦µª®¨Š´ °„Œœ´ „n°œœ³ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) ­ªn œÄ®„n ‹È ³ÂŠn „œ´ čo„´Á¡°Éº œž¦³‹µÎ - (Ť¡n —¼ ) ®¨Š´ čoÁ„È ⤨µo Š®œµo Ūoš¸°É œÉº - (Ť¡n —¼ ) Á„È ۚo °É¸ œºÉ - (Ťn¡—¼ ) Á°µÅžŽn°œ—„¸ ªµn

177 - (¡—¼ „´ ) Á¡°Éº œ ªnµ šµÎ ŤÁ‡µo Ťn…°¥º¤ ®¦º°…°ÄÁo ¦µ„°n œ šµÎ Ť˜o°Š…䥄ÅÈ ¤n¦o¼ Á‡oµœnµ‹³°„ Á¦µ„°n œœ³ - °œ´ œ®¸Ê ªŠ‡³n ®µo ¤Ä‡o ³n - (Ť¡n ¼—) čÁo ­¦‹È ¨ªo Á„È Á…µo ˜o¼ žd— lock „» ‹Ūo­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ×: Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo ¨ªo Ť…n °Ãš¬ (Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š) - (Ťn¡¼—) ¥¤·Ê - œ¸¦É ¼o˜ª´ ¦¹Áž¨nµªµn Á›°„µÎ ¨Š´ Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo Œ´œ°¥¼n (¡—¼ šÁ¸ ¨œn š¸‹¦Š· ) - ÁœË¥¸ ³Á‹Èœ³ Á®¥¥¸ Ášµo Á…µÂ¨oª¥´ŠÅ¤n…°Ã𬰄¸ - Ť…n °Ãš¬„œ´ Á¨¥œ³‹³p Á›° - Á‹È œ³ ŰÁo ¡Éº°œµo - Á—·œ„È—¤¼ Š´É —· - (Ť¡n ¼—) ¤°Š®œoµ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á‡oµ°µ‹¨¤º ®¦º°Å¤¦n ˜¼o ª´ - Á‹Èœ³­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ø: Á­¥¸ Š—Š´ (Á¡ºÉ°œœ­· ˜· œ´„«¹„¬µ) - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ážœ} ­š· ›…· °ŠÁ…µ - …°Ãš¬œ³Ážd—ÁµÇ ®œ°n ¥Å—Åo ®¤Á¡¦µ³„µÎ ¨Š´ °µn œ®œŠ´ ­°º °¥n¼ - (¡—¼ „´ ) Á¡É°º œÄœ®o°Š ªµn nª¥˜³Ã„œ°„®o°Š…oµŠÇ ®œ°n ¥—· Á­¥¸ Š—´Š¤µ„ (Ťn„¨oµ¡¼—Á°Š Á­¸¥ŠÅ¤n—´Š¡°) - (Ť¡n ¼—) Á…¸¥œ…o°‡ªµ¤Åž°„ªnµ„¦–» µ¨—Á­¸¥Š®œ°n ¥ Á…µ‹³šµÎ „µ¦µo œ - Á„¦ŠÄ‹„œ´ µo Š …°Áª¨µšµÎ „µ¦oµœ®œn°¥ - …°Ãš¬œ³‡³ ¤‡¸ ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹„´œ¤Š´É —· - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ťn¦¼o‹„´ „œ´ „¨ª´ ל˜°n ¥ - „¦»–µ®¦Á¸É ­¥¸ Šªš· ¥¨» ŠÅ—oÅ®¤‡³ Á¡¦µ³—·Œœ´ „ε¨Š´ šÎµ„µ¦µo œ°¥n¼ ¨oªÁ­¥¸ Šªš· ¥¤» œ´ ¦„ªœ­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ù: ®¥· …°ŠÃ—¥Å¤n…°¥¤º (Á¡ºÉ°œœ­· ·˜œ´„«„¹ ¬µ) - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ť°n ¥µ„šÎµÁ¦°Éº ŠÁ¨„È Ä®o„¨µ¥Ážœ} Á¦°Éº ŠÄ®n - (¡¼—„´ ) Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ªµn Á›°¦o¼‹„´ Á…µ / Á›°‡œœœÊ´ Á®¦°

Ù 178- (ÁŒ¥Ç) ™µo Ážœ} ‡œ¦o¼‹´„„ÈÁŒ¥Ç œµn ‹³Ä®¥o º¤„œ´ ŗo Á¡°Éº œ„œ´- (¡—¼ „´) Á¡ºÉ°œÁ¦µ ªnµ —­¼ ·®¥· …°ŠÁ…µ Ťn °„Á¨¥- (¡—¼ „´) Á¡ºÉ°œ ªµn Ť¤n ¸¤µ¦¥µš- (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á—¥¸Ì ªÁ…µ„ÁÈ °µ¤µ‡ºœ- (Ť¡n —¼ ) ¥Ê¤· Ä®o- (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ť°n ¥µ„¤Á¸ ¦º°É Š- œÉ¸Á›° …°Š¤œ´ ¤¸Á‹µo …°Šœ³ ‹³Á°µ°³Å¦„È °„„n°œ­·­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É Ú: …ä¥Á¨È„Ç œo°¥Ç (Á¡°Éº œ­œ·š) - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ťn¦‹¼o ³¡¼—¥´ŠÅŠ Á¡¦µ³Ážœ} Á¡°Éº œ­œš· - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Šn Ä®oÁ¡°ºÉ œÄooµŠ ¨³­œš· „œ´ - (¡¼—„´) ®°o ŠœµÎÊ ªµn ÁŠ· nœªµn šµÎ ŤÁ°µÅžÄÅo —o ˜n°¥nµ™Š¹ …œµ—„´ ªµn č…o °ŠÁ¡ºÉ°œ‹œ®¤— nœÄ®oÁ…µÅ—¥o ·œ - (Ť¡n —¼ ) ®¨´Š¨µo Š®œµo Á„È â¤Åªšo ɰ¸ œºÉ - (Ťn¡¼—) Á„ȝŪšo °É¸ œÉº - (Ť¡n ¼—) Á°µÅžŽ°n œ - (¡—¼ „´ ) Á¡ºÉ°œ ªµn šµÎ ŤÁ…µÅ¤n…°Äo…°ŠÁ¦µ„n°œ šÎµÅ¤˜o°ŠÂ°…䥗oª¥„ÈŤ¦n oÁ¼ œ°³ - ⤰œ´ ®œµo Á›°ŽÊ°º œ³ (®®» )» - (Ťn¡—¼ ) čo¨ªo Á„È Á…oµ˜o¼ lock „»Â‹Åªo­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÑ: šµÎ ­¤—» Á¨„Á°¦®r µ¥ (Á¡Éº°œ­œ·š) - šÎµÅ¤Å¤¦n „´ ¬µÄ®o—¸ - Á›°Å¤¨n ¤º ۚo ¸ÉÅ®œ Á—Ì¥¸ ªÅžªn ¥„œ´ ®µ - Ť¦n ¼o®¨³ ŠœÊ´ „ÈŞ®µ…°Š‡œ°œÉº Ş™µn ¥¨³„´œ ™µn ¥Á°„­µ¦ÁŸºÉ°Á¦µ—oª¥ ¨oª®µ—¸Â¨oª®¦°º ™µo ®µÅ¤Án ‹°„ÅÈ ¤nÁž}œÅ¦ ˜‡n ¦µª®¨´Š°¥µn Ážœ} œÊ°¸ „¸ œ³n - Á°µÅžÂ¨ªo Ťn¦´„¬µ¤œ´ Á¨¥Á®¦° - šµÎ ŤšµÎ °¥µn Šœ¸Ê Ť¦n „´ ¬µ—¼ ¨Ä®o—¸ - nµŠ¤œ´ Á™°³ Á‡µo Ş¥º¤…°Š‡œ°ºœÉ °µn œ„Èŗo - šµÎ ŤŤn¦„´ ¬µ­¤»—…°ŠÁ¦µÄ®o—Ǹ ¨oªÁ¦µ‹³šÎµ¥´ŠÅŠ—¸®¨³n ‡¦µªœ¸Ê - š¸®¨Š´ „Ȧ³ª´Š®œn°¥Â¨oª„´œ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) ¤œ´ ­»—ª­· ´¥

Ú 179­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÒ: ފ‡·ª (Á¡É°º œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ) - ޘn°Â™ªÄ®oÁ¦¸¥¦o°¥ °¥µn ފ‡·ª­· - œÉ¸‡–» Á¦µ¦o¼‹„´ „œ´ Á®¦° šµÎ Ť˜°o ФµÂŽŠ‡ª· - ފ‡ª· Á¦µšµÎ Ť - œ¸ÁÉ ›°„¦–» µ¥œº ™ª˜°n ‡ª· —ªo ¥œ³ - „¦–» µÁ…oµÂ™ª—oª¥ Á¡¦µ³˜°o Ц¸ÅžÁ¦¥¸ œÁ®¤º°œ„œ´ - °oµª ¦¸ °¥Ån¼ ž˜n°…oµŠ®¨Š´ Á¨¥Åž - ˜°n ‡·ªŽ·‡³ °¥µn ފ‡·ª - Á›°Ç Á¦µ¦¸Åž˜n°‡·ªÅ—Åo ®¤ Ú¬š¸œ³ - œÉ¸Á›° Á¦¥¸ Š˜µ¤‡ª· ­· Œœ´ „Ȧ¸Á®¤°º œ„œ´ œ³­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ÒÓ: …¥³ (Á¡º°É œ­œš· ) - šÎµÅ¤Å¤nÄ¥…¥³Ä®oÁ¦¸¥¦o°¥¨n³ - œÉ¸ ™Š´ …¥³„È¤š¸ µÎ ŤŤnŞĭn (¡¼—šÁ¸ ¨œn š¸‹¦Š· ) - Áœ¥¸É ³ 𮏠¨Š´ „ªµ—¨ªo „ÁÈ „ȝĮoÁ¦¸¥¦°o ¥—ªo ¥œ³n °¥µn Ážœ} ‡œšµÎ °³Å¦‡µo Їµœ³n Ť—n ¸ - „ªµ—¨ªo Á„ȝ—oª¥œ³‹³p - šÎµÅ¤šµÎ °¥µn ŠœÊ¸ „¦–» µÁ°µ…¥³ÅžšŠ·Ê —oª¥ - (Ť¡n ¼—) „ªµ—„°Š®œµo ®°o ŠÁ‡µo ¤ŠÉ´ - (Ť¡n ¼—) ˜—· „¦³—µ¬Åª®o œµo ®o°Š°„ªnµš®¸ ¨´Š„¦»–µ„ªµ—Á„ȝ—oª¥œ³‡³ - œ¸ÁÉ ›° …¥³šÁ¸É ›°„ªµ—¤œ´ ¤µ°¥®¼n œoµ®o°Š…°ŠŒœ´ „¦»–µÁ°µÅžšÊ·Š—ªo ¥œ³ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) µŠ‡¦Š´Ê „ÈÁ‡¥šÎµ¡§˜„· ¦¦¤ÂœÊ¸­™µœ„µ¦–šr ¸É ÒÔ: Á­¥¸ ŠÃ𦫴¡š—r Š´ Ĝ®°o ŠÁ¦¥¸ œ (Á¡°ºÉ œœ­· ·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ) - ¨º¤ž—d Á­¸¥ŠÁ®¦° - (Ťn¡¼—) ¥·Ê¤Ä®„o ´Á…µ / Á›° - (ÁŒ¥Ç) ™µo ¦¼‹o „´ „È °„ªµn Ä®žo —d Á­¸¥Š ™µo Ťn¦‹o¼ „´ „®È œ´ ޥʷ¤Â¨³ÁŒ¥Ç - (¡¼—„´ ) Á¡Éº°œ ªµn Ťn¦‹o¼ ´„Áª¨µµo Š®¦°º Ŋ - (Ť¡n ¼—) ®œ´ Ş—¼®œµo - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ť¦n ‹o¼ ³¡¼—°³Å¦ - (Ťn¡¼—) ¤°Š®œoµ

180- (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á¦º°É Š…°ŠÁ…µ- (ÁŒ¥Ç) °¸„žk Á—¥¸ ª Á—¥Ì¸ ª¤œ´ „È‹³®¥—» —Š´ Á°Š­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ÒÕ: Á­¸¥Š—´Š (Á¡Éº°œ­œš· ) - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Áž}œ­š· ›…· °ŠÁ…µ - Áž—d ÁµÇ ®œ°n ¥Å—Åo ®¤ ªœ´ œÊ„¸ µ¦µo œŒœ´ Á¥°³¤µ„ - Áœ¥¸É ³ ž—d Á­¸¥Š®œn°¥ Á¦µ‹³šµÎ еœ ÁµÇ ®œn°¥Á—°o Ť¤n ¸­¤µ›· - ÁµÇ ®œn°¥‡œÁ…µ‹³šµÎ „µ¦oµœ - (¡¼—„´ ) Á¡ºÉ°œ ªnµ šµÎ ŤŤn¤¤¸ µ¦¥µš°¥µn Šœ¸Ê - Á„¦ŠÄ‹„œ´ ¤Š´É —· - Á±¥o ÁµÇ ®œ°n ¥‹· °nµœ®œŠ´ ­º°Å¤n¦¼oÁ¦Éº°Š - œÁɸ ›° ®¦Áɸ ­¸¥Šª·š¥¨» Š®œ°n ¥Å—oÅ®¤ Œœ´ „µÎ ¨Š´ šµÎ „µ¦oµœ°¥n¼ Á­¸¥Šªš· ¥¤» œ´ ¦„ªœ­¤µ›Œ· œ´ - (Ťn¡—¼ ) Á‡µ³ŸœŠ´ ®o°Š­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ ÒÖ: šµÎ ­¤—» Á¨„Á°¦®r µ¥ (Á¡°Éº œ­· ·˜œ´„«„¹ ¬µ) - šµÎ ŤŤ¦n „´ ¬µÄ®o—¸ - Á›°Åž¨º¤Åªšo ¸ÉÅ®œÁ—¥¸Ì ªÁ¦µÅž®µ—ªo ¥„œ´ - °º¤ ®µ—¸ ¨oªÁ®¦° œnċœ³n ªµn ®µ¥ ™µo ŠœÊ´ „ÅÈ ž®µ…°ŠÁ¡°Éº œ‡œ°œÉº ¨oª™nµ¥Á°„­µ¦ÁŸ°Éº Á¦µ—oª¥ Á—°o - Á°µÅžÂ¨ªo Ťn¦„´ ¬µ¤œ´ Á¨¥Á®¦° - šÎµÅ¤Å¤—n ¼ ¨¦„´ ¬µÄ®—o ¸„ªµn œÊ¸ - µn Фœ´ Á™°³ Á‡µo ¥¤º …°Š‡œ°œºÉ °µn œ„Èŗo - šµÎ ŤŤn¦„´ ¬µ­¤—» …°ŠÁ¦µ—¸Ç ­¤—» ®µ¥Åž ¨oªÁ¦µ‹³šµÎ ¥´ŠÅŠ˜n°Åž ‹³Á°µ­¤»—šÅɸ ®œ°nµœ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Á‡oµ„¦È ­¼o ¹„Ÿ—· ¨ªo ¨³n - (Ťn¡¼—) Ħ›ÅžÁ¨¥­™µœ„µ¦–šr ɸ Ò×: …¥³ (Á¡º°É œœ·­˜· œ„´ «¹„¬µ) - šµÎ ŤŤÃn „¥…¥³¨³n - ŞÁ‡µ³ž¦³˜¼Â¨ªo ¡—¼ ªµn œ…ɸ ¥³…°ŠÁ°ÄnÅ®¤ ¨ªo šÎµÅ¤Á›°„ªµ—¤µÅªšo ®¸É œµo ®o°ŠŒœ´ - (ÁŒ¥Ç) Ť°n ¥µ„¤ž¸ { ®µ„´ Á¡Éº°œ…µo Š®°o Š

181- „ªµ—¨oªÁ„ȝ—ªo ¥œ³‹p³- „¦»–µœµÎ …¥³…°Š‡–» Şš·ÊŠ—ªo ¥- (Ťn¡—¼ ) „ªµ—ŞŪ®o œµo ®o°ŠÁ‡µo ¤ÉŠ´- Á›°Ç 𮏠¨´Š°¥nµ„ªµ—Ūoœœ¸Ê ³- œÁɸ ›° …¥³šÁ¸É ›°„ªµ—¤œ´ ¤µ°¥¼n˜¦Š®œoµ®°o ŠŒ´œ „¦–» µÁ°µÅžšŠÊ· —ªo ¥œ³- …°Ãš¬œ³ Á„È …¥³Åž—ªo ¥œ³ ¤œ´ ¦„®œµo ®o°ŠÁ¦µœ³š«´ œ‡˜·Á„¥É¸ ª„´‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹Ò. Á¡°Éº œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Á‡µo Ážœ} Á¡É°º œÁ¦µšµÎ °³Å¦„‡È ª¦Á„¦ŠÄ‹„´œµo ŠÁ¡º°É œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ť¦n ‹¼o ´„Ó. Á¡°Éº œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - ¥ŠÉ· ­œ·š­œ¤„œ´ ¤µ„Ášµn Å®¦n „¥È ·ŠÉ ˜°o Цo¼‹´„Á„¦ŠÄ‹„œ´ ¤µ„…œÊ¹ ‡ªµ¤ Ūªo µŠÄ‹Â¨³­œš· ċ„ÁÈ „—· ‹µ„„µ¦¦‹¼o „´ Á„¦ŠÄ‹„´œ„°n œ‹³Å—‡o „´œ ŗo¥º—Á¡Éº°œœ­· ·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - ‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹Ážœ} ‡–» ­¤´˜š· ¸Éœµn ºœÉ ¤š¸šÉ „» ‡œ˜o°Š¤¸ ‹³­œš· ®¦º°Å¤n­œš· „˜È °o Ф‡¸ ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹ Á¡¦µ³‡œÁ¦µ‹³°¥¼n—oª¥„œ´ ŗo ®¦°º ‹³‡®µ„œ´ ŗ˜o °o Ц¼‹o „´ Á„¦ŠÄ‹„œ´ ¨³„œ´Ô. Á¡ºÉ°œ­œ·š Ťn - ­œš· „œ´ Áž—d ÁŸ¥˜n°„œ´ ŤÁn „¦ŠÄ‹Á¡º°É œœ·­·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ ¡°­¤‡ª¦ - Á¦µ¥´ŠÅ¤¦n œ¼o ­· ¥´ …°Š„´œ°¥µn ŠÂš‹o ¦·Š ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦ªµŠ˜ª´ Á¡°ºÉ „µ¦°¥¼n ¦nª¤„œ´Õ. Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ť°n ¥µ„Ä®Áo ¡É°º œ­œ·šš¸ÁÉ ¦µ¦„´ ˜o°Š¨µÎ µ„ċ¨³„µ¥ ®¦º°Á®œÉ°º ¥ Á¡¦µ³Á¦µÁ¡É°º œœ·­˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ťn°¥µ„¦„ªœÄ®Äo ‡¦Ç Ťn°Ä‹ Ť­n µ¥Ä‹ ®¦º°Á­¥¸ °³Å¦ Á¡¦µ³Á¦µÖ. Á¡°Éº œ­œ·š Ťn - ­µ¤µ¦™°„/¡¼—Å—Áo „°º ‹³š»„Á¦°ºÉ ŠÁ¡Éº°œœ­· ·˜œ´„«¹„¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - µŠÁ¦º°É Š„È„¨´ª‡œ°œÉº ‹³‡·—Ťn˜¦Š„´ ‡µÎ ¡¼— ¨oªÁ…µo ċĜšµŠ¨×. Á¡É°º œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ťnªµn ‹³Ážœ} Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ®¦°º Ť­n œš· š„» ‡œ˜µn Š„¤È ¸‡ªµ¤¦­o¼ ¹„ Áª¨µ šÁ¸É ¦µ‹³šµÎ °³Å¦„Șo°Š¤‡¸ ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡°Éº œœ­· ·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Á¦µ‹³šÎµ°³Å¦„Ș°o Š®´—¤‡¸ ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹ ¥ŠÉ· Ážœ} Á¡°Éº œšÉŸ ¤­n œš· „¥È É·Š ˜°o Ф¸‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹Ä®¤o µ„Ø. Á¡°ºÉ œ­œ·š Ťn - ¤´œ‡°º Á¡°Éº œÅ¤˜n °o Ф°¸ ³Å¦˜°o ŠÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¡º°É œœ­· ˜· œ´„«„¹ ¬µ œ·—®œn°¥ - Á—¥Ì¸ ª„È‹³­œš· „œ´

182Ù. Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· Ť‡n °n ¥ - Ťnªµn ‹³šµÎ °³Å¦„ÈŤnĦ›„œ´ °¥n¼ ¨oª¡¼—ªµn „¨µn ª°³Å¦„œ´ „ÈŗoÁ¡°ºÉ œœ·­·˜œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ ™oµÁ‡oµÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á¦µ Á¦µ„ÁÈ „¦ŠÄ‹ ™oµÁ‡oµÅ¤n Á¦µ„ÅÈ ¤n Á¡¦µ³‡œÁ¦µÅ¤­n œš· „œ´ ‹³ šÎµ°³Å¦„Ș°o ŠÁ„¦ŠÄ‹„œ´ oµŠ ™oµÁ‡µo Á„¦ŠÄ‹Á¦µ Á¦µ„ÁÈ „¦ŠÄ‹Á‡µo Á®¤º°œ„œ´ ¤·˜¦£µ¡‹³Å—o¡´•œµÅžÄœšµŠšÉ—¸ …¸ ¹Êœ ˜n™µo Á‡oµšµÎ °³Å¦Å¤Án „¦ŠÄ‹Á¦µÁ¨¥ Á¦µ„ÅÈ ¤¤n ¸‡ªµ¤‹µÎ Ážœ} šÉ‹¸ ³˜°o ŠÁ„¦ŠÄ‹Á‡µo Á®¤º°œ„œ´ Á‡µo „œÈ µn ‹³¦´Å—oÁ¡¦µ³ ˜ª´ Á‡oµÅ¤Án „¦ŠÄ‹Ä‡¦Ú. Á¡º°É œ­œ·š Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - °¥µ„Ä®‡o ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›£µ¡š¸É—¸¦³®ªµn ŠÁ¡É°º œ‡Š°¥¼Ån —o¥µªœµœÁ¡Éº°œœ·­˜· œ„´ «¹„¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - ™¹ŠÂ¤oÁ¦µ‹³Å¤­n œš· „œ´ ˜n‡ªµ¤Á„¦ŠÄ‹„È‹³­¦µo Ф·˜¦£µ¡š—ɸ ¸ŽÉй „œ´ ¨³„´œÅ—oÒÑ. Á¡Éº°œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Á¦µ¦„´ Á¡É°º œ¤¸°³Å¦„šÈ 妪n ¤„œ´ ªn ¥Á®¨º°„œ´ ˜™n oµ¤¸°³Å¦ššÉ¸ µÎ Ä®o Á¦µÅ¤n¡°Ä‹ „‹È ³°„˜¦ŠÇ Á¡Éº°œ‹³Å—oŤšn µÎ °„¸Á¡Éº°œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ĝ¦³—´®œŠÉ¹ Á‡µo „ÁÈ ž}œ‡œ‡œ®œŠ¹É Á®¤º°œ„œ´ „ȇª¦Ä®oÁ„¥¸ ¦˜·Á‡µo µo Š ˜n™µo Á‡µo šµÎ Ä®Åo ¤¡n °Ä‹„È‹³°„Á‡µo ˜¦ŠÇ ˜n‡µÎ ¡—¼ š¸Éčo °µ‹‹³Å¤Ån —o¦³ªŠ´ Á®¤º°œ¡—¼ „´Á¡É°º œ­œš·ÒÒ. Á¡º°É œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ťn°¥µ„Ä®Áo ¡Éº°°—¹ °´—Ä‹®¦°º Ťn¡°Ä‹š¸É‡„´Á¦µÁ¡Éº°œœ·­˜· œ´„«¹„¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - ‡œš„» ‡œ¥n°¤°¥µ„Ä®‡o œ°œºÉ Á„¦ŠÄ‹˜´ªÁ°Š ¨³Å¤n°¥µ„Ä®Áo ¡Éº°œ ¤°ŠÁ¦µÅ¤n—¸ ™µo šµÎ °³Å¦Å¤Án „¦ŠÄ‹ÒÓ. Á¡É°º œ­œš· Á„¦ŠÄœµo Š - Ť°n ¥µ„Ä®žo ¦³š„¦³Áš°º œ‡ªµ¤­¤´ ¡´œ›Âr ˜™n µo µŠÁ¦ºÉ°Š¤´œ ŤnÅ®ª„ÈŤnšœÁ®¤°º œ„œ´Á¡°Éº œœ­· ˜· œ´„«¹„¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Áž}œµŠÁ¦Éº°Š ™µo Áž}œÁ¦É°º ŠÁ¨„È œ°o ¥ „ÈŤn°¥µ„Ä®ož{®µµœž¨µ¥ÒÔ. Á¡°Éº œ­œš· œ·—®œ°n ¥ - ¥Š´ Ŋ­œ·šÂ‡Ån ®œ„Ș°o ŠÁ„¦ŠÄ‹µo Š ‹³Å—°o ¥—n¼ oª¥„œ´ ŗoÁ¡ºÉ°œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «¹„¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ť°n ¥µ„Ä®‡o œ°œÉº ¦Š´ Á„¥¸ ‹ÒÕ. Á¡Éº°œ­œš· Ťn - Á¡°ºÉ œ­œš· š‹³°¥¼n—ªo ¥„œ´ ˜¨°—Áª¨µÁ®¤º°œ‡œÁ—¥¸ ª„œ´ °¥Ân¼ ¨ªo ¦o¼œ­· ¥´ ¨³ª·›„¸ µ¦‡—· ®¤—¨oªÁ¡Éº°œœ­· ˜· œ„´ «„¹ ¬µ Á„¦ŠÄ‹ - Ť‡n n°¥Å—o¥»nŠ ˜n™µo ‹³˜o°Š¤„¸ ‹· „¦¦¤¦nª¤„´œ„È‹³Á„¦ŠÄ‹¤µ„Ç Á¡¦µ³Å¤¦n o¼ªµn Á…µ‡·—¥Š´ Ŋ„´ „µ¦„¦³šÎµ…°ŠÁ¦µÒÖ. Á¡ºÉ°œ­œš· ¤µ„ - Á…µÁžœ} Ÿšo¼ ¦É¸ nª¤š„» …¦r ªn ¤­»…„´ Á¦µÁ¡Éº°œœ­· ˜· œ´„«¹„¬µ Á¨È„œo°¥ - Á…µÁžœ} Á¡¸¥Š‡œš°¸É ¥¦n¼ nª¤­´Š‡¤ *****************************

183ž¦³ª´˜·Ÿo¼Á…¸¥œª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r œµŠ­µª¦»n঻– ċŽÉº° Á„·—ª´œšÉ¸ Ó „¦„‘µ‡¤ ¡.«. ÓÖÓÔ ­ÎµÁ¦È‹„µ¦«¹„¬µ«¹„¬µ«µ­˜¦´–”·˜ (Á„¸¥¦˜·œ·¥¤°´œ—´®œÉ¹Š) ­µ…µ£µ¬µÅ𥠋µ„ £µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥇖³«¹„¬µ«µ­˜¦r ¤®µªš· ¥µ¨´¥Á¥¸ ŠÄ®¤n Ĝže„µ¦«¹„¬µ ÓÖÕÖ Â¨³Å—oÁ…oµ«¹„¬µ˜n°Äœ®¨´„­¼˜¦°´„¬¦«µ­˜¦¤®µ´–”·˜ ­µ…µ£µ¬µÅš¥ šÉ¸£µ‡ª·µ£µ¬µÅ𥠇–³°´„¬¦«µ­˜¦r‹¯» µ¨Š„¦–r¤®µªš· ¥µ¨´¥ Ĝž„e µ¦«¹„¬µ ÓÖÕØ


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook