Timelines of Everything

Algiers Belgrade Black Sea Constantinople Ankara Mediterranean Sea Cairo Red Sea TShwSuefaMfelVuuegirvxlsiirlemelteae,eenisalangnanittncd.nmeanwH.lgsutHiirhtneudafiesteai1ciinnun5gcfeagilg2egtmnetab9shphanpne.taolsTiessornteeemhofdteiratgsayeoslpil.nnneiieystjgosayks 1520–1566 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AT ITS Selim the Grim GREATEST EXTENT, 1683 Ruthless Selim has all his MSsuaolesnimtocmefhaaCnireshmfSatCerauSiaorrsrlpkcecnteiehilsaieihmmsitntcaeiaSepntMcnisetantioMn.riacneSsonconqtip,nlstuutlsaqheed,neuhaei’sneinstEdhinedthirene. male relatives killed to make sure he becomes sultan. After conquering Iraq, Syria, and Egypt, Selim is acknowledged as caliph (leader of Islam) in 1517. 1512–1520 thiensptroCuGsisootTlimcanideosqoeitennbtnsanatssindofetsAf-itrAogtnrvDsoieh.oafttnemtpirlHoehsprele,oaetyasibhnwnOuinueitrteloitthgdnosr.sgmemaayatnnest 1539 1577 NtoofucllfiblkotoPTpneuhuasriuroeitlmnaistweaminhrinnpnidenganafpttslPtaahttahsneiehhncsdrtieeciitnpp“tOhoaeoyTttotauedelgtuiocrdasperymfabdPauanylleendtsrniisoso.mde.,” 1718–1730 1853–1856 RuOsstCtiotarhimmferFaoeOrnmaatntnteeotcAWorxmerspwiatafaOoiregnnrttahyodEtkot.Cimpneomrgnnrpea,iiivtrBnnmheetrpeoniitneotsawtiaidnheenearonbWfdegainrsEm(p1tae9ilrArl1eor2fYiSwtti–sooeu1drur9llAetynte1afh3rigmtnnee)wYT,vAoEBtiouocthbuahrlredruukalokatüsOtinpaliolmcghnetngtrae.oooWlmlesmTeuatdicpduarn1tbsnfioIr9ooIyktrnto0cshse.e8s 1922 p1T9rs(ToAh2uahce3lttbelaaa,RotwOinümelOi,EirtsptMkethhount)deeMmbtadohdolsiaumncapsnmoOnoetrsafedfdcuafsTtattVliouthnhdaKIreb,esnkeefenlleaamertytse.2eatis9sli.s, 150

How to read a tughra Beyze (“Egg”) Tugh (“Flagpole”) Some think these symbolize Each vertical line A tughra is read from signifies independence. right to left because it the two seas controlled by is in the Arabic language. the Ottomans (the Black Sea Zülfe (“Fringe”) The words of the sultan’s Three S shapes indicate the title, shown here by and the Mediterranean). Ottoman winds, which blow different colors, have been from east to west. combined with the shapes Key Sere (“Stand”) that make a tughra, each Mahmud The base represents Hançer (“Arms”) of which reflects a feature Khan the Ottoman throne. These lines are a sign of the Ottoman Empire. son of of power and strength. Abdülhamid victorious forever decorative feature Tughra The Ottoman Empire This decorative design is called The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century when Osman, a tughra. It was used by the a Muslim warrior, founded a small state in Anatolia (modern-day sultan as a seal or signature Turkey). The powerful empire that later emerged lasted for on important documents. This one belonged to 600 years. At its height, it stretched from Eastern Europe and the Sultan Mahmud II. Black Sea to Arabia and North Africa. The rulers of the Ottoman Empire were known as sultans. TocMopnekPshCatamrloucapencocdıstmeitPoItaiIpnhnonaleehrotldixisnfaseutoonhcrlrfptseueaeblewntnTuh.soileIclitdhvpaieiikssnpsagaietpaasmlıanlw,rpdghiraeeelsr. eoca(1“t,HhC0ESeoIo0msudaln0tylrpatmsaC-aWintyrlaonebeooinss.MuaftqHndlrHi)ne-uoesoaaohemtnlgtmp.duF”dialar)eeBaneniSdny(slnnttzolIdtoIoaihpocsnwnehofttoihicnaneapqelulleeedrs Forced service Oriegminspioref the 1459 The Ottomans begin a AEOtnmMhsaemoputfonisartleelnhiiam,iegI.thiHhRssebteotaohemrtereaeiangsrinntuguellEneBarnomrrylroyrzptefahaimarnwtettsaea.inmiscnetksasll system in which Christian boys from conquered territories are forced to convert to the Islamic religion and to work for the sultan as clerks, soldiers, or bodyguards. 1453 1402 1389 1299–1326 c.1400 SpTcTurAhooiilsBmtefslaloAaiOaunanpnnretBsgtktkrreotoaa.eulsLmylrpldeaeeewtaerzgatonnhTihendeEfiecndmnIamdAsatugtauthhprenkltateidhe.raskeeCesnifaatheBeinltinrmaamhaatttarostatlselt Battle of Kosovo Osman’s grandson, Sultan Murad I, leads an army against Prince Lazar of Serbia at the “Field of the Blackbirds” (in modern-day Kosovo). Both leaders are killed, but the Ottomans win the battle, giving them control of southeastern Europe. 151

Astronomy c.1420 1543 Islamic Sun at the center People have always looked up astronomy at the night sky and wondered Nicolaus Copernicus, a about the nature of the Universe. Central Asian ruler and Polish astronomer, disputes Early astronomers found patterns astronomer Ulugh Beg previous theories by in the stars and tried to follow builds an observatory in suggesting that the Sun, and predict their movements. rather than Earth, is the Nowadays, very powerful Samarkand. It is the center of the Universe. He is telescopes allow scientists to largest and best of its not entirely correct, but his study the Sun, Moon, planets, and kind in the Islamic world, work provides ideas for other galaxies, helping us to know future scientists to build on. more about our own planet and and several famous leading to theories about the astronomers visit it. 240 bce beginning of the Universe. Broom stars c.150 ce Center of the Chinese astronomers record the comets Universe they see. They refer to them as “broom stars” Claudius Ptolemy of or “long-tailed pheasant Greece writes in the stars” because of their Almagest that Earth sits appearance. at the center of the c.330 bce Universe. People believe Curved Earth this to be true for the Ancient Greek philosophers start to next 1,400 years. think that Earth may be a sphere instead of flat. This is because the Constellations c.400 bce stars seen in southern lands are Mayan calendar different from those seen in the north. A constellation is a group of stars that form The Mayans are skilled 700 bce a pattern or outline of a astronomers who can measure Early patterns recognizable shape. vast periods of time. They create This one is Eridanus, The Babylonians use mathematics to known as the “Celestial a calender that marks the predict and record the times and River.” It is the sixth- beginning of time as 3114 bce, patterns of the eclipses of the Sun and largest of the 88 according to their calculations. Moon and the positions of planets. constellations. 1600 bce c.2500 bce Star disk Stonehenge The Bronze Age Nebra Sky A circle of giant standing stones is built in Disk, found in Germany, is the England. Many think it was used to mark oldest-known representation the rising and setting points of the Sun of the Universe, showing the at the summer and winter solstices. Sun, Moon, and several stars. Hawaii observatory The observatory on top of the Mauna Kea volcano in Hawaii is the largest in the world. 152

“Astronomy compels the soul to look upward and leads us from 1608 this world to another.” Distant stars Plato, The Republic, c.380 bce Hans Lippershey of the Netherlands is the first to try to register a telescope 2006 design. This invention reveals that Properties of stars are much farther away from Earth a planet than the planets in the Solar System. 1610 The International Jupiter’s moons Astronomical Union agrees to a new definition of a planet. This downgrades Pluto from a planet to a dwarf planet. Italian Galileo Galilei discovers moons 1992 orbiting Jupiter, which proves part of Exoplanets Copernicus’s earlier theory that not all objects in the sky orbit Earth. This offends the Catholic Church, because it goes against some statements in the Bible. 1687 The first exoplanets (planets Gravity outside the Solar System) are discovered. Today, more than Isaac Newton, an English 3,700 have been documented. scientist, uses his understanding Six have the right temperature of the laws of motion and gravity for water to exist, which means to claim that the Moon is kept in that they could support life. orbit around Earth by gravity. 1774 1990 Messier Catalog Hubble telescope A French scientist, Charles The Hubble Space Telescope is launched, Messier, catalogs deep- the first time a telescope has been sent into sky objects, including space. It looks deep into space to take comets, nebulae, and star stunning photographs of the objects within clusters. They are known as our galaxy and the Universe. “Messier objects,” and today the Messier Catalog 1929 contains 110 of them. Expanding Universe 1912 Variable stars American Edwin Hubble, using the Hooker Telescope, finds that the Milky Way is not American Henrietta Leavitt notices that certain the only galaxy in the Universe. He shows stars, known as “Cepheid variables,” change in that all galaxies are moving apart, which brightness in a predictable way. Her discovery means that the Universe is expanding. enables astronomers to calculate the distances between Earth and faraway galaxies. Life of a star Protostar Red giant Supernova Huge clouds The high temperature A very large red giant explodes. Its Stars can live for millions of dust and gas causes the star to expand. of years, with smaller stars bond to make a iron core becomes a black hole living the longest. The largest new star. or a neutron star. ones use up their fuel more White dwarf quickly and die sooner by The outer gas layers exploding, when they are are shed, leaving a called “supernovas.” These dense core. explosions spread material around the Universe that can Main sequence star Black dwarf form new stars. A dense core is formed. A white dwarf has no source of energy, so it Its temperature rises Planetary nebula cools and fades away. to 180° million Fahrenheit A red giant from a smaller star creates a glowing shell of gas. (100° million Celsius).

Big battles Even before the earliest civilizations began, families and tribes went to war with each other. As cities and states appeared, rose, and fell over many thousands of years, decisive battles fought on land, at sea, and in the air changed the course of history again and again. Salamis Invading Greece, the Persian navy is defeated by the Athenians, led by Themistocles, in a naval battle off Salamis. The following year, an alliance of Greek cities defeats the Persian army at Plataea. b1c2e74 Gaugamela S4e8p0tebcmeber After invading the Persian Empire, Macedonian Alexander the Great wins a decisive victory over Darius III of Persia. The Persian army greatly outnumbers the Macedonians, but Alexander’s men are better trained and led. Kadesh 28b0ce–279 Alexander goes on to conquer the whole Persian Empire. This great chariot battle Actium is fought between the Egyptian army of Pharaoh 3O3c1tobcbeer 260 The Roman politician Octavian defeats his enemies, Rameses II and the Cleopatra of Egypt and Mark Antony, in a naval battle Hittites, led by Mutawalli II. bce off Greece. The victory allows Octavian, now renamed Rameses claims victory in Augustus, to take sole control of the Roman Empire inscriptions on Egyptian temples, which provide the and become emperor of Rome. earliest detailed account of Changping 2A16ugbucest Se3p1tebmceber 2, a battle. The real outcome of the battle is unknown. The Chinese state of Qin Oc1t0o6b6er 14, defeats the state of Zhao at Changping. After 450,000 Zhao soldiers surrender, Bai Qi, the Qin general, massacres all but 240 of them, whose lives are spared so they can pass on the news. The Qin state goes on to unify China. Pyrrhic victories Cannae Hastings King Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy and The Carthaginian Duke William of Normandy defeats and kills wins two victories over the Romans, at general Hannibal Harold, the Anglo-Saxon king, at Hastings. Heraclea and Asculum. Pyrrhus loses so Mounted Norman knights fight the charging many men that his victory is as bad as invades Italy by Anglo-Saxons, who fight on foot, standing in a a defeat. People use the phrase “Pyrrhic crossing the Alps shield wall. French-speaking Normans take with an army, including victory” to mean a hollow triumph. control of England. his war elephants. At Cannae, he uses envelopment to destroy an army of 80,000 Roman soldiers. 154

“I’ve seen thousands of men Battle diagrams lying on the ground, their Battle diagrams have been used dead faces looking up at the throughout history to help plan skies. I tell you, war is hell!” battles. These diagrams show a tactic called envelopment, which US General William Tecumsah Sherman, involves attacking the enemy from speech at the Michigan Military Academy, behind, the sides, or both. Waterloo June 19, 1879 The troops of British Duke of Wellington and Prussian Marshal Blucher defeat Napoleon Bonaparte in a major battle that brings the Napoleonic Wars to an end. Wellington fights a defensive battle, holding off repeated French attacks until Blucher arrives with reinforcements. Stalingrad The German army fights a major battle to seize the Gettysburg Russian city of Stalingrad. In November, when the This three-day battle, the Germans have almost largest ever fought in captured the city, 1J9a6n8uary the Russians mount America, sees the Union The Somme a counteroffensive. The army of George Meade, trapped Germans surrender. 94,000 strong, defeat the During World War I, the British and French launch a major attack, but fail Confederate army of to break through the German lines at 94423– Robert E. Lee, numbering the Somme. More than 72,000 men. three million men take part, and one million are killed. Oc1t5o7b1er 7, JFuelbyr1u7a, r1y9 2, 1 J1u8n1e518, Ju18ly613–3, Jun1e9442–7, The Tet Offensive NovemJbuelyr 1– 1916 Viet Cong and North 18, Vietnamese forces launch a massive offensive against the cities of South Vietnam. US and South Vietnamese Lepanto Midway troops win a decisive victory. But in the US, the The Holy League, an The US defeats Japan in a scale of the attack shakes alliance of Catholic great World War II ocean public support for the war. Mediterranean states, wins a great victory battle in the Pacific, over the Ottoman fought mostly by planes navy (see pages 150– launched from aircraft 151), in the waters off carriers. Japan loses all Greece. This is the last four of its carriers, while major naval battle to be the Americans lose fought entirely with just one. The Japanese rowing vessels (galleys). navy never recovers. 155

The Battle of Lepanto This painting shows the Battle of Lepanto, between the Ottoman Turks and the Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Pope. The battle took place on October 7, 1571, and was the last battle to be fought entirely from rowing vessels called galleys. The Holy League damaged or captured about 200 of the Ottoman ships, losing only 12-17 of their own.



iptotEThhKwiodyeesksroofbtihy(Ieranoeoeao.)mstl,ayJeomeHdaoatfamdSesqopifhaedhuuEaenrrekeofaisnlnre.rdtmg)e-ntuaaoulgdToeemvbrnola1nipes(kcycsise6uremhaniagiloe0irpant’wsi3saawtryayaltwhokaeacumrbodeioulndemkreinkepsalt.caadahemnbydyesatu.,aaaakrIoltinlt.dneecfIart,KeneontTrracacehrlormeOe,btykkmaJaiuunbaninnokipndci.awcert1nsneeh6aastsee0eas3terEdo Japan After a long period of war (see pages 110–111), in 1603, Japan was finally unified under the leadership of Tokugawa Ieyasu. A golden age of peace, prosperity, and production followed, known as the Edo period, which saw new forms of Japanese art flourish. During this time, Japan cut contact with the rest of the world, and it would remain isolated from the West for most of the next three centuries. ReTl1hi6gethis1Caorh4onhwouudrgchigssauoohtnneiuboadyxnbunoaetCatirrtcnennJyyhuomasrattipesrafeatdliuienna.pnesT,ntuiisthlbnh1ele8picbl6Alaya7Wscn.recJpotea1oolnpao6pdeanubf2sndlelaeuofsb0unrrsccoe.kktteskDaecmhiyiprlopeeyiotfeemrpaef-oivslniieoncbee-taaet(esrekin“tynrcpnoidsdngoiof,cgaumtlwtohyruwbenceroaaeyarnlssldo”f). CJtaloNopTsaaealstehlrtalnibelhaeeWl1pacvaea6Jadnleelrloalsrlos3arttspocetwhnfeea5urmneodesornnonscdameuittt,ioinssltnwano1tuaesplh8hlnttotpoeii5ortrnowearr3yntyaedoes..srfepdTefe.lhetcoist 158

TrW1a8cdho5ecennlo4tifattuthcerSnetdethrw,boiateUaihgtstSnheuyifnsooaTirantgofJshitrnatkeeeutaprreoaglaelApnytanaodmewetyntsteah,hienrweeigcpiirtaouhnrpttstroadRTsehh1b.eoe8awMsgcl6hatukeoso“n8etMtiothrnTjaReiaaltokiWehignjketisehdu(isibfttmtoseuogEheotmlhrapdenlnrtayedwhoaoeptoeeinwndaeoppriaMrennsereomu,gr,renraJil,oeeisanj”di )pdit.esatnhndes.The Great Peace The Edo period marked an era of stability in Japan that became known as the Great Peace. The major cities of Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka catered for the wealthy, who could spend their money on new entertainments and luxury goods. City streets during the Edo period became bustling shopping lanes. ndewpuwrwaarSoTirErrsnfoSrPeeeudoigmosrhsoouomtrtsriflrhsfoipitincenoeekweoeesgnnarp.s1haoibTwsoeiHo6olfeahdawainngnm8rec.carecieeenhfu4leoifsssrsirudmmsatuiltltnieamaelritnoshneg bfeoicnrwoTeteiomitgHhrhknneiiaTipsnratpioōrdrtlJioaksrnjoaoiavhpptpSusreiiuTdgoaartlblhanōaealbno1yteedrTaifin.8sooyU.FnogWnsalt3inlfoaskttesih3gwytoedahe-afiTr–,niwitehd1hgarse8eoooep3ffot4ahpcneuodlEaTnmrdravaeoenuinndrspetseieelcsaadrrt,tbitrtioiaoihonkpdginernitPena.e,yherrtgdiesforeaoashmfracnreeamroacsstGkssse,eetiw,oroue-sfenmu,i1aapcse8rl.ashfle5leamd0sale 159

BEFORE Colonial America In 1492, Italian explorer Christopher As soon as Europeans became aware of the existence of Columbus reached the Americas, the Americas, many were eager to visit what they called the a land mass unknown to Europeans “New World.” Lots of people imagined a land of untold riches, at the time. After his return, many more people made the journey to this “New World,” eventually establishing permanent settlements there. others saw an opportunity for a new life away from religious persecution. The lands were already home to communities 1497 of native peoples who suffered displacement and destruction at the hands of European colonists. engllaanndd claims in the neW World KtCrhinonCfaeEloosuaiabEnnItwrtntneoegngHadaatNglltHaeiddtoialenoanneanrwAndrtnef.yheidsH’frnasoexyiVdacesfupNiVIhp.rIacnlC,soeoIeldmIntarsanwoleceiaabsmwfrlwWnkoaoJhsdiirtnsmooasiitgerhtnltadiniost. 1587 1607 1619 1513 Ma mytTsrothoweearnymnsfuoiosnKlsskieono:lgvf ed. JAMESTOWN aEFnrgilCissaohnlcdSotllooanvisetSs StruggleS on deSpite SpaniSh territory rgEaeJtiEoDnhRnomftrnnehgahotoaehgirlrnarmaeie.elnnisnTWeswsioAeEosdh-hytrhakonmebtetbeeilmgotmioeearat,elmhrfaVebrdryinriannnycsiitee,srrnddt,agtttniaeapuhosi1estpnrnre0.byevlbnpiIeda0.neftaeseait.rcrcl1madVfbseyh5krrtoeooieii9artnlrnrgmdnon0neir,cn,eeina AJiTonpoasofhn(ltfmtuasnheabttseenheeythsolleetaseselaaEuasvtpttrsttvonehibeoaooe2wgseegbnpu0llnaciaaesstushA,rolbcs.htaetTemcfoht1vcrobrh6oreeienoc,re4wwaosftlaEoi–renruonrha1nnscedgr6idtgickolehi5reslahniist)lcsnao..theotvmeises HARDSHIP AND claimed across 1534 D I F F I C U LT Y the Atlantic FrenCh This Virginia town is the Spanish explorer Juan first permanent English Ponce de León reaches join Surge For settlement in North land and claims it for Spain. land aCquiSition America. The colony faces He names it La Florida, frequent food shortages, Spanish for “the place with JnttPChowpoFsBienhreawtrtoearehacrlteaysrmnhCemqetnecectuaeoopdndhhenSartleteefas-Aastohds.itMdFnCmereLafar,ForaaryGeeb,norrwnnrgQuautmietcicorinlselufdedhaictrnaéongheeaefgnbfceei.xrvMdeseoIsoepHnectnSRefnltuo1eCxwtatti6dvxrluoiemeic0hesptamcyroao4rulls.o,ll.tynae,ei,rniinlesmdtse especially during the winter many flowers.” This later of 1609–1610. Known as becomes the Spanish “The Starving Time,” this colony of Florida. famine nearly wipes out the colony. Virginia plants the seed for a good harveSt The Virginia colonists plant cotton seeds for the first time. Cotton, tobacco, rice, and indigo (a plant used to make blue dye) become the major crops in the southern English colonies. 160

1626 1675 1732 1754 TfearicnsoastaltnmtaheMaphdnebdtewAidurnlDiems.UsruueTnoshaietTtahueetcrbMhmctesihchcueENesHueayccnsnroeirTotndglweMIoNlenotleisnisadeAprnaihnwisymaodlhtwnifYsnPaastitotleh1eltaMr6taerkend6n.rda4m KING PHILIP’S Yet another new frencH and spanisH colony in the losses reported 1620 WAR rages on new world ToAcCFvomlaoennwFrerfialdrrcoiaicdclaantEaa,ficmuBrnfoerrroscomiatmoptanolteiodhntahnleaBgneienSarnFisditpan.araietTsniinnnohct,icnhrsobohshenau,,.ttagrtolnheldtohfe AtnhMoeawPyfMlfbsylroomaoawmuisolestsuTEraa.tHnfcThhoghEhuculrenaoMsydnNleodArlEtanetYanysdWbFdtashoLEnieneaOdtNrrtwWedleGe.hstrELhastaRAtesbiNasliisDl h AaMajMPdmouignnehaipeanadNfisrtmli1ejiintaosC4pseoasaceri.-wognttcomTrAengeichmcEhdmnotouaaeh,ne,nlesagnyoeagcternahnrllIatisa,ntcdii-intrlcosnledaseotsutdd,inhksnatetR.ni.cbIgnisvnnShooeysibdoewsmlnwtoaivdarttnotniehuaenbtdairlaegseaIasesletllllsaylrKlataensrni-aitnbdddgea,esyr TPNCNCMMceTGAeaeoonahawrmewnlnoresooynsJelsrHanhirleeyneraagieaneilcarcncavismaestB,hadarieS:wecarnup,VayiuoRfsitns,cnatiitureasoehh,od.gtthnDrwiolhrtionndeKsdeeC1ani,,eisal3nNaNymat,IgwaBesGroienoblwaGrraeilitlNrtitinhoenseYisodhaor,ohgr,,rrtgikhae,, . 1773 Noretapxreasteionntawtioitnh!out F(ATtldsbtehaamheuoaaxxeemaveveebeearidprpnsdyidsc)acga3tBtiga(unhrwa4tnerpetrei2osihstgRwsiBaiscB1cgpeyih9rhtheoevih0teisornnsiwsss–bhttlhuhot1e,ietsp9cothnriwinseo1ooweh)gilfnah.toathtnethneraodbaoiaxsuvosettisreld.y The Mayflower Setting off from Plymouth, England in 1620, the Mayflower carried passengers over to the New World. Upon arrival, they established a settlement and named it Plymouth after the English town that they had sailed from. 161

The Scientific Revolution During the 16th and 17th centuries, Europe was the scene of rapid and revolutionary scientific progress. Established ideas were rejected and religious thinking was challenged. Pioneering thinkers introduced new methods of experimentation and observation, and made major scientific breakthroughs, many of which have stood the test of time. AFVlndeehimassCHuastimoslieoishurcaptsmstetnoihwcnxrbeyigtiersboisnt(oFpdecttuoaiisueisdbkottDstyrrAinifenecoongvaHefrdoubrauerlepiuemfotsr)taelaeiodosrnageniryaicz.dhe.s POomlriaHstbthhihswaCiaewtthsomciEoitnpceraaroehngktrnirttcsanehotaanirmchoylgouisrdeeefbsEretrihustNSaasesstriehutctUhthseoonenilCsapiSvuraheuosturnvstr.ehceeh. , FtihrescIdthatreGialnmtiaaenvnlcegiGolttenepshrmtomshefesaomyeieGrnnarsemkaemdanit.ncaetolTeiiiioeslnmsnmehaufdtgiriprersilce“yethde”aroaeritn,ettvusicree. ENnOBgerslawgiwsccdahhioenaicsmnnutachtmwiiasbeherntSyenisttdcteehsiaisoxeshrtopbngNoFtesduuioraerealvisdrrmsnuuvgcmtmienhainsg,attih.tninegr EPntHvihugtaaelplimrvsuhvehmeepsayapanirhisnnntauvadtbgmoenlcomsdabhotniirasdglembotavaWoteobredoaeisdlyullrsi.tsanhhmdoeoftwhe 1628 1610 1620 1515551–8 1593 1543 1543 GaFanaldiinlresudsitushdptneeelsstaspmeniitogeolottnetoosnss,nss.taaHshtcnueteoddeofMoylmeJpbotsuohseocpeueonitnrSp.evteuear,nisns NSGwaeAitssnusspimndnarfeaargaeartleailuwwuterhmuairannirntil.egciessTdssystthfcdoCooHilsefosoirsat4spnatyni,eolr5isliademr0.idiad0aae-ls 162

TbobarItrraaioclirmeadolEnilepsi vmtirtppneehathrvhaFrasno,eyeatstgavimsntutareiidntdcreoislsreigeiesssrti,tvsttptthteaihhchweceeeeetrtsriehigcbehyotlreyss. DLutehtecauhnmuwss5eeci0rMncesib0ehpartenaohmrnoctoeesiaosidbkcmtttmuorceiAoctmoertosnretosiylctoasoootooattnhnuebpfgn.eidssIeednyfyemsivar1rpaas6vnoltnne7airmped6nbea,tarhlcseotenria. 1687 1666 1676 1665 1662 EHnmphmoUgliioasclHikinnsrfceoitehndssrodcs,coeabicaunonsilnrseglpsdeinstctertctohvhioainosfeenetrlpMsidkmfReieinucpooasnrubsoed“betcgceslreirttsriasmlhla,p.”ephsliea. NLEmeainwnaowgmfnttlliouiogsaosenhnhesbnodosnjbpcew.eeyhfecHfrytiddtamnih’sssetebeiilcosmsaoyUicnwshoitrntstiivssibsiIuovesshilennamapnerdgaweslepecheesnrfodstowuwtifatsaounnrrkdedsO.AffbtreoPwsrmUarsheinnneiacciriventhivepirvenehriiivagsseneeeiM,abrgeNiynlsxaeetgtpahhfwhoplieraentrplaimogcdnlenevsatbofwtttiyaihghtcrglaaeylaiitrnttt,eahkigtnsvheeierte.yp, s 1637 1643 DeFrtsehDpHncineecisagsohtcoswprpalttcoehhrehrtiaeskelaoschyslislnco’etaoaesutnrppkprlggdehiteureeeqefeadoprsusrrtRetsetrgisechuvsrtinatiaieoeohténnusntt.seisldyts. TaKwhpinhepttghiorcoeRChsvohheoeraaaienseyrrrlcesetslaeho.eaasSeulwlnsrcIRSIhdaoioeogeodefnyreiseEatcssitcflniaisinScugebcoEslsliatiescsuoynnihrtcedohteitieepsydtti,erise. s “If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants.” Isaac Newton, 1643–1727 163

BEFORE Cheap labor Slave ships From around 1510, the Spanish and Twenty African prisoners arrive in The city of Boston plays a major Portuguese began shipping African Jamestown in Virginia. Slaves are a part in the slave trade. The first slaves to the Americas. Santo cheaper source of labor than American slave-carrier ship, Domingo (in modern-day Dominican contracted servants, who can Desire, is built here. In 1638, the Republic) became the first slave port eventually earn their freedom. first slaves are brought to Boston from the West Indies, along with in the New World. By the 1560s, Britain and Holland had joined cotton and tobacco. the slave trade. 1619 1636 Freedom in Canada Underground Railroad The Canadian Attorney General A Quaker family helps start the (chief lawyer) says that all former Underground Railroad, a network of slaves living in Canada are free safe houses and people who assist runaway slaves. Its “Grand Central and will be protected by law. Station” is established in Indiana. As Settlers are also not allowed to bring slaves into the country. many as 2,000 slaves cross to freedom there. CANADA US 1819 1804 Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the End of trade Sojourner Truth Abolitionist movement The US passes a law that takes Born into slavery, Sojourner Truth the country out of the slave becomes a leading Abolitionist and The novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet trade. It sends ships to Africa spokesperson for women’s rights. Beecher Stowe sells many thousands to help rescue slaves from She gives a famous speech in Ohio that highlights the need for rights for of copies and changes people’s traders and return them to their opinion of slavery. Her book helps the homelands. Slave ownership is black women as well as men. Abolitionists’ cause, but tensions still legal in most of the between the north and south escalate. southern US states. 1852 1819 1850 “Whenever I hear Slavery in the US anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong Slavery was a part of life in the United States from its impulse to see it tried colonial beginnings, and slave owners used forced labor on him personally. ” to build the young nation and its booming economy. By the 19th century, Abolitionists were campaigning to free Abraham Lincoln, all slaves, in the face of opposition from many American 16th president of the United States, 1861–1865 states. This resulted in civil war, with the north fighting to end slavery against the south, who wished to retain it. 164

A life of slavery Quaker protest Plantations of rice In Virginia, the General Assembly In Pennsylvania, Quakers protest against slavery. The Rice is introduced in South Carolina. It passes a law stating that any child born Quakers are Christians, who believe in treating others takes a lot of work to grow, so European to an enslaved mother will also become fairly. Later, the Quaker Church prevents members from profiting from the slave trade and from owning slaves. settlers need slave labor to tend the a slave for life. Most slave-holding crops and help them make it profitable. colonies or states go on to enact similar By around 1710, there are more enslaved Africans in the state than Europeans. laws that discriminate by race. 1694 1662 1688 Freedom Florida The life of a slave Runaway slaves get their freedom in the Spanish territory of Florida. The first slave narrative, a story written by an ex-slave about the They must give their loyalty to experience of slavery, is written Spain and join the Catholic Church. in New York. Many more slave narratives follow, one of the most Many settle in St. Augustine, the oldest European city in the US. famous of which is written by Frederick Douglass in 1845. 1772 1731 Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Slavery abolished The debate over whether or All slaves in the south are declared free The Emancipation Proclamation frees not new states should use on January 1 in President Abraham slaves but does not end slavery itself. slaves splits the country in two. Northern victory in this Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. The 13th Amendment to the US 4-year conflict ends slavery, This marks a turning point for the war, Constitution brings a permanent end but more than 600,000 people as Lincoln knows that ending slavery is to slavery in all of the United States, lose their lives (see page 222). the only way to keep the union of US including new territories. states together. 1861 1863 1865 Slave triangle NORTH Raw materials EUROPE AMERICA About 6 million Africans were taken to the Americas in a triangle of trade. Ships from AT L A N T I C Manufactured goods AFRICA AFTER Britain carried manufactured goods such as OCEAN cloth, ironware, and guns to West Africa. Four million slaves were freed, but the These were exchanged for men, women, and West Ind challenges for African Americans children. The sea crossing to the West Indies remained. Lincoln had announced was brutal, and many slaves did not survive. ies plans to help the South rebuild, but Those who did were sold at auctions, and the profits were used to buy sugar, cotton, rum, SOUTH Enslaved Africans his assassination meant that his plans and tobacco to take back to Britain. AMERICA were never realized. Southern states went on to introduce laws to limit the civil rights of African Americans. 165

The Mughal Empire The Mughals were rulers of an Islamic empire in what is now modern-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. 1590 gmrsatMahhhemAgBneuiomsrkidgcnweltoeabofohutaanaoitormalrttthygrshulPlk,aouhcetraoetvraeaornaroBeg,siusBdnrnaefiorhaassatgbfio.lnbstaaupTuf,utrrorhtedrahhe’edseleatynrdys,. The empire lasted for more than 300 years and saw the construction of some of South Asia’s 1560s–1590s finest monuments. The Mughals were originally from Central Asia and claimed to be descended from the Mongol leaders Genghis Khan and Timur the Great. 530–1556 1 15 26 Beambpu(miorra’esHfofhtsbdeuio1yser5nmr1rr5nee5H5-ig4agdu1aa0n3myanin-ayiudnayinnIyerinedsgauaxnsnsrci-lpu)eolo.oceHnlisdncnteeredsPosedsoeldihnomereisfssAoidDasksbeotbyloahnhri.iins AkebrnxeatoHlderiArgienstnihvtdokdreoiueunabrusnngrptaegtraMtotigrhnnhleueicdevtsreehenaclisnmsnmeecfMpnpr,etoGobiurrmsaauegrimltthieItineonhaotnadneolncpsitgaRmooa.ahuwuHtjircpsceaehougrpitsubeoecrysfaotl.apnles. 1674 dofefIaensatdimsAaf.talMlghBuheaagrTasbhehnuiulaaelsrt,troaEfaulwnlnmhe)ao,rfponisroBdBfD,eea.fealbKnohuabaiur,btniumuoldnreit(vintaamngkhdeteeamhecsnoeosdnLn“ieoltirrrotonolh-nn,ed”rany 1660 s–1670s 8165 ASutrlarsaniiwncggsztdinebergbasuf,noHtianrlnroietntcniornydeodrgspsdudahtmuhaotyuecinusnmhmecsdHisiiegpncriehenlg,eetdd.tsntaHsuhdaxeoeslneefucdssbosijneswtocaotrSsdrfsehhH.riwisvfiearnaosjsidtm,seaatpuraMMHnorttrawiIanengoehnredrdafraorvaruiati.ratrhdaTiotkH,avhusirhisniwyahawnegcltoadlalrMy.rarfuIordtetrawirhiinxosirinseatnretettehMohndteadotuhsgehals. mSpirahikmsaephtorsihnJfisehaihonotirh1snhmaiWps6srsnhoe6dholiedf6wins.sneeseofr.sfSnai,imthgAnphaswhuieetrthrrnareoJsan.r.aauPngchHdzgohaeengobwlt,fhaeellerrs ill, 166

Mughal architecture Kabul The Mughals build many beautiful Delhi palaces, mosques, tombs, and forts. Agra These delicate red sandstone cusped 1605–1627 arches provide cool shade and calming Bombay BBaeyn o f l rMee(tivJ“hgueewpaengAmntoho,ShhnkwabmrpaeaablnJudeellmoati,tE-mrhrairroshsember’sheoirbtseodpehianeazhfwuielneercdJinrned.iroraeifnd”eeggmhst)ga,a.rtaiNTeolkhsrnshweuoigsesrnsir symmetry around doorways and along Arabian Sea g a open-sided pavilions. Madras 1620s THE MUGHAL EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT, 1707 1632 fpalsiafJmkeiainlleilhtkediaendnfgsoag,trrauaitrtnidnhshdditeeasMitfssrhltoocoaiuswafhloaargeiesvtnrthfseicruma.aoollcayufltlrasosatr,b.mtbrT,stiaeherdnservypsye,ehadcirg,ieahlllyy copMmoupinmlMet teotaeamfhzaMapSMnluehdaagrasoihhsharaa,cJlbml.oaaIetnehrgctsmaTaihinndkaois,teeretjbirshaceMue2ltdiutl0fodatrifheiythnhhe.eigsaaMhtwrilhgsuiehfgteoTh,aajl 1 1707 635 173 STPhmaheahrodaJwneaceiohtohifangfcpnatorhbikenleducsTlRtiaooaneuhullddsssrKsFtsohiootlvonerhetnP-eriein-easNaDn, ocidenoolcdhcrleiukd. cdIitaoinimsrgaottenhdde. 9 hobwbeinryeaetonvpreeEeixssdbmrtoe,eeadWavuplngelentiithrohecrd,eeEeednlrigenlinrysa8nnoaeAn8awce.dIdnut,hsetidriwthoaiansniaekngaftge.ogrMdI,rantzeeueehnaegdbatrpehesedasasiylrtelMmasub,gohhulizamTitlnhoialgriuaPostttenthhienreeoscgaS,riealtahisbatnpT.yalktdoIt.hhhtuiwnoeierisgne,fPPavsiteeaDbardseaceiolcaoshkncfiI.CnkrHDduaeileaepralhNtnudai drier 185tThL8hceeaoTBnsMhtrteritoyuiosl dtgohSfehefmthhephaaflpoaakoahelesrIslfnIaesrthIdood,gMiafiasrriaa,InesuInsBinndncgpdudastRhepuihaitaxaenpta. ivlhioClsdeoerphuotlatmBrmoogrfepifettna1ihs2t8neh25y0E7()sa. este 167

Ming founder Yongle Emperor “Why are the Western nations small and yet strong? Why are we large and yet Following the collapse of the Mongol Yuan The Ming Dynasty is at the Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, a peasant turned height of its power under the weak?… We must search for the means warlord, seizes power. He declares himself Yongle Emperor. He repairs to become their equal.” Hongwu Emperor of the new Ming (Shining) Dynasty. His capital is Nanjing. He executes China’s Grand Canal and Feng Guifen, Chinese reformer, 1861 thousands of officials who are accused of restores the system of Civil Service exams, which the The Forbidden City plotting against him. Mongols had discontinued. The Yongle Emperor moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing in the north, where he oversees the building of the Purple Forbidden City. The Beijing dialect of Mandarin is adopted as the official state language at this time. 1368 1402–1424 Yongle Encyclopedia Ming and The emperor commissions the Yongle Encyclopedia. Compiled by 2,169 scholars, it consists of 22,937 manuscript rolls, covering agriculture, art, astronomy, geology, history, literature, medicine, religion, science, and many other subjects. 1513 Qing China 140 –1420 Portuguese 3–1408 1406 explorer Following the fall of Mongol rule (see pages 120– 1405–1433 Jorge Alvares, the Portuguese 121) in the 1360s, a new Chinese dynasty, the Ming, explorer, reaches Guangzhou, took over. Under the Ming (1368–1644), China becoming the first European became a superpower, and there was a global to sail to China. A new era of demand for Chinese porcelain and tea. During the Qing Dynasty that followed (1644–1912), the trade with the West begins. population increased from 160 to 450 million, but Christian missionaries begin China was still technologically undeveloped and couldn’t compete with Western powers. to arrive in the 1550s. Zheng He’s voyages Admiral Zheng He leads seven voyages of exploration to the Indian Ocean, East Africa, and the Red Sea. Their aim is to display the power of the Ming Dynasty. He returns with many exotic gifts, including an African giraffe. 168

Ming tombs Last emperor The Wanli Emperor is buried Military revolts lead to the in a great tomb outside proclamation of a Republic Beijing, which holds of China under President Sun Yat-sen. On February 12, thousands of items of silk, 1912, the last Qing emperor, a porcelain, and jewelry. The six-year-old named Puyi, tomb will be excavated in abdicates, ending more than 1956—the only one of 2,000 years of Chinese thirteen Ming royal tombs to imperial history. be excavated to this day. Dowager Empress Cixi First Opium War Dowager Empress Cixi controls the Chinese government. She is The Daoguang Emperor’s ban on the British opium trade leads to war with Britain. China traditional and resists attempts to suffers a humiliating defeat and is forced to modernize China with Western-style sign a treaty giving Hong Kong to Britain. industrial production of ships, After losing a Second Opium War, in 1856– railroads, and firearms. 1860, China will have to legalize opium. c.1861–1908 1899–1901 1911–1912 Imperial conquests China conquers the Dzungar Khanate, the last remaining state from the former Mongol Empire. With 1850–1864 Boxer Rebellion the seizure of Tibet, Mongolia, and In northern China, peasant present-day Xinjiang (Turkestan), the rebels, called Boxers, rise up against foreigners and Qing Empire is at its height. 1839–1842 Christians. When the empress sides with the rebels, eight foreign nations intervene. After another humiliating defeat, China gives further concessions to foreign powers. 1645 1755–175 7 1620 Taiping The Ming Great Wall 1644 Rebellion The Great Wall of China that In southern China, Hong people see today was mostly Xiuqang, a Christian built between 1570 and 1583. Fall of the Ming convert, leads a rebellion The rebuilding was overseen against Qing rule. He by the Ming general Qi An army of peasant Jiguang, who wanted to rebels led by Li declares himself king of the keep out the Mongols. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It Zicheng, a former Ming official, captures Beijing takes 14 years to crush the and overthrows the last rebellion, and 20 to 30 million people Ming emperor. die during the fighting. Li Zicheng declares himself emperor of the Shun Dynasty. Ming ceramics Qing Dynasty The Ming Dynasty is famous for milky Claiming to avenge the dead blue and white porcelain, which they emperor, Manchu invaders from produced on an industrial scale. The the north overthrow Li Zicheng imperial kilns at Jingdezhen made and establish a new dynasty, enough porcelain to supply not just the Qing. The new Shunzhi the whole country, but the rest of the Emperor orders Chinese men world. In the West, porcelain became to adopt the Manchu hairstyle, so identified with the country that we shaving their heads and wearing still call it china. a pigtail. In China, the Manchus are resented as foreigners. 169

450 Four elements Chemistry bce Greek philosopher Empedocles Chemistry is the study of the matter that makes up (495–430 bce) claims everything is made up of differing amounts of four our world. The foundations for this branch of science elements: earth, water, air, and fire. were laid in ancient Greece, as philosophers began This theory is believed right up until to explore the properties and reactions of different the 17th century. substances. Following the discovery of atoms, today’s chemists are able to study substances in incredible detail. 1778 Gas and fizz English chemist Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) presents his discovery of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide. He invents the first carbonated fizzy water after seeing a reaction between gases at a local brewery. Amazing atoms 400 bce 1772 Greek philosopher Democritus (460– 370 bce) states that everything is made up of tiny moving particles known as atoms, meaning “indivisible” in Greek. This marks the start of the atomic theory of the Universe. Clay pieces Fixed air Democritus thought that a piece of clay split into Scottish chemist Joseph Black (1728–1799) smaller and smaller shows that a gas called “fixed air” is pieces would eventually exhaled by people. Made of one part become so tiny it couldn’t be divided. carbon and two parts oxygen, it becomes known as carbon dioxide. “Chemistry begins in the stars. 1754 Atom The stars are the source of the chemical elements, which are the building blocks of matter 900 and the core of our subject.” Boyle’s Law Peter Atkins, English chemist, 1940– Irish chemist Sir Robert Boyle (1627– 1691) studies the behavior of gases under pressure. At constant temperatures, he discovers that increasing the pressure on a gas squeezes it and decreases its volume. Early alchemy 1662 Arab scientist Al-Razi (854– Low pressure High pressure 925) completes experiments on and carefully observes metals, classifying them into groups. He studies alchemy, an early form of chemistry that explores what substances are made of and how they can be altered. 170

Elements list 2016 New elements Atomic bond Known as “the father of The periodic table receives an modern chemistry,” French American scientist Linus update with the inclusion of chemist Antoine Lavoisier Pauling (1901–1994) four new elements, officially (1743–1794) studies and names completing the seventh row. oxygen. He compiles the first explains how the number Nihonium, Moscovium, list of chemical elements (pure of electrons in an atom’s Tennessine, and Oganesson substances that cannot be outer shell affects the way are among the heaviest broken down into anything it bonds with other atoms. elements ever found. else), in what becomes the first Crystal structures true chemistry textbook. British chemist Dorothy Crowfoot Teamwork New designs 1945 Hodgkin (1910–1994) uses X-ray Nh84 Mc115 Marie-Anne Lavoisier Lavoisier made his 1803 beams to study the arrangement of Nihonium was also a chemist. own equipment to atoms inside different solids. She Moscovium She contributed to her study chemicals in Po117 husband’s work. closed environments. works out the structure of Tennessine Og118 1869 medications and proteins, helping to 1954 Oganesson Atomic theory Carbon improve healthcare. atom As scientists continue to experiment with gases, English chemist John Dalton (1766– 1844) advances atomic theory by proposing that each element, or pure substance, has a different type of atom. Carbon dioxide A compound is a mixture of at least two different elements. Carbon dioxide is formed by carbon and oxygen. Atomic model An atom has a nucleus full of protons at its center, which is orbited by electrons. First periodic table Mendeleev’s table Splitting the atom Each element is Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev positioned according New Zealander Ernest (1834–1907) creates the first to the size of its atoms. Rutherford (1871–1937) works version of the periodic table of out the structure of the atom and pH scale splits it apart. Inside the atom’s elements. It is so accurate that he The pH scale ranges from nucleus, he proves the existence leaves gaps in the right places for of protons—subatomic particles 0, very acidic (red), to 14, elements still to be discovered. very alkaline (purple). with a positive charge. 1909 Acid test 1917 171 The pH scale to measure acidity is invented by Danish chemist S.P.L. Sørensen (1868– 1939). pH stands for “power of hydrogen” because acidic or alkaline levels depend on hydrogen ions—particles produced by atoms that are electrically charged.

Indian dance The story of dance According to Hindu myth, The urge to dance is as old as human life. People Secret dance dance is a gift from Lord danced to honor their gods, to celebrate important Brahma, the creator god. He moments, or simply for the sheer joy of it. Many Forbidden from following their inspires scholar Bharat Muni styles of dance have emerged over the centuries, own customs and traditions, to write the Natyashastra. evolving from, and combining, traditional dance African slaves living in Brazil This ancient book describes steps. Some forms of dance, such as ballet, take develop a dance they call the the elements of Indian many years of training. capoeira. Combining martial arts with music and dance classical dance. allows them to secretly c.200 bce practice combat moves. The tango The galliard c.1600 Classical ballet Ballroom dancers around Popular at royal courts the world are thrilled by the throughout Europe is a lively Swan Lake is first performed at the tango, a close-contact dance dance with kicks, leaps, and Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. It is originally from Argentina and hops, called the galliard. Queen choreographed by Marius Petipa and Uruguay. Like many dance Elizabeth I of England is said features typical elements of classical styles, it blends African and to dance six galliards every ballet, such as turnout of the leg from the morning in order to keep fit. hip, high leg lifts, and dancing en pointe. European influences. 1500s ce 1895 Modern dance 1923 The Charleston American Isadora Duncan, a pioneer of modern dance, creates After featuring in the musical theater show Runnin’ Wild, the Charleston—a quick, a sensation by performing barefoot and wearing a simple energetic dance with swinging arm and leg tunic. Her free, flowing dance movements—becomes an instant success movements are supposedly based on classical Greek dance. with the fun-seekers of the 1920s. 1913 1900 Ballet outrage African highlife A new ballet, The Rite of A popular new style of dance Spring, causes a near and music, known as “highlife,” riot at its first performance emerges in the dance halls of in Paris. It stars Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky and West Africa. Influenced by has music by Igor Stravinsky. American jazz music, The audience is outraged by the daring choreography and it combines Western dance steps with local rhythms. shocking sounds. 1913 c.1920 172

Court ballet Social dances King Louis XIV of France, who In European high society, men and is himself a ballet dancer, women dance side by side at balls, establishes the Royal Academy seldom touching. They perform of Dance in Paris to train dances such as the minuet, which dancers. At this time, male has intricate steps. Such dances dancers are the leads in ballet performances. are often based on traditional country dances. 1700s c.1775 1661 The waltz Flamenco Ballerina The craze for the waltz, The first written accounts originally from Vienna, of flamenco, the traditional Marie Taglioni dances the ballet Austria, spreads rapidly dance of Andalusia in southern La Sylphide “en pointe” (on the through the ballrooms of Spain, date from this time. tip of the toes), and shortens Europe. It causes great These routines involve hand- the length of her skirt to show scandal because couples clapping, singing, and guitar off her footwork. Over time, this dance face to face, with music, too. The origins of the man’s arm around the flamenco may be much earlier. skirt style becomes even shorter, and is known as a tutu. woman’s waist. Salsa c.1840 1832 c.1800 Originating in the Caribbean and brought to New York Tap dance Do the twist City by immigrants from Puerto Rico and Cuba, In the US, metal is attached The twist becomes the first salsa evolves as a modern to the toe and heel of the worldwide teenage dance craze freestyle dance that mixes shoes to create a tapping after singer Chubby Checker’s African, French, and sound. Tap dance fuses two Spanish dance steps rock and roll song The Twist and music. traditions: an African- reaches the top of the charts. American dance called juba, Dancers swivel their hips as if drying their backs with a towel. and the Irish jig. 1970s 1933 1960 c.1972 Bollywood Dance in film Breakdance Lively dance routines on a large American dancer Fred scale feature in Bollywood films On the streets of New York City, young African Astaire partners with Ginger Americans and Latin Americans create a style Rogers in Flying Down to Rio, from Mumbai, India. They called breakdancing. They improvise complex the first of 10 musical films combine the classical dance routines to hip-hop music. Fancy footwork is traditions of India with the disco they make together. They combined with daring leaps and headspins. bring Hollywood glamour to dance styles of the West. 173 the world of dance. c.2000

The Golden “If you had fought like Age of Piracy a man, you needn’t have died like a dog.” Anne Bonny, last words to “Calico” Jack according to A General History of the Pyrates, 1724 During the 16th century, the ports and the seas The Pirate Round between Europe, Africa, and the Americas teemed with ships, many of them loaded up with valuable The Indian Ocean is treasures. The rise in seafaring trade led to an relatively pirate-free until increase in piracy. Ships and towns were raided for bountiful booty, and cutthroats, swashbucklers, and Thomas Tew decides criminals sailed the seas in a Golden Age of Piracy. to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa to BEFORE Safe haven End of privateering plunder in a route that became known as the Piracy wasn’t always a crime. In 1557, Pirates are invited to make Some greedy privateers get Pirate Round. His success England’s Queen Mary gave sailors Port Royal in Jamaica their out of hand, breaking the leads many other pirates known as privateers permission to rules set down by their attack and raid enemy ships. They home base, giving their governments. The Dutch to follow in his path. shared their proceeds with the crown. protection to the town. officially suspend any Explorers often pilfered treasures to Soon it is packed with privateering in 1673, and bring home. By the early 15th century, pirates, and described as the English in 1680. The the vast amount of valuables carried the richest and wickedest French follow in 1697. across the oceans attracted city in the world. seafaring criminals. c. 1620 1657 1670 1673 c.1693 sicnrlkMHaaa1iSprmle6olgstm7rpueigar1rsai,sanetgbHpndscerhiialfenteoweynganrrideimtidnnhrsstgityodhahmtaciieshMtabkseWlsnleekosyaPenefdrasaleecegtnepeoerasaitrsnrm..nahdnHtia-pee 1690 HawcfoTiibopstoonihmui.rTrrwdTactbheutchofyeesgBoaeoshaFfrndrwue,wbroeeoeaoacemonfntrrfruicdcbpnsttlhhhedgla“taboeecwctnnuuhFisokescieeernsollceacmt.gektanonl—encrdmehooeenfr” Jolly Roger The black flag with a grinning skull is hoisted over a French pirate ship while it is being chased by an English navy vessel. Raising the Jolly Roger becomes the terrifying signal that a pirate attack is underway.

1720 1724 1718 1713 1701 1722 16Os9HuanEccge5evocaeoneliglrfnesbyrotscsheiytllndftedecauitniaoeEsalnwgdpmarnIvonspinsdreraeoadaplsstdtmieirdiaeo’tlsavhyansenermer,asphirHnlsoiawprmgeuaslifinebtttraaeharcjneyiemhsdhcshiuits.lilnpoHifoot,fe,nrabtnuuntPer.KivWiadtdfeaaieslbtrltrIreinteiacuhadasralmissna,susehanpBrpdaKesOoirnchpbitwtcigesriioadporeeeesaidvnaldrd,etoyefa.neuaiaKnl,noelWdlbidoffdLferutnlidgiouldetilgnionxiaintwsdultasmddhtriostocreyihninawebTigtdannhheceaea1k7frnmo0idnre1a,shllRitsoiver. A General History noefpwwuctotrirniikmtngo,ateitcshnawoqedEluusaAtnnahTovmgtbeehlglebaeioDisTsvlnrfeuseitdcrpsrtses,aeciorFaarshaviarits.lcaeyboBetynrrrbuy.itsctnoeteeogotbr,wusryPfitteaooUenrrntyetuSnrgedpaalc,inh, t of the Pyrates a Rackham’s fearless females This fascinating history book wwfgonosTDihtuavwrehcinessaaoeIetdsnkcnryaefssdhhkacre,iatsbmsmrknhne,etntooldwffeotiouovoha.2wsreAifde0dsnpsmeBBhsliaoraaelruaasnliltsnatdsgwiBeksohi,ceelhitEeabtosthkcsndrb.rakhawibaboibvidlymauleaeersladdalyrrdd packed with daring deeds and Scourge of the seas “Calico,” a colorful cast of flamboyant Jack Rackham’s crew, pirates creates a sensation on includes Anne Bonny and its publication. One of the Mary Read, female pirates authors, Daniel Defoe, went who eventually lead the bad on to write Robinson Crusoe. bunch in one battle. Rackham is captured and hanged in Bartholomew Roberts 1720. The women are imprisoned, their final Welsh pirate “Black Bart” fate unknown to this day. Roberts dies in a battle at sea. Legend says he was the most Pirates of East Asia successful of any pirate, Where there is treasure, there are pirates. capturing more than 470 Ruthless raiders also brought terror to the seas of China, plundering ships and vessels in his lifetime. attacking coastal towns. One of the Historians call him the most legendary pirates was Ching Shih last of the great pirates (1775–1844). The widow of a pirate king, she commanded a vast pirate army, of the Golden Age. laying down a brutal code of conduct worthy of any pirate commander. She even took on China’s own navy. 175

THE AGE OF REVOLUTION 1750–1914



The Age of Revolution Between 1750 and 1850, the world was transformed. The US War of Independence was the first in a series of political revolutions in which old governments were overthrown and new nations formed. During the Industrial Revolution, people left the countryside and flooded into towns and cities to work in factories. The steam engine and electricity transformed people’s everyday lives, and offered new modes of transportation such as trains and cars. 1756–1763 1775–1783 1788 1804 The Seven Years’ War between Thirteen colonies in North America A fleet of ships carrying convicts Napoleon Bonaparte declares Britain and France in Europe spreads break away from British rule in the and their guards lands in Australia himself Emperor of France, to colonies in North America. US War of Independence. to start a British colony. leading to the Napoleonic Wars. 1755 1769 1789 1803 A devastating earthquake James Watt’s invention of a more Peasants march on the Bastille The US doubles its territory when destroys almost two-thirds of the efficient steam engine paves the it acquires land from France in city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal. way for the Industrial Revolution. prison in Paris, kickstarting the Louisiana Purchase. the French Revolution. The United States Factory work Australia The French Revolution Thirteen colonies in North With the development of Britain sends convicted criminals The French people rose up America rebelled against British factories and new technology to Australia (see pages 196–197) against their monarchy. The rule, leading to a revolutionary to establish colonies there. The French Revolution (see pages war and the founding of the US that powered the Industrial first colonists land near the site 200–201) led to a period known Revolution (see pages 194–195), (see pages 190–191). working lives were transformed. of modern-day Sydney. as the “Reign of Terror.” 178

Stephenson’s Rocket George Stephenson’s steam locomotive Rocket won the Rainhill Trials, a competition held in 1829 by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway company in England to find the best locomotive design. 1815 1831 1861–1865 1884–1885 1903 Napoleon is defeated at Many American Indians die in a The issue of slavery causes a A meeting between Europe’s most The Wright Brothers’ historic the Battle of Waterloo. forced march to new territories civil war in the US between the powerful nations marks the start of manned flight begins the known as the Trail of Tears. northern and southern states. major colonization in Africa. history of aviation. 1811 1858 1867 1893 1912 A revolution in Venezuela is the first of a Britain takes direct Three provinces in North America New Zealand becomes the The RMS Titanic sinks series of uprisings that will see the end control over its unite to form the Dominion of first country in the world to with great loss of life on of Spanish rule in South America. territories in India. Canada within the British Empire. give women the right to vote. its first and only voyage. Latin America US expansion The US Civil War Colonial Africa The people of Central and South As the US gained more territory, Southern states attempted to Competing for access to the America fought for independence pioneering settlers moved into break away from the US over the continent’s resources, a number from Spain (see pages 206–207) issue of slavery. A devastating civil in a series of conflicts that saw the the new lands. This led to war followed (see pages 222–223), of European nations took conflict with American Indian control of most of Africa end of Spanish colonial rule. peoples (see pages 214–215). ending in victory for the North. (see pages 224–225). 179

The Enlightenment In the 17th and 18th centuries, European thinkers began to question traditional religious and political teachings, believing that individuals should draw their own conclusions about society and nature. They conducted scientific experiments and wrote many books and essays, and their ideas directly inspired the American and French Revolutions. Age of Reason Laws of physics Basic rights Science of plants French philosopher René English mathematician In Two Treatises of Swedish scientist Carl Descartes publishes Isaac Newton’s Principia Government, English Linnaeus devises a system Mathematica describes his philosopher John Locke of plant classification that is Discourse on the Method, in ideas on the laws of motion argues that people possess still in use today. It means which he argues that reason and gravity. Newton’s work certain basic rights such as that scientists in different (conscious thought) is the the right to life, the right source of all knowledge. His transforms people’s to own property, and the countries can be certain understanding of the right to rebel against an that they are describing starting point is to doubt unjust government. everything, even his physical universe. the same plants. own existence. 1690 1687 1735 1637 Man of letters Will of the people Founding father Wealth of Nations French writer and In The Social Contract, Thomas Jefferson drafts Adam Smith publishes The philosopher Voltaire French philosopher the Declaration of Wealth of Nations, the first (whose real name was Independence. His modern book on money François-Marie Arouet) Jean-Jacques Rousseau matters. Smith is a leading completes his best-known challenges traditional views ideas concerning liberty, work, Candide—a story that government, and the rights figure of the Scottish criticizes some of the of society by arguing that Enlightenment in Edinburgh philosophical and political laws are strong only when of individuals are deeply at a time when the city is a they are supported by the influenced by Locke, ideas of his day. center of scientific and will of the people who Montesquieu, and other philosophical debate. 1759 must live under them. Enlightenment thinkers. 1776 180 1762 1776

“Dare to use your own intelligence! This is the battle cry of the Enlightenment.” Immanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question: “What is Enlightenment?,” 1784 Human nature Useful knowledge Separation Encyclopedia of powers According to Scottish Future president Benjamin In France, Denis Diderot philosopher David Hume Franklin founds the In his Spirit of the Laws, compiles the Encyclopedia, Charles de Montesquieu in A Treatise of Human American Philosophical of France argues that the a mammoth work Nature, all knowledge Society in Philadelphia with attempting to catalog the aim of “promoting useful duties of government all knowledge. It is 17 books comes from the knowledge” and spreading should be split into different in total and contains experiences of our thousands of articles by senses, instincts, and Enlightenment ideas in branches to keep a small feelings, not from reason. North America. group of people from the leading French thinkers of the day. 1739 1743 gaining too much power. 1751–1765 1748 Idealism Chemistry The female citizen The Rights of Woman In The Critique of Pure French nobleman and Playwright and feminist Reason, German thinker scientist Antoine Lavoisier’s activist Olympe de Gouges In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, English feminist Immanuel Kant asks Elements of Chemistry publishes a pamphlet writer Mary Wollstonecraft challenging questions lays the foundations for during the French calls for educational reform, about how we think and the modern study of the how we know things. subject. However, in 1794 Revolution declaring that arguing that if girls were He believes that nobody women are equal to men allowed the same education he is executed by and have the same rights can say for certain guillotine during the as boys, it would benefit what reality is. French Revolution. of citizenship. She is all of society. executed two years later. 1781 1789 1792 1791 181

THE GREAT LISBON EARTHQUAKE The disaster that shakes Europe On the morning of November 1, 1755, Unsuspecting citizens the people of Lisbon gathered in the city’s many churches, chapels, and cathedrals On November 1, 1755, the Roman to celebrate All Saints’ Day. Meanwhile, Catholic population flock to the churches deep below the waves of the Atlantic and cathedrals of Lisbon. They are in Ocean, an earth-shattering force was a celebratory mood as they mark about to unleash a series of events that All Saints’ Day in the capital of the kingdom would leave the city devastated. of Portugal. After midnight mass, King Joseph I of Portugal leaves Lisbon with his “First we heard a rumble, like the noise family to celebrate outside the city. At of a carriage, it became louder… until it 9:30 a.m., the morning mass is underway and thousands of people gather in the was as loud as the loudest noise of a religious area of Lisbon. Across the city, gun, immediately after that we felt the solemn offerings are presented and ceremonial candles are lit to honor the first tremble.” saints of the Roman Catholic Church. Christian Staqueler, The world shakes in an account of the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 At 9:40 a.m., the first of three earthquakes shakes the city. Buildings crumble as thousands of churchgoers panic in the mayhem. Over the course of the morning, two more earthquakes hit the city. The second, more powerful shock lasts for three and a half minutes, followed less than 10 minutes later by a third. Shaking is felt as far away as North Africa, more than 400 miles (600 km) from Lisbon. The center is built on soft soil, so the quake

instantly destroys the foundations of the Stillness returns God” to punish the sinful. However, city. Large cracks up to 13 ft (4 m) wide tear as Lisbon starts to rebuild, people across the streets and the religious heart On November 6, a stillness falls over struggle to understand why so many of Lisbon collapses, killing thousands of the city, the fires burn out, and the churchgoing people had suffered, celebrating churchgoers. People flee survivors of the disaster return to count and they can’t explain what their citizens through the shuddering streets, heading their dead. Around 60,000 citizens of had done to deserve such dramatic toward the seemingly safe harbor to seek Lisbon are estimated to have lost their punishment. Some scholars across refuge on departing boats. lives in the catastrophe. The earthquake Europe start to question the cause of was so strong, it was felt throughout the devastation and discuss earthquakes Waves of destruction Europe and North Africa. The quake as “natural disasters,” which leads to was also destructive in Morocco, where the beginnings of the scientific study The people of Lisbon gather at the harbor approximately 10,000 people were killed. of earthquakes, known as seismology. and witness a curious marine event. The The church proclaims the disaster “an act of sea withdraws away from the city, revealing sunken shipwrecks scattered across the exposed seabed. Intrigued, more people gather to watch the strange phenomenon. At around 10:30 a.m., a 16–32 ft (5–10 m) ocean wave called a tsunami suddenly rushes toward the crumbling city. A series of devastating waves arrive with tremendous impact, flooding the harbor and city streets, and drowning the crowd. Overcrowded boats traveling out to sea and up the Tagus River capsize as the ocean surge swells the river, killing even more people. Fires rage As Lisbon crumbles and floods, the religious candles in churches and homes tumble with the falling debris. Fires start to break out across the city. Broken buildings block the network of narrow streets and prevent the survivors from putting out the growing flames. Soon the fires spread and build into a searing inferno that rages out of control for five days (from November 2–6). More than two-thirds of the city of Lisbon is destroyed.

The Great Dying Toba supervolcano Entombed in ash Lisbon earthquake The worst mass extinction in The Toba supervolcano Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupts, A catastrophic earthquake Earth’s history—the Great Dying— erupts in Sumatra, blasting burying the town of Pompeii in ash hits the city of Lisbon in and killing thousands. Centuries occurs just before the Age of 672 cubic miles (2,800 Portugal, triggering tsunamis Dinosaurs. Around 95 percent of cubic km) of rock into the later, the site is rediscovered. and fires that cause further the planet’s species vanishes over sky and cooling Earth’s Hollows in the ash are filled with devastation. The city is almost a period of about 80,000 years. climate for up to 10 years. It completely demolished and plaster, revealing the dead. 60,000 people are killed. The cause is a mystery. is the largest explosive volcanic eruption in the last 252 millio rs ago 25 million years. 66 million years ago 74,000 bce c. 1640 bce 7 ce 9 n yea 1775 1815 1556 Dinosaur extinction Greek tragedy Record earthquake Year without summer An asteroid at least 6 miles (10 km) Much of the Greek island of The deadliest earthquake on Mount Tambora in Indonesia wide hits the Yucatán Peninsula in Thera (modern-day Santorini) is record hits northern China, erupts, expelling vast dust clouds Central America, blasting rock into destroyed by a massive volcanic killing about 850,000 people. the sky and blocking sunlight for eruption. The city of Akrotiri is The death toll is very high that lower global temperatures years. Nearly all large animals are by 5.4°F (3°C). Crops fail to grow, buried under ash, and the because the traditional wiped out, including all types of eruption triggers tsunamis and dwellings in the area are causing mass starvation. The dinosaur except birds. artificial caves excavated following year, Europe and North earthquakes that devastate surrounding islands. from loose, dusty soil. America experience a “year without summer”, with heavy snow in June, July, and August. “It takes an earthquake to remind us that we walk on the crust of an unfinished planet.” American journalist Charles Kuralt 184

Storm surge Natural disasters A massive hurricane hits the The forces of nature that shape our planet can be spectacular village of Coringa on the coast in their destructive power. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, of India. It causes a disastrous tsunamis, and hurricanes have occurred throughout history, storm surge, raising sea levels and their unpredictable fury reminds us that we are small and by 40 ft (12 m) and submerging vulnerable. But history also shows that these natural phenomena the land with seawater. Around only rarely clash with human populations on a disastrous scale. 300,000 people are killed. Loudest eruption Two-thirds of the island of Krakatoa in Indonesia is obliterated by a volcanic eruption that can be heard more than 3,000 miles (4,800 km) away, making it the loudest eruption in recorded history. More than 35,000 people die. 18 93 1883 1906 1876 China floods Famine in China Heavy rain causes three major A prolonged drought in rivers to flood 70,000 square northern China leads to miles (182,000 square km) of land three years of failed crops in China—an area about the size and widespread famine. of Florida. Between 1 million and At least 10 million people 4 million people die. die of starvation— about 10 percent of the San Francisco 1931 earthquake local population. 1925 1960 2004 More than 80 percent of the city of San Francisco is destroyed by an earthquake that kills 3,000 people and renders most of the city’s population homeless. Chile earthquake Asian tsunami The most powerful An earthquake on the earthquake on record seabed off the coast of Sumatra sends a series of hits Chile. It lasts tsunamis across the Indian 10 minutes, kills several Ocean, causing devastation thousand people, and in Indonesia, Malaysia, leaves 2 million homeless. Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Tsunamis caused by the India. More than 280,000 quake hit Hawaii, Japan, people are killed. and the Philippines. Tristate tornado The deadliest tornado in US history carves a 151-mile (243-km) path of destruction through the states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people and destroying 15,000 homes. 185

The story of music Japanese court music Music around the world is as varied as the people who Officials from Japan travel to China to populate it. European music developed during the learn about its culture. The Japanese Middle Ages, but other traditions can be traced to much blend Chinese court music with Korean earlier dates. All forms of music are used to express and other Asian styles to create their emotion, to mark religious ceremonies or important own classical orchestral music, gagaku. events, and, above all, as a source of pleasure. 230 c.500 ce c.800 600 bce Indian ragas Gamelan Religious music The Indian classical music An Indonesian gamelan orchestra consists of The rise of Christianity form, the raga, is first metallophones (tuned metal bars) hit with mallets, spreads music throughout Europe. Plainsong (a single referred to in the Upanishads hand-played drums, gongs, and xylophones. unaccompanied melody (ancient texts of Hinduism). Gamelan music is played in traditional ceremonies with free rhythm) is sung in church services. Music is Ragas are particular patterns and on formal occasions. learned by ear and is largely of notes, associated with performed from memory. certain moods and times of day. 1894 1920s – 1950s 1930s 1934 Modern music Jazz Age Umm Kulthum Rock and Roll Frenchman Claude America’s new music, jazz, Egyptian Umm Guitar-based popular Debussy composes becomes more popular. It Kulthum sings in the music, known as “Rock Prélude à l’après-midi d’un is a blend of African and and Roll,” emerges in faune, which is considered to be the start European styles, and first broadcast on of modern Western music. His works use features improvisation, Radio Cairo. Her the US. It makes big new kinds of harmony, and create moods where performers each expressive vocal style stars of performers and atmospheres, like the art movement play the music in their makes her one of the such as Bill Haley & His known as Impressionism (see page 142). own unscripted way. most popular artists of Comets, Elvis Presley, the Arab world. and Chuck Berry. 186

Johann Sebastian Bach Ludwig van Beethoven German composer Bach is considered one German composer Beethoven of the greatest of the Baroque era. Music of writes his Ninth Symphony, which this period is dramatic and powerful. Bach revolutionizes this type of is the master of “counterpoint,” where orchestral piece by including the different melodies are weaved together. human voice. Despite being totally Chinese opera deaf, he conducts its first Clara Schumann performance. He has to be turned Emperor Xuanzong founds Influential German Clara Schumann the first opera school in China, around to see the enthusiastic is one of the most respected pianists applause from the audience. called the Pear Garden. of the Romantic era. She has a 60- Today, opera performers year career at a time when women (which include singers, musicians, dancers, and rarely perform in public. Works of acrobats) are still known as this period are longer, richer in “Children of the Pear Garden.” sound, and full of emotion. c.1400– 1762 1600 1824 1819– 730 1896 1685– 1750 Wolfgang The stave Amadeus Mozart The Renaissance The stave is a set of five Gifted Austrian pianist Mozart horizontal lines that Western Music in the West begins a concert tour of Europe at composers use to write their becomes more complex, the age of six. He becomes one of music. Notes are placed with two or more melodies the leading composers of the either on the lines or in the sung or played at the same Classical period, in which music spaces in between. has a new simplicity. His many The position determines time (“polyphony”). works include the operas Don how high or low the note Developments in Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, is (“pitch”). instrument-making, and and The Magic Flute. the availability of printed music, allow more people to play music. 2016 2018 1963 “Beatlemania” Beyoncé Multitalented musician British pop group The Beatles Pop singer Beyoncé’s popularity attract huge crowds wherever makes her the highest-paid black British composer Kerry they go, and 73 million musician in history. Her album Andrew specializes in works people watch them on Lemonade encompasses a for the voice, experimenting The Ed Sullivan Show. range of musical styles, with the different sounds that Fans often scream such as reggae, hip hop, it can make. She also sings and faint at their and funk. She and the in a folk group and plays in a concerts. album win many awards. jazz-influenced band. 187

Imperial Russia Under the Romanov family, Russia gained a vast empire, stretching from Alaska in the west to Poland in the east. But compared to natio n sAOftefdrfNeAiWraacaelrcetnpeeptohexudvesor,nabrorteaalfnsneeyrslvsrttiedronmo.ialntaeeTrngulnytndireihdttcfidiIoosrefoe’vcsoaWomfycnazformwsirasamadcuful,nlorreetdst,seDmshirrmNnhtdrsewatosgeeeih,acgnidcnelntchoeahodbo1srreandcyel8aatmshrrts2f.ohysTIleb5—.lehnedeeRrtWweruderasarveCrisOnetfaioedaartgraRt,liTysoatamueumifttnsrtdhroesksaeeimmetinn1aawBy18’ptEs.thnre8hTtmim5ieatenha5Wkpi3Cgelidinni6trret–dae,aeoimFcres,ryslrisfiesa.eneeanaiisnznctegoef, in western Europe, Russia was stuck in the past—its economy was based on peasant farmers, and there was little industry. Although some czars tried to modernize Russia, failure to reform led to revolutionary movements that eventually toppled the dynasty. fcniotPeTcyueihawtnnehpSesid1rattceiIe7.s’atalds0ty4Po3bd,of0o,fif1yee0sRtag7SPtu0tpo1.eehsrt0virsio2Peienrrnscealt1tnhabae7hiarmn2eubsmied5rt,benGtatturdg.hrnhetegBea,st.y1177966P2raol–esfaRLonuiartdsnwihCsmwfaidizueFenanSaasCorrdghltsrnliiut1eelePToiarh1,m8euceznwret1seii8eotBlkeza5nsna0.reeehCtelgsiIpy5gI,atIaenR,ara–CltharuNuuthaaseisestsGhsF,pssyrpshrliowlemesitoaetfaenenGeury,rolicovlreisseihanan’rdadsnsmitlde.ieeNfoemiIrssaetInanta.aphdaosoilnwoteffilnedcecrgR.eeoo.frunuResoiFlNnusUaicitetas.nriagspydiWneiohaealsnrrtteisdhd,oAsrlennsi’aensngxwwi1atan8nciN1hdni2atenorpgIt,ohleeon PPmgmeeRieomtttieunvletihasertreorsnIiaorindriandbtsayntugentshohccfechpeeoeeeee.smdmdnpBoHGeudWeaiesrlrcmetiinioascennrtgt.c,izcaeaaorrSHntrm,nteneeaaaap.ksinoendwsger 1 1678225– The Imperial Crown From Catherine the Great (1762) until Nicholas II (1896), every czar wore the Imperial Crown, decorated with 4,936 diamonds, at their coronation. 188

189 “It is better to begin to abolish World War I serfdom from above than to mR(CkpsAuezibuaAnusanefrgsssfr.tgetdiANaoarironissfaiEhcsmGhdaua,he)eResrno.oafrdIullemtaopdsaEissemsaotta-isinfsawm3s.yttbB.ihi5e’ndsPleydavemframio1a-ua9iwdrrlstelmm1eeisao6dlsiryeyna., ,r wait until it begins to abolish IUnndodfueiFnrsdiSntuwaersnroitgacrreikeaflipoi,ilnWizRzrrgoeeuaiWitjcdgsettel,tscnatieRc,ihtosaaiMlrsnneesue,nwivogsMiradfsjneoirrtnraesiasdbiaswatnavripthtepseamngeneahw.ienlcfndirncWmoeeltadeliidhpynnteoaidhssthmteruxtrt,atpbeesiireJpinfnJA’y,loisornaafcaoalsatarlipnuac(toiRpadihdatpsfcoes)auiunaro.alirms.eelntTsnsuaio,iilhnndaifaer,stefiwtunsoetga. lring1891930– 3poBeeuSpalSlet1rtcoro.oc9aePt1otlhgfdei0eu9oeesidtlen4et0swar.ysrosnN–5sofodfSobiricnkrrumehueprdogrouanissl,rpar’ecsJdlomsioaasanaIalumtIv1ransrayei9cekilnsulhneo0gitswati,n.5bisrnuyt M19aC1ytmrhe7wzceaaaorhrcrcrRskaaNkahieonneppiuvcfgdriintostRhaatdg.loohullA,relejmtRysaomfi,ottseiaeadenonOnIn1rreIntvtdb9otamhicshnBrovbeo1teteogor7dfroalawalrNustwu3riabktcrrhlioi0eocelsiotaeieOtrshzo.0vhintkuotoercoeiepekpsulstdadsosrrpnttbsi,sbsaraiiysiInice,nnrkIneotrdageytimRnzhls(maedelmeatvpeehtTTuoeomrishnlrshwubeifkhstaeeeinBtoomrroptonsBdiwbo.)llusy.ylonirhCtaiinelaczrsgevsaaihrlktahpsneea, avrtyik, s itself from below.” Czar Alexander II, March 30, 1856 th1e9sw1trieRa4tr,touhtees2p.se,soeifRrBmctaiWuslelaentesilelnssocwEietJ.onuead’rtmeeJsgeppineJadrwo1ienwegis8nrsfzwl8fooelsa1arretdmbatgeseb,neaygd-iwtscnhhcitkeacolehebde 1914– 1918 tprhe“eosIrRnIsRIeiuueravsstr1seFoshlssei8soitiflnufilir8astii1octocRncrsoaltawcltufiinmasiyeunaossnnrrdcginatgsot”oseihruiiAonsslfteas,itiiriuergnersxAcoelasml.e,ateliefapneTxootwodrdihan.sheenmeorobdIsdy.In’ers 11889814– 1881

Birth of the US The American Revolution (1775–1783) came from growing tensions between the residents of the 13 colonies (see pages 160–161) and their British rulers. The colonists were unhappy about British taxes and felt that the government didn’t respect their rights. Crossing the Delaware Saratoga Molly Pitcher On Christmas night, George Washington A turning point in the Revolutionary War, There is a legend that a woman called leads boats across the icy Delaware River the second of two Battles of Saratoga Molly Pitcher brings water to the American sees British forces surrender. France wounded on the battlefield at Monmouth, to launch a surprise attack on German enters the war, and will recognize US troops fighting for Britain. Their victory independence with an alliance in 1778. New Jersey. Mary Ludwig Hays may be gives the Continental Army new hope. the real woman behind this legend. September December June October April June 1776 1776 1777 1777 1778 1778 Submarine attack! Stars and Stripes Dollar sign In the one-person submarine Turtle, Sergeant The Second Continental Congress The dollar sign $ begins to appear, possibly as Ezra Lee tries to attach a bomb to the hull of adopts the Stars and Stripes flag. an abbreviation for pesos used in trade with British admiral Richard Howe’s ship in New Its 13 stripes and 13 stars represent the Spain. In 1792, the US will start producing York Harbor. Lee can’t drill through the ship’s the first dollar coins. thick hull, and the bomb explodes harmlessly. 13 colonies. 190

Founding Fathers General Washington Independence Representatives of the colonies, including The Second Continental Congress names On July 4, the Second Continental George Washington, John and Samuel George Washington as Commander of the Congress votes to adopt the Declaration Continental Army, which will become the of Independence, which announces that Adams, and Patrick Henry, meet as the First foundation of the US army. The first major Continental Congress to set out their battle of the war takes place at Bunker Hill. the 13 American colonies now see complaints about British rule. themselves as independent from Britain. March September April June January July 1770 1774 1775 1775 1776 1776 Boston Massacre Lexington and Concord “Common Sense” In Boston, a mob of unruly American colonists The first conflicts of the Revolutionary Patriot Thomas Paine writes this attacks British soldiers, who then shoot and War take place in the towns of Lexington anonymously published essay in Philadelphia, kill several people. This inflames anti-British and Concord. British troops try to capture and arguing in favor of American independence. destroy the colonists’ supply of weapons, but feeling, giving the patriots (who oppose the colonists have been warned of the attack. Every rebel against British rule gets a copy. British rule) a boost of support. Yorktown American Constitution New capital After a stalemate in the north, the Representatives of the 13 American Washington commissions French battlefront moves south. British forces states meet to approve an official architect L’Enfant to design a grand city surrender at Yorktown in Virginia, trapped to become the capital of the new nation. by French warships off the coast and Constitution. Called “the supreme law of overpowered by the Continental Army. the land,” the Constitution establishes The city is named Washington in the the government of the United States. president’s honor. July October September May January July 1781 1781 1783 1787 1789 1790 James Armistead Treaty of Paris First US president Lafayette This treaty formally ends the Revolutionary US representatives vote unanimously to Born a slave, African-American War and sets the boundaries of the United elect George Washington as the first US Armistead works as a spy for the president. In April 1789, he will take his oath Continental Army. He will help them States. Britain agrees to recognize US in New York City, the capital at the time. to secure a victory at Yorktown. independence, and British troops leave for home. 191

Crossing the Delaware River On December 25, 1776, George Washington led his troops across the icy Delaware River to deliver a surprise attack on Trenton, New Jersey, captured in this iconic painting. Washington hoped that a quick victory would boost morale within his army following a series of defeats during the Revolutionary War. Despite the dangerous conditions, they crossed successfully and marched into Trenton the following morning, achieving an important victory over the troops fighting for Britain.



Seed sower Steam engine Jethro Tull’s mechanical seed Scottish engineer James Watt patents drill permits large-scale planting a steam engine that is more efficient in neat rows. This innovation is than existing machines. As well as part of the wider Agricultural draining water from mines, Revolution, in which new farming Watt’s engine can be used in iron, methods and technology are cotton, and paper mills. used to increase crop 1769 productivity across Europe. Spinning jenny James Hargreaves, a British carpenter and weaver, invents the spinning jenny. The machine spins more than one ball of yarn or thread at a time, making it easier and faster to make cloth. 1701 1764 Child labor Trains Mining Britain’s first Factory Act British engineer George Stephenson wins A series of innovations allows improves conditions for children the speed contest on the new Liverpool to coal to be mined on a bigger Manchester railroad with his steam engine scale than ever before, providing working in factories. Now, children cannot work until they Rocket. In this year, the first 51 miles more fuel for industrial are nine, and the number of hours (82 km) of railroad track in the world machines and older children can work is limited. transportation. Children who are 9 to 13 go to is laid down in Britain. school for 2 hours each day. 1829 1815 1833 The Industrial Revolution One of the most important periods of change in human history was the Industrial Revolution. This was an exciting time of machines and manufacturing that transformed the way people lived and worked. It brought developments in technology that revolutionized farming, factories, and travel. These changes began in Britain in the 1760s and rapidly swept across the globe. Town life 1846 The results of the British census show that, for the first time, more people are living and working in towns than in the countryside. Sewing machines American inventor Elias Howe patents the modern sewing machine. Now, clothes can be made in large factories, meaning that people no longer have to make clothes by hand. 194 1851

Factory towns Canal mania British industrialist Richard Arkwright Originally built to transport coal from mines builds a village to house workers for to Manchester, England, the Bridgewater his cotton spinning mill in Cromford, Canal is extended to connect to Liverpool. The success of this long-distance canal England. It eventually includes a school, market, and church. kicks off a period of construction known as “canal mania.” 1771 1776 Power loom British inventor Edmund Cartwright builds the first power loom, a weaving machine that is driven by water instead of workers. It is later powered by the new steam engines. Worker riots Textile laborers attack factories and destroy the machines they fear will replace them. 1811–1816 1785 Safety lamp Mines Act 1815: The Geordie lamp and the Davy lamp 1842: Britain’s Mines Act bans are created. A piece of gauze covers the women and young children lamp’s flame, preventing explosions. from working underground. Dynamite 1867: Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, which provides a safer way to blast holes in mountains or the ground rather than simply lighting black powder. Dynamite is important in clearing paths to build things such as roads and railroad tracks. 1875 Night shift Power stations Worker health American inventor Thomas Edison creates a light bulb The first central electrical power station that lasts longer than other designs. Edison’s light is completed in Deptford, England, due Britain’s Public Health Act requires the government to ensure bulbs allow factories to continue operating after dark. to increasing demand for power in industrialized central London. that housing and sewer systems are clean and safe. 1879 1889

Aboriginal Australia Australian Aboriginal people have one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth. They were relatively undisturbed by outsiders until Europeans landed in the 17th century. c.63,000 bce First humans 50,000 bce Dreamtime The first inhabitants of Australia The new settlers are hunter- arrive by boat across the sea gatherers that live in groups with from Southeast Asia. They take shared culture, beliefs, and art. advantage of the sea levels Their core belief is that the land being much lower at this time. dates back to creation in an ancient period called the “Dreamtime.” 45,000 bce Megafauna 45,000 bce Rock engraving More than 85 percent of Aboriginal engravings are found Australian megafauna (huge on rocks in Murujuga, featuring mammals) have been wiped ancient pictures and symbols of out in Australia by this time. animals, figures, and ceremonies. It is likely that humans prey on them, but a change in 38,000 bce Didgeridoo climate about 70,000 years The didgeridoo is invented in the ago may also have contributed. These creatures included Northern Territory of Australia. tortoises as big as a small car It is believed to be the world’s and carnivorous kangaroos. oldest musical instrument. It is 41,000 bce Mungo Man The oldest human remains ever played by blowing into one end discovered in Australia were of of a long tube to produce deep, an ancient hunter from the southeast coast who is given resonant sounds. the name “Mungo Man.” Mungo Man’s body was carefully laid Aboriginal rock art out, the earliest example of Aboriginal burial traditions. Aboriginal artists have painted images from their lives and mythology on rock for tens of thousands 8000 bce Uluru of years. Red pigments are made from iron-rich clays, Aboriginal people start to live and are brushed or blown from the mouth to color around Uluru, a great rock in the the rock surface. Australian desert. The rock dates back 600 million years, and it is revered as a sacred site by Aboriginal people. 196

Settling in Australia The colonization of Australia Life for both jailers (on the left) and convicts (on the right) was tough in Australia, especially in the early years of The first Europeans turned Australia into a jail— the colony. At the end of a convict’s sentence (which a place for British convicts to serve time. In the was usually seven years long), they were given a Certificate process, Aboriginal inhabitants of the land were of Freedom. This meant they were allowed to leave to mistreated, a legacy that is still felt today. return to Britain, or stay on the colony and start life anew. Many decided to stay, and as the colony grew, it offered them a better standard of living than they could have hoped for back in Britain. 1606 First Europeans Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon becomes the first European to set foot on Australia. Another Dutchman, Abel Tasman, sails around it in 1642, but mistakes it for another place. Tasman calls the continent “New Holland.” 1768 Cook’s orders On the orders of the British government, James Cook sets sail on his ship Endeavour to explore the area. 1787 First Fleet 1770 Records and maps Britain decides to send its While the Endeavour is anchored convicts to Australia, and the First in Botany Bay, Australia, botanist Fleet of 11 ships sets off for the new continent. It lands a year Joseph Banks records new later, near modern-day Sydney. species of plant and animal life. 1789 Deadly diseases Cook maps eastern Australia for European diseases decimate Aboriginal people, who have no the first time, and claims the immunity to them. Within the first land for Britain. century of settlers arriving, 90 percent of the Aboriginal 1788 First contact population will be wiped out by Conflict erupts between Europeans disease and conflict. and Aboriginal people almost from 1851 Gold rush the start. The Aboriginal people will Life is looking up for the colonists when coal miners discover gold. be forced into hard labor in 1810. The population grows and From 1822 onward, renewed becomes more prosperous. 1976 Land rights violence will end in hundreds of The government introduces laws Aboriginal casualties. that recognize the Aboriginal 1824 Australia system of land ownership, meaning some land is handed The name New Holland is back to them. officially replaced with “Australia.” The country achieves independence from Britain on January 1, 1901. 1905–1968 Stolen children Children of Aboriginal descent are forcibly removed from their families by the government and Church and given to white families. The policy causes untold suffering to Aboriginal people. The government will issue an apology in 2008. 197

THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE A revolution begins During a summer of unrest in 1789, thousands of angry French people crowded around a fortified prison called the Bastille in eastern Paris. The Bastille’s governor held firm in his towering stronghold, but the tense standoff turned into a violent battle that would kick-start the French Revolution and end the King’s reign. A symbol of terror In the early morning of July 14, a mob of including defecting French troops. A battle commoners loots the Hôtel des Invalides, begins as the mob storms the building, In 1370, during the bloody conflict known searching for weapons. Unchallenged, the bolstered by several cannons. The Marquis as the Hundred Years’ War, the French mob leaves with thousands of rifles but de Launay, sensing defeat, threatens to king Charles V reinforces Paris’s walled very little gunpowder, rendering the light his stock of gunpowder and blow up defenses and builds the imposing Bastille weapons useless. A soldier tells the mob the Bastille and most of Paris, but the to guard the capital’s eastern approach. about the 250 barrels of gunpowder revolutionaries call his bluff. At 5:00 p.m., as Over the next 400 years, the towering delivered to the Bastille, so the mob the Bastille’s garrison switches sides, the fortress becomes a prison for high-ranking marches 2.5 miles (4 km) east to the prison. fortress is lost and the governor surrenders. captives and develops a reputation for The Bastille—for years a symbol of tyranny torture and terror. A firm standoff and terror—is liberated by the victorious masses. The few prisoners that were Summer of rebellion In the late morning, the mob surrounds imprisoned are released as the mob loots the Bastille and demands gunpowder the armory and gunpowder stores. In the summer of 1789, France is in and weapons. The prison’s governor, turmoil as taxes rise and food is in short the Marquis de Launay, stands firm inside Not a rebellion… a revolution supply. French commoners—people the heavily defended stronghold. The who are not members of the aristocracy— 120 elderly soldiers of the Bastille’s The Marquis de Launay is transported to the demand political change. In angry garrison position themselves around Hôtel de Ville to stand trial, but en route he is opposition to the nearly bankrupt King the ramparts and prepare to man the captured by the furious crowd and is beaten Louis XVI, they form a revolutionary 18 cannons. Delegates from the swelling and killed. King Louis XVI doesn’t hear of the organization that they call the National crowd of commoners surrounding the uprising until later in the day. In August 1789, Assembly and demand changes to the Bastille are turned away by the marquis as the National Assembly abolishes feudalism— French constitution. the angry governor refuses to listen to the a social system that gives the aristocracy mob’s demands. By early afternoon, with control over commoners. On September 3, The search for gunpowder frustration and impatience spreading 1791, King Louis XVI is forced to agree to a through the crowd, a small group of raiders constitutional monarchy, limiting his powers, On July 11, 1789, Louis XVI dismisses the gain entry into the prison’s courtyard. but this lasts only a year. In September finance minister Jacques Necker, who is 1792, France is proclaimed a republic, its seen as sympathetic to the revolutionaries. The governor surrenders power held by the people instead of the French troops move into strategic positions monarchy. The transition to a republic does around Paris as the monarchy tries to Fearful of losing his grip on the fortress, not go smoothly, and France descends into a reinforce its grip on power. On July 12, the the marquis orders his men to fire on the dark period of further uprisings and violence Bastille receives delivery of 250 barrels of invading force. The gunfire angers the known as the Reign of Terror. gunpowder. Meanwhile, around Paris, crowd, and more people join the assault, rioters raid armories and weapon stores.