A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Madhya Pradesh

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018-2019) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Madhya Pradesh Indore Sagar Bhopal Jabalpur INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in

JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Madhya Pradesh International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in Page 1 of 87

CONTENTS List of Tables 3 Preface 5 Executive Summary 10 Chapter 1: Introduction 13 Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 17 Chapter 3: Population Profile 27 Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 35 Chapter 5: Community Profile 43 Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 52 Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 63 Appendix-II: Questionnaire for youth population 71 Appendix-III: The responses from a young Jain girl from MP 75 Select Bibliography 81 Page 2 of 87

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Surnames of Jain respondents P. No. Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts Table 2.3: Marital Status 18 Table 2.4: Education 19 Table 2.5: Medium of Education 20 Table 2.6: Occupational Status 21 Table 2.7: Income 22 Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated 23 24 Table 3.1: Total Sample Population 25 Table 3.2: Family Size Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts 27 Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio 28 Table 3.5: Sex Ratio 30 Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls 30 Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 31 Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls 32 Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 32 33 Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population 33 Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Madhya Pradesh Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 35 Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 36 Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth 37 Table 4.6: Size of land holding 37 Table 4.7: Commercial property value 38 Table 4.8: Residential property value 39 Table 4.9: Size of the Business 39 Table 4.10: House ownership 40 40 Table 5.3: Marital Status 41 Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage 44 45 Page 3 of 87

Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference 45 Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) 45 Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 46 Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 46 Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice 46 Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution 47 Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry 47 Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage 48 Table 5.13: Divorce 48 Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution 49 Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism 49 Table 6.1: Visit to temple 53 Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 53 Table 6.3: Food after sunset 54 Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 54 Table 6.5: Drinking 55 Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 55 Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 56 Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth) 56 Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 57 Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 57 Table 6.11: Religious education 58 Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 58 Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 59 Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 60 Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 60 Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 61 Table 6.17: Suggestions for religious education 61 Page 4 of 87

PREFACE International School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly been involved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholars through its Summer School programmes. So far about 686 participants have benefited from these programmes. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jain community, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and an online journal “ISJS-Transaction”. ISJS in 2017 - 2018 executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out the population dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some evolving trends regarding population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series the first survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one was conducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data, voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studies confirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 census by a range of 60% to 90%. “A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Madhya Pradesh State” is the first report with the primary emphasis on the sociological profile. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life and identity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests late marriage and marrying outside the community or not marrying at all, and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroad for better economic opportunities. The above findings, it is hoped, would be useful to the Jain community leaders and academicians alike in order to initiate suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of the community. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Jaipur, Udaipur, Chennai, Bengaluru, Mysore and Mumbai and Ahmedabad are in progress. Page 5 of 87

I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for their prompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to Shri Prafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghtana, Pune for taking up the entire responsibility of the survey and data collection in Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, and Kolhapur district. Thanks are due to Shri Amar Jain, Smt Sangeeta Vinayaka, Shri Nitin Jain, Dr. Vimal Jain and Dr. P. K. Jain for coordinating the survey work in Madhya Pradesh. I also thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Akhilesh K Jain and Mr. Shivam Saxena for their tireless efforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain Studies New Delhi Date: February 5th, 2019 Page 6 of 87

About Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh literally means \"Central Province\", and is located in the geographic heart of India, between latitude 21.2°N-26.87°N and longitude 74°59'-82°06' E. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and south of India. The geographical area is 4434459 Km. (1 Mile = 1.6 KM). It is one of the few states of India that is completely surrounded by other states, having neither a border with another country nor a coastline. To its north is Uttar Pradesh. To its west lie Rajasthan and Gujarat, to its south is Maharashtra and to its east is Chhattisgarh (a state that used to be a part of MP till 2000). Map of Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is home to ten National Parks; Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, Pench National Park and Dinosaur National Park, Dhar. Based on composition, the teak and sal forests are the important forest formations in the state. Bamboo-bearing areas are widely distributed. There are also a number of nature reserves. Most of them are located in the Eastern Madhya Pradesh near Jabalpur. MP also has a lot of prehistoric paintings, historic forts, religious and erotic engravings and temples, centres of tribal culture. Page 7 of 87

Madhya Pradesh is the heart of India. Many kinds of crops and vegetables grow here, therefore the second name for Madhya Pradesh is Green Malaw. Eighty percent of the population depends on agriculture. Wheat, corn, peas, grain, cotton and soybeans are the most important crops. Many dense forests are an important resource of timber providing Bambo, Teak and Sal. Millions of hectares of land are under the forest department, which is active here. The state government implements many policies for the forest. The district is full of natural resources. Coal and iron are two important resources. There are many cement factories and one regional name, “Panna”, is world famous for diamonds. The handicraft items of Madhya Pradesh are famous. Many government organizations and individual organizations are working for the handicraft industry and promoting the work of craftsmen. Unfortunately, MP has been rather neglected as a travel destination, even though it has beautiful cities and historical places like famous Khajuraho temples and the glass temple in Indore, largest mosque in Bhopal, Jain cliff carvings in Gwalior, sacred and historic city of Ujjain, Sanchi stupa and many more centers of touristic importance. The capital of MP is Bhopal. Climate Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer (April–June), followed by monsoon rains (July–September) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1,371 mm (54.0 in). The southeastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2,150 mm (84.6 in), while the western and northwestern districts receive 1,000 mm (39.4 in) or less. Ecology According to the 2011 figures, the recorded forest area of the state is 94,689 km2 (36,560 sq. miles) constituting 30.72% of the geographical area of the state. It constitutes 12.30% of the forest area of India. Legally this area has been classified into \"Reserved Forest\" (65.3%), \"Protected Forest\" (32.84%) and \"Unclassified Forest\" (0.18%). Per capita forest area is 2,400 m2 (0.59 acres) as against the national average of 700 m2 (0.17 acres). The forest cover is less dense in the northern and western parts of the state, which contain the major urban centers. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state Page 8 of 87

Some important statistics about MP GDP: Rs 8.26 lakh crores Per Capita income: Rs 59,052 Literacy rate: 70.6% Sex ratio: 931:1000 Natural resources: Rich in minerals like copper and diamonds. More than 30% land area under forests. Economic growth: During 2014-18, the annual GDP growth was higher than national average. The population: 7,26,26,809 in the 2011 census with about 5,67,028 being Jains. MP also had many Jains as chief ministers (Sunder Lal Patwa,V K Saklecha, P C Sethi to name a few) since its inception. Thus, MP is a special state for Jains Page 9 of 87

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present study of Jain community in Madhya Pradesh study is the first survey of its kind in India and is expected to provide an insight into the distinctive features of Central India’s Jain population along with its concomitant attributes. Another highlight of this survey is the study of Jain youth population, which was carried out to understand the hopes, aspirations and their views on Jainism. The present sample survey report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community of the Madhya Pradesh State in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings of the survey are based on two sets of questionnaires, attached as appendix for information. The work on data collection began in August 2018 and continued till the end of November 2018. Data collection was done by volunteers of ISJS and some philanthropic organization devoted to social cause to improve the status of Jain community in India. Report is based on the data so collected. In all 514 respondents were interviewed (representing 2570 Jains as family members) and requested to fill the questionnaires. Beside 297 Jain youth also participated in the survey. Summary of our findings is given below: ➢ Socio-economic-respondents: o 66.1% of the respondents use Jain as their surnames while 31.5% of them use other surnames. o 57.9% male & 70.1% female hold graduate and above degrees. Still 30% adults in Sagar are illiterate. o Running own Business (45.6 % male & 31.3 % female) is the dominant occupation. o 38.5 % male & 25.4 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000. The average per capita income of Jain comes to Rs 473,565 which is approximately 8 times the per capita income for the state. ➢ Population Profile: o Gender distribution of Jains is 51.5 % male & 48.5 % female resulting in 948 females per 1000 males. o Child sex ratio (0-6) at 583 females per 1000 male is a cause for concern o Average family Size: 5. o 52.0% male & 51.3% female holding graduation and above educational degrees. o 28.0% males reported own business and household management (25.4% females) seem to be dominant occupations. However, 26.3% males and 39.6% female Jain youth wished to pursue service as occupation with further 16.5% males and 11.2% female Jain youth wanted some professional occupation. o 37.1% males and 53.2% female Jains did not respond to the questions. Page 10 of 87

o Real-estate ownership: 89.0% Jains own their own homes they live in. Holding of land and commercial property seems to be a sensitive issue as 80.0% for land and 76.2% for commercial property chose not to respond. ➢ Education, Occupational Structure: o 87.7% males and 84.4% female Jains are literate. 11.1% & Males and 14.4 % females did not respond about their educational status. o 97.5 % Jain male youth and 98.0% Jain female youth are literate; with over 55.6% male youth and 47.2% female youth have graduate and above qualifications. o Own business (36.0% male & 28.8 female) continue to be the preference with government /private service moving up to 29.6% male 22.4% female opting for it with a large shift to professional business (25.4% male & 37.3%female). o 11.1% Jains having commercial property above 20 Lakhs while a large number 76.0% did not report the economic value of their commercial property. o 87.0% Jains live in their own homes and 63.6% Jains showed more openness while sharing the value of their residential property. ➢ Community Profile: o 52.4% of the families were reported to be joint while 35.6% families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families. o 22.1% males & 19.6% females unmarried while 54.0% males and 52.0% female reported as being married. o 80.0% Jains were aware of the growing trend of Inter caste marriage. However, 83.8 % are not in in favour of non- Jain marriage. o 58.1% responded that they prefer late marriage compared to early marriages. o 71.0% support remarriage of widows while 3.7 % not responded. ➢ Jain Way of Life: o 89.3% males and 77.6 % are daily visit Temples/Sthanakas while 63.4% male youth and 50.5% female youth are also daily visitors. o 38.5% Jain adults and 58.1 % Jain Youth take food after Sunset. o A large majority (59.5%) of Madhya Pradesh Jains believed that its youths were drifting away from Jain philosophy and way of life, while 37.5% did not agree to the preposition. o 55.1% Drifting away from Jainism by younger generation as admitted by them. o 91.6% believed that religious education be made mandatory. Other factors of significance: Jains are essentially urban dwellers with growing preference for the same due to higher economic benefits. This creates a situation demanding greater effort by the Jain community to initiate appropriate actions like providing formal and informal Jain Value education to young children for minimizing drift away from Jainism. Also, steps have to be initiated to ensure young male and female are prepared with Jain Way of life (like Smart Girl program by BJS) and encouraging active formation of Young Jain boys and girls associations (like YJA in USA) where the Jain youth meet without parents and Page 11 of 87

socially interact with each other and have some religious talks/discussions periodically or through articles published by them. During our research, we kept a close watch on the internet to see any news of interest for the study. Appendix III shows the responses from a young Jain girl from MP on all issues about daily life to religion and profession which more or less is in line with the study. Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings in details and form Action groups at state and local levels to implement the findings and recommendation. Further, there is a strong need to start adult education in places like Sagar, Jain value education for Jain youth and providing better formal education to Jain youth in smaller towns along with a dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021 Census. ISJS will be happy to lead such Jain community initiatives. Page 12 of 87

Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION Madhya Pradesh had the fourth largest concentration of Jain population (5,67,028) as per 2011 Census. It is one of the few states in India where Jainism has a strong presence and influence. Decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 3.7% that is less than that of India (5.4%). The other demographic features of Jains include 96.2% literacy rate (male: 97.6% and female: 94.8%) in M. P. that is similar to national averages (96.8% for males and 92.9% for females). Sex-Ratio in Madhya Pradesh in 2011 census was 942 and child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) was 939 – compared to the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate (WPR) of Madhya Pradesh state for the Jains in 2011 census was 34.6 % (56.8% for males and 11.0% for females) as compared to national averages of 35.5% (57.7% for males and 12.3% for females). Famous Jain tirthas, in the state are: Vidisha, Kundalpur, Khajuraho, Aharji, Paporaji, Drongir, Sonagiri, Nainagiri, Badagaon, Pateriaji etc. in Bundelkhand area of the state and vicinity. Most of the Jain followers are in districts of Bundelkhand region or around in northern side (Gwalior, Sagar, Jabalpur), followed by Indore and the state capital Bhopal. An interesting part of the state for the study is Bundelkhand. Bundelkhand is a culturally homogeneous region in Central India. Officially it consists of 13 districts- seven districts of Uttar Pradesh and 6 districts of Madhya Pradesh. However, the greater or cultural Bundelkhand extends to about 15 more districts, mostly in Madhya Pradesh. Economically, the region is highly dependent on agriculture and mining with very little development in educational, industrial and infrastructure sectors. Consequently, the region is characterised by high level of poverty and emigration. Traditionally, Jains in the region had been engaged in retail as well as wholesale trade of agriculture produce and provisional goods, banking and mahajani. Most of the people in and around Bundelkhand speak Hindi. On the other hand, Indore has greater proximity to Gujarat and Maharashtra and their cultural influence and has the largest population of Jains in the state. Indore has famous glass temple, home to some of the leading Jain business houses of the state and is surrounded by a number of important Jain tirthas. Brief description of each district with respects to Jains is given below: Indore District: Situated in the Malwa region of central India, Indore had the largest concentration of Jain population (71, 667) in 2011 Census. The City is not only the largest in Madhya Pradesh, but also the business and educational hub of the state. The Indore district is very highly urbanized with 98.4% of its population living in urban areas. In 2001 census the Jain population of the Indore district was 63,037. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 13.7% which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (4.7%). The other demographic features include 97.1% literacy rate (Male: 97.7% and Female: 96.5%). In the district 1,934 Page 13 of 87

Jains were found illiterate – 785 Males and 1,149 Females. Sex-Ratio in Indore district was 966 and child sex-ratio was 917 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 365% (58.4% for males and13.9% for females). Jabalpur District: It had the third largest concentration of Jain population (at 33,728) in Madhya Pradesh in 2011 Census. The Jain population of Jabalpur district is very highly urbanized with about 92% of them living in urban areas. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 4.1% which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (4.0%). The other demographic features include 97% literacy rate (Male: 98.1% and Female: 95.3%). In Sex- Ratio in Jabalpur district was 945 and child sex-ratio was 972. Whereas the sex-ratio is a little less than the Jain national average of 954, the child sex-ratio is much better than the Jain national average 889. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 34.6% (56.9% for males and 10.9% for females). Bhopal District: It had the fifth largest concentration of Jain population (25,050) in 2011 Census. Bhopal is the capital city of the Madhya Pradesh state. In 2001 census the Jain population of the Bhopal district was 22,238. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 16.7% which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (4.0%). The other demographic features include 96.1% literacy rate (male: 97.2% and female: 95.0%). Sex-Ratio in Bhopal district was 974 and child sex-ratio was 994 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.1% (54.5% for males and 15.2% for females). Sagar District: It had the second largest concentration of Jain population (62,992) in 2011 Census. In 2001 census the Jain population of the Sagar district was 59,931. Decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 5.1% which is more than that of Madhya Pradesh (4.0%). The other demographic features include 96.1% literacy rate (male: 97.2% and female: 95.0%). Sex-Ratio in Sagar district was 974 and child sex-ratio was 994 – both being above the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 35.1% (54.5% for males and 15.2% for females). Page 14 of 87

The present sociological survey of the Jain community in Madhya Pradesh is designed as an exploratory study with the following objectives: Objectives of the Survey: 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Madhya Pradesh. 2. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To review the infra-structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area to enable Jain youth move up the economic ladder. 5. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. Research Methodology: The four regions of significance and representative of Jains in the state were selected for field survey and analysis. These are: Indore (largest city) Jain population 71667 25950 Bhopal (Capital city) Jain population 62992 33728 Sagar Jain population 567028 Jabalpur Jain Population Total Jain population in MP Note: All figures as per census 2011 A carefully developed Questionnaire (common for PAN-INDIA survey) was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of about 50 questions. The data were collected from the 4 districts of the Madhya Pradesh namely Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur and Sagar. In all, 514 respondents (male: 447 and female: 67) generally being head of family, were contacted for filling the questionnaire. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data and acquaintance of our staff members with Jain community. Along with general Jain population (heads of families), Jain youth – both male and female were also interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 296 youth (205 male and 91 female) were interviewed. In most cases the selected youth belonged to the same families which participated in the Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted at appropriate places in the report. Page 15 of 87

The method to arrive at state averages from the survey data for four regions is follows: State average (say for surname) = ((% in Sagar * Population of Jains in Sagar + % in Jabalpur * Population in Jains in Jabalpur + % in Indore * Population of Jains in Indore + % in Bhopal * Population of Jains in Bhopal)) / Population of Jains in the four districts, where % is % of Jains reported as using Jains as surname from the survey data. Mathematically, it can be represented as State Average of factor ‘f’. = Summation of (ai* pi)/ P where ‘a’ is % of factor ‘f’ and ‘p’ represents the population of Jains in region ‘i’ and ‘i’ ranges from 1 to 4 for Bhopal, Indore, Sagar and Jabalpur. P is the total population of Jains in the four regions or values of ‘i’. Significance of the Study It is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural, demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Madhya Pradesh in general as no anthropological/sociological work on the subject has so far been done. Map: Fieldwork sites in Madhya Pradesh Page 16 of 87

Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS This chapter presents data on socio-economic background of the respondents of the Indore, Jabalpur, Bhopal & Sagar districts of Madhya Pradesh in terms of age and gender, marital status, education, occupational status, and income. There are 514 (447 Male and 67 Female) respondents who participated in our survey which includes (male & female) 247 of Indore, 95 of Jabalpur, 85 of Bhopal and 82 of Sagar districts respectively. Total respondents surveyed Population (Census- 2011) Respondents (Survey- 2018) District Total No. No. % of % of Total No. No. % of % of Indore No. Male Female Male Female No. Male Female Male Female Jabalpur Bhopal 71,667 36,462 35,205 50.9 49.1 247 187 60 75.7 24.3 Sagar 33,728 17,345 16,383 51.0 49 100 95 5 95.0 5.0 Total State 25,950 13,145 12,805 51.0 49 85 85 0.0 100.0 0.0 Population 62,992 32,691 30,301 51.9 48.1 82 80 2 97.6 2.4 1,94,337 99,643 94,694 - - 514 447 67 87.1 12.9 5,67,028 2,91,937 2,75,091 51.5 48.5 - - - -- Page 17 of 87

Surnames In the survey data of the State, about 66.1% of the respondents used Jain as their surnames while 31.5% of them use other surnames. Sagar, Jabalpur and Bhopal had majority of Jains who use Jain as their surname. Indore district was different though where more than 550.0% Jains used surnames other than Jain. It is very likely that “Jain” surnames are used by Jains living in areas adjacent to Uttar Pradesh and state capital as Jain is commonly used in Hindi speaking states of Northern India. It is also observed that 2.3% Jains did not respond to this item, with Indore district accounting for the most. Table 2.1: Surnames of Jain respondents State’s - districts Jain% Other Surnames% No Response% Indore 45.3 50.2 4.5 Jabalpur 90.0 10.0 0.0 Bhopal 81.2 18.8 `0.0 Sagar 84.1 14.7 1.2 State Average 66.1 31.5 2.4 Surnames 100 Jain% 90 Other Surnames% 80 No Response% 70 60 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indore Page 18 of 87

Age and Gender The respondents include 87.1% males and 12.9% female (Refer Table 2.2). Further on, 52.6% of male and 29.85% female of the respondents are in the age group 14-59 years. Senior citizens (60+), being the head of families numbered 45.6% male and 62.7% as females. Since the age distribution of male respondents is similar in the two age groups, the case of female is different primarily due to all female respondents being from Indore, a modern city where elderly women have a significant number as widows and spend more time in religious cum social activities. Bhopal had no female respondent while Sagar and Jabalpur had small numbers only, all in the age group 14-59. Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 14-59 60+ No Response Indore Jabalpur MF MF MF Bhopal Sagar 34.2 21.7 64.7 70.0 1.1 8.3 State Average 52.6 100.0 47.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 67.7 0.0 31.8 0.0 1.2 0.0 80.0 100.0 13.7 0.0 6.2 0.0 52.6 29.8 45.6 62.7 1.8 7.5 Page 19 of 87

Marital Status An overwhelming majority of respondents i.e. 87.1 % are male with only 12.9% female respondent. 94.6% male and 74.6% female respondents are married. The corresponding figure for males as married is almost even throughout the state while the picture for female in Indore (73.3%) Jabalpur (80%) are important for further review. Analysis for the causes of this dichotomy are 20% female in Jabalpur are unmarried while 16.7% female in Indore are widows. Divorce/separation is still an insignificant factor with all districts showing % against 1.7% female divorced /separated in Indore. Perhaps the figure of 17% as no response for female in Indore may also belong to the divorcee/separated category with females not responding due to shyness/social stigma. Table 2.3 Marital Status District Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average MF MF MF MF MF Married 92.0 73.3 93.8 80.0 99.0 0.0 97.2 100.0 94.6 74.6 Unmarried 5.3 6.7 4.2 20.0 1.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 3.7 6.70 2.7 16.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Widow/ 0.0 0.0 1.4 14.8 Widower 0.0 1.67 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Divorce 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 separated 0.0 1.66 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.5 No Response Married Unmarried 100 60 Male % Female % 40 50 20 0 Male % 0 Female % Widow/Widower Divorce separated 20 100 15 10 50 5 Male % Male % 0 0 Female % Female % Page 20 of 87

Education The survey data and its analysis ( Table 2.4) shows 58.0% male & 70.1% female holding graduation and above educational degrees at the state level, which correspond to the state statistics in census 2011. However, in depth analysis of the four districts reveal alarming figures as indicated below: Sagar district has 30% male Jains with no one having a graduate degree. Further it has 35% male with education up to middle level and 35% up to secondary school level. The figures for female are better with 70% having secondary school education. Jabalpur has 20% female as illiterate and equal % graduate degree and above. Surprising Bhopal had no female respondent and the picture is thus not clear. Indore with good education facilities and being the largest modern city of the state has fairly high % (72.7 for male and 76.7 for female) of Jains with graduate and above degrees. Table 2.4: Education (%) District Illiterate Up to Middle up to S. Sec Graduate & No response Above Indore MF MF MF MF Jabalpur 1.6 0.0 5.9 11.7 19.2 10.0 MF 0.6 1.6 Bhopal 1.1 20.0 17.9 0.0 30.5 60.0 72.7 76.7 0.0 0.0 Sagar 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 10.6 0.0 50.5 20.0 0.0 0.0 State 30.0 0.0 35.0 0.0 35.0 100.0 88.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Average 0.0 0.0 6.3 1.5 12.8 10.4 22.8 16.4 0.2 1.5 57.9 70.1 Graduate & Above 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indore Page 21 of 87

Medium of Education Majority of Jains in the state go to Hindi medium schools except in Indore (Table 2.5; 35.3% male and 36.7% female) and Bhopal (21% male) attended English medium schools. These figures are obvious as these two districts, being big cities have a number of English medium schools available. Jabalpur also seems to have some English medium schools. Sagar on the other hand to still appears to be backward in education development. Normally the medium of education in school shows its effect in higher education, particularly going for professional courses and hence become higher income generators. Table 2.5: Medium of Education (%) District English Hindi Other No response MF MF MF MF Indore Jabalpur 35.3 36.7 56.7 56.7 1.1 1.7 6.9 5.0 Bhopal 6.3 0.0 93.7 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sagar 21.0 0.0 76.0 0.0 State average 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.1 32.8 76.0 61.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.5 2.9 4.5 Hindi Medium 100 Male % 90 Female % 80 70 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indore Page 22 of 87

Occupation The dominant occupation of the respondents in the state was found to be Own Business 38.5% (45.6% male & 31.3 % female). Detailed analysis reveals likely trend of own business (as trading business/shop) in Sagar (46% male) and Jabalpur (51.6% male and 60% female) while Indore and Bhopal may have midsize trading business/shops. The % female business persons (Indore 30% and Jabalpur 60%) may substantiate the large Jain food and household/ handicraft items used in religious rituals produced and marketed by female business persons. Very few Jains (9%) get involved in agriculture (14.6 % male & 4.5 % female) even though it is the main occupation of the state. 23.9 % male & 23.9 % female were engaged in service while 5.9 % male & 2.9 % female are engaged in professions. However, 5.8 % male & 17.9 % female did not respond about their occupational status due to either being involved in managing household (female) and retired for male. Expectedly, a large number of women respondent (19.4%) did report themselves to be engaged in house hold affairs. Table 2.6: Occupational Status District Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Agriculture MF MF MF MF MF Own Business 2.7 1.7 27.4 40.0 8.0 0.0 29.0 0.0 14.6 4.5 Service 48.1 30.0 51.6 60.0 33.0 0.0 46.0 0.0 45.6 31.3 (Govt/Private) Professional 24.1 23.3 11.6 0.0 41.0 0.0 20.0 100.0 23.9 23.9 Managing Household 5.9 3.3 1.1 0.0 12.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.9 3.0 Others Students 5.3 21.7 0.0 0.0 1.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 19.4 No response 0.0 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 17.9 Own Business 60 Male Female 40 20 Jabalpur Female Male 0 Indore Bhopal Sagar State Average Page 23 of 87

Income 38.5 % male & 25.4 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000/- indicating their having low paid jobs. The figures for Rs 25000-50000 per month is also similar as 29.7% male & 26.8 % female. However, the figures are different for the monthly income group of Rs.50,000/- to Rs. 1,00,000/- was 13.00 % male & 11.9 % female. The %age distribution amongst make and figure for monthly income of Rs 100,000 and above is very different at 13.2 % male & 6% female. A higher percentage of women (29.8%) did not respond to the question about their income in comparison to men (6%), perhaps due to their not engaged in activities involving financial remuneration. This may be the case as work participation data shows those engaged in agriculture as 14.6% and in own business as 45.6% and 31.3% respectively for male and female; both likely to be small income generators. The results, however, show different results as against our expectation of higher income levels in Indore and Bhopal compared to Sagar and Jabalpur. This is perhaps due to higher income Jains in Indore and Bhopal either being not represented as the respondents or the figures given by them were not properly understood. Also Jains by nature tend to under state their actual financial power. Table 2.7: Income District Less than 25,000 25,000 – 50,000 Income (Rs.) Above 1,00,000 No response MF MF MF MF Indore 37.4 16.7 28.3 30.0 50,000-1,00,000 12.8 6.7 11.8 33.3 Jabalpur 44.2 100.0 32.6 0.0 MF 5.3 0.0 3.2 0.0 Bhopal 25.0 0.0 32.0 0.0 9.6 13.3 13.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 Sagar 48.0 100 24.0 0.0 14.7 0.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 State 26.0 0.0 Average 38.5 25.4 29.3 26.9 5.0 0.0 13.2 6.0 6.0 29.8 13.0 11.9 < Rs. 25,000/- Above Rs. 1,00,000 100 100 50 50 0 Male % 0 Male % Female Female % Page 24 of 87

Per Capita Income Based on the above analysis, we tried to estimate the per Capita income of Jains in the four areas and the state as whole. Per capita income is the mean hence, income calculated for population of Jains in Madhya Pradesh State, does not represent the actual income of any single respondent. Table 2.8 shows the calculated per capital income for the four districts as well as the average for the state. The average for the state shows Jain per capita income to be 473565/ 59,052 or approximate 8 times the per capita income for the state. Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated District Per Capita (Monthly) Rs. Per Capita (Annually) Rs. Indore 38,401 4,60,812 Jabalpur 33,044 3,96,525 Bhopal 47,625 5,71,500 Sagar 42,012 5,04,146 State Average 39,464 4,73,565 Concluding remarks Following summary indicates results of the survey for respondents: • Total number of respondents: 514 with 47 males (87.1%) and 67 females (12.9%). Age-wise distribution is 52.6 % male and 29.8 % female in the age group 14-59. • 66.1% of the respondents use 'Jain' as their surnames, while 31.5 % of them preferred to use some other surnames. • 94.6% males and 74.7% female were married; 3.7% male and 6.7% female were unmarried; 1.3% male and 14.9% female were widower/widows; and .08% male and 1.3% female were divorced. • Literacy rate is 72.7 % male & 76.7 % female. 57.9% male and 70.1% female had graduate or higher education. Disturbing factor is 30% male were illiterate and 35% had education up to middle class. • 75.9% male and 61.2% female attended Hindi medium schools. More female Jains went to English medium schools than males. It seems that upward economic mobility of Jains is related to the medium of Language used in high schools. • Occupation: 45.6% male and 3.3% female were engaged in their own business. 23.9% male and 23.9% female were ins service (government or private). Agriculture (cultivators and workers) work is performed by 14.6% males and 4.5% females. • Income: 38.5% male and 25.3% female reported income less than Rs 25000 per month .29.7% male and 26.8% female reported income between Rs 25-50000 per month. The balance ewer in higher income groups with % not responding to the query. Page 25 of 87

Per capita income of Jains come to Rs 4,73,565 which is more than 8 times the state average but low from Jain perspective. Overall, the regions of Sagar, Jabalpur and adjoining Bundelkhand seem to still have inadequate education, infrastructure facilities with Jain population and pilgrim places as indicated by large illiterate adults. Page 26 of 87

Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILE This chapter presents the survey results of the Jain population of the four districts of Madhya Pradesh in terms of the family size, age structure, sex and child sex ratios, etc. Table 3.1 shows the Jain population in the four districts surveyed (514 respondents accounting for 2570 Jains). Jain population covered by field survey Table 3.1 presents the population profile of the Jain community in the four districts along with estimated average for the state for Madhya Pradesh as a whole. As per our survey, 514 respondents and their family members took part in the survey giving a total Jain population of 2,570 individuals (1,323 males, and 1,247 females). The female sex ratio was found to be 943 per 1,000 males. The percentage of children in 0-6 years age group was found to be at 4.2%. In answer to a question whether they were enumerated in the 2011 census, 78.7% of the respondents replied in the affirmative, 9.3% in the negative and 12% of the respondents did not reply to this question. Table 3.1: Total Sample Population 0-6 Total Male Female District Number Male % Female % Age % % % Group Indore Jabalpur 1,197 608 50.8 589 49.2 49 4.1 4.4 3.7 Bhopal Sagar 581 315 54.2 266 45.8 28 4.8 7.0 2.3 State Average 423 217 51.3 206 48.7 20 4.7 5.5 3.9 369 183 49.6 186 50.4 11 3.0 4.9 1.1 2,570 1,323 51.5 1,247 48.5 108 4.2 5.3 3.0 Page 27 of 87

Male & Female % 55 Male Female 50 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State 45 Average 40 Indore Page 28 of 87

Family Size Table 3.2 presents survey data about Jain family size in the State. The range of the family size was chosen between single and 10+ members. It is clear from the table that the largest number of families (30%) is a 4-member unit followed by 5-member units (20.6%), 6- member (14.6%) and 3-member families (12.8%). These four categories of families account for over 78% of the Jain families in the Madhya Pradesh State. The upper limit (with 10+ members) of the family size was 6% of the total sample size, while 1-member constituted 0.7%. The average family size comes to 5 members. Table 3.2: Family Size (%) Family Size Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 1 Member 0.8 0.0 1.2 4.9 2 Members 7.3 3.0 8.2 1.2 0.7 3 Members 16.6 5.0 12.9 11.00 5.6 4 Members 30.0 21.0 30.6 40.2 12.8 5 Members 17.4 28.0 18.8 23.2 30.0 6 Members 14.6 21.0 10.6 11.0 20.6 7 Members 3.2 5.0 3.5 4.9 14.6 8 Members 2.4 2.0 4.7 1.2 3.9 9 Members 2.4 4.0 4.7 1.2 2.8 10+ Members 5.3 11.0 4.7 1.2 2.9 6.0 Family Size 45 3 Member 40 4 Member 35 5 Member 30 25 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 20 15 10 5 0 Indore Page 29 of 87

Age structure and Dependency Ratios Tables 3.3 and, 3.4 present data on Jain population in terms of age, age group categories and dependency ratios respectively. Table 3.3 summarizes the age-structure of the Jain community surveyed. Jain adults (15-59 age group), that is economically active, constitute 66.1% of population, with male and female at par with each other, as compared to the national average of 66.6% in the same age group, perhaps justifying the impression that Jains in Sagar and similar areas are involved in general provision and similar shops management. 14% male & 12.7% female are young (0-15) and about 17.6% male & 15.1% female are old (60+). The comparative figures of the age structure of Jain population in India as per 2011 census data were as follows: 20.6% below 15 years of age, 66.6% between 15-59 years and about 12.8% over 60 years of age (See Jain, Dheeraj 2017:7). Dependency ratio gives the proportion of persons whom the persons in economically active age group need to support. Dependency ratio can be divided into two parts: (i) young dependency ratio, and (ii) old dependency ratio. Dependency ratio can be calculated as the number of persons in age group 0-14 plus the number of persons in age group 60 years or more divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Dependency Ratio= Number of persons in 0−14 years + Number of Persons above 60 years divided by Number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Young dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 0-14 years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 and multiplied by 1,000. Young Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons in 0−14 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Similarly, old dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 60+ years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Old Dependency Ratio = Number of Persons above 60 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Table 3.4 presents dependency ratios for the four districts and the state averages. It is observed that overall dependency ration for the state (445) is much lower than the national (597 as per census 2011). Further analysis shows that the young dependency ratio is also low in the Madhya Pradesh State (241) compared to the Jain national figure of (311) while the old dependency ratio was marginally higher in the case of Madhya Pradesh State survey (204) compared to national average (187). This implies ageing Jain population in the state with lesser number of children being added by Jain community. Page 30 of 87

Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 0-14 15-59 60+ No Response Indore MF MF MF MF Jabalpur Bhopal 11.3 11.9 66.8 68.9 18.6 16.5 3.3 2.5 18.7 12.0 61.3 69.5 19.0 16.9 0.9 1.5 Sagar 11.5 13.6 68.7 68.4 18.4 16.5 1.4 1.5 State 17.5 15.0 65.0 64.5 10.9 6.4 6.6 14.0 Average 14.0 12.7 64.0 68.3 17.6 15.1 4.4 3.9 Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio District Dependency Young Dependency Old Dependency Ratio Ratio Ratio Indore 430 259 171 Jabalpur 519 241 278 Bhopal 438 183 255 Sagar 385 251 134 State Average 445 241 204 Dependency Ratio 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Indore Dependency Ratio Young Dependency Ratio Old Dependency Ratio Page 31 of 87

Sex and Child Sex Ratios The sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as per our survey was found to be 944, which was marginally higher as compared to the Madhya Pradesh State 2011 census data of 931, and comparable to the 2011 national Jain sex ratio of 943. The child (0-6) sex ratio at 583 is significantly low in comparison to the 2011 Madhya Pradesh State census figure of 918 and 2011 national Jain child sex ratio of 889. Table 3.5: Sex Ratio District Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio (0- 6 year age group) Indore 969 815 Jabalpur 844 273 Bhopal 949 667 Sagar 1,011 222 State Average 944 543 Sex & Child Sex Ratio 1200 Sex Ratio 1000 Child Sex Ratio 800 600 400 200 0 Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Page 32 of 87

Awareness about shortage of girls As seen in Table 3.6 over 82 % of the respondents said yes to the question about shortage of girls in the Jain community; about 15 % said no and about 3 % had no response. Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls District Question: Are you aware that there is shortage of girls against boys in the Jain Indore Jabalpur community? Bhopal Yes No No Response Sagar State Average 82.6 13.8 3.6 79.0 21.0 0.0 80.0 15.0 5.0 88.0 11.0 1.0 82.4 14.7 2.9 Awareness about feticide Female feticide is considered as the prime suspect in declining child sex ratio among the Jains. Our sample data suggest that about 23% of respondents replied in the affirmative about female feticide and about 70 % in negative. Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains District Question: Have you heard of any case of feticide among Jains in your area? Indore Jabalpur Yes No No Response Bhopal 28.3 62.7 8.9 Sagar 11.0 88.0 1.0 State 28.3 62.3 9.4 Average 19.5 75.6 4.9 23.9 70.2 6.6 Page 33 of 87

Discrimination against girls Although Jain families are more egalitarian than those in other community in India, yet due to patriarchy some discrimination is also seen in the Jain families. Accordingly, 8.8 % of the respondents replied in the affirmative, while 87.8 % relied in the negative. About 3.4 % of the respondents had no response (Table 3.8). Youth perception about discrimination against girls in the Jain community is slightly at variance from the general public in that about 16.9 % of the youth believe that girls are discriminated against and 80.4 % and 2.7 % do not believe so (Table 3.9). Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls District Question: Do you believe that in Jain families, girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Indore Jabalpur education and health provisions Bhopal Yes No No Response Sagar State 8.5 85.8 5.7 Average 4.0 96.0 0.0 7.7 89.4 3.5 19.5 79.3 1.2 8.8 87.8 3.40 Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Indore education and health provisions Jabalpur Bhopal Yes No No Response Sagar State Average 25.2 72.8 2.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 16.7 83.3 0.0 12.3 81.5 6.2 16.9 80.4 2.7 Page 34 of 87

Concluding Remarks Our conclusions are based on the sample population of 2,570 Jains. Jain population profile is projected for the Madhya Pradesh as follows: Gender distribution: 51.5 % male & 48.5 % female.948 females per 1000 males.; child sex ratio (0-6) at 583 female per 1000 male disturbing compared to census figures for MP (918) and national (889) for Jains). Sex Ratio: 948 females per 1000 male and child sex ratio (0-6) at 583 per 1000 male these findings are disturbing compare to census figures for M. P. (918) and the national average (889) for Jains. Family Size: 5 Persons. Age distribution: 72% in age group 15-59 compared to 66.6% national average; Only 13.3% were in the age group in 0-14 years age group - a very serious issue leading to a likely sharp decline in Jain population in future. Elderly population (60+) relatively high at 15%. Dependency ratio: Economically active- 66%. Overall dependency ratio 445 compared to national average of 597; Young dependency ratio 241 and old dependency ratio 204 compared to 311 and187 as national average respectively. Awareness (female issues): 8.8% Discrimination against girls (respondents) 16.9% Discrimination against girls (youth) 82.3% Awareness about shortage of girls 23.2% Awareness about female feticide Issues concerning Jain community which need to be addressed urgently are: • Rapid decline in birth rate: Only 4.2% were in the age group 0-6 years; young dependency ratio 214 compared to 311 national average • Fewer girls added 583 per 1000 compared to 889 national average. Jains are aware of the issue yet nothing is being done. • Aging Jain population: old dependency ratio 241 compared to 187 national average. Page 35 of 87

Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURE This chapter analyses the survey data on Jain families, their educational and occupational structure, income levels, employment, unemployment, land holding, ownership of commercial and residential property, scale of their businesses and house ownership in the state. Education The 2011 census data on Jain community had revealed that of all the religious communities, the Jains were the most literate and highly educated community. Jains had four to five times more graduates/post-graduates (25.6%) than other major religious communities of India. Our survey data fully confirmed this trend whereby over 88% of the Madhya Pradesh State Jain population was found to be literate and only 1% illiterate. An anomaly was revealed with over 11% of the respondents not responding about their educational status. Those with graduation and above educational qualifications were found to be 52%, which is higher than other major religious communities in India. Women were found to be less qualified by about 1 percentage point (Table 4.1). An unfortunate part revealed by the State survey is that while women continued to do better than their male counterparts till Middle education, their number dropped down considerably by the time they reached graduation and post-graduation. About 55.6% male & 47.2% female Jain youth have graduation and above qualifications (Table 4.2). Over 37% male & 47% female have studied up to senior secondary classes, about 4% male & 3% female up to middle classes. The Jain females are better qualified as compared to their male counterparts. Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population (%) 0-6 6-18 Illiterate Up to Up to Graduate No Age Age Middle Senior District Group Group MF Secondary & Above response MF MF 0.7 0.2 MF MF Indore 4.4 3.7 12.8 14.4 0.9 0.7 14.6 18.5 10.9 8.5 MFMF Jabalpur 7.0 2.3 18.1 18.0 0.9 2.4 28.6 27.8 15.6 13.5 63.5 60.1 10.4 12.7 Bhopal 5.5 3.9 12.0 15.5 2.3 1.6 11.9 18.9 8.8 9.7 41.3 49.6 13.6 8.3 Sagar 4.9 1.1 18.0 18.3 31.1 26.9 21.3 8.6 70.0 57.8 8.3 11.2 State 33.3 37.6 12.0 25.3 Average 5.3 3.0 14.7 16.0 1.2 1.2 21.6 23.0 14.1 10.1 52.0 51.3 11.1 14.4 Page 36 of 87

Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth (%) District Illiterate Up to Up to Senior Graduate & No Middle Secondary Above response Indore MF MF MF MF Jabalpur 0.0 0.0 2.3 1.7 46.0 53.3 MF 1.1 1. 7 Bhopal 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 12.8 0.0 50.6 43.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.8 0.0 83.0 100 0.0 0.0 Sagar 1.7 0.0 6.8 9.1 50.8 50.0 83.3 100 5.1 4.5 State 35.6 36.4 Average 0.5 0 2.0 2.2 3.9 3.3 37.2 47.2 55.6 47.2 Graduate & Above 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indore Graduate & Above (Youth) 100 Male 90 Female 80 70 Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Indore Page 37 of 87

Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.3 reveal that growing females respondents prefer professional education for their youngsters compared to own business or government service; while 34% male respondents prefer own business for their youngsters. Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation (%) Occupation Line District Family Government Professional education No Business or (Engineering, Medicine, Response Indore New Business Services Jabalpur Law, Accountancy etc.) MF Bhopal MF 12.3 15.0 Sagar 41.7 26.7 MF M F 7.4 0.0 State Average 45.3 40.0 21.4 23.3 24.6 35.0 11.8 0.0 28.2 0.0 27.4 20.0 20.0 40.0 5.0 0.0 28.7 0.0 23.5 0.0 36.5 0.0 9.1 11.4 36.0 28.8 46.2 0.0 20.0 100 29.6 22.4 25.3 37.3 Occupation For the past half-a-century or so the Jains have been not only the most literate but also the most educated community with the result that a growing number of them have been big entrepreneurs and industrialists (28% male); engineers, medical doctors, lawyers, accountants, IT professionals, business managers, college and university professors and bureaucrats (20.6% male) with 25.4% female busy in household management. However, the data is to be seen with care as 37.1% male and 53.2% female chose not to respond to this query. (Table 4.4). Table 4.4: Occupational status by Gender distribution Occupation Type Gender Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Agriculture M 1.3 10.5 3.2 2.2 3.9 F 0.8 1.1 0 0.0 0.6 Own Business M 25.2 30.8 20.3 31.1 28.0 Services F 5.9 4.9 1.0 1.6 4.2 M 16.1 7.6 28.1 10.4 17.4 (Govt/Private) F 8.3 3.0 10.2 3.8 6.8 Professional M 3.4 1.9 6.0 2.2 3.5 Managing F 2.4 0.7 1.9 1.1 1.8 Household M 3.0 1.9 2.8 1.1 2.4 F 16.6 38.3 35.9 19.9 25.4 Others M 0.7 2.9 0.5 0.0 1.1 F 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Students M 4.3 9.5 9.2 5.5 6.5 F 5.8 12.8 11.2 3.2 7.8 No Response M 46.0 34.9 29.9 47.5 37.1 F 59.8 39.1 39.8 70.4 53.2 Page 38 of 87

Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth Jains youth (55.6% male and 47,2% female) have graduate above degrees (Table 4.2). This gets reflected in their occupation as well as can be seen from the following table with professional females being less perhaps due to their getting married and living elsewhere). Expectations (from youth) of Respondents Youth (Table 4.3) (Table 4.5) male male female 32.7% female 26.3% 16.5% Own business 36% 28.8% 13.2% 39.6% 16.5% Service 29.6% 22.4% Profession 25.3% 37.3 Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth (%) Occupation Type Gender Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Agriculture M 6.9 10.6 0.0 1.7 F 3.3 0.00 0.0 0.0 5.9 Own Business M 27.6 57.4 41.7 18.6 2.2 Services F 20.0 0.0 0.0 13.6 32.7 M 29.9 17.0 33.3 27.1 16.5 (Govt/Private) F 45.0 0.0 66.8 22.7 26.3 Professional M 21.8 4.3 25.0 5.1 39.6 F 21.7 33.3 16.7 0.0 13.2 Others M 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.0 16.5 F 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.3 11.2 Students M 10.3 6.4 0.0 0.0 6.6 F 10.0 66.7 0.0 0.0 5.8 No Response M 3.4 4.3 0.0 8.5 8.8 F 0.0 0.0 16.7 36.4 4.9 9.9 Page 39 of 87

Land Holding Land holding pattern by Jains show 10.7 % holding 5 acres or less, 4.9% holding 5-10 aces and 4.9% holding more than 10 acres. Surprisingly, 79.5% of Jains did not respond to this query Table 4.6: Size of land holding (%) How much Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State agricultural Average land you own? 6.1 25.0 15.3 2.4 Up to 5 acres 2.0 12.0 3.5 6.1 10.7 5 to 10 acres 3.2 11.0 7.1 0.0 4.9 Above 10 acres 88.7 52.0 74.1 91.5 4.9 No response 79.5 Commercial Property Valuation The pattern here is similar to land holding with 76% not responding to the query. Amongst those who indicated; 6.1 % owned commercial property upto Rs 5 lakhs, 6.6 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 11.1% mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Table 4.7: Commercial property value (%) Market Value Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 5.7 11.0 3.5 3.7 Rs. 5 - 20 lakhs 6.5 4.0 9.4 7.3 6.1 >Rs. 20 lakhs 11.3 18.0 12.9 0.0 6.6 76.5 67.0 74.1 89.0 11.1 No response 76.2 Page 40 of 87

Residential Property Only 63.6% respondents were forth coming in sharing the value of their residential property. Surprising 42.4% claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 14.4% declared the same between RS 5-20 lakhs and 6.6% declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs Table 4.8: Residential property value (%) Market Value Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 3.2 13.0 1.2 14.6 Rs. 5 -. 20 lakhs 12.1 14.0 10.6 26.8 6.6 >Rs. 20 lakhs 44.5 60.0 50.6 6.2 14.6 No response 40.1 13.0 37.6 52.4 42.4 36.4 Scale of the Business Only 35.8% respondents reported their business of medium scale, while 26.1% reported the same as small scale and 6.2 % of large scale. Surprisingly, in Indore and Bhopal, (38.1% respondents in Indore and 47.1% in Bhopal ) did not respond to this query (Table 4.9). Table 4.9: Size of the Business (%) Small Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Medium Average Large 31.2 29.0 9.4 24.4 No response 24.3 50.0 41.2 47.6 26.1 6.5 4.0 2.3 12.2 35.8 38.0 17.0 47.1 15.8 6.2 31.9 Page 41 of 87

House Ownership An overwhelming majority of Jain respondents (87%) in Madhya Pradesh State had their own house instead of living in a rented house. Those living in rented accommodation formed a meager 7.6 % of the respondents while 5.4 % did not reveal the status of their residence. This implies a majority of Jains do own their residential property, a natural trend amongst Jains to own a house for providing emotional stability and financial security to the family. Table 4.10: House Ownership (%) Own Indore Jabalpur Bhopal Sagar State Rented Average No response 84.2 95.0 85.9 86.6 9.3 5.0 7.0 6.1 87.0 6.5 0.0 7.1 7.3 7.6 5.4 Page 42 of 87

Concluding Remarks Education: up to middle (illiterate) 22.8% male & 24.3% female up to SS School 14.1% male % 10.1% female Graduation and above 52% male & 51.3% female. However, for the youth, education level moves as 37.1% male and 47.1% female have SS school education at least with 55.6% male & 51.3% female have graduation and higher degrees. Existing occupation: 31.1% male & 4.2% female are engaged in own business; 17.4% male & 6.8% female working in government or private business and a very small (3.5% male & 1.8% female) engaged in professional service. 25.4% female reported managing household as their occupation. Surprisingly 37.1% male & 53.2% female did not respond to the query which may mean their being student /looking for a job. Vocational preferences Own business (36% male & 28.8% female) continues to be the first preference with government /private service opting for it (29.6% male 22.4% female) followed by a large shift to professions (25.4% male & 37.3%female). So, a major shift in occupation, based on higher level of education is expected with perhaps not enough infrastructure available. This might be a reason for emigration of Jains from villages/small towns to bigger cities anywhere. Property holding: Land and commercial property were reported by a very large (more than 75%) did not respond to the query meaning skepticism prevailing in the community to talk about the same. Residences: However. 63.6% Jains responded to own residences (between Rs 5 lakhs to above Rs 20 lakh) with still 36.4% % not responding to the query. This compares to 86.96% Jains living in their own homes and 7.55% living in rented places. Size of business: 26.1% Jains reported as having small business (perhaps shops (provisions or general merchant); 35.8% with medium business. A small % (6.25) reported as having large business and 31.5% did not respond (perhaps as they are involved in service or profession). Page 43 of 87

Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILE This chapter analyzes some of the macro and micro social structural and religious practices of Jain community in Madhya Pradesh state. It gives a glimpse of Jains’ sectarian distribution, marital status, vocational preferences, emigration, inter-marriage, inter-marriage preference, marriage age, religious rituals, prevalence of dowry, remarriage and the perception of Jainism as a separate religion, independent of Hinduism. Family The Madhya Pradesh State sample survey of Jain population corroborated the increasing trend of Joint families. 52.4% of the families were reported to be Joint while 35.6% were found to be nuclear. There was almost equality for male and female members per joint household than in nuclear families, which showed higher percentage of female members than their male counterparts. Table 5.1: Family type (%) Family type Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Joint 41.2 45.3 54.0 82.9 52.4 Nuclear 38.8 40.5 43.0 8.5 35.6 No response 20.0 14.2 3.0 8.5 12.0 Caste/ Sub-Caste Caste based Jain population is presented in Table 5.2. The data reveals some important facts: About 44.6% correctly mentioned Khandelwal etc. as their caste. No response category was also significant at 20.9%. 36.5% respondents mentioned wrongly Jain religion as their caste. This means that over 50% of our respondents did not know about their caste. They also seemed to be ignorant about the distinction between religion, sect and caste. Table 5.2: Caste Distribution of Madhya Pradesh Respondents (%) Caste/Sub-Caste Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Jain 16.5 32.4 33.0 74.0 36.5 Khandelwal 0.0 27.1 0.0 0.0 13.0 Parvar 36.5 2.8 16.0 0.0 10.6 Golapurav 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 2.2 Others 34.1 16.7 15.0 2.0 16.8 No response 12.9 21.0 36.0 10.0 20.9 Page 44 of 87

Marital Status The survey data reveal that 54% male & 52% female as married. However, the % of unmarried at 22.1% male & 19.6% female is intriguing. It may be that a majority of them areare students. The population of widowers/widows was 1% male & 2.2% female. About 22.7% male & 25.6% female did not reveal their marital status raising a question about the reasons (social stigma of being unable to get married or being separated/divorced) for the same. Only 0.1% male & 0.2% female reported themselves as divorced or separated. Table 5.3: Marital Status (%) District Unmarried Married Widow/ Divorce / Vowed to No Widower separated Celibacy Response Indore MF MF MF MF MF MF Jabalpur 35.2 33.3 53 48 1.8 3.9 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 9.4 13.8 Bhopal 35.2 30.1 48.6 46.2 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.6 23.3 Sagar 32.8 30.1 63.1 57.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 4.1 10.1 31.7 30.6 56.8 45.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.5 23.1 State 34.4 31.8 54.1 48.9 1.0 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 10.3 16.6 average Inter-caste or inter-religion Marriages In the case of Jains, inter-religion marriage means marriage between Jain and Hindu, Jain and Sikh, Jain and Christian, etc. There has been a long practice of inter-religious marriages between Jain and Vaishnav Hindus in Gujarat, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and major towns and cities. In recent times such marriages have not only increased in number, they have also been extended to include various other castes/sub-castes of Brahamins, Khsatriyas, and even non-Vaishnav Vaishyas. Given the scenario, it should not be surprising that a majority of respondents (79.8%) in Madhya Pradesh are aware of this phenomenon (Table 5.4). Incidentally, despite high percentage of awareness about inter-religion marriages, those who prefer such marriages is 10.3%, which signifies a deficit between awareness and actual choices. Almost 76% of the respondents felt that Jain arranged marriages are being gradually replaced by self-arranged love marriages (Table 5.9). When respondents were asked about the growing trends of marriage of Jain boys/girls outside the Jain community, a large number (79.8%) responded in affirmation, thus showing significant awareness of the marital problem faced by the Jain community. While 15.6% of them showed ignorance on the issue, some 4.5% did not respond to our query (Table 5.4). Page 45 of 87

Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage (%) District Question: Are you aware of the growing trends of marriage of Jains Boys/Girls outside the Jain Indore community? Jabalpur Bhopal Yes No No Response Sagar Average 75.3 18.6 6.1 95.0 5.0 0.0 87.1 5.9 7.1 62.2 35.4 2.4 80.0 15.6 4.4 Inter caste / religion marriage preference An overwhelming majority (83.8%) did not favour such matrimonial alliances or religious exogamy even though a high 80.0% were aware of this practice. However, 10.3% of our respondents favored inter-religious marriages for various reasons. Some 5.8% of our sample did not answer the query. The situation with Jain youth is different with 34.8% favoured inter-faith marriages. 60.4% Jain youth were not in favour of such marriages, and the rest did not respond to this question. (See Table 5.6) Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference (%) District Question: Do you favour Jain with non-Jain marriages? Indore Yes No No Response Jabalpur Bhopal 13.0 78.5 8.5 Sagar Average 8.0 91.0 1.0 9.4 84.7 5.9 6.1 90.2 3.7 10.4 83.8 5.8 Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) (%) Question: Do you favour Jain with non-Jain District marriages? Indore Yes No No Response Jabalpur Bhopal 49.0 47.6 3.4 Sagar Average 16.0 84.0 0.0 27.8 61.1 11.1 22.2 69.1 8.6 34.8 60.4 4.8 Page 46 of 87

Reasons of Inter-faith Marriage While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriages, 50.9% of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of inter-faith marriages and 17.4% mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.7). Among the youth respondents 62% mentioned co-education/ co-work as the main reason of inter-faith marriage and 27% mentioned unavailability of suitable partners in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.7). Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (%) Reasons Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Co-education/co-work 43.5 57.1 55.0 35.4 50.9 Could not find suitable match in Jain 5.9 19.8 23.0 40.2 17.1 community Other (please specify) 0.0 0.4 0.0 24.4 4.4 No response 50.6 22.7 22.0 0.0 26.6 Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth) (%) Reasons Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Co-education/co-work 44.4 Could not find suitable match 73.5 50.0 60.5 62.0 in Jain community 33.3 Other (please specify) 24.5 32.0 21.0 26.8 No response 0.0 22.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 2.0 18.0 18.5 11.1 Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice (%) Question: Are arranged marriages being replaced by District love marriages among Jains in Madhya Pradesh Indore Yes No No Response Jabalpur Bhopal 75.3 19.4 5.3 Sagar Average 78.0 21.0 1.0 87.1 5.9 7.1 63.4 35.4 1.2 75.9 20.0 4.1 Page 47 of 87

Changes in ways of arranging marriage As per our survey, 58.1% Jains married late. This is surprising in view of the rural Jain population inhabiting the state. 83.1% Jains preferred nighttime wedding ceremony as compared to 16.9% favouring daytime marriage. Only 1.9% Jains wished their marriages to be solemnized by a Jain pandit, which again is a surprising revelation. Only 20.4% Jains favoured selecting of their partner by their own choice as against family arranged. This again is surprising for the area surveyed. Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution (%) Marriage Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Late marriage 60.0 58.3 71.0 26.8 58.1 Day-time 22.3 10.1 8.0 42.7 16.9 by Jain Pandit 0.0 2.4 3.0 1.3 1.9 by own choice 14.1 22.3 14.0 28.0 20.4 No response 3.5 6.9 4.0 1.2 2.7 Prevalence of dowry Only 31.6% Jains responded negatively to the prevalence of the dowry in the community. However, 49.3 % of them said that it was prevalent to some extent, while 12.1% felt that it existed to a larger extent. Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry (%) Situation of dowry Bhopal Indore Jabalpur Sagar State Average Prevalent to a large 12.9 12.1 5.0 20.0 12.1 extent Prevalent to some 44.7 40.5 57.0 71.0 49.8 extent 36.5 38.1 34.0 Not prevalent 5.9 9.3 4.0 4.0 31.1 No response 6.0 7.0 Page 48 of 87

Widow and divorcee remarriage A sizeable majority (71%) of Jain respondents favoured remarriage of Jain divorcees/widows. However, 25.3% did not favour such alliances. As reported earlier, 3.7% respondents gave no response for this question. Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage (%) District Question: Do you support remarriage of divorcees/widows in Jains? Indore No Response Jabalpur Yes No 4.9 Bhopal 76.9 18.2 2.00 Sagar 80.0 18.0 3.5 Average 71.8 24.7 2.4 41.5 56.1 3.7 71.0 25.3 Divorce Only 15.2% of the respondents reported known cases of divorce within their family or amongst their relatives. Table 5.13: Divorce (%) Question: Has there been any case of divorce in District your family/relations? Indore Yes No No Response Jabalpur Bhopal 18.6 64.4 17.0 Sagar Average 11.0 85.0 4.0 16.5 72.9 10.6 8.5 90.2 1.2 15.2 73.9 10.9 Membership of Jain Associations A great majority of Jains (47.5%) did not reveal their association or affiliation with any Jain social or religious group. even with four major socio-religious associations namely; Jain Conference, Jain Social Group, Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha and Bhartiya Jain Sangathan command 25.8% of Jains as their members. 26.6% Jains were members of other less-known associations or groups like Jain Yuvak Mandal, Jain Yuvak Sangh, Jain International Trade Organisation, Jain Milan etc. Page 49 of 87