Biology เต่าทอง

["mld s' rionrhroudpforil*ir.dlrouf ui 1. F.linnmrlNfi:$j{Eadluritmula riotiria nona:s;rmction _._@ \\\\ n.ab n.bc fi.ac \\\\.abc dlairiur!dC1$1:mlrhurriwalnr:r_noul'rftldrrurlfritrr_.rd Insialo.lulro ^ v udi{1fi[r.ru.t n'rlCilo.!$lrbtiriiCl M1: 3...TCT|GA...5' I 5'...iocrr...3 c 5'...6^lcc...J 5'...d^Trc...3' 3\\\"..TTCG| .a' 3 CCTAGG a' D mnLnalallidz!$ubri A ua!l'idluio{ttiiu!o!irir0irir{1 6uflirl'rdruo!hfleth!im:ar!r:rl Iaauuh{nn,stleld n. A tri1ttu n.ArdoB .!. A nlo D J d_lrlrfiJ,or.:t [polnr mur.hon) ludluDt DNA riiifiin.nddrjus n{rjorfiaiunrao: L Ils l]u Asn q,s Hls Asp Tyr Olu Hrs r.rlu lls Thr Ile Val Md ne ne Gb His l'ohriqrJuuaorihvrduflinzur0 rlo'lrniqo (1ln.nr:l{ar{uqnrrdmh tu) n nlru udluld (sub\u20actturion) 5 iiMj.! n mr ri!frrlori.66Iolni (insedon) 1rhsr.li.r lrr nr:arar,nolho$hadlo1'rd (d6l\u20acdon) rhumi.l .r. nr:ri!*nosfta*Iobri (ins6moD) lrn:nlrr1finrhholo2iilolnC (delerion) odNar 1 risl.! .1 larfulaldriu nomotogous dDfi! i!$ioudurr{r' a) ti[ynh kinetochore b) ifllJrnlufir chomarid c) ri (rnildi\/lJir locu.s d n rtunr.loon6u[rinrD_B6s na x.a b 5. oiftbuu nRNA fllhnd doth,Yrlrjdt,1lltja!!fi!.ldlr6lr olirhllbifinn.'ft n:.ufiirll atItbtcrd I I I n.a 1r. b C A G C G G CU G A A G A.Cd 3'r r r I r r r r , I I r 5'","e. dolnnndorrdarnirtrrJ::qnnldrvraldoimr ora d hnr:uiu-ndrilEdnuldhiqdilrllrr Eumsbisd,trliullo-unruooara:qnn'aii.r udidiufido!n.r:(dl }lunud lor,il riadln u^rr u:r ld?.fir,cir1ll,fiofiRniufida rr -rly'l tndr.la\\\" b) ralf,iutnldnft.\/iSmnJnrrinU:6ud6'ovrrr tdu insulin rio go',rrh hormon\u20ac ln'hlllJnflGJ uritAn-n ll:ir ruairrfulrldli' c) nlodNm{f,r cMos rdu nrld6!fr{r!F.r1:y'etryrene nir'Lflur:riallrd !froinolqflaHan filiEfdr lt. b 7. bmor'1eo! DNA rro,mi0dlm:n3nfiIdr-\\\\A X tin$d1!in_n DNA flilio,rnnuo:ldr.l b) t!!!tit{*r1 i1,ilf 6t1llda:m c) aroulDoallotnnuu DNA d) Fi?1rJr1?mlldlrii\\\"tunudna1.llndin DNA ,r.abd u. n_$ana!filtllion.utrrnlliti tnLtnltrJtn! X lt LLrDorr rnr-u ejt\/^ty,-anilon rdAo ni.lllllt n. XO L XY-r a. XXy 9. h eularyotic cell rlrllJrxflR1'ni A B !,n: C liD3lrirln po?ao,( a{ c n. nucleus tuJ A B c 'u. cltoplasm nr B C a. mftochondria rA B C r!.1. nucleolus A B lo. rislnnrirrfiordlrniunr:d{n'tri DNA n. otqe nrllitiq:airlarn 5'i.! 3' roro r. DNA polrnrerme lndo!fr!1r6'tur\\\"t]urrurln 3'1 5 !o!o n. Okazaki ftagment rutot,t!!! lagging stlanat oiil]au \\\\U.r. DNA ligase tl\\\"N1u bading srrancl m: lagging srrand 11. dalnr ;ulrfluunrfli\\\\11\/lo.t DNA pollmerase u&! RNA potlanerase }iQnia{ n. tiolnt nucleotide 4 !i:niiu,1ir!n'! x. di1\\\\611 pol).nucleotide lddruruuhniu n. nn.lluulat!66t:dtlntl]tnut lttunu s. !6nn\\\"fur!'iii6or1n 61!1 5l 3'lr,tiotniil t2. riale6olruryrau\\\"rfiaar RNA'he{iiio a) riro.rF'l::nouro,l orqanetb ihifildarFl b) dsmrilri poltrner m.llit c) riltrfariugnrr:l 1r. b 13. doln6oqruall*onrorrr\\\"ntr'u4nrr! (generic code) b) eir!6!.[i'r!iinrri rur{udru c) nrno:iii lnlinir?t-d!1ff j r 1 tti6 riulo.rn'r nsml]o .1rb","I4 r1t:U1UnttMlt6\\\\tlglnuul'lllllo t. di'r! DNA fr RNA ' diNLrdur rnrrnfi?a66_ F. dir rnlrir6bnirnliliu L silt RNAQ\\\"DNA 15. diourdfi$drt.rtli! p?E T cldufln a ulu c aradlanlri a) drlj polt|pepnd\u20ac tud{ b) 61! polrpeptide urldu d llimrdf{mr1ri po\\\\leptide d l6furf,lrtilnre! ir.abc l.acd a.bcd i.abcd 16. doloudn{nr1!{uriu;fiaiNiilarlN61ud1! DNA ujfilti aiu6lti nxNA id{lo:r*ildqnia.r n. A+T=A+U 1. A+G=U+G o)n. (A + G) \/ (T + O = (G + A \/ ru + .r. (A+r)\/ (G + C) = (A + u) \/ (c + G) = 1 tl. nluao aatn\\\"olndlrildnm1n nondlsiunctlon !tur meiosjs In. Paiau sln(IIome 1r. Down syrtlrome Fr- Klneieliel sl,ndrcme CYiduchat syncLome I 8. ! rr DNA ingerprnr {o uiam:urdd qncn'lrdlrldQ'rno r.llre:64 lio llri ab E La d tJ ttl-t .r. b d 'I o. l!'r'1 lPRl.rLUd:^it!te\\\\rt!laDrl?16,t\\\\on1luno iniu riolnnndo.r '. f1rl.Blral.iruis DCR {i0l0iFuilo\\\"'rl\\\"y_uu'uit,)\\\\.: f1r. t lF nuaL lr !01F!Jr\\\\ n rd!e10.1.l1rFf !-u !l_11!L!ttfrlLtuot\\\\!eBr l.lQ0r,!4u\u20acI a _ :Iqauivril i6 PcR !'.do ra';fu DNA pollmprae\\\" tinfi.FbfrLqit 4i ! ! .! nrrlanuaLIruarilu arnlr,!0 r L!Frfr 5u llrRlr.'r!t 19tLtituir .t\\\\t1:lll\\\\luullollllR 20 ioL9au6n1:lmnltvrnnll.nu.0uttttltttninna! a) Farundli DNA rioc!flTnrnrr\\\"d helicas\u20ac b) di1{ primer 1t!!6tirlna.r DNA prjmase itbc cr n'nrinilu!n.!ntrlsd)6!(dhRrdlnuiiafr l5L t'coRl lla lr.b Fi.ac","Iuudnn:ordan ?zu$1n11 iout1| ?rbiriDl d inr:'oli ? 1. mr#a6onlnurfl!!16rfindlJirn trfut$r;rrl,t,i1.tii.tu?in'o!lla:i?1lurhrirna.dl:r1n: 2. ntria6on?o.r!lcd (anifioal seledion) rl.irifirol]trurJ.in'u i.:infiqnudr a-nriolri'rfinrma_nr6onhuo:J! li!11 (natural selectron) 3. 0n!nlls!l]n61!nr ri! homotogous snusrure rliuldrnniuhn i!!i!!us:ym!na$o{uy!t 4. t,ldnlrtinmlllnlr.id''lnr n\\\\lilrlial lql,?initrfl;!{t4\\\",lt4olinr,l'rifrJfiriil]1.rrh:n,}11uli.fifuum1r 5. ljirurltl:dlllarla (fiuqo\u20acvolurion) rinqrnnr:dduudasaludo_n6oluiwo Li6. arrttr4fimtoalrio.nrof,lldtlu$rinllmadTon !finnrnnirulilslnr.r.t{iilnni auit4a*r.rrlulrndu qeifiin.lnur;ndutnlmtdurdr{ ritunaiter sp\u20accies ir!{ou r:l3irn-rhitlhftrli{uradodldrvyu 7. nolniriolihiszuujr!tu ndihfllluj{nalir:U3 prophas\u20ac 8. f'dr:tlmqo{ndl!fii qene now r:r.r-h.rriuli r:.rs1 ld'.j1rt{do.:n!i!tilr biologicat sp\u20accis 6!1i'! g rft ex$nctlon, anagenesjs sar cladogenesis dliddonl1l]t!finr6all11.til,r1'1 (bjological dtversity) lrs: fi2r! [rlrfilrn$irQn t'r (generic varanon) 10. n'DdurfiJiiq! lriflfirrfii uiu mltlrnmiorio{itri $ton1ttonlurbB{i6.ro11 'lririolyillntl .\/1nr rr. rrnnd.rlnfuaftlu{.nmnlnqjria mutation fii aldsldrflarla$lfiuqnr:dllurXorJ::unri.rtn,pduuLdur urlarl 12. vadation !fiibifln s\u20acxual repoductioq genehc engineering un! mutation 13. rhn-ua1rs!firiJr-!}i $n:uJu speci\u20acs 6!.\/liJ[iawa,ruyu{ filriiinalnulnfirnnrllrfud (reproduc- tive isolatjng nechanism) 14. n'l'sii{rnnddl.n6.lithLlflaarr: ptygoiay lC drNn&irioLtfii srpcies lnli[nlnr1'Jrnrnrn.uvn\\\\ t1n1n 15. nn 2 da!o.!ulu$a thld'ltlimltluhrfit fraflqeiofianrtierionln!6lilr,r,i1! albiro.liifiu rold z: d'rrlu {rirnuetlqniooglurnr:aqroril - lrrt0lnt 1. lmm.ultqnfi! gnlactoselna 62!l iutttn'owu autqsome rtirquurnr',rialo{ q0,000 aluo:rhtriu I:ad t ar r.ntljrlululdr:laudulvrirwoqjiau 2. dlnrlriium(nrnrtlqr]i'i!fi.\/Co! (b) !o-28id1ri!lurl (BB) 60 i-? heterozruous 60 dl u6:r-?!fi!flr6{ (bb) 80 d'r $firrl dodlflrhJurdlq! lildli random natins udr lonrsic:lin::i.trjnrun{u p uarnrrirunrdlir{rdulu l, rilolrta:?i* 3. aondurhn: SOO q'r rl,jdd!f,nlll (Aa) 160 Cu uairiuaBft (AA) (6a) orj 300 fir r$nar-rrl dll]Dioa alutill n!tr!rnr 'llnndildlt1?","4. !l!rr6rilfti::r1n:droriulra thatassemia 1% lild!16gata!!o'!lo'ttJ:lurdlTnrirudt e rl rrruffrnujl]il$:nt{ Ltffln$ 5. rrflGor ABO tnff?Dqrfiru rnultiple aleles 60 I^ . I' l!a: i d1&tadrtl I^ r IB : 1liltlrtrnrlr!'lnrnrllrad.rri! 2 :3:15 la:i'ruru ::t'm:n!rrnrni g00 aluorr lalrlttunu {tioa AB fo!nlin!${604 A D{dnu 6. dr&,rtl t h 100 ?&ulumuoadux r:trdto.t$tQ\\\\dtiu homozygous receesive l:titloirln rori a' fon*reoudlndadprfi urdrrouriue r. rioblrirJrl.J{rmrfi nllaur]1nlo'ldlr (clevohnon) n compeition ll. commensalism 6, mutualism !. parasrlllrn 2. rioii1rll,n6{nislilnrldm:Md [,aw ot use and Djsuse)llo.rnrrlrinus'r larofnl.daladoiurullCru n0i\/ti!0unq'l n rn*.rCrhooqflantrrhllriru6o l. alo.tlo.trquridirhrr'nre:tJarlrttrlrnnartli 6. ulJnt6ldvqnBon!'relnlt\\\"os aso.ldoll tdiir! s. ldfrsorri'tdbiii ::Iuuittioito.dtitn$fii 3. rrltnrytrnlid.donltloitllrtmlnliarfu dolnqnio.nioud4a n lsiilnialr nrr, :o1unr:6r{uriliqnrarlliulucrlrurrn unluaerrrriurSq'rmud':ifin1u[io: luinr:a$l !. ii&flio{olrlCrilih6rrt[aido! sffnrr:tu trtrurrr.rfilqnrrlltosilffir c:i{nfiirifianrff_nrdsn kur:rt'tt n. nlr lud?!0{dnlar:rllrYuqnr:tdflltnnlalt{ui'fiiqr uridouiJ t'{ria116'i6Dn1iltlttrfieLiu ulc,r.rdu .r. lBimnlli.6o^I.!!lrMl rhblliiirilil#i;Ila'urrnlunr:oqi:onla:duriu{[rnrirm-ulJ 4. lirbini\\\"o.r n. nrm{iorllD{d{if,t f, on1rrlJr{JiullJn,lw, lJnl:flfitfrodNd! n. i'rrfif,uritlfi rdr6dlnd d.rr1n6'oia*urrorirum rJrl.riuioldli a. n'rii donnNrlrllriiu:unrwarmriardonlfulvrf dcutrlt'o.:dllilrluJurnlfi 1 i iinrurarrnltlnrtiCtltru a.ta, rldm.rdof,olun{r rrmrleldotrareiruld b. I'olilnr'o.l n. nr:d'ar6onlnurnrmtur'rtldnr.uii$trttrtF{oi lnru:ddnrrwfllrlulrtqrr*ioulgdr{aoontJtm l:!'1Rl n. rmn-ildonliubr'rl!1ec:durhnhfirii6nNlolai-r$1n.:tarn:fitrd'nco:li{i{ltindur:rjrdlilllilr uurn?rrJ Ll Lutit:n1nt r n rrarrarn lirn lmi ntn tunncoJ: tnltN$n'rud rladi\/r \\\"rir,ndualoq,lu:J::vtnr 'do{tntir.d'rg!$ rt.trn:arniraarr uendon r. nr:a-n6anlam::uriq:rfial'uldrirn-nrrnr:flulr:orLrtuirjlCqrdtruclcu0u","6 t1.!iE!\\\"_t86 udriujr '.!i:ruu ,nr)? a # rrn l.i.rtidr all Gorldudn!- ulnl.!r:6:n 14.ra:rr! ridlJiet n. t1a66n !. dr1n:ifl!1diw ltl!! a. mlit1Ft! l!!tiU! L t))i]u1t:tuurrnnR \/ natud setectron iJnnlulonBnlltau a) F?rlujlRiu (vadation) b) n1'tiodPout! (struggie lor surnval) c) ma irdl (adaptatron) d) iitlr.rlml (\u20acvolulion) abc \\\\.abcd \\\") rnniur!aa':rrdo-ndafu iulabuJ!ilJlruia.: l) lririolfrfiniiq,urnr, n3.r:ldtllorrnrioulmn .r:r:rirlrio'nlrdru phenorype h urla:iunsfi rala c) ri1t]rarfi'trriidaAnld(onr:a'nntl\/:firiruioau!!utla8ttixtu dr! sex.tmked qene xia potygenic fiarr lrisrrr:nnhmoln\\\" g. rlolouan.rolliiiluhrlfi ri JLinrlnnslnsa.ri6.biriin a)AA:Aa:aa = 0.25:0.45 030 b) AA : Aa: aa = 0.50 : 0.25 0.25 1r. a b c) 1!\\\\ : Aa : aa = 0.25 : 0.50 : 0.25 d) AA : Aa : aa = 0.49 : 0.42 I 0.09 s.bcd 10 iciufu drlefi ?i{i'!.:!!.rn:oqlunrqna.ri6.bririin mairngn. random generrc dnft 1l random n. mutation 11 dolnairrrdrnrrulnrnr,rnrtlrtr$rarndo-riiuruluunihrdt!r!!nrrn.ladlfoqld;iqe n- uluun speses Fuifi\/i{iff tr![llil]flrlriunnrr! n. a?1rJubt'unNnitQn:tlri{dtattlnria'n 6ona!!otlr]rnfi $u:aufu o1m:lurn,tfll a. a\\\"ns{u Jiilna-arion fi nnldilri2iil!diair!-tro.tl J.!a!lrn .!. mrtfirn_lrirUdnslnnlturnnr.rnr:iufuiiua:rfi n specres lrri 1' ,_l l6dw1r1![dt.!C1u1Jn.:ao:iluiuanrirrn-r.1o$ :6t rilnrni r {n'jinr:tniu96'.! 4 lia lnuo\\\"r X = uqBri[a1 riolnGl.raifu a a !,6: c r1!nid'! thiublildQnda.i n. n! lri :Jarn-n l, lnr nn]r rin t::g- a, rh i\\\"rrn lnrrhnnar .!. l4U U'll.\/1 0.10'l.i 13. n rtfinfruT iI'itl'ti'nild1r0\\\"66dluAlr'1a1Ja.!!rxinr{ldo.t!l1]!1!r.in]ri$!o!16r rfsdriut'r:.r:Linarn n. t1n4n1r$ino!tn !. r.rnnl!fiJllnririDd'? i. nlr{Eftilri \\\\. n1lri't!lrladolrlilIJtu","29 p.b rFrI 14. A nitl B roliirds'nlrwas1lnirunl doLiQnaar r riuq'u c r1!'i1!\\\"{di1\\\\i! F.ld'ufl6!ooultall6:d!$!r'! 80% mrdu{dlliirol doltruriuufurfirrnlulu r. raro r'oloqndo.ri4o i. A n_u B riufix sp\u20acoes rirnr{u udsru{u:innaarrriu1riu6.rl:.r 1. liudlorir.mo{nr:lao specres lt,lrilugo4ioraoirdrrr_r h.. A ml B inslnnr:ulndl]i Nnrralnitii GIt ) riour:!:lglnn ll:u.r rfl1rn\\\"radr,ila{ RD,,t inr6!d'!!rsl (hybnd breakdown) -15. 'ilfaL ^1: tr5u.ra r tfra6 !Qoc- l tIL! rn dlyiul t !v0l Lea: spFci\\\"s rr! lnndt'r)ri:tl )u lt\\\\u !uul' tnL )l-l -lrlrdr ! qp6.1ps 6L a ri\\\\rr 't,rdr,ri!{r' rr\\\" sp.oes fira'rr td.ir.nnin.runniun rn rrduriui,u:r,le I remporal jsolation 1. beha\\\\,1oral Folallon o. mechancal Folahon n- ecoloqical isolation 16. qru:Lu1:llntida sDeie\u20ac r6u?lL 2 dlniriao A ua: B ldrndin1,l'r --->lltnu {i'r) s ffi ffi r,tuo 104 896 B 95 5 100 1 6'nt turn )rrir:llir_uiernrian rraL:a gudJn ridnldonlo!J6rtLi'6 1 o11rA!11n1:6UU1 l,nLul,l elll 'lr'rt l'\\\\}1lft6F0 S?eqes ! e. nortin'raoluli.tinrtludlur,rRltln-r.r4?nrnoiNftl r nr:r}ir:n-rmrf rdo itlin\\\"o^dr.fiuo'rio.6oriuriuFuidriaun.r 17 riln1lrdsqoln'rltfin specjes 1ni f,o napm.olrasslca O) d.!liur-nn'ri ^l do.diavi! nrn Raphanus (A) ua: Bras$ca (B)lolaldrnmr polploldy P \\\"B ,atnl?qno0 rlrll]2n!u4t\/rl]trfl !n! ru I Bi, rio non diqunction hn'ttdi1{ gamete A [sJ F, : c ?. a\\\"r A us: B ! 2n - 18 uS? c ua: Dr:i4n= 36 ht q gamere !r! A. B [ar C li1rr)ulatltnnlruilriu 7, t o ! D ,ind1J{rlrfiL{i sperm rlu egg !0tfi1 c rYhliu ft18 douliarrttdrtrYiriilo.r HIV riuuqgJlitrlJe,rrL6rrrrmiui'r natwal selection rfi rlrirfi n ruqnr:n\\\"llor 1 }{Iv luur{lTiihrltrl]lBrjnr odurorjr.urn rir h nrrrilrfr rripux oir riri, lrirqldtit!'laei.rtrrllnn HIV ararllll [1.r6.!!mai]4!d1!Ynulo{!qctjri.r\\\"et!roll n1llJlu[1!ro,! HIV f!811ut'1ur'1u1iD{r]!nth:trl,]{aam:arqo q dnhl$rE?-fl u1n rra$iu r:tllt.RoairllmtrDlri! !\\\".2L 1 an'1d?ut:mt lulrunnli06llD llltllll\\\\l 1r. a_o':rdrvriir,lr]n Lna daeio urr {nao.l rr tarurr!{rnnu$!llultuo\\\\t t1!tvlullJ .1. horimurnr'rr'rnd.inr][n:il l1nTnN5flutaa!","uJfitrlo 2s z0 1)niulnrflrn!!u'rrrlullnLeLlonir! n iu'a .lus,a.toprrtrec.rs dr,{rin uomo lrdrer rriurL^^ruor;1ur.rr1 ttomono\\\". .vfiorr*l L A alar\u20acrsis hn cladogenesis liuiu-d Horno n. H. sapr'ens ni! H. erectus taUi!-ni1l]dlriunir. .r lrluriparufiu{ir-nldlrl us: ::injraio,rloli r uudin60rda,i tj:stf n:Rrdninacisuuful6 raui r : d::loaiolJd gr-oin z 1. {aaonid'{{{q*tro{.n60 idu ln!6r tnonn.r:murfuqrd4n:fi riuraimnan*ti 2 rne:dl.1io $r:i?nR l.! rr rlirl.lLri! ndt.!.u. firfi rrsr r yriruiisiiin J demmposer lt! rio r urririt rioJr heterotroph i)'rJnrrir 4. nrdo!da1! [4iollnl]n1:r1olcdr!dwerr6wldri!n't:oi]]niJ 5. nd{.rrrrfio:lri.lr afir4u6alaqlueltlinalulnnd uJduurrlrnflnyra-$i.run.rn!on16n 6. mgogen fixing orgarusm liu rhrzobium, anaxuena, myconlza rfuqfiunldflsrlrrnni! N.661i1!o.rna6 tiarflr4rlituldli niu uafrriiur Lur:n 7. nrnrltauri?loltnir rfir.lnlgnf,q gCrd'ndrlian1r&\\\"nFo n.rrrrd.flo{laiuarnrClu!1rEla e. hftudr1 drlnorfiirlun:ladrl]J: pH ilqe6oriolJr.loifiitfu 9. lu lluri.rut, o::!ar6ari.!yis rinrlildl BoD > CoD !ar!o 10 nfiBn1i. (?aerxa spp.; un*ur3luLiluniu domrt{n.i!n::!ndur;!dit hosr lftdannnlutr-ntta@olir 11 n''r!:ni! rloorioid ua:unariot drtrilo1qir$Iiwrornilu6![alt! 12. fiFLfilrlo!fiirrdnr:llrf, n0rllwlJnlli.lir2firiu+i3lnadnidlrd! r {!3lanoila:u z un:oq1u rontuc leveli 3fu1 :!f,lniu 13. 'tan0n'Dajlnnja! (gtobat waiminq) f\\\\rlir.rnnlrdariuoulnoonhd n.n Cfc m:ufiairru'l rlrn.rldu 1ofur .Dt\/t 2 : c{uDnhm1r]ilrJrfiJrfuot*iii4daltiriuur:dn P! = Protocoop\u20acrarion Mr = Muiualsm Cm = Conrmensalsm Cp = compen on x riiolrirz-rrjrraTuilnfu fl n1fi nd.r']r 1. rlrurannl:olil]uidlilnqj 19. laehrfir$f,; z. daralnr:oquunitJll1',{ z0 ua lllJillrl'r:r.1ln!,r'::r1r 21. tnchonympha du n'rn :. ni'u}irn-torjluiulibqj","4 iJn d!\\\\ mrlo{uufiitil4ru 22. Esdeichta @I liuau a. i\/nldlltirmr! \u20ac. a!.ldllf,iJrtdlJNriiilutrNfilJo1rlt 23. ftizlbium ni!rhe*! , [!unmll^l1[tu LD'mn L$DnltatN 24 xnycorlbi?n ftJduq8ifu 8. bacied@hage fiuN;6u 25. fll'uarn.hd! rchens e xlilmldft;. 26. nrurouunt.lrillstrd.llll zT. riIaord.irbrJPila Jl'd 10. niJfiJ$t1ur]ti1.llrr! 28. 6old$i1no..i'l 11. lt1oa1ltij 61aar! zg. e,rlnuri.rrdolirilnord't 12. :lmoalr]rTu nanrieu 30. a{ri1d!u .rfirnfiIiolfilhlr1in 13. inmd|ufiJnonli lta gr. d{ni'.rfi nrnr-lafi rirLirnsfi 14. nBnlinr nftiJco-r.J 32. nidutlufin$i ts. qnrlioriroqflriool, filrp fl33. peDrcilliurn n_uquntltli ,t!04 f34. rft Jr-nrum{inrolt1 16. J:nf{ftrJurifu{1rfht, d|rloflaselate 17. bffa'ni.it1ti1! cblorela :s. drurrriqrr iwr l8 35 {haluluunnl:ton M6 'lr.dtnuiDnoJ rold r : rionirroudpfordqr tiorirrerrirn 1. na_snud6rx6ur:r,tt,urfliiltoindt!1 1lh$iolvm r:og1u1i*r, ndqn n. nr:ra3qriub !. n1lmulr n nrrraCaulm {. ntt'!d1u \\\\. tja16u 2. fii ror lrriDuuilodi!1ursur:nr:tuirdt'it-i1rulJ1nflqi n unfiu a1 !. rJriilt1! 3. sii:itriirdb!finii'lilii.lrdo!fir uil\\\"!joud.1!{'1:6urid drlrrnlnll'trnd d lrilnNliuolttrr b) llnldolo1r,nrrDnlntd c) renrtltina!nrdauoarlir.ldiroourld f.a 4. dofin clrnax conmmty sdl.... a) !..iirln (biomass) nto{rllhtlf,tm:rlrndiu l) ardlorrlr (food web) irl:TrqtfidauJ1ndu cl i'rrlJdltl9tolnqliiriiflmr'ndu &+drdrluarr:rir$da n.b s. iolalnrlordorfianr:tJiiuuu:larunufhudla rnrliriiinn'uqnlrdudlfldralrl'rli ua'rrlrioali:nJr'r n. nr:r dwsJ*! unufii rinfirultlu!! !!I! t. Cr!i,lriuiuro{riour_nc:liluonuoclotattal n &nrir!6|nn'uqarirriri#urllFnrru.Jduurdal6n ! fi lludtlidlDdlituiuluu3oodtn:ritrduarua'rdu e. \\\"Jm orllun dranlnfiulJo,' qarfuundurn}lrfiuitu n. iz. dDirlr n orulaor$1t ,r. ']1r!6{oliftl","\/. ::u!u12ac:i11{ouurLaLrfi n,Ymanl'numrt now)a) ntriruflonnd'.r.iu (energy b) ll{nrdlr (nutnenr cycting) c) mtdduu s{lrllufi (ecologrcat successpn) fl.a x,b n. a b {, a b c + +a. rirrh.rldorm:lu{ruriwi.ru6i$i! frruaati lqur unQn{r:{ru \\\"[^ l@',\\\"lFc; 'l-,in!1rftniolilr{i{i-fi2! r:t1nr (lrn!&) nglJ.r (A) ftJlrnQn{dru B) li\/::u! 10 (sfllrlra!) ldinn'oltlq. 9. dornao.lrdurnrrriri0nsroir{ x uo: y Buunfit 0, (D ua:'1lrlu (rn) s*tud*ldhlrfirin1rlrleted, - n61 1,o.r{uin:n, !*uflCd'lal dolarlronranoodiHii4a xx o i ... on.rn. ';ri!. ;-t-:-i-i;iirf ii- \\\"-:-:-iTDr;rfi-ffi b n. nflrienaadllnlxi X dlrd'ud1lrnl.td y t. nt1*:rl I rlbmlldlniudlolll competition r!fiaNnd:]lillrnr Tn! X llrlsihr-arir{auronr:o.'4,r.r a. m:rdtn x iudi'.r y rlrli r lj*rrr:orrlrXrtulali .r. x liurl1r1lritllJffufir{i 10. tiolrdiJnli l!q-?o'1l]sl:in!1mlti.r!fi nlfllihrfuii.ruraa'o:r a. ntlo!$tt!,\/1!m!niriuol!J,] 1. rqn:omtinurnllnuinorr:d o'!:iu a. do1!dt!i i{rrrl orln rfiooagrr1rlfinutr !. qntf,! n. unr F. 11. X r.gy Y tiul6l]nidai\/a:nir r-nmiti6o{;u1n nudlt A !fit t\/}taaernoo! 1 [0!611 C hnfurlnrn raarr 2 ti1!h x so: y tndu{ir!fti!fi: B llaii itldolrlli2rdufrJiirluuudn drlr: e ual B riu o1l4trio,t Y [8: x nr!e1d'u x fl- comm6nr6lsm n. antibiosis I r'Il F. probcoopeEoon {. comp\u20actition bl, td' lim: s lihr e","12. 1'oalufi6fiqrirlCrrnf, !rirro.!!'r6ii?rln (s\/dm ) ii6oa:h 1 rfi a.dnnudfnfiiLruniritri.aln i rurn ri0D!fi! \\\". r.fi srdna!fi !iu$d.!ri!Drfi ,lrurnn\\\\4toudritlslLiL .r. urnvinarJdfijilrd.!fiu[ila.rdtaufittsllilrdiJa r llwwnnto\\\\hiaouhs tuio t3 - ts 13 n::urvn'nloiinr:drInu{do!f, n1!6u{1!dr' lj.ab ra m:urrnr:ledbidrralarnrrrionr:sir.rlrjridufit \\\\.d 1.b 15. nd'.r.r'rlrlnJifi lllllnfi 1fi uritio, lrr:nrir1lidhirn::llri1'l{i n.a !.b n.c ,!. d l6.,ur:uuon6'rir$iir[dn!d'rLl!01rntlia.!f no!etnnB{u0!rqn \\\\ rrnn:tn '. drahuruunn:rnriirurndu d1 r1uorar:riirrr' rduollrluilt ,tr. B =-- | 1r. riatii4iiudiliora.! do!drlaoiollqnlo l':lufi narft rrn \\\\\\\\u\\\".'\\\"e- ri.!i1.ir!!{Ol]tlfu 01 B !1ad! 6'r A m: m c ore{Qniudli' \\\\ -\\\"\\\", --r'r. mtdm_r\\\\rnn:l6oonLlelnr:lllJit1f, fittra6:nna'iliaFldTlu arrft 3 ni. tz. rrnn:rr{d1u'rr dolnfi n n. nrrrl A uri\\\\'lirir.r 2 ri!! dlnflti B ulJiidu 4 l!0! 5 !. ril K [da{ri!fiuinF21rlxolA{lr?adalllsl'llnu1nl flarm:n:oni.r ! r:mnrliriwnbnarr:rfu a c a. n'1ri a rfi#ur:iolriiartf,ruruiisurno'otl (envtonmenal !es$- tanct) ua:Iriirir car''mg capacrtv .! nlrljdt\\\"nrlr{ g dlnildnrrn'r.in nl! un:nrlartrtt\\\"r _ oonlo{!l!!1nl 18 ).1jrtJ!dn1^.'rrotlo.! trnlnl {suMvorshrp) ilumltitduli IF n.B t6.C \\\\.D","ls. rltntrnrtolufrhlotfiHi.mmlrtrlh.dnsrrnuxdlrirr0nraf ddlrndqr tt. anrqhjcatbo i- ,hrrra i. fiarriflfltrDalg {. mrrh$do![.i m. artrophicatoo fiUfinh$trrlsuofNl: n. oir.Flyudtnitdrq !. ai m u.!r6r BoD !s.nrd{h a. aearrurdr unfhool,u .l. qrtrfi n. ur! a 2l. rin,llniorihd&dlstlrrMqrturm::na o- ldlnr&u d bf,n b) rnf,n c) drtufi d t,l'tru!.! 6) ftrrl n.ab t-b c i.bde {.ede 22 r!.{rs.mrlmElot{firaoetirqdlp i. {riitilzl q tnmr n. nhd.r?nhrur*l r- fl4 z:. llngu0ntlt*oddrmfiunorr{..vu ftsrlrrnirft iolecli! lnrurs!&nnr g rdorftf]rnlur mtdDUolrn t'I. 5 #to Ifi tronn.di T6 tr$rd rfto tronrl.d luud rfto mnsori ! nlo lrl! lrDnr!rri {. Li! zl ururntlufia:nnnm*duaruinrwicnlh frlmrin{nlol a) A lourLf}htltrfirt b) B lodrihrln,r:r'liofiid{ c) tr l!fimrorfNufi. BU tra !.b ueeri''nrmrrhoiorr&fir i.ab trdtrA *- ------- lorit B zs. ctulutoli$hlil6lo{i!*tnlddolitd{litt a) fiiqeth b) qi 4n c) lrr.!a'll{ d ulnl n-ab n.a d a.bc .l.cd 26. rntdD!,.ruturftstqfulhtllmrrrmrinldrfiiqr {. nSotrnu n. l}|ft{at, a. i. ill'lrlr.u '}re{etr","-tG ',. irpoaror',\\\"rnuoliour\\\"riorr i. nr:rildumqh:mnr . nriqnullD$.lltln q nr:a_alirhoradr 28. r\\\"olniouuu O$loaro{nttid u]rtl ld b) con$Iner a) demmp@r c) producer t.ac a.bc {,abc a.ab +29. 'rlri :l,tlJurirdl rhldorm:d'u*rduansllsdslalft:\\\"T r a) flrr1.lminrroind{.au b) ,ll1:rilr$ijo breclaDon) c) nrdoldn1lrn{i,),lln a.ab {.abc fl.a 1i.b 30. frar]uri.$ftlh'u*d k) rl|rDlr (y) ua:un (z) f,rllaudill1u'ulln eiN1wo.lt:luotradrldiJotjNltmu r rririu I'llltz'tlll'l I| tI |, I | !_l L_l (.) (b) (c)","rilailltullflfi?in rn.d 9.n 10. : otrrrt!'ru anlul2 16_ ! 7.t 1.h 17. { .rsi 1 10. ,! 12. t iDrfu 2.1 9.t 13. \/ 18. ,! 2.t 11. r,l 2.N 3. 1r 19. n n.y' 72. a ,otri 2 20. ,! 4.t 13. n 3.t 5. .l B.{ 14. a 1) 4.' 27. I t14. 8.t 6.n Lt 15. ? 2) 7.x 22. 1 8.y' n.y' I'ui 3 23. tl 16. \\\\ bafced 10. ,C ipui 2 t11. 1.8 24. { 1.r p.y' 77. 1) ndr 2.y' 2.F n.y' I13. 3.F 25. n 2.J i18. 1.n ,14. 4.F 26. n 3.C $.y' i19. 5.8 27. A 4.H 2. ,l t16. 6.8 28. 1) 5.A 16. .l m.A 29. a 6.L 3.n n.y' 7. B 30. n \/18. 21. { 7. I 5. .l I19. 8.8 31. ! 8.G 8.y' 22. n \/20. t20. 23. n 6.a rldl 32. .! 10. B 24. a t21. 33. ,r r$rli 2 25.1) 8.! 2.n 34. !r mldl \/22. 3.n 35. a 1.n I26. 9. ,! 36. n 7. a) 23. \/ 4.\\\\ 37. .r 2. .! 2.1) 27. a 10. .r 38- n 3. .! 11. ,l y' 5. 1 39- R 3.n !28- 12.,! y'24. 40. n 5. .l 4.a 13. a. 25. y' 6.a 6. ,! 29- n ft{a! 7. n 5.i 30. n 7. .l mui 1 8.t 6. .l mrulhriad 8.a 2.t tDllt 1 9.n 8..r 4.* 2.' 10. n 26. 11 ,! 6.t 12. ,l 13. I 14. n 15n","f.y'9. 1 15. n 6) 36 27- 1) t2. n^ \/20. 22- n 10. n rsri\\\" t16. n4 23- a 13. 21. 24. rl 11. 1 7) 17- 8.1) 25. A 74. ^.r 22. y' ' 12. t) ^ 15. n. { ABBC 18..! A=CO do!rrr1: \/24. roud r 13. 6 2) 19. n B=PEP 16. .f 25. \/ 2.t 14 .r ABC\/\/ 20. A C-OAA 77. tt 26- , s.t 27. { 15 .r LB lt D.CO 18. rj g16-ff &rm'rnifirurl 8.2) 7. t L,. 19. r 77. 1) 3) 12 mud I PM LX 28.y' m.^ tr0. 21. A 18. n 4) 82.6 t. \/ c\u20acboxylas\u20ac 29. yX' 11.t t22. 19. x 5) 10e.5 2. * -8.3) x 30. \/12. 20- 6 6) 5.55% 3. .r mesophyll 23. ^i roud z n.{ 24- 1.n 27- ') n 222t\/ 4. celly= 2-A ?2. n 20 21 $.y' 25. \\\\ 23. .l 5. 'I bundle- ntl z 4262\/\/ 6. y' sheaih cell 24. \\\\ 32 7. y' rord g 1.n 3.a 2.a iilrrlarla 4. .! 3.i rouil r 5. t 8) 33 8. x 1.a 4.! sJv\/\/25. n s. y' 2.A 1.\/ 6.n 5.a rlDlrn:tDttaa x't z \/\/ I10. 3.n 2. { 7. 1) 6. .! eod r ztl lt. \/ 4.a 3. J. 8.n 8.n xY t12. 5.{ 9.6 4.\/ 9..! 2.' mld a t13. 6.4 10. r 5. X 10. rt 6.\/ 11. n 3.t 1. n t4.\/ 7.a 11- n 7. t 12. 2.1J I15. s.\/ 4.* 3. .r 8. .l g.\/ !^ rod-z Ln 1o.\/ 13. f.y' 14. n 4.n 1) 10. .! rz.t 15. n 13.t 16. ,! 56, .'r BDCA 11. n 14.\/ 17. a 9. 7.{ 12- 1) 18. .r 10'C.\/ 8. { A 13. n BAC 14. n t19. 3} (!m-!AD 11.I 9. tj tBlto,!) 15. tr $.{ 20. .! 16. .l rz.\/ 10. n 4) 6 77. n 16.,3 27. ,) 18. n 17., n.y' 11. I 5) AB\/\/ 19. n 18.X 22. 1) 72- a ABD \/\/ 20. tr 1s.\/ ls. t 13. n Ctl 23. a 14. { 16. CD 24. ! 'a","25. i 7.t U.{ 15. ,. s.y' 2L. r21 y' 16. l. 2&r 8.* 12. a 17. t *r7. U.n za. \/18. n.^ ny' 13. . E.{ t18. 23. ,l rnd, t19. 8.i t13. 14! n.t 24. A 1.! .ql, m.{ 26. 8.r $.{ t16. 2.{ 1. .l t21. ^ 30. n t16. 16. i LX 28. a 3.i 17. i 2.i 31. ! t18. 3.{ 23. U n. 1 4.n 32. t I19. 18. ar 28. r 5.i 5.t 33. .! n.y' 19. { 6.r 29. A 21. y' \/24\/ 6- .l 34i 20. A 7.a 30. i 2..y' 21. tt 8.ll zs. 7.n 35. n tifLo 8.y' lLr Li B.\/ 8.n 36. n n.t rnd r .t 23. a 10.t y' 9.! t.n 28. y' 2.y' 10. i 25, 2+a frsf,rl 38- i .I 2s. 3. I 11. tr 39- i .y' ' mdl tso. n.y' .a s.! 12. ! 40. n n.a 2.y' anA z 13. i a.\/ 7.' 41. rt 28. 1r 5. I f.i 8-t 14a N.t 29. n 8.t 9.! 42. i t30. 30. .! 2. tt 15. i ild2 8.t \/ro. 43. n nlogC 3. it rqlnrr! 1.i 10. y' n.y' 44{ 2il mdl t11. 4.n t12. rrrrl r is. i 12. y' n.y' 3.n 5.y' $.y' 5. i. 14t r.t ,l\u20ac. n t15. qT. A 4.! 6.* \/ts\\\" 8. .r. 2.y' ,!& n 5.! ?.* \/ls. s.y' 7. i. 49, n 6.i t10. X18. 4. *. t11. 8. n. N.y' 50. i 7.{ t12\\\" 8.y' f.i n.y' tufiCr'd 8. .l t21. 10. n u.y' 6.,. ndl 9.! 1.t 11. i a.t 10. n 2.\/ tza 3. I 13- rr 8.t 6.! 6.y' 1{t s.{ 15. i 16. { 10. ! 1'1- a nd2 18. a 1. I(d 19. i 2. Tx 3- CR m.i","nlI 4_ t. 5. I 18. 1r 9. .! 6. ,! 9. I 15. t 19. .l 7. tt n.y' 16. t 6. CR 9.t 20. .l 10. lj 17., 27. a 8.x 11. I 1s. \/ 7. lh 12. 11. lt 22. \\\\ 12- n 9. .l n.y' 19. t 8. CC 13. t' 10. n 20. * 9. Xn 23. a 13- ! 11. n 13. 10_ r&A saud z 24. ,! 14i 12. ,! 11. CR 25. 15. { 13.,! '14. 12. CR 1) ' 13. CR ^ 16. .! 15.,! 14. T&A BADC 77. 1 16. ,l mldl ftndri*! 18. .l 17. .! 15. b 2) primary = rold r 19. 1J 18. n 1.1) 20. a 19. a 16. Hb BDF 2.' 21. .r 20. n TT.T\\\\: n = 1:2:1u 17. Hb 3.t 22. q!:du-3:1 18. Kn ACE 21. i 19. n! 4.' ^ 22. \\\\ 1.2) 1\/2 20. Rf ioldS 5. I 23. .l 23. I 21. Kt 24. a 24. f 2.1) not]M6oi : naudm 2-i 8.t 25. a) 24. b L.k 25. a : nilil:ltt6D! : tfl:ltiu? 25. Hb 3.n t10. aor.,.trDlit 26. a -9:3:3:1 26. aC 5.n n.y' roufl I 27. t 2.2) 1t8 27. 1&A 6. 1 15. \/ 3.,c 24. 1 3.7) 76 )r r \/\/8l \/\/ 16 ffrdr '7. 1) 4.' 29. ,) rrrvi z 30- n 3.2) 1\/16 1..r Lfl 5.t. 2. ,r 1.! 4.1) RlYy 3. .r Ln 4.A 2-A 4,2) RRYY 5. .l 10. n 3. tr 11. a 5.1) 1\/4 lmrf-r*r 72. a 5. .l 13. n ?.t itr{i1rii 5.2) 1t2 mul r 14. .! 6.n 15. n msdl 6) ilonltl'*Qndni 2. *, 7. a 77. n 8. .l i{qr 4 '1.7't 7\/2 't.zJ 7t4 8-1) 25% 10. .l 2.' 9.1J 1\/2 rsud z 3.t 9.2) 1\/4 10) 0 1. 1) 4.* t7.r) u4 2. .r 5.t 77.2) 1t4 3.8 12.1) Xle 4.n 5a","12.2) r'ruorAal.lrd{rfrdo{lrta ilur;Ia:&bl mrdl 13) ft dd'orrtlxli rYrl'dunwriwr: rugi r 1) 31 rkam 2.t 2)5\/t1co 14.1) 25% 5.t 3) 256 6. 1 14.2) r.! oi 50% 4) 5 riii !l{\\\\ nf, 100% fi.y' 5) a-3 E5 c=3 d-5'e-5 f-3'g-5 15.1) ft. Tr 12. X 0 a-5 b=3 c=5 d-3 e-5 f-3 7) a=3 F5 Met - 4 152) 7596 n.y' 8.y' 8) A=DNA 141) 10 lr!i!\/\/ 6 e 60 rr2 C'r r$6o! snl trndh 16. t B = RNA polymeras\u20ac i!16.2) 1112 : - 1l 18. I C = ribcEome D = I'RNA 17.1) lfulntl 27 ollri \/\/ fifuIntl 7 lrlJ! $.y' 77.2) UU E - polypeptide 20. { 17.3) 7cm 9) 3 21. y' 77.4) 7t32 10.1) 3. TAC CTCI CCC ATA TAG ATT 5' 22. 17.51 3\/32 10.2) UAC GTG CCC AUA UAG AUU n.y' ' '126) nin 65 cm \/\/ 10.3) 5 mh! 4rh6i 'm&x 93 crn 24- 11) 4096 18) 128 i! ' eorld s 10. ! 19) . l. ! 2.a 11. .! 20) fiorJalollnrL1nl ; A_B_ rdbb: a\u20acB- 3. ,! :aabb-9:3:3:1 12. { rild! ttn*age du ; n_g- : aabb - 3 : t 4.a 5. ar 13. i 2r.1) ri2rtrd : ia.*nma1! : li\\\"rdn 6.i 7.{ 14. a 27.2) 7t4 8. .l 15. n 22) n 9-a 23) 1 16. n u) 1,5.7 17. { 25.1) 1\/4 18- n 25.2) !2 l9- a 20. .r","lttr|llrni 2) 30.25% \/\/ 11. ! 14ft 32X 10.! rlid 1 49.5% 72. tt LI 15. Cm GQro- 11. n 3.t 13. n 3) A:a= n.y' 16. Mt phylisd 12. { 7. r 14. { 0.8:02= 15. ! 11. t 17. Mt 33. X 13. a 9.t 4:7 \/12. n.y' 4) 18* 16. fl \/13. 18- Pr (anribi6ir) 14. 'r lLr 19. n 0 65 iil 17- a r8d.2 34. C! 15. n lL\/ 18. .l 13. * 6) 0.0001 19. n 1. Pr 20. Pt 35. X 16. ! \/14. \/15. mud g 20- { 2. Crn 21. Mt (.odal in' 17. a 1.n 3. cln rlrdl 2.6 ridini 22. Mt ttracdoo) 18. t 3.n 4- CrItr 1) 398 .r rml r 23. M. 36. Pr 19 n 4.! 5Pt zo. .r 1.t 24. ut rndl s 5.n 2.t 6. Mr 25. Mt 7. a 27. A 6.{ 6. I 7. Pr 26. Rl 2. n 22. t 1. a 8. Pr 27.H 3.i 23. n 8. rl 9.Pr 28. E 4. 'r 24. a f.i 10 Pt 29.q 5.{ .n 10. n 11. C'D 30.x 6.n .rt fl.m 13. ft a{socid in- 7- n. 1 leracion) 8- t 28. i 31. Cm 9. i 29. A 30- {","utt\u20aculuntr Barbm Y., Jam\u20acs S.L.. Alan S.. and John W.H. 2006. Whearhtr's Funcrion Hisroto8y: a rexr and colour atl$. 5 ed. Elsivier lnc., Philadelphia- Campbell, N.A.. lnd J.B. Re\u20acce. 2005. Biology. ? \u20acd. Pea on Educarion. San FmrEisco. Clevelmd P. Hickman, J., L.S. Robens, A. L.lrson, H.l. Anen, and D.J. Eis\u20acnhour. 2006. InEsnted primiptes of Ziology. 13 ed Mccraw-Hill, Ncw York. Cmpe.. G.M. 2000. Thc Cell: A Molecular Appmach. 2 ed. Sinauer Asso.iates tnc. Freeman, S.. cnd J.C. Hcrcn. 200?. Eloludonary Analysis. 4 ed_ pearson Educarion. Guyroo, A.C.. and J.E. Hall. 2006. Texlhx)k of Medic.l physiolo8y. 11 ed. Elsevier lnc., lhild\u20aclphia. Mmre. K.L.. and Persuad, T.v.N. 2003. The D\u20acvetoping Hun'anj clinica y orietu\u20acit ernbryotogy. ? ed. Elscvier lnc., Philadelphia. Nelson, D.L.,.rnd M.M. Cox.2005. Lehninger principles of Bichcmistry.4 ed. worth, New york. Smift, T.M.. and R.L. Smirh.2006. Etements ofEcology.0 ed. pcuson Educarion, San Fran\u20acisco. Snuslard, D.P.. M.J. Simmons, lnd J.B. Jenkins. 199?. principle$ ofGenetics. Johtr willey and Sons lm.. New Yorl nri?ilri?t6i 6r!:Nnufidni fiarnrrirminfla'u. 2549. llaaiilinu Nml! nrj lai! l-2 nmirlilrni nfl'lr u6rd0j flR{ntnfuminordu. 2b51. ot9l]bAd! laslnrlrlRt, laitr 1-z ir;raolirdlrairnrraouinotataqilatrnalula6. n:rnrr{6Ruinr:. nririo6auar::nrr6uuifirlu ua1f,!16! rdr 1-8. o.rrinrrri'rm.rqpnr. n1lllrrr. aru ui'rbqm. zssz. roaolioao! 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