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lts';o y]0tlyf ;y-k rNo4ko;y-k-u[ 3fp lD;DlI. 95fxtlq’];, 1. fhko7;k,I6h ;y-krNo4ko;y-k-u[,u95fxtlq’rafmtokoadIPo.sh,u7;k,I6h 7;k,g0qhk.9.o0t[;o dkoIPog8ad3o3]-u8k,]kp;y-k g-ajoG dkogInvoF dkodtlyde c]t dko-jk’D .shoadIPoI6h9advtmy[kp7;k,g0Qk.90v’8qogv’8+[qfIPoF lk,kf[vd-nj c]t g]nvd .-hv5xtdvoF ;afltf5mjuoe,k.-h.odkovvdcI’’kofh;p7;k,g\ktlq, c]t ,u7;k,xvf wrF ltcf’ s^n lkmyfdkoxt8y[af.odkovvdcI’’koD 2. fhkomadlt .shoadIPoI6h9ad;k’czoxt8y[af;Pd’kofh;p7;k,7vj ’c7;j c]t ,usq;7yfxtfyf lhk’F ,umadltrnho4komuj9egxao.odkofe]q’-u;yfF xtdv[vk-u[l5f9ts^yfF ,umadlt.odko 9afdko da[;Pd’komju4nd,v[\kp c]t ,u]t[P[c[[czogIaf;Pd1kj ’gxao]t[q[ I;j ,da[z6hvnoj wfhF gsaoco;mk’.odkoxtdv[vk-u[F g]nvd.-hg8ad3o3]-uwfhg|ktlq,da[ ;Pd’ko1kj ’4nd8hv’D 3. fhkomafltot7t8y c]t 7jkoypq, .shoadIPo,u7;k,lk,ad7uF ,u7;k,8A’.9F ,u7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F ,u75olq,[afF f5|aoj F -nj lafF xt1afF vqfmqoF oe.-hrt]a’’koF -a[rtpkdvome,t-kfF xqdxadIadlklyj’c;f]hv, 1kj ’d5h,7jk c]t 4nd;ymuD 103

II. goNv.os^adl6f -Ao,afmtpq,xumu 1 1 -q;j 3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 33 -qj;3,’]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[ ! rkdmu I dkogInvo ! { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[;Pd ! gInvo g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp7;k,le7ao { dkome7;k,ltvkfg7njv’.-h ! xt3spfF s^addko;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo0v’ rkp.ogInvo # 0t[;odkogIaf;PdgInvoF dko9afdkoF ! lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t xtg,uozqodko { dkome7;k,ltvkflj;o ! gIaf;PdD xtdv[ 0v’gInvo ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf ! cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7njv’,nF g7njv’.-h { ,k]tpkfrkp.o7v[7q; ! .odkogIaf;PddjP;da[;PdgInvoD { dko8afspy[ { v5xtdvo.odkox5’c8j’ { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIaf;PdgInvo8qogv’ { cd’9nf c]t xuh’ c]t ;Pdl;j o];,fh;p7;k,xvfwrD { oEs;koxtgrf8Q, { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkogIaf;PdgInvoDlts';o y]0tlyf 3fp { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fplD;Dl \6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yjoD { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5j, s^n lt,k-ydd5,j .odkogIaf;Pd1jk’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’’ko c]t ly’j c;f]hv, muj,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmkj mumujfu7nG ,u7;k,f5\aoj F 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omujfu7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmufj u7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-j;pgs^nv \6j c]t [=jgsaocd8j q;D 104

@ rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[dkox6d /a’ c]t ]hP’laf g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp{ rnfzadmujx6dfh;pcdoj ! 7;k,le7aoxt3spfF s^addko ;ymudkoF{ dkodhkcdoj @ 0Ao8vo0v’0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’{ dkox6drnfzadfh;pcdjo # lafF dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t{ dkogda[d6h c]t 9e|jkprnfzad ! xtg,uozqodkogIaf;PdD{ lafxud !{ 7vd]hP’lafxud ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ dko]hP’lafxud ! cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h{ vksko c]t dko.shvksko ! dPj ;da[dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafD ! lafxud { ,umadlt0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf{ dkoxhv’daolaf86 c]t rtpkf .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t lj;o];, fh;p 7;k,xvfwrD lafxud { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafD { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp |6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yjoD { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5,j s^n lt,k-ydd5,j .odkogIaf;Pd’ko1kj ’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’ko c]t lyj’c;f]hv, .sh,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmjkmumufj u7nG ,u7;k,f5\ajoF 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl { ,u]t[P[;y.omufj u7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmujfu7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-;j pgs^nv \6j c]t [=jgsaocdj8q;D# rkdmu III dko-jk’ { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[;Pd dko -jk’ g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp7;k,le7aoF{ w,hcxI6[ c]t g7njv’,n-kj ’w,h @ xt3spfF s^addko c]t ;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo{ g7njv’,n c]t g7nvj ’;afcmd @ 0v’0t[;odko gIaf;Pddko-jk’F dko @ le]a[dkod+ 105

{ ;afltf5w22hk c]t ;afltf58yf @ 9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t xtg,uo zqodko gIaf;PdD 8A’w22hk ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ v5xtdvow22hk #{ g7njv’;afcmdw22hk cx’gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7njv’,nF g7nvj ’.-h.o{ ;afltf53]st dkogIaf;PddPj ;da[dko-jk’D { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIaf;PddPj ;da[dko -kj ’8jk’M .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t l;j o ];,fh;p7;k,xvfwr { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkogIaf;Pddko-jk’ { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp \6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yjoD { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5j, s^n lt,k-ydd5,j .odkome’ko1kj ’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’’ko c]t ly’j c;f]hv, muj,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmkj mumujfu7nG ,u7;k,f5\aoj F 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omufj u7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt 3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmufj u7nG ,u7;k,]tvPfxk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-j;pgs^nv \6j c]t [=gj saocd8j q;D lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 106

-Ao,afmtpq,xumu 21 -qj;3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 33 -q;j 3,’]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[! rkdmu I dkogInvo ! { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[;Pd gInvo ! g-ajoG I6h7;k,\kp7;k,le7ao xt3spfF{ dkome7;k,ltvkfvhv,Iv[ ! s^addko;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo0v’0t[;odko [=]yg;ogInvo # gIaf;PdgInvoF dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf ! ;Pd c]t xtg,uozqodkogIaf;PdD{ dkode9af0Ugj spNv @{ ,k]tpkf c]t xtgrou.ola’ { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h 7q, .odkogIaf;PddjP;da[;PdgInvoD{ dko8afspy[fh;p,n @){ dko0Q;-Uo { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIaf;PdgInvo8qogv’{ g0Qk8Q,.l\j kddh;p c]t 4q;j c]t ;Pdlj;o];,fh;p7;k,xvfwrD fe { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkogIaf;PdgInvoD { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp \6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yjoD { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5,j s^n lt,k-ydd5j, .odkogIaf;Pd1jk’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,tlts';o y]0tlyf -kfF rt]a’’ko c]t ly’j c;f]hv,mju,u3fp 7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[ 8q;9y’DlD;Dl { ,umafltotmkj mumujfu7nG ,u7;k,f5\aoj F 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omujfu7nG ,u7;k,-nlj afF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmujfu7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-j;pgs^nv \6j c]t [=gj saocdj8q;D 107

@ rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[dkox6d]hP’laf & /a’ c]t ]hP’laf g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp{ dkox6drnfzadfh;psq; s^n |+{ dkogda[d6h c]t 9e|jkprnfzad ! 7;k,le7aoxt3spfF s^addko ;ymudkoF ! 0Ao8vo0v’0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’{ raolafohvpmjuoe,k]hP’ lafF dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t{ lt4komuFj 7vd c]t v5xtdvo ! xtg,uozqodko gIaf;PdDle]a[]hP’lafohvp ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ dko]hP’lafohvp{ vksko c]t dko.shvksko ! cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h djP;da[dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafDlafohvp { ,umadlt0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t l;j o];, fh;p 7;k,xvfwrD { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’ lafD { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp|6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yoj D { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5,j s^n lt,k-ydd5j, .ogIaf;Pd’ko1jk’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’ko c]t lyj’c;f]hv, .sh,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmjkmumufj u7nG ,u7;k,f5\aoj F 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omufj u7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt 3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmufj u7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-;j pgs^nv \6j c]t [=jgsaocd8j q;D lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 108

# rkdmu III dko-jk’ @ { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[;Pddko @ -jk’g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp7;k,le7aoF xt{ dkooe.-hg7njv’,nle]a[;Pd @ 3spfF s^addko c]t ;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo ’ko -jk’w,h ! 0v’0t[;odkogIaf;Pddko-kj ’F dko ! 9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t xtg,uozqo{ ;afltf5d+lhk’ @ dkogIaf;PdD{ g7nvj ’.=-hw22hk{ g7nvj ’,nlhv,cx’w22hk ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ g7njv’;afcmdw22hk ! cx’gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h.o{ dkooe.-hg7nvj ’,nle]a[’ko ! dkogIaf;PddjP;da[dko-kj ’D ! 3]st { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIaf;PddPj ;da[dko{ dko[e]5’Iadlk c]t gda[,hPo -kj ’8kj ’M .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t l;j o ];,fh;p7;k,xvfwr g7nvj ’,n-kj ’3]st{ l;j oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’ { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdhw0 [aosk.odkogIaf;Pddko-jk’ g7njv’9adcvaf-a’{ s^addkome’ko0v’g7nvj ’9ad lu9j a’s;t{ lq,mP[]adltot0v’g7njv’9ad { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u lv’9a’s;t 3fp\6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yoj D lts';o y]0tlyf{ lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5j, s^n lt,k-ydd5,j 3fp.odkome’ko1kj ’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D lD;Dl { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’’ko c]t lyj’c;f]hv, mju,u7;k,cmf7;k,cmfg\ktda[lt rk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmjkmumufj u7nG ,u7;k,f5\ajoF 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omufj u7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmujfu7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-j;pgs^nv \6j c]t [+gsaocd8j q;D 109

-Ao,afmtpq,xumu 31 -qj;3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 33 -q;j 3,’]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[ ! rkdmu I dkogInvo # { [vd;ymuspy[f6dzhkc[[me,tfkF c[[ { dkospy[f6d c]t spy[dh5o # f6dg0Qk4EF c[[]Q,f6dF f6d76j c]t { dkocl;j # spy[dh5oD { cd’lQ, c]t gvktdtmy ! { vtmy[kpxt3spf0v’dko8afspy[wfhD { g-njv,\kdd;h p c]t g-njv,,oa 8oQ ! { I6hoe.-h c]t gda[,hPoIadlkv5xtdvo.o { dkofv’zad c]t \kdw,hD ! dkocl;j 1kj ’4nd;ymuD { g/yddtdP,fhkpcl;j F dkocpfj hkpclj; s^kpglAoF dko0vffhkpcl;j F dkooe .-hltfb’D { g/ydcl;j [kfg7nvF [kfw0;8j uodkF [kf3lh sn^ 8Jv’3lhD { vtmy[kpxt3spf0v’dkocl;j wfhD { [vd-ngj 7njv’xtdv[F ;ymudkodtdP, xtgrfcd’ c]t gvktdtmyD { [vd-njg7njv’xtdv[F ;ymudkodtdP, xtgrfg-njv,dh;p c]t g-njv,,ao8QoD { [vd;ymux5’c8j’ ;ymu9af;k’vksko xtgrfg-njv,dh;p c]t g-njv,,ao8QoD { [vd-ngj 7nvj ’xtdv[F ;ymudkodtdP,D { [vd;ymudkox5’c8’j F ;ymudko9af;k’ vkskoxtgrfdkofv’zad c]t \kd w,hD lts';o y]0tlyf@ rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf 3fp lD;Dl { dkodhkcdjo8Qow,hdyo\kdD @ { vtmy[kp7;k,\kple7ao c]t 75oxt { dkox6d8Qow,hdyo\kdfh;pcdjo @ 3spf0v’8Qow,hdyo\kdD { dkogda[d6h c]t dko9e|jkp ! ! { [vd-nj c]t dko7afg]nvdco;rao8Qow,h \kdw,hD ! dyo\kdmujx6dfh;pcdjoD { dko]hP’laf.spjD ! { 7vd c]t v5xtdvo.odko]hP’ { lkmyfdkoxtlq,fyo c]t dhkcdjoD { [vddko7afg]nvdlt4komuj c]t 75olq, 110

laf.spDj ! [af0v’fyog\ktda[dkox6d8Qow,hdyo{ dko]hP’’q; c]t 7;kpD ! \kdD{ vksko c]t dko.shvksko’q; { [vddkodtdP,v5xtdvo c]t |koc]t 7;kp dvj ox6d8Qow,hdyo\kd{ rtpkflaf c]t dkoxhv’dao { [vd;ymux6d c]t dko[q;]t[afIadlk 8Qow,hdyo\kdD { lkmyf;ymuzt]yfoE1krNog,nv’g]a’j fvd c]t \kdD { [vddkogda[d6h\kdw,hD { [vddko9afdkos^a’9kdgda[d6h c]t dko9e|jkpD { [vdxts;af c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’dko ]hP’lafD { [vdlkpraolaf c]t -toyf0v’lafmuj oe,k]hP’D { [vddko7afg]nvdlt4komuj c]t I6[ c[[0v’7vd.odko]hP’laf.spjD { [vdv5xtdvomulj e7ao.odko]hP’lafD { [vddko]hP’’q;F 7;kp c[[8kj ’M { ;ymuxt8y[af.odko.shvkskoD { [vd-toyf0v’vkskole][a ]Ph ’lfa .spDj { [vdcsj^’ c]t ;ymugda[IadlkvkskoD { [vdrtpkfmu,j adgduf0Boda[laf.spjD { [vds^addkoxhv’daortpkflaf.spDj# rkdmu III dko-jk’ lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl{ dko8afw,h c]t dko-vpw,h @ { [vddko8afw,h4nd8hv’D{ xtmkpd+ @ { [vddko-vpw,h.sh4nd8hv’D{ g7njv’.-hw22hk ! { [vd-n;j afltf5d+lhk’muoj e.-hxtlq,gIaf{ g7njv’,nlhv,cx’ c]t g7njv’;af ! ! xtmkpd+D cmdw22hk ! { [vd;ymuxtlq,xtmkpd+fh;pcI’’ko{ dko-;j pgsn^vz6hxtlq[v5xt8ygsf @ c]t g7njv’9adD 9kdw22hkD ! { [vd]adltot0v’dkooe.-h c]t dko{ dko;afcmdF dko8af c]t ! @ [q;]t[afIadlkg7nvj ’.-hxtgrf.shlP’ dkog]njvp3]st c]t rk[D{ 7;k,xvfwr.o’ko3]st { [vd]adltot0v’dkooe.-h c]t dko{ g7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqo [q;]t[afIadlkg7njv’.-hxtgrf3,g8u 111

{ dkooe.-hg7njv’,nlhv,cx’ c]t g7nvj ’xa[vkdkoD ]qfpqoD { [vddkogdufv5xt8ygsf c]t v5xtdvo{ dko[qf]t[afIadlk c]t dko xhv’daow22hkD gda[ ,hPog7nvj ’,n-jk’]qfpqoD { [vd]adltotg7nvj ’,nlhv,cx’w2h2hkD { [vd]adltotg7njv’,n;afcmdw22hkD { [vd]adltot0v’dkogdufv5xt8y[afgsf .ocI’faow22hkgduo c]t [+gduo *WW 3;oD { dko-;j pgsn^vz6h4ndw22hkf6fD { [vd.shoadIPoI6hg4y’7;k,le7ao0v’ dko8af c]t dkog]nvj pD { 7;k,\kp0v’dko8af c]t dko g]nvj pD { [vdv5xt8ygsfgduf9kddkooe.-h g7nvj ’,nD { [vddko[q;]t[afIadlkg7njv’,nD { [vd-toyf0v’g7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqoD { [vddkooe.-hg7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqoD { [vddkooe.-hg7njv’,nlhv,cx’]qfpqo .sh4nds^addkoD { [vd7;k,vao8t]kpmu9j tgduf 4hkoe.-h [+4nd;ymudkoD { grnvj .shoadIPolk,kf[vddko[q;]t [afIadlk c]t dkogda[,hPog7nvj ’,n -jk’]qfpqo.sh4nds^addkoD lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 112

-Ao,afmtpq,xumu 4 1 -qj;3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 33 -qj;3,’]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[! rkdmu I dkogInvo { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[dkospy[ # c]t dkox5’c8’j g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kpdkospy[G{ dkospy[c9zhkg-af,nF \vo # 7;k,le7aoxt3spfF s^addko;ymudkoFc]t 4q’sU; 0Ao8vo0v’0t[;odkospy[ c]t dko{ dkoclj; ! x5’c8’j F dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pddkox5’c8j’G c]t xtg,uozqodkogIaf;PdD{ dkope-Uo c]t g0Qkzaf ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ g0Qkla’0tspk c]t la’0tspk ! cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7njv’,nF g7njv’.-h .odkogIaf;PddPj ;da[dkospy[ c]t\kdvbgxao|j;p dkox5’c8’j fh;p8qogv’D{ d;o\kdw,h { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIafdkospy[ c]t dkox5’c8j’fh;p8qogv’ c]t gIaf;Pd Ij;,da[7qovnoj fh;p7;k,xvfwrD { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kfcdh w0[aosk.odkospy[ c]t dkox5’c8j’D { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp\6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yoj D { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5,j s^n lt,k-yd d5j,.o dkogIaf;Pd1jk’,usq;7yfxtfyf lts';o y]0tlyflhk’D 3fp lD;Dl { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo me,t-kfF rt]a’’ko c]t ly’j c;f ]hv, mju,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[ 8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmjkmumujfu7nG ,u7;k,f5\ajoF 0t spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omujfu7nG ,u7;k,-nlj afF 8q’8+ g;]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmufj u7nG ,u7;k,]tvPf xkoufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 113

7;k,xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad -j;pgs^nv\6j c]t [+gsaocdj8q;D@ rkdmu II dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[dkox6ddkox6d/a’G /a’ c]t ]hP’laf g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp @ 7;k,le7aoxt3spfF s^addko ;ymudkoF{ dko0tspkpraow,hdyo\kd # 0Ao8vo0v’0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t fh;pdko3m,dyj’ ]hP’lafF dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd{ dko3m,dyj’dko]hP’lafG ! c]t xtg,uozqodkogIaf;PdD{ dkolhk’|v’]hP’xk ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ raoxk c]t raodq[mujoe,k]hP’ ! cx’F gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7nvj ’,nF g7nvj ’.-h{ dkoxtlq,raoxk{ dko]hP’xk ! djP;da[dkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafD{ dko]hP’dq[ ! { ,umadlt0t[;odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’laf .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t l;j o];, fh;p 7;k,xvfwrD { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kf cdhw0[aosk.odkox6d/a’ c]t ]hP’lafD { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fp |6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yoj D { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5,j s^n lt,k-ydd5,j .ogIaf;Pd’ko1kj ’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvome ,t-kfF rt]a’ko c]t lyj’c;f]hv, .sh ,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[8q;9y’D { ,umafltotmjkmumufj u7nG ,u7;k,f5\ajoF 0t lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf -v[D { ,u]t[P[;y.omujfu7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+ g;]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmufj u7nG ,u7;k,]tvPfxk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-;j p gs^nv\6j c]t [+gsaocdj8q;D 114

# rkdmu III dko-kj ’ { ,u7;k,I6hF 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[;Pddko -kj ’w,hG @ -jk’ g-aoj G I6h7;k,\kp7;k,le7aoF xt { dko8+ c]t dkog0qhkw,h 3spfF s^addko c]t ;ymudkoF 0Ao8vo-kj ’d+G 0v’0t[;odkogIaf ;Pddko-kj ’F @ dko9afdkoF lk,kfgIaf;Pd c]t{ dkod+/k xtg,uozqo dkogIaf;PdD-jk’w22hkG ! { ,u7;k,I6h.odkog]nvd.-hF lhv,c-,F faf{ dko8yf8A’w22hk @ cx’gda[[e]5’Iadlkg7njv’,nF g7nvj ’.-h.o{ dko8=jlkpw22hk dkogIaf;PddPj ;da[dko-jk’D{ g7nvj ’,nle]a[8yf8A’w22hk ! { ,umadlt0t[;odkogIaf;Pd djP;da[ .ogInvo dko-kj ’8kj ’M .o7v[7q;8qogv’ c]t-kj ’3]stG lj;o];,fh;p7;k,xvfwr{ dko8=Fj dko8af c]t dkora[ ! { ,udkoltcs;’sk7;k,I6hF lk,kf3]st cdhw0[aosk .odkogIaf;Pddko-kj ’{ dko0qfF dkodqj’ c]t dko @ { lk,kfxtp5d s^n fafcx’g8ad3o3]-u 3fpg7kt3]st \6o.-h;af45rnho4korkp.omhv’4yjo-jk’]qfpqoG { lk,kfgxaoz6hoerkd5j, s^n lt,k-ydd5j,{ dkooe.-hrkstot.o-u;yf ! .odkome’ko 1jk’,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’D xt9e;ao ! { ,umadlt.odko\6o.-h-a[rtpkdvo !{ dkod;fdkg7njv’9ad me,t-kfF rt]a’’ko c]t ly’j c;f{ dko[e]5’Iadlksq;mPo c]t ]hv, muj,u7;k,cmfg\ktda[ltrk[ 8q;9y’D .lh8v’vkdkf { ,umafltotmkj mumujfu7nG ,u7;k,f5\ajoF 0tlts';o y]0tlyf spaoF vqfmqoF xt1af c]t ,u7;k,Ia[zyf3fp -v[D lD;Dl { ,u]t[P[;y.omujfu7nG ,u7;k,-njlafF 8q’8+g; ]k s^n oe.-hg;]k.shgxaoxt3spfD { ,u]adltotoy.lmujfu7nG ,u7;k,]tvPfxk oufF Iv[7v[F 7;k,Ia[zyf-v[F 7;k, xvfwrF ,u9yf.9d;hk’0;k’F ,ad-j;p gs^nv\6j c]t [=jgsaocd8j q;D 115

lts';o y]0tlyfIII. g8adoyddkolvo 3fp lD;Dl1. 0aho8vog0Qkl6j[qfIPo 0aho8vog0Qkl6[j qfIPo,us^kp;ymu.odkooe.-h 7;og]nvd.shsq;0=hmujdPj ;0hv’da[[qfIPomuj oe,kIPog-aoj G dkoltg|u95fxtlq’0v’dkoIPoI6hF m;o7no[qfIPogdqkj F mqflv[7;k, I6hdjvoIPoF .-h7em;kp s^n gd,dkolbdlkF Ihv’gr’ c]t g]qkj xtlq[dko8jk’MD 2. 0Aolvo { lqomtok4k,{8v[dPj ;da[g]nvj ’mujoe,kIPo s^n .shoadIPog;Qkg4y’xtlq[dko muj8qog7upxt8y[afD { 9afd5j,oadIPoc8j]td5,j .sh,usq;|hkd5j, s^n xtmkoF g]0ko5dko s^n z6h[aombd 7e7yfgsao { 769af8P,sq;0=h7Qo7;hkF [qfg/ydsafF c[[[aombdrbf8yde c]t zqodko7Qo7h;kD { c8j]td5,j ;k’czolbdlksk7;k,I6h9kd[qfIPo.oxB,c[[IPo c]t la’gdfI6[ rk[ s^n g7nvj ’9y’c]h;[aombd.oc[[[aombdzqo’koD { 76la’gdfrbf8yde0v’oadIPofhko7;k,lk,ad7uF 7;k,8A’.9 c]t 7;k,Ia[ zyf -v[ .o;Pd ’ko0totoadIPomedko7Qo7;hkD { 8q;cmooadIPoc8j]td5j,oeltg|uzqo’kos^n]kp’ko8+|hk|676j c]t Ij;,dao lts^5[ 7;k,I6hmujwfh 9kddko7Qo7;hk[qfIPo 3fpc8]j td5j,gvqkgoNv.o[qfIPo wxxtlq,xtlko X[6]tokdkog-njv,g0Qk da[dkoxt8y[af;Pd’ko8q;9y’ .o7v[7q;8qogv’?D { dkogda[zqo’ko.shoadIPoc8j]td5,j gda[zqo’ko0v’8qow;h9toe.-hxB,0PogxaoxB, [aombd s^n gIafgxaoc2h,zqo’koc]h;c8j7;k,g\ktlq,0v’3I’IPo.oc8j]tmhv’ 4yoj D 3. 0Aolts^5[ { .shoadIPog;Qkg4y’xt3spfmjuwfhIa[9kddkoIPo.oc8]j tg]njv’ c]t 76lts^5[[qf IPo rhv,ma’.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgxao[qfIPoD { cotoe.shoadIPooe7;k,I6hmjuwfhIPo,kwxoe.-h.o-u;yfxt9e;aoIV. lndj koIPo{dkolvo lnjdkoIPo{dkolvoxtdv[,ufaj’oUG { I6[rk[xtdv[dkolvo9kdxB,c[[IPo s^n xB,vnoj M { xB,c[[IPo { g7njv’0v’8q;9y’mju,u.oc8j]tmhv’4yjo { lt4komuj8q;9y’ 116

lts';o y]0tlyf{ xB,0Po s^n c2h,zqo’kole]a[gda[zqo’kog-aoj G dko8afspy[F dkolbdlk0=h,6o8q;9y’ 3fpc]t dko gIafdyf9tdevnjoMD lD;Dl { lndj koIPo{dkolvomujoe.-h8hv’.sh4ndda[goNhv.o0v’[qfIPomujoe,kIPoV. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo gxao0Ao8vo|b'j mulj e7ao c]t 0kf[+wfh.o0t[;odko9af dkoIPo{dkolvoD 95fxtlq'8Qo8=0v'dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoc,jogrnvj -j;pgs^nvoadIPo .sh,uzqodkoIPofu0BoD ltoAoF .o-q;j 3,'lvo|b'j M 767;ofegouodko;afzqo.o # w]pt7nG ;afzqodvj olvoF ;afzqo0totmudj e]a'lvo c]t ;afzqos^a'dkolvoD !D dko;afzqodvj olvo dko;afzqodjvodkolvo c,jodko;afzqodjvodkolvo[qf.\j gxaodko;afzqo grnjv1a'j g[yj'7;k,rhv,0v'oadIPo.oshv'IPo;kj ,u7;k,I6h.og]nvj 'mu9j tlvo0v'-qj;3,' oAo |hvps^kpxko.f grnjv76lvo9twfh-vdsk;ymulq'j 7;k,I6h.shoadIPo'jkp0BoD dko;afzqodjvolvooU l;j os^kp9t.-hdkolqomtok 4k,{8v[ .o0Ao8vooeg0qhklj[6 qfIPoD @D dko;afzqo]ts;jk'lvo dko;afzqo]ts;kj 'lvo c,jodko;afzqo0totmuj76de]a'lvo s^n rkps^a'mujoadIPo leg]afdyf9tde.f|bj'F 76medko;afzqogrnvj d;fg[yj';jk,uoadIPo9eo;o|hvps^kpxko.f muj leg]af c]t [+leg]af gIaf4nd8hv'8k,0Ao8vomujde|qf.oc8]j tdyf9tde}[qfg/ydsaf mu7j 6 ;k'.shgrnjv-vdsk;ymu-;j pgs^nvoadIPo 1kj '4nd8hv' c]t maodkoD @D! dko;afzqodyf9tdedkoIPo dyf9tdemju76,v[\kp.shxt8y[af.o]ts;kj ’IPo,ufa’j oUG { 76.shoadIPo8v[7e4k,mju,u.omhkp[qfIPo { 76.sh[qfg/ydsafoadIPogIaf.o-q;j 3,’IPo s^n -q;j 3,’vvdcI’’ko { [qfg/ydsaf s^n .[’komuj76,v[.shoadIPoxt8y[afgxaod5j,c8j]t[qf c,oj .sh76 lhk’0Bogv’ { [qfg/ydsafmju76lhk’0Bo,k8hv’,u95fxtlq’4nd8hv’8k,goNv.o0v’g]njv’mujoe,kIPo c]t 37’Ijk’[qfg/ydsaf8k,8q;1jk’D @D@ dko8yf8k, c]t [aombdzqodkoIPo { oadIPo[aombd.ljIkj ’[aombd0v’[qfg/ydsaf s^n .[’ko0v’c8j]t[qf { 768yf8k,F [aombddkoxt8y[afdyf9tde c]t rbf8yde s^n ]adltotoywl .o0totmujoadIPo medkoxt8y[af8q;9y’ .ljIkj ’[aombdzqo’ko 3fpdko.sh7tcoo s^n 9af]tfa[7;k,I6h oadIPo8k,,kf4ko dkoxtg,uodkoxt8y[af;Pd’ko[5d7qo c]t d5j,;k’w;hD 117

lts';o y]0tlyf#D dko;afzqos^a'lvo 3fpc,oj dko;afzqos^a'dkolvoF IPo9q[[qfIPo.f|bj' s^n rkd|bj'F 76fegouodko;afzqo lD;Dlgrnvj .sh76I6h;jk .o-qj;3,'oU oadIPolk,kf[ao]58k,95fxtlq' 0v'[qfIPo|hvps^kpxko.fD,uoadIPo9ad7qomu7j ;o9twfhIa[dko-j;pgs^nv c]t 7;o9t-j;p.ofhko.fcfj3fpdko.sh[qfg/ydsaf s^n [qfmqflv[c[[lAoM g-yj’,uI6[c[[0v’7e4k,mjuoe,k.-h,us^kpI6[c[[7nGc[[dkolyflvozyf c]t 4ndF c[[g]nvd8v[F c[[9a[76j c]t c[[0Po8v[lAoX]kp]tvPf.oxB,76,j n76 ;y-krNo4ko;y-k-u[ -Ao,afmtpq,lbdlk 8vo8Qo xu @W!W?D 118

lts';o y]0tlyf;y-k g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko 3fp lD;DlI. 95fxtlq’];, 1. fhko7;k,I6h grnvj .shoadIPoI6hG − 7;k,\kp c]t lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u − 7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c; (Software) − ]t[q[g7nv0kj p c]t ]t[q[vyog8ugoafD 2. fhkomadlt grnvj .shoadIPolk,kfI6hG − I6hs^addkodkogIaf;Pd0AorNo4ko0v’7v,ry;g8u − I6h7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’-v[c; 3. fhkomafltot7t8y c]t 7jkoypq, grnjv.shoadIPoG − ,u7;k,lqo.9F ,ad-vdI6h-vdgsaodjP;da[;ymtpklkf c]t 0t[;odkomk’fhko g8ad3o3]-u 0=h,6o 0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj koD − ,u;ymudkomk’;ymtpklkfF .odkooe.-hg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dko lnjlko grnvj 7Qorq[ c]t ,usq;7yfxtfyflhk’.odkocdh[aoskD − ,ult8y8+-kfF r6,.98+8qogv’F 8+;afmtotme c]t 8+-kf0v’8qoD − g7qk]q[ c]t pqdphv’;afmtotmevaofu’k,0v’xtgmfvnoj D − g7qk]q[8+7;k,gsao c]t lk,kfgIaf;PdI;j ,da[z6hvjnowfhD − ,u9t]yptme.odkooe.-hg8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t dkolnlj ko g0Qk.odkoxqd xadIadlk8qogv’ c]t xtgmf-kfD − gxufd;hk’l6jco;7yf.\jF ,u7;k,lts^kfmk’lt8yxaopk c]t ,u7;k,g0A,’;f 8+ 8qogv’D 119

II. goNv.os^adl6f -Ao,afmtpq,xumu 1 1 -q;j 3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 32 -qj;3,’ c]t ! -qj;3,’ Xm;o7no?]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[1 [qfmu 1 7;k,I6hrNo4kodPj ;da[ 8 − I6h7;k,\kpdjP;da[g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t 0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko dkolnjlko − I6h[qf[kfle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o 0kj ;lko c]t dkolnjlko − I6h]adltotle7ao0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o 0jk;lko − I6hzqodtmq[0v’g8ad3o3]-u0h=,6o0jk;lko2 [qfmu @ 0=h,6o c]t 0=h,6o0kj ;lko 6 − I6h7;k,\kp 0v’0=h,6oF 0=h,6o0kj ;lko c]t ]t[q[0=h,6o0jk;lko − I6hlj;oxtdv[0v’]t[q[0=h,6o0kj ;lko − I6hxtgrf0v’0=h,6oF dkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o − I6h;ymudkoxt,;ozqo0=h,6o − I6hdko9afdko0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dko cmo0=h,6o − I6hdkolhk’c2h,0=h,6o0jk;lko3 [qfmu # rafmtokdko 5 − I6hg7njv’7eo;o.op5dxts;aflkflts';o y]0tlyf 0v’7v,ry;g8u − I6h7v,ry;g8u.op5dl6opkdkf3fp X7Dl !_$W{!_&#?lD;Dl − I6h7v,ry;g8u.op5dmiko-ufltg8u X7Dl !_&#{!_*#? − I6h7v,ry;g8u.op5d;q’9vo];, − X7Dl !_*#{!_(@? − I6h7v,ry;g8u.op5d ;ucv;gvlwv (VLSI sp=h,k9kd Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) − I6h7v,ry;g8u.op5dg7nv0jkp − I6hg8ad3o3]-ulnjxtlq, (Multimedia) 120

4 [qfmu $ xtgrfF 7;k,lk,kf 6 − I6hxtgrf0v’7v,ry;g8u c]t I6[ c[[dkoxt,;ozqo − I6h7;k,lk,kf0v’7v,ry;g8u 0v’7v,ry;g8u − I6hI6[c[[dkoxt,;ozqo0v’7v,ry;g8u5 [qfmu & [5d7t]kdvo c]t − I6h[5d7t]kdvo.o;q’dko7v,ry;g8u 9t]yptme mk’fhko7v,ry;g8u 7 − I6hvk-u[mudj jP;0hv’da[7v,ry;g8u − I6h9t]yptmemk’fhko7v,ry;g8u -Ao,afmtpq,xumu 21 -q;j 3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 32 -qj;3,’ c]t ! -q;j 3,’ Xm;o7no?]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[lts';o y]0tlyf 1 [qfmu ! 7v,ry;g8u c]t 3fp − I6h;jk 7v,ry;g8u c,jospa’L lD;Dl v5xtdvo8jk’M 11 − I6hl;j oxtdv[0v’7v,ry;g8u  2 [qfmu 2 -v[c; (Software) − I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmuj0v’|j;pxt ,;ozqodk’ (Central Processing Unit)  − I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmu0j v’|j;p7;k, 9es^ad (Main Memory Unit)  − I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmuj0v’|j;p7;k, 9eleIv’ (Permanent Memory Unit)  − I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmuj0v’v5xtdvo xhvo s^n Ia[0=h,6o (Input Devices)  − I6h7;k,\kp c]t |hkmuj0v’v5xtdvolt cf’zqo (Output Devices)  − I6h7;k,\kp c]t 7;k,le7ao0v’ 21 -v[c; − I6h-v[c; c]t rklk7v,ry;g8u − I6h-toyf0v’-v[c; − I6h|hkmu0j v’-v[c; c]t ]t[q[xt8y[af dko − I6h-v[c;oe.-h − I6hw;iaf7v,ry;g8u (Computer’s Virus)  121

-Ao,afmtpq,xumu #1 -q;j 3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 32 -qj;3,’ c]t ! -qj;3,’ Xm;o7no?]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[ 1 [qfmu 1 Ikfc;7v,ry;g8u 10 − I6h|;j pxt,;ozqodk' 2 [qfmu 2 dko8yf8ah' c]t − I6h|;j p7;k,9e xtdv[7v, ry;g8u − I6hdtfkos^ad − I6hv5xtdvogda[0=h,6o − I6hv5xtdvoleIv'0=h,6o − I6h7kfltcf'zqo − I6h|j;p9=ltcf'zqo (Monitor)  − I6hv5xtdvoltcf'lP' (Audio Devices)  − I6h\=hxa[w2 c]t g7fl (Power Supply and Case) − I6hg7njv',n.odko8yf8ah' c]t lhv,cx' 9 7v,ry;g8u − I6hdko8yf8ah'-uru16 − I6hdko8yf8ah'|;j p7;k,9es^ad − I6hdko8yf8ah'dtfkos^ad − I6hdko8yf8ah'7kf0tspkp − I6hdko8yf8ah'Ikffufl − I6hdko8yf8ah' v5xtdvoleIv'0=h,6o − I6hdkocdhw0[aosk8jk'Mmujgduf0Bo0v'dko 8yf8ah'7v,ry;g8u − I6hdko8yf8ah'v5xtdvovnjo lts';o y]0tlyf3 [qfmu 3 dko8yf8ah']t[q[xt8y[af 3fp lD;Dl − I6h dko8yf8ah'wfig;ule]a[v5xtdvodko 6 8kj 'M − I6hdko8yf8ah'3xIcdi,0ahorNo4ko4 [qfmu 4 g7nv0jkp7v,ry;g8u c]t − I6h7;k,\kp0v'dkolnlj koF dkolnjlkodkolnjlko 4 0=h,6o c]t 3m]t7q,,tok7q, − I6h-toyf0v'laopko − I6h-jv'mk'dkolnjlko 122

5 [qfmu 5 vyog8ucoaf − I6hxtgrf0v'g7nv0kj p − I6h37'lhk'0v'dkog-njv,8+g7nv0kj p − I6hdkog-njv,8+vyog8ucoaf 3 − I6hdkodeoqfg]d\kpmu1j 6j c]t -ngj 7nv0kj p − I6hdko[=]ydkomk'vyog8ucoaf c]t dko lnjlko − I6hdkog-njv,8+vyo8ikcoaf c]t gvad 8ikcoaf − I6hxts;af7;k,gxao,k0v'vyog8ucoaf -Ao,afmtpq,xumu 41 -q;j 3,’}vkmyf × 33 vkmyf = 32 -q;j 3,’ c]t ! -qj;3,’ Xm;o7no?]}f sq;0=hgoNv.o g;]k lt,af4trk[ oe.-h 1 [qfmu 1 dkooe.-h]t[q[xt8y[af 2 − I6hgxuf{xyf 7v,ry;g8u c]t dko (Operating System) Windows XP. 2 [qfmu @ 7;k,I6hmq;j wxdjP;da[ 3xicdi, xt,;o7ela[ − lk,kfvtmy[kp7;k,le7ao0v’ 11 Ms word c]t Ms Excel. (Word Processing) − I6hoe.-h7elaj’F [aofk Icon 8jk’MD − I6hlhk’F 2kp grnjvgda[IadlkgvdtlkoD − I6h;ymudkovvd9kd Ms word, Ms Excel c]t gxuf gvdtlkomu,j u16cj ]h;D lts';o y]0tlyf3 [qfmu 3 dko9af;k’0=h7;k,.o 3fp gvdtlko  lD;Dl 3 − I6h;ymufafcx’0=h7;k,F 9afI6[c[[8q;vad4 [qfmu 4 dkolhk’8k8t]k’ lvo c]t d;fg[y’j gvdtlkodvj odko ry,D (Table)   − I6h;ymug]nvdF phkpF c]t legoqk0=h7;k, c]t I6hdko.-h Tab. 3 − I6h]b[F c-dF g-njv,4ao c]t c4;wfhD 123

5 [qfmu 5 7;k,I6hg[Nv’8QodPj ;da[  4 − lk,kfvtmy[kp75oxt3spf0v’ Microsoft Excel  Ms Excel.6 [qfmu 6 dko9afI6[c[[0=h7;k,.o − I6hgxuf{xyf c]t lhk’ Workbook .\Dj Cells .o Microsoft Excel  − I6hphkpF g]njvoF g]nvdF fafcdh0=h,6o.o Cell7 [qfmu 7  dkooe.-h Function 8jk’M.o|hkgvdtlkoD 8jk’M  3 − I6hxPj oI6[c[[9af;k’F .ljlurNo8q;|a’lnD8 [qfmu 8 dkolhk’czor6, − Ih6.l0j v[ c]t pqdg]uddko.l0j v[[aofk Cell 8kj ’MD (Creating a Chart)   3 − I6hdko7yfw]j3fpdkolhk’l6ffh;p8qogv’ c]t oe.-hl6f AutoSum. − I6h.-h AutoFill grnjvdkj plegoqkl6fF .-h Function MAX, MIN muoj ypq,dao.-h s^kpD − I6hd;f7nodvj odkory,F 9af|hkgvdtlko c]t ry, Worksheet. 3 − I6h;ymudkolhk’czor6,-toyf8jk’MDIII. g8adoyddkolvo lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp czop5fmtlkfdkoxt8yI6[]t[q[dkolbdlkcsj’-kf lt[a[g]dmu )$}op ]q’;aomulD;Dl!}W#}@WW( c8jxu @WW* sk @W!& wfhdeoqf.sh “xa[x5’xPj ocx’;ymulyflvo7no.\”j D grnvj .shlvf7jv’da[czop5fmtlkffa’j djk;F 9bj’7;ooe.-h;ymudkolvo mulj q’j glu,.shoadIPo,udkog7nvj ows; c]t xtdv[lj;os^kp0Bo.odkolhk’7;k,I6hD ;ymudkolvofaj’djk;gvUo;kj dkolvo 3fpgvqkoadIPogxao.9dk’D dkolvo;y-k g8ad3o3]-u0=h,6o0jk;lko c]t dkolnlj ko gxaodkolvomujgoAo.shz6hIPoI6hoe.-hg8ad3o3]-ufhkodko9af dkoda[0=h,6o0kj ;lko c8]j tfa[’kj p0Bo sk]tfa[pkdmulj ts^a[la[-hvoD faj’oAoF 0t[;odkolvo 9bj’8hv’ goAo|addko9af[aopkdkf.shgdufdkoIPoI6h9kddkogsaoF dko7yfF dkoxt8y[af’ko c]t dkocdh[aoskIj;,daoF ltoAoF dkolvoc[[gvqkoadIPogxao.9dk’oU 9bj’g-nvj ,3p’]ts;kj ’dkoxt8y[af shk0Ao8vo faj’8+wxoUG 124

lts';o y]0tlyf1. dko.-h7e4k,0v’76 3fp lD;Dl76gxao[5d7qomulj e7aomulj 5fmk’fhkogoNv.o0v’[qfIPoF fhkodko9af;k’ltrk[c;f]hv,mk’dkoIPoF gxaoz6hlhk’[aopkdkf.odkoIPo.shfegouowx1jk’,uxtlyfmyzqoD faj’oAoF 769bj’8hv’I6h;ymu8A’7e4k, .shoadIPo7Qo7;hkg-yj’7e4k,fa’j djk; 9t8hv’d;,gvqkgoNv.oma’\qf0v’[qfIPoD 7e4k,muj769t8A’0Bo.shoadIPooewx7Qo7;hkoAo xtdv[fh;p7e4k,xyf c]t 7e4k,gxufD95fxtlq’ 0v’7e4k,xyfc,oj .shoadIPo,umadltfhkogoNv.o0v’[qfIPoF l;j o7e4k,gxufc,jo.shoadIPo,uco;7yfgxufd;hk’.odko8v[7e4k, c]t dhkltcf’7;k,7yfgsaoD djvodkolvo.oc8]j t[qfIPoF 76lvo9t8hv’wfhdtdP,7e8v[le]a[7e4k,7qho7;hk0v’m5dMdyf9tde grnjvdtdP,.shdkolts^5[[qfIPo.oc8]j tdyf9tde,uxtlyfmyzqod;jkgdqkj c]ts^a’9kd9q[m5d[qfIPoc]h;76lvo 9t8hv’gxaoz6hc8j’[qflv[gla’l5fmhkpgrnvj xtg,uozqodkoIPo0v’oadIPoD 2. dkoIPoI6h9kddko7Qo7;hk8q;9y’ dko7Qo7;hk8q;9y’c,jo;ymudkomujle7aomulj 5fmk’fhkodkoIPoI6hD 7;k,I6hmuwj fh9kddko7Qo7;hk9kdcs^’j 0=h,6o8jk’Mg-ajoG 9kdxB,c[[IPoF 9kd3m]trk[F 9kd;ymtp5 c]t 9kdcs^j’0=h,6ovnoj M 9tgIaf.shoadIPog0Qk.9 c]t 9qf9es^kpd;kj 4hkmP[.l7j ;k,I6hmuwj fh 9kddko[ao]tpkp0v’76rP’1kj ’fP;D fa’j oAoF 769t8hv’,udkocotoe;ymudko7Qo7;hkF dko8v[7e4k,0v’7e4k,mu7j 6wfh9afc[’j.shoadIPo ]t vPf c]t oadIPo9twfhgvqk7e8v[muwj fh9kddko7Qo7yfoAowxltg|u.od5j,0v’8qoD 3. dkoIPoI6h9kddkoltcf’7e7yfgsao dkoltcf’7;k,7yfgsaoc,oj ;ymudko|b’j mugj /yd.shoadIPo,u7;k,dhksko c]t \Ao.9.o7;k,I6hmu8j qogv’7Qo7yf c]t lk,kfltcf’7;k,7yf7;k,gsao.\jM0v’8qovvd,kwfhD fa’j oAoF769bj’8hv’I6hcotoe .shoadIPoltcf’vvdco;7;k,7yf0v’8qofh;p;ymudkoltg|u[qfD grnvj .shdko;af c]t xtg,uozqo dkoltg|u[qf0v’oadIPo,u7;k,-afg9o.oc8j]tfhko 769b’j 8hv’;k’,kf8t4ko.odkoltg|u[qf g-ajoG fhkody]ypk,k]tpkfF dkoo5j’4nF dkog;Qk9kF fhkogoNv.o[qfIPo c]t dko8v[7e4k,D ,kf8t4ko faj’djk;gxaolj;o|b’j 0v’dko;af c]t xtg,uozqoleg]af0Ao8vooAoD 4. dkoIPo9kd\6jgrnvj o c]t 9kddkolqomtokgxaod5j, .om5dM;afmtotme9t,u7eg;Qk s^n l5rklyfmuj,u7;k,\kpmeov’fP;dao “lv’sq;fud;kjsq;fP;”D l5rklyfoU lvf7vj ’da[7t8ylkdqomu,j ugoNv.o;kj lv’7qolk,kfcdh[aoskfud;kj s^nw;d;kj z6hfP;D 125

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