ace english grammar 8

Kangana has no interest reading books. 5. There is no proof his guilt. o. It is so warm these days, there has been a sudden rise temperature. 7. Can you make out the difference the original document and the duplicate? 8. The child's request special leave was accepted by the principal. Match the subjects in column A with the predicates in column B to complete these sentences. t. There is a lot of difference a. in finding the place. z. The principal asked the pupils to b. of oil is very high. maKe use c. for doubt. He is the best 3. May I have the recipe in the field. 4. During the summer months, the d. between Bharatnatyam and demand Kathak. (t) 5. There is no room e. about your new product? 6. Can I have more information f. for water increases. g. for this dish? 7 These days, the cost h. of the new computer facilities 8. Jai had no difficulty in the school. Using Adjectives and Prepositions Read these sentences. o I am haPpy with my performance in the last semester' o I am interested in ancient history. The words in bold are in the adjective * preposition form. III 94 III

l.lere ig a ligt of common adjectives and the preporitionr that normally follow them. o Tick (r') the correct prepositions and complete these sentences. t. The essay was full for / of r' mistakes. z. Our city is famous for / with the delicious sweets that are available here. g. Are you fond for / of milkshakes? 4. She has been scared for / of driving a car since the accident. S. Kolkata will be crowded by / with visitors during the Durga Puja festival. 6. My family was not keen for / on eating out today. Z. Trust me! Do not be suspicious for / of my good intentions. 8. My sister does not like to be dependent for / on anyone. Complete these sentences with the prepositions from the box. Some words may be used more than once. l. The children were very excited about the trip they wBre going on. Sushant is very good mathematics. 5. Priyanka is afraid cockroaches. 4. The teacher was annoyed the bad behaviour of the children. We allfelt very sorry Chirag because he is unwell. Children are fond cakes and ice cream. 7. Jayant is a real bookworm, he is always busy his books. III 95 III

8. Uzairin, who hasjustjoined the school, is new the city as well. 9. They are all very proud their new sports stadium. 'to. Who is responsible collecting the money for the school trip? . The coach was very plea sed Ranjit s bowling effort. 12, I have submitted my application the summer course. 'r3. There is a cupboard full old papers that needs to be cleaned. 14. Don't worry the letter, I will post it tomorrow morning. 'r5. The ship's captain took advantage the easterly winds to guide the ship towards the coast. Grammar Activity Look at this picture. Take turns to find certain objects that appear in the picture. When you find the object, tell the class where it is, without touching the picture or pointing to the object. Use Prepositions to describe its position in relation to the other objects on the page. ofSw 7--i 96 III

IV 21 Gonjunctions Read these sentences, % o We looked for Bob but we could not find him anywhere. . We need to olan the trio before we book our tickets. The words in bold are conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions When we join two words, phrases or clauses of equal importance, or of the same function, they become coordinating phrases or clauses. The words we use to join these two parts are called coordinating conjunctions. And is used to green and blue some rice and She is reading and add something to a bit of curry he is painting. anotner. Or is used to choose tea or coffee a trip to the zoo They could come between two or or to the park with us or they more things. could go on their But is used for tired but satisfied not this week but I called many contrasting between next week times but no one two things. answered the phone. Yet is used to mean bright yet pleasing very sunny yet It was a difficult at the same time or task, yet it was very nevertheless. breezy morning interesting. III ?n [r,'#,,trr;Il

o Choose the correct coordinating conjunction to complete these sentences. @t. I did my best to pass my Geography exam / so ljust passed. 2. I will get my scooter serviced and / for there is something wrong with the brakes. l,l 3. The suspect went to the airport and / yet tried to use a license that had his brother's identification on it or / but he got caught. 4. Nobody expected Sam to get the job nor / so did L 5. We can go to an Indian restaurant or / and a Mexican, I don't really mind. 6. lt was raining heavily and / so we decided to stay at home. 7 lgot a seat in the front row for / yet I was really interested in the lecture topic. 8. My brother and / nor I will retire soon and go sailing around the wortd. o Complete these sentences using suitable coordinating conjunctions. l. I would like to have an apple juice or a papaya juice, whichever is available, 2. The fabric is beautiful light. Let us buy it. I have asked Supriya to pick up bread butter on her way home. The dish is bland verv healthv. You should have more of it. 5. UPS downs are a part of life. One should not take either to heart. 6. There are roller-coaster rides, water slides, giant-wheel rides car-bumping rides at the amusement park. 7. The cake is yummy slightly burnt around the edges. 8. The play is long interesting. v Complete these sentences using suitable coordinating conjunctions. 1. Rakesh overslept and thus missed the train. a. and b. but c. yet z. That coat cannot be mine, it is too big for me. a. and b. but c, for 5. This must not happen again, you will be dismissed. a. or b. but c. and 4. l-le hasjust finished eating, his plate is empty. a. and b. therefore c. but IIT s III

5. Hurry up, you will be late. a. and b. or c. yer 6. lle must have done his duty, he is a conscientious man. a. for o. so c. therefore 7 He tried hard, b. and he did not succeed. a. so c. but @ Join th.\". \"entences using coordinating conjunctions. t. She reached his house. He had already left by then. She reached his house, but he had already left by then. z. Kirti didn't want to attend the programme. She did. 3. Turab loves driving. lle wants to buy a new car. 4. Moyna loves to travel. Prerna loves to travel too, 5. You could wear the white shoes. Alternatively, you could wear the blue shoes too. 6. This is a difficult problem. We will find a solution. 7 The show was slow. lt was still engagrng. 8. Rosie went into the garden. He watered the plants. Subordinating Conjunctions -- When we join two clauses and one of those clauses is deoendent on or is a part of another, and cannot stand alone, we call it a subordinate clause. The word we use to ioin the subordinate clause with the main clause is a subordinating conjunction. Adverb Clause when, while, till, until, . I saw Sameera waiting for me (time, place, whenever, before, reason, purpose, after, as soon as, because, when I reached home. manner, as, since, where, wherever, concesston, as though, however, how, o Wherever he goes, Suresh comparison, like, though, although, even condition) though, nevertheless, . carries his passport. Samina did not call Kunal since she didn't have his number. III s III

Adverb Clause so as to, in order to, so . l-le parked at a roadside cafe ilthat, than, as...as, so...as, rtl so they could have a cup of tea. i unless, whether, should, Jisha laughed so much as in case, suppose though she found it funny. . The crop was good, although the rains were poor. o She is much taller than I am. o Should it rain tomorrow, we might have to cancel our plans. . We should call Jatin, in case he wants tojoin us. Adjective Clause who, that, which, whose, . Leonard is the man whose friend is a physicist. o This is the house that Mr Trivedi bought. Noun Clause that, if, whether . Please let me know if you will come to the event. o Raima wondered whether she needs to take the umbrella. @ Circle the correct subordinating conjunctions to complete these gentence r. You won't be able to tell what's wrong unless (if /6ilE!b) you undergo some tests. z. lcan't decide (whether / unless) lshould carry myjacket or not. g. This is the place (where / wherever) | go for my singing classes 4. (Even though / Nevertheless) I had burnt the cake a bit, my parents were very happy with the surprise party. She exercises every day (in order to / because) she likes to keep fit. 6. (ln order to / Since) complete the project, Mallika stayed up all night and worked on 7. (Should / lf) we go early for the match, we can watch all the players warming up' 8. I sooke to Deepak (which / whose) cat had the same symptoms as mine did. III III100

Look at the words in bold. Tick (/) the sentence if the word in bold is a subordinate conjunction. t. l-le attended college in his hometown because it was cheaper. y' z. Alia didn'twanttogo awayto college, nor did shewantto attend a local one. g. They went to dinner after they watched the movie. 4. Shaili comesto Kolkata whenever she gets leave from her work. s. Theydidn'tsell their house, yet they moved intoanotherone. 6. As soon as they find a buyer, they will sell theircar. 7 Since they couldn't find a buyer right away, they chose to rent the house instead. 8. Naina and Aman knew they would be water skiing, so they brought their bathing suits. 9. lf they don'tgoon vacation now itwill be very cold when they do. to. They went for a long camping trip for they wanted to be close to nature. Use the clues in the brackets and add suitable subordinating conjunctions to complete these sentences, t. I do not know how to get my money back (get / money back). z. Can anyone tell me (the matter / with her)? 3. Please confirm (you can come / on Friday). 4. lt is a good thing (she / working hard). 5. The teacher showed the class (solve / sum). 6. Riya's parents felt (need help / Maths). Replace the words in bold with the conjunctions in the brackets. Rewrite them as a single sentence. r. No one knew the reason. Satish was angry. (why) No one knew why Satish was angry. z. The treasure is hidden. The place is a mystery. (where) i. One comes early. One can sit in the front row. (whoever) 4. The leader spoke. lt was very inspiring. (what) IIIro,' III

I do not know. Can I hold my breath for a whole minute? (whether) o. She had no idea at what time she fell asleep. (when) 7. In doubt at any point of time? Refer to your notes, please. (whenever) o Choose the best phrase or word to complete these sentences. t. As soon as you have finished your meal, you can go and practise the piano. b. Although c. And also d. As soon asl 2. YOU are maKtng a tol oI progress you haven't practiced very much. a. in spite of b. even though c. on condition that d. except for 5. You don't look you enjoy it very much. a. as if b. as soon as c. even though q. sucn as 4. You can watch TV later, you practise for at least half an hour. a. even though b. as soon as c. on condition that d. even if 5. Try one of the easier pieces, the song your teacher gave you last lesson, a. a5 we as o. sucn as c. even if d. as though c. such as 6. lt is really important to practise every day you are feeling tired. a. even if b. provided that d. in spite of You need to play scales your exam preces. d. as soon as a. provided that b. as well as c. as though Complete the passage using suitable coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions from the box. llummingbirds are among the smallest known birds. They are called hummingbirds rbecause of the humming sound created by their wings. They have special wings' make them expert flyers. \" they hover in the air, their wings beat in opposite directions to keep them in one place! Not only can II-- 1m III

they move up a down, but also backwards and sideways. l-{ummingbirds are extremely small s smart birds. They fly in confusing patterns to escape any predatory birds.6r they are small birds, they need a lot of calories to stay alive. T they consume more food than their weight, hummingbirds have to visit hundreds of flowers each day. & surYtve the nights without eating, they go into a short hibernation. Complete these sentences in your own words. t. I will wipe the car since Father needs it tolnorrow. 2- When 3. so that or , Either 5. , but o, Unless 7- Both and 8. tf 9. ,or III 16 III

13 Phrases and Glauses Read these phrases. . most valuable the cheerful boY . by the sea extremely dangerous We know that a phrase is a group of two or more words that conveys a short' !dt some meaning' but does not express .r\"gf. pt.il .f l*.rmation.I phrase has I a complete thought. .1 Aphrasedoesnothaveasubjectandverbarrangement,andisusua|lyapart 4 of a sentence. Tick (/ ) the underlined words i{ they are phrases or cross (r ) them if they are not' 1. We live in the house next to the park (x) 2. My sister is the girl in the blue dress' 3. They wanted to go on a long walk on the seashore 4. Two buses blocked the road ahead of us' 5. I admired the view from the top of the mountain' 6. Everyone bought tickets for the concert' 1. They will be attending a wedding at the church tonight 8. She saw a large flock of migrating geese' Adverb Phrase Read these phrases. .acrosstheriver.onTuesday.everynowandthen.onceamonln 104

.i r,' We know that an adverb phrase is any phrase or group of words which does the work of an adverb in a sentence. These might include prepositional phrases. An adverb phrase may include an adverb, along with other words like prepositions, nouns, verbs and modifiers that together do the work of an adverb. lt gives us more information about how, when, wherq how often, for what reason and to what degree an action took place, o I have met Hamid once but I know him quite well. . She is very qonsciously trying to keep her voice down. @ Underline the adverb phrases in these sentences. t. They moved to a new city l!91: revious week. z. On the top floor, there is a large cafeteria. 3. They watched the fireworks display from a balcony. 4. She would toss and turn every night without being able to sleep. 5. I think he made up his mind to back out at the last minute. 6. Despite the embarrassing situation, he behaved with great dignity. E Noun Phrase Read these phrases. r the sleepy little boy . her adventurous nature o the tall tree e the opening ceremony We know that noun phrases perform the function of a single noun or pronoun in a sentence. A noun is the headword of a noun ohrase, o Did you enjoy reading this book? . I promise to come again sometime. III ltE

Pre-modifiers and Post-modifie.s .; All the words in a noun phrase that precede the noun are called pre-modifiers. All the words in a noun phrase that follow the noun are called post-modifiers. Some noun phrases are also formed with the help of words thai follow after the noun or pronoun. 1. f.{eu6 + prepositional phrase . the vegetables from the supermarket . the woman dressed in white and green . the man with the bird 2. ].leun * participle . the girl talking on the phone 3. Noun + complement . the purpose of your visit . a host of daffodils 4. Noun * relative clause o the cow thatjumped over the moon . the olaver who won the medal 5. Apposition r My cousin Mohit, the mischievous one, lives over there. . William Blake, the Romantic poet, was a creative genius. 6. Apposition at the end of the sentence . I mailed her about the event, the forthcoming book launch. . Amit baked a cake for his friend, a rich chocolate cake. o Underline the noun phrases in these sentences, 't. fle has a good sense of humour. 2. The people wanted a new ruler. 3. She worked hard to get over her stage fright. A feeling of fear and anxiety overcame him. The women are meeting today after a long time. 6. The headmaster called out the names of the prize winners. 7. The eighty-year-old library is going to be renovated. 8. The boy in the yellow shirt is my brother. tbrffiffi ITI106

Adjective Phrase Read these sentences. r The man beside the car is my father. . My grandfather is a man of great wisdom. . Tom is a boy with good instincts. o She brought a cake made of nuts and fruit. The words in bold are called adjective phrases. The adjective in the phrase may be accompanied by other words such as determiners, modifiers and so on. Adjective phrases can go before a noun (attributive position). They can also go after a linking verb like be (predicative position). o fle was wearing a dark brown suit. (Here the ad.iective phrase a dark brown modifies the noun suit.) . The fish tasted awfully funny. (Here the adjective phrase awfully funny says something about the fish. lt goes after the linking verb tasted.) A linking verb does not take an object and it cannot be modified by an adverb. The word or phrase that follows a linking verb typically says something about the subject of the sentence. . r'The fish tasted awful. . The fish tasted awfully. l< Here the adjective awful says something about the fish. lt doesn't modify the verb tasted. The adjective in an adjective phrase may also be modified by an adverb When it is modified by an adverb, the adverb goes before the adjective. The adjective may also be modified by other determiners like articles, possessives and demonstratives. . my cute little daughter l-lere the adjective phrase my cute little consists of a possessive my and two adjectives cute and little. Sometimes the idea expressed by an adjective can also be expressed using a noun Pnrase. . Brutus is an honorable man. (flere the adjective honorable modifies the noun man.)

The same idea can be expressed using the phrase a man of honour. r Brutus is a man of honour. I Here is another example. o Churchill was an eminent man. (l-{ere the adjective eminent modifies the noun man ) o Churchill was a man of eminence, (F{ere the noun phrase a man of eminence means the same as the phrase an eminent man.) @ Replace the adjective phrases in bold in these sentences with adjectives of the same meaning. l. He wore a turban made of silk fle wore a silken turban. z. You have done a deed of shame. 3. They walked along a road covered with mud. 4. Suman was a man without fear. 5. She is a writer of great versatility. 6. lt is of no use. Z Manish is a boy of great promise. 8. A valley covered with grass stretched before us. g He is a cricketer by profession. to. You need guidance of a medical nature. tt. I met a little girl from a cottage. tz. From that sleepy village in the mountains hailed a chieftain of great fame. 13. He was a soldier free from fear. '14. I knew that he was a man of sense. :l Frrn 108 III

Clause \\ Read these clauses. . the naughty boy laughed . the man that bought our car . the door is locked We know that a clause consists of a larger piece of information than a phrase. It includes a subject and a verb-a noun / noun phrase and a verb / verb phrase. It can be part of a sentence or a sentence by itsell A clause has a subject and a predicate. Clauses can be of two kinds-main clauses and subordinate clauses Main clauses can be sentences by themselves because they make complete sense. Subordinate clauses, on the other hand, depend on main clauses to complete their meaning . I fished untilthe sun went down. main clause subordinate clause Write P for phrase and C for clause. t. in the heavy rain P 6. you are late 2. a famous palace 7. one way or another 3. after she comes home 8. because nothing happens without a reason 4. he runs every morning 9. while we were away 5. extremely sad to. across the street Circle the main clause and underline the sirbordinate clauses in these sentenqes, 1. lf th. r\"tn.toor,_G-hlGJ*_\"=-/iJD 2. The thief ran away when he saw the policeman. 3. We helped the people who had suffered in the recent earthquake. The man who looks after the shop is fast asleep. 5. I want to ask you a question before you go. II III 109

6. I read books when lam bored. 7. People once believed that the earth is the centre of the unrverse. 8. He saw a poodle as he was walking along the road. Noun Clause Read these sentences. r My friends noticed that I was very sad. r We didn't know why she was so irritated. . I don't know whether the shop is open right now. We know that a noun clause is a dependent or subordinate clause which does the work of a single noun. A noun clause begins with that, a question word, or if / whether. o Underline the noun clauses in these sentences. t. Shreya wasn't sure if it was a Food idea. z. My greatest strength is that I never lose patience. 5. There is no reason why she would be upset with you. 4. Rohan doesn't know whether his parents are home yet. 5. Supriya wants to know if I am going to the library today. 6. Let me know what time to meet you. 7 | have promised my friend that I will never lie to her again. 8. Nick does not know how to play the guitar. @ Complete each sentence with a correctly formed noun clause. 't. Viraat asked me where his wal et was. a. where was his wallet /b. where his wallet was z. I couldn't tell Jiya b. where lwas a. where was I HFrffiF IEI110

5. Idon't know b. how many children does he have a. how many children he has a. How close we are is not important. b. llow close are we a. What did she say was saq. b. What she said 6. We are not responsible for b. howdoesthe crowd react a. how the crowd reacts Z ls it true about you? a. what did he say b. what he said 8. I'm not going to tell you b. what you should do a. what should you do Adjective Clause Read these sentences. . The person who was singing is my neighbour. . The man whose picture was in the newspaper is missing. We know that an adjective or relative clause performs the work of an adjective, by modifying a noun or a pronoun. Since it is a subordinate clause, it cannot stand alone. They are linked to the main clause by relative pronouns such as who, which, that, whose, whom, to whom which work as subordinating conjunctions Underline the adjective clauses in these sentences' t. lsn't this the place where we can buy old books? L The book, which was gifted to me by my grandmother, is about a woman who climbed Mount Everest. !. The girl, whom we met yesterday, works at a boutique. III 1lrDII

4. Samir is going to meet the artist who illustrated these comic books 5. The new show is about a family that lives with and takes care of horses. 6. We finally met the person whose birds vislt us almost every evening. 7ll The conclusion will be given by thejudge, whose verdict will be considered final. 8. My ltalian pen pal, to whom I have been sending letters all this time, is finally coming to lndia. Complete the passage with relative pronouns. Underline the adjective clauses. My favourite sport is football. Football is played all year through. lt is a sport 'which requires ten players on each team. The people, play this sport must be fast, brave and intelligent. Players 3 are fast and brave will be able to react quickly when they get possession of the ball o often travels at l4o kilometres per hour or more. Flayers. are intelligent will be able to decide what to do before the ball comes to them. Such plavers react quickly and correctl even when they cannot watch the other pjayers. My favourite sport is interesting to watch. People d love watching the game have a chance to discuss the strategy of the teams and the quality of the play Spectators 7 understand the game well know that they have to watch places on the field at the same time-the place 3: the ball is and the plac the goalkeeper is. Wise spectators know that the players often need to concentrate during times such as a penalty shootout. Adverb Clause Read these sentences. r He parked at a roadside caf6 so they could have a cup of tea. r Just as we were stepping outside the door, the phone rang. We know that an adverb clause is a subordinate or a dependent clause that does the work of an adverb. lt cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It has a subject and a verb because it is a clause and not a phrase. lt begins with a subordinating conjunction which connects it to the main clause. tFrr III112

Join these pairs of sentences. Choose a subordinating conjunction from the box to create an adverbial clause. Punctuate carefully. 1. Farooq lost his wallet. Farooq could not buy tickets for the train ride home. Farooq could not buy tickets for the train ride home, as he lost his wallet 2. The student was writing a paper on her computer. The power went out' 3. Jatin recently sold his car. He needs to cancel hL auto insurance policy. 4. Nayin was playing soccer Iast weekend. Navin injured his left knee. 5. Karen took her parents out to dinner. Karen forgot her purse. o. Three trucks collided on the National Highway. Two of the drivers were badly injured. 7. They often go out to a Thai restaurant. Sometimes they prefer Punjabi food. 8. Moumita has recently moved to London. She would rather live in Scotland. Q Complete these sentences with adverb clauges using the subordinating conjunctions in the brackets. l. After the play ended, they went for a walk in the park. (after) I didn't go for the summer camp (because) c , we couldn't go for the picnic. (in spite of) , call the emergency helpline number. (should) c. , the bell rings. (As soon as) . (than) 6. Ram works harder 7. The snow is (as...as) 8, , I would have reached the venue early. (had) III IIIt13

14 Relative Glauses Read these sentences. . I loved the gift that you gave me for my birthday. . This is the hospital where lwas born The words in bold are relative clauses Relative clauses do the work of adjectives and are also called adjective clauses' Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns such as who' which' whose' whom, what, that, when, where, why and how' av Complete these definitions with relative pronouns. t. A crdche is a Place where Parents can leave their young children while they are at work' 2. A barometer is an instrument tells us about the weather. 5. An escalator is a moving stairwa carries people uP and down between floors. An adjective is a Part of sPeech describes a noun 5. An observatorY is a Place people can make observations on the heavenlY bodies like the stars, the weather, and so on' 6. A confectioner is a Person makes or sells sweets. @ :oin these sentences using suitable relative pronouns' t. A t\"n is talking to Priyanka' Do you know the man? (who) 2. A family has moved into the flat next door' They own two cats (who) 3. lwrote a book about monsters lt is selling pretty well (that) ttll-E 114

4. We ran into our teacher today at the bookstore. He teaches us Maths. (who) 5. The white house in that lane is very pretty. lt has big French windows. (which) 6. Lakshmi speaks Japanese perfectly. l-ler mother is a poet. (whose) 7 | accidently broke the clock. lt belonged to my great grandfather. (that) 8. Neha is a girl. I met her yesterday at a book event. (whom) @ Correct the errors in the use of the relative pronoung in these sentences. Say the correct sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. Yesterday, lspoke to your cricket coach that seemed to be very friendly. Yesterday, I spoke to your cricket coach, who seemed to be very friendly. z. The debate finally reached a point what everyone could agree. 5. The new physics lab, who cost a great deal of money, is working rather well. 4. Mayaand Ravi dined at a restaurant whom owner knewthem. 5. We are touring Australia that wildlife is wonderful. 6. Sunil, whom joined the school last year, is going to be the head boy. Z In the class we have three girls which are very motivated. 8. This is the dancer who my parents admire. @ Combine these sentences using a relative clause. t. The flat I am living in is old. lt is in the centre of the city. I live in a flat which is in the centre of the city. z. I live near a shopping mall. There are lots of great shops there. g. The police found the man. He stole my bicycle. 4. She sent me an email. The email told me nothing. 5. Spain is a country. lwould love to visit it. 6. The phone rang. lthink we were having dinner. 7 A dog won an award at the pet show. That is the man who owns it. 8. My brother took us to a school. He studies there. 9. This company makes bricks. My friend Malik works for them. 1o. We are going to Europe this summer. This makes me really happy! III IIIt15

Relative clauses are of iwo types-defining and non-defining. Defining clauses give essentiai information about the person or ihing that is being I talked about. Without this information, we would not be able to identify the person or thing. r The man who was injured is in hospital. . The woman whom you were talking to is my neighbour. Non-defining clauses give extra information about a person or thing which is not necessary for the sentence to be meaningful, A non-defining clause is separated from the main clause by commas. . My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day. o We went on a school trip to Shimla, which is in l'limachal Pradesh. ldentify the relative clauses in these sentences as defining (D) 5 or non-defining (ND). 6 t. I have many friends whom I have known since childhood. D l 2. The athlete, who won the gold medal at the Olympics, is also an expert singer. 3. This is the cat that we adopted last year. {J 4. Badal, who paints really well, is going to participate in the exhibition. 5. One of my brothers, who lives in New Zealand, is getting married soon. 6. Kangana wants to meet the journalist whose story about the street chitdren really inspired her. @ Say the.elative clauses in these sent6nces aloud in class and underline them. Mention if they are defining or non-defining. (Oral Practice) 't. The person who iust spoke to me on the phone is my brother defining 2. She told us about her experience in Himachal which was interesting. 3. Have you found the book that you lost? I can identify the boy who wrote that prize-winning essay. 5. The person who wrote this poem is no longer alive. ffillrr,-,,,,'-,r 116 III

6. The document that you mailed to us last week has arrived. z I live in Mumbai which is the financial caoital of lndia. 8. The film, which stars Tom Carter, will be released on Fridav @ Combine these pairs of sentences by changing the :entences in bold into relative clauses. t. The man is an engineer. You met him yestdrday at the function. The man whom you met yesterday at the function is an en 2. We visited Lumbini. Gautam Buddha was born there. 5. Measles generally occurs during childhood. lt is an infectious disease. 4. Kanyakumari is the place where the lndian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea meet. lt is on the southern.most tip of the Indian Peninsula. 5. This is my brother Aditya. He is studying management iir the UK. 6. What is the name of the girl? You borrowed a peir from her. 7. The child is crying. His toy is lost. 6. I have misplaced the CD. You gave it to me. Place the relative clauses in the correct position and rewrite these sentences. Do not forget to place the commas in the correct position, where required. The huge gate is always open. (which is made of iron) The huge gate, which is made of iron, is always open. The awards ceremony was full of surprise winners. (*hich took place today) l. Sania used the same racket. (that she had used in the last match) The person is here already. (whom we are supposed to meet) IIT -II

5. There is an artist in my city. (who creates art out of sand) 6. That building is being renovated. (which is where my father,s office is) Rewrite these sentences with relative clauses without changing their meaning. l. Smritiwas wearing clean and white clothes. lhe clothes which 5mriti was wearing we.e clean and white 2. My favourite book is Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe 5. You were rude to that old woman and she is upset now. The old woman 4. lfirst attended the new school on.16 Aueust. The day I love the colour yellow as it makes me feel relaxed. The colour yellow rIn III1t8

Grammar Worksheet 2 Complete these sentences with the correct infinitive, participle or gerund forms of the verbs in the brackers. t. keeps you fit and healthy. (s* rr) 2. Robin is fond of cricket. (p ay) 3. Delhi is one of the most cities in the world. (pol ute) 4. I would like where he is right now. (know) 5. Sapna decided by bus to Nasik. (go) 6. Sunita was wearing contact lenses. (co ou r) Complete this passage with the correct passive forms of the verbs in the brackets. 'lce cream made with fresh cream or milk (produce) for the first time in the t63os by Gerald Tissain, the French chef of King Charles l, the King of England. During the eighteenth century, ice cream' (eat) at the famous ice cream cafes in London, Paris and other fashionable cities. lt 3 (rvel known) that ice cream was popular with the American President George Washington as we , The first ice cream factory' (open) in t85t by an American, George Fussell. From the nineteenth century, it has been the ltalians (see) as the great ice cream makers. The ltalian methods of ice cream-making 6 ( earn) by others and today (enjoy) all over delicious ice cream 7 (make) and 9 the world. @. Renlace the adverbs in bold with their synonyms (adverbs), L Although the handwriting was slanting, it was flawlessly legible. 2. He accepted the invitation indecisively. J. There is seemingly nothing that we can do stop the disaster 119

l-lonestly, I never imagined you would go there' Vikram is regularly late in reaching cricket practice' v Complete these sentences with suitable prepositions' rlL 't. I no longer care what other peoPle think. 2. She borrowed the car her brother. 3. Joseph came home work one night feeling tired. After several hours, the committee agreed a joint statement. The new building will have to comP' the municiPal regulations. all the money he has received 6. The cashier will have to acco during the day. 7 Could you suPP|Y us some art paper for the craft class? Choose the correct subordinating conjunctions to complete the adverb clauses. l. No sooner / As soon had the band begun marching as / than it started to rain' 2. As soon as / By the time I clicked send on that email' I immediately regretted it' :. While / By the time the match was going on' lwas cleaning my cupboard' l.Therehasn,tbeenawarineithercountrysince/untiItheysignedatreaty. 5. By the time / Once my camera started working' the event was almost over' 6. The team can't leave rrtil / wnir\" the coach arrives Z As soon as / Until the taxi arrives, we ll leave for the airport' 8.Before/WhenAshmiwasakid,shehadmemoriseda||thenurseryrhymes. Complete these sentences by adding noun clauses' Use the *ords in the brackets. L The teacher showed the clas . (solve / Maths Problem). 2. It is a good thing . (Viraj / working hard). The police wanted to know (loitering around / localitY). I do not know (get / book back). tiil-Er Im EII

The chief minister promised (rice / (ts per kilo). 6. I offered him something to eat, but he said that (finish / dinner). Combine these pairs of sentences using relative pronouns. place commas where necessary. Write whether the clause is defining or non-defining. The author was a Kannadiga. He wrote this book. z. They had one daughter. She became an actor. J. She married a lovely man. The man is also an inventor, 4. UOyOU rememoer tne na me ol tne novel i Inenovel won tne Janrtya aKaoeml l{warq, 5. He COmeS IrOm a Oeaut|lul area In Kochi. This area rs tamous Tor t[s scentc Deaury, 6. The people are used to the cold weather. They live in hilly are'as. t: ) v-. Complete these sentences about yourself using relative clau3en t. lgo to a school 2. A tnend its someone 5. lsometimes have to do things 4. I prefer to work with children 5. I dislike working with people 6. ln,my free time, I like to do things IIIIII lral

15 The Sentence Read these sentences, . My dog always growls at the postal carrier. o These clothes 9I9 too small forme. . Anand doesn't !& vegetables. The words in bold are subject nouns and the underlined words are verbs' The basic parts of a sentence are the subject and the verb. The subject is usually a noun (or pronoun)-a word (or phrase) that names a person, place, or thing. The verb (or predicate) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being' A finite verb in a sentence always agrees with its subject in number or person When the subjeci is singular, the verb must also be singular. llere is a table of rules for subject-verb agreement. There are certain verbs which end in s and Measles is a preventable look plural, but they are singular in number. disease. They take singular verbs. The news is very positive. 2. When two or more nouns are taken as one o Arabian Nights is my favourite unit, it takes a single verb. oooK. 5. When two nouns are joined with and ' o Slow and steady wins the race. and refer to the same person or thing or concern one idea, they take the singular r The {amous actor-producer is verb. oeao. 4. Pronouns Iike anybody, nobody, anyone, o Nobody is allowed to enter the anything, each, either, everybody, neither, premises after school hours. nobody, someone, something, and so on, o Everyone in our class has paid are always singular and take singular verbs. the money. 1U.

When the subject is a unit of measurement o Six months is a long time or a mathematical unit, the verb used is to wait. singular. o Three kilometers is quite Nouns like trousers, scissors, pants, a long walk. shorts, pliers, socks and spectacles are always plural and take plural verbs. . My new spectacles are lost, e Those trousers were washed today. Two or more singular nounsjoined by and, o Jack and Jill are coming down make a plural subject. They take a plural verb. the hill. o India and Nepalare neighbours. Pronouns like both, many, few and several o Several paintings were are always plural and take pluralverbs. destroyed in the fire. o Both the twins look alike. When two subjects are joined with or, o l-le or his brother is a gold either...or and neither...nor, the vero generally agrees with the last noun phrase. medallist. o Neither India nor England is going to win the cricket match. Sometimes, the subject is separated o The president, along with from the verbs with words such as with, his bodyguards, is leaving for along with, including, as well as, besides, Mumbai tomorrow. accompanied by, in addition to, as wellor o The boys, as well as their parents, are going for the not. lgnore these expressions and go by picnic. the subject to determine whether to use a singular or a plural verb. Some words indicate portions like o One-third of the town is fractions, percent, part, majority, some, empty. all. none. remainder and so on. ln such cases, the noun in the of-phrase (object of r One.third of the people in the preposition) will determine the use of a singular or plural verb. the town are illiterate. III I-I

Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets. 1, Some of you do not (do not / does not) realise the consequences 2. Ten kilograms of rice (was / were) all I needed for the trip. lndian Airways (connect / connects) all the big cities of India. One of the most enjoyable ways to exercise (is / are) to take part in an organized sport. 5. People (has / ha'e) done this for a long time. 6. He or his sister (is / are) going to come. 7. Each of the students (was / were) punished. 8. The doctor, along with the nurse, (is / are) looking at the x-ray report. 9. Luwang and Sons (is / are) a famous jewellery store in lmphal' lo. Half of what you say (make / makes) sense. t't. The bill, including those that were home-delivered earlier, (total / total up to l,2oo ruPees. lz. Nobody here (know / Knows,) how to Pray rnrnes e Checkers. All these sentences have verbs that do not agree with the subject' Say the correct sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. The committee have unanimously voted for the resolution. has :. All the books by the author has been sold. i. Here is the papers you asked for. 4. A lot of excitement are in the air, as the children go on a school trip' 5. Each of the singers have been given a bouquet. 6. Neither my mother nor my aunt enjoy seafood. z Either the accused or his friend have the diamonds. L None of the rooms in the hotel has a room heater' 1A III

Subject + Verb. Object V\\ Read these sentences. - . The mechanic fixed the car. o She sings a song. The words in bold are nouns that function as objects in a sentence. Instead of performing the action, as subjects usually do, objects receive the action and usually follow the verb. The object usually answers the question, what? . She sings a song. (What does she sing? -+ a song) Sometimes, we also use pronouns as objects in a sentence. Th\" .otton. obj.\"i \" pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us and them. . Before eating the brownie, Rajeev sniffed it. (What did Rajdev'sniff? --r the brownie) Look at the words in bold in these sentences, Write if the word is a eubject' a verb, or an object. t. The old man donated a narwhal tooth to the l.4useum of Natural History. Verb 2. After the final song, the drummer hurled his sticks at the crowd. 3. Manpreet played the electric guitar at the concert. 4. Yaygung stunned the dragon with a magic trick. 5. Very slowly, Pandora opened the box. 6. )nanroa unwraPPeo tne grlt carelu y. Read and analyse each sentence. Take turnq to identify the subjects' the verbg and the objects. (Oral Practice) . t. We went to the park. We - subject; went - verb; park - ob.iect 2, Grades are based on tests and assignments. 5, Mark and I played basketball at the park. 4. Sangma and Ritesh washed and polished the car. II III _5t25

5. Reading and learning can be fun activities. 6. Driving is dangerous at night. Z I read a book and ate a box of chocolates. 8. Walking is good for your health. Subject . Verb . Object . Object Complement V\\ Read these sentences. . He painted the wall green. . We found the house empty. o We consider the matter very important. After some verbs, an object alone does not make complete sense. In addition to the object, we need another word to complete the meaning. The word that is used to complete the meaning of the object is called its complement. The object complement is usually an adjective or a noun phrase. JJJJo He painted the wall green. subject transitive verb object complement After verbs that refer to thoughts, feelings and opinions Iike believe, consider, feel, know, find, think and understand, we sometimes use to be before the complement. e I found the plan to be unwise. . Most oeople believed him to be innocent. After consider, it is possible to drop to be before adjectives, and sometimes before nouns. . I considered him an excellent choice. r' /o I considered him to be an excellent choice. III126

@ Underline the object complements in each of these sentences. r. lfind him intelligent. z. The class elected Kamalika their monitor. 5. We painted the ceiling blue. 4. He was found guilty of fraud. 5. Jasmeem named her parakeet Onan. 6. Our visit made the host happy. Z After reviewing the details of the case, the court pronounced the boy not guilty. 8. We should keep our surroundings clean. IIf nt III

16 Simple, Gompound and Gomplex Sentences Read these sentences. ffiffi 1. 2, r Buy one shirt to get the second at half price. J, Buy one shirt and you get the second at half price. lf you buy one shirt, you get the second at half price. We know that a clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate. 5. It has a finite verb and can stand alone or form part of a larger sentence with other 6. ctauses. 7. The first sentence is a simple sentence. A simple sentence is a single clause with only B, one finite verb. 9. The second sentence is a compound sentence. A compound sentence has two or lo, more independent or main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Such clauses are called coordinate clauses. tAI-U The third sentence is a complex sentence. A complex sentence has a main clause and L one or more dependent clauses joined by a subordinating conjunction. Such clauses are called subordinate clauses. ldentify these sentences as simple (S), compound (Cd) and t complex (Cx) sentences. 4. t. Whenever it rains, I feel a craving for hot tea and pakoras. Cx 5, z. Having said that, I would still like to thank you for your help. J. Piyush has been going to school regularly, but he does not attend all the classes. 7, 4. My friends and I would like to volunteer with an NGO during the holidays. I 5. Although I am a good swimmer, I am still learning the different kinds of strokes. ilII 6. Vani has been exercising every day for the past year, III128



Underline the main clauses and circle the subordinate clauses in these sentences. ldentify and write down the subordinator or the subordinating conjunction in the blanks' @l1II*,iJili@'. .p..\".o.-o-l. -...- are alwavs unhappv' who (subordinator) 2. lf I had known it earlier, I would have carried an umbrella' 5. Fie came here because he wanted to see me' Mother was reading while I cooked 5. You can live where You like. 6. I won't leave the house till you come. 7. I showed him how he could make a sandwich' 8. As soon as the principal arrived, all the students stood up' -. Complete these sentences with subordinate clauses' l. When I grow up, I want to be a doctor. 2. I have to clean up mY room We won the game, but my uniform was muddy , I was excited to see mY fri 4- Ritu cried 6. I think we can go out IIffi III1:ilt

Transformation of Sentences Read these sentences. o He drives a red car. . Who drank all the milk? r Please give me a pastry. r What a superb performance! We know that there are four kinds of sentences. Declarative sentences are used give information or make an assertion, The first sentence is a declarative senrence. Interrogative sentences are used to ask questions. The second sentence is an interrotative sentence. lmperative sentences are used to give instructions or orders and make requests. The third sentence is an imperative sentence. Exclamatory sentences are used to express strong feelings. The last sentence is an exclamatory sentence. Positive and Negative Sentences Any type of sentence can either be a positive sentence or a negative sentence. In a positive sentence, information is given without the use of words like no, never, not, none, and so on, whereas a negative sentence uses these words to convey information. Negative Form Not or n't comes after the auxiliary verb and joins with it when we speak. . donot/don't o was not/wasn't o has not/ hasn't o will not/won't III rn II

@ Write positive sentences, as instructed. t. Express approval You did the rieht thine. z. Express sympathy J. Thank someone 4. Ask for information 5. Promise to do something 6. Predict something 7 AdYise someone 8. Inform someone Convert these positive statements into negative statements' You may change some words. There are many vegetables in the refrigerator. There are not many veqetables in the refrigerator. 2. Leena will be going to pondicherry tomorrow. 3. This film ranks as one of my all-time favourites. Mayank wanted to go to the concert yesterday. My friends and I were planning to enrol for these yoga classes. 6. The crowd was captivated by the magician's performance. 7. Zainab visited all the famous places on her recent visit to London. 8. You will be tired after all the running! Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentEn3q5 or questions end with a question mark. We change declarative sentences into interrogative by interchanging the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb. r They are ready. . Are they ready? IIG lV III

lf a declarative sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb, we insert a suitable auxiliary verb in the question o l'le makes all the decisions. o Does he make allthe decisions? For negative questions, we use the form auxiliary verb + subject + not* verb / adjective. o Does he not remember me? We also use the form question word * auxiliary verb + not + verb, . Who has not completed their work? We also use the form have / has + subject + not + past participle. . l{as he not shared the documents with you? Put these words in correct sequence to form questions. Do not forget to put a question mark at the end. t. does / the river / the ocean / meet / where Where does lhe river meet ihe ocean? t. the world / did / Virat / around / travel/ how 5. clay pots / not / where / did you / find a. did you / inform Kiran / not / why / the class / about 5. is / sing / another song / Rahman / going to / not 6. travelling / right now / they / are 7 booked / yet / have / their tickets / they 8. and Sana / tonight / are / performing / Maria / the concert Frame questions for these answers. l. Are Korea and Nepal also participating in the eames? Yes, Korea and Nepal are also participating in the games. 2. I kept the books on the tabje. III t:t3

J. Minal and Payal are going with you to the doctor' 4. I am not carrying an umbrella, because I don't ihink it will rain todav' s. The band rehearsal will start at 5 p.m tonight. l, 6. Anis will be joining us in an hour' 7. Pooja finished reading this book last week. 8. Yes, I had breakfast todaY. Convert these sentences as directed. There may be more than one correct answer. t. Please, go to the hall and wait there. (irterrogative) Wou'd you go to ll'e l'arl ano waif the-e pleaqe? 2. The last house is big. (exclamatory) Rachna enters the hall and opens her books. (imperative) Can Poonam jump that high? (declarative positive) 5. Father is going to buy new cutlery tomorrow. (interrogative) 6. Do not enter a room without knocking first. (interrogative) 7. Vinita can dance really well. (exclamatory) 8. Neelam will return her library books tomorrow. (imperative) Changing simple sentences to comPound sentences To change a simple sentence into a comPound sentence, we need to expand the sent'ence into two main clauses with two finite verbs and join the clauses with a coordinating conjunction. o Seeing the old photograph, I felt nostalgic',(simple sentence) r I saw the old photograph and felt nostalgic. (compound sentence) Changing simple sentences to complex sentences To change a simple sentence into a complex sentence, we need to expand the phra into a cliuse with {inite verb and join the clauses with a subordinating conjunction' . Seeing the old photograph, I felt nostalgic. (simple sentence) . When I saw the old photograph, I felt nosialgic. (complex sentence) II III134

@ Rewrite these simple sentences as compound sentences. t. Being guilty he went into hiding. 2. Being innocent, he never thought of running away. 3. Besides being sent to prison, he was heavily fined. 4. The old man sat in a corner, drinking. 5. Owing to a friend's intervention, he was later released from jail. 6. Being lazy, he failed. Z He fled for fear of being arrested. o Say these simple sentences aloud in class as complex sentences. (Oral practice) 1. Nobody could find out the place of their stay. 2. The purpose of his visit to this place is not known. 3. All the labourers set out for their homes at sunset. On seeing the policeman, the thief ran away. 5. You cannot succeed without working hard. 6. I do not know the way leading to his house. 7. The guests sitting in the room could not hear his voice. 8. She hoped to be successful in the examination. @ Convert these sentences as directed. (Oral'practice) l. Having been to Manali once, Rohit couldn't wait to go again. (gempqu6qT @uldnt wait toeoaeain. Carrying a huge gift, Mira finally reached the party. (complex) 3. Giying him the microphone, Asha asked Chandu to give a speech. (compounoT Looking at the load, Amit asked for an extra day to finish his assignments. (compound) III III135

7', 5. Hearing him play the instrument so well, the teacher asked Mahesh to participate in the annual day. (complex) 6. Having already had two glasses ofjuice, l-limangi wasn't hungry at dinner. (comp ex) 7. Being an expert swimmer, Riya decided to go diving in the lake. (compound) Changing compound sentences to simple sentences To change a compound sentence into a simple sentence, we need to reduce one of main clauses to a phrase without a finite verb. . He opened the cupboard and pulled out a shirt. (compound sentence) o Opening the cupboard, he pulled out a shirt. (simple sentence) Changing complex sentences to simple sentences To change a complex sentence into a simple sentence, we need to reduce the subordinate clause to a phrase without a finite verb. o When he opened the cupboard, he pulled out a shirt. (complex sentence) . Opening the cupboard, he pulled out a shirt. (simple sentence) @ Convert these complex or compound sentences into simple sentences. t. The boy worked hard, but he didn't succeed. ln spite of his hard work, the boy didn't succeed. z. Arohi not only passed the exams, but she also topped her class. :. Although they are successful, they are still unhappy. 4. Maya completed her homework and put away the books. 5. When the thief saw the police, he ran away. 6. Naina sold the house that belonged to her grandparents. z They stopped at a petrol pump, because they ran out of fuel. II III1:t6

L. trGr?{1 Changing compound sentences to complex sentences To change a compound sentence into a complex sentence, we need to change one of the clauses into a subordinate or dependent clause. The subordinate clause only gives us a reason and leans on the main clause. lt cannot stand by itself. o lt was very dark, so they lost their way. (compound sentence) r Since it was very dark, they lost their way. (complex sentence) Changing complex sentences to compound sentences To change a complex sentenqe into a compound sentence, we need to cnange the subordinate clause into a main clause and use a coordinating conjunction. . Although they left home early, they could not reach the airport on time. (complex sentence) o They left home early but they could not reach the airport on time. (compound sentence) o Convert these sentences as directed. t. Search the wallet and you will find some change in it. (complex) f you search the wallet, you will find some change in it. 2. Having finished their work for the day, the masons went home. (compound) 3. I told him not to play with matches, but he didn't listen to me. (complex) 4. Listen carefully or you won't understand the rules of the game. (complex) 5. As soon as she heard the news, Vandana left for her hometown. (compound) Harish arrived at the restaurant after Simbul had left. (compound) Both Kasim and Kiren arrived at the stadium together. (complex) o State whether these sentences are simple, compound or complex. L He sold the house that belonged to his father. a. simple b. complex / c. compound III 137 ffiffir

2. He must run fast to catch the train. a. simple b. complex c. comPouno 3. The marks that were left by the whip are still visible. a. simple b. comPlex c. comPound 4. Ile must run fast or he will not catch the train. a. simple b comPlex c. comPound 5. I have no money that I can lend you. a. simple b. complex c. comPound 6. l-1e sold his father's house. a. simple b. comPrex c. compound 7 Inspiteof his repeatedfailures,hedid notgiveup. a. simple b, comPlex c. comPound 8. The sun rose and the sky cleareo. a. simple b. complex c. compound Q wit\" it ttt.se sentences are simPle, comPound or complex. t. We met rather few people who spoke Spanish. Com pou n d z. I have been on rather too many planes and trains recently. 5. We drove right up to Srinagar in two days. 4. Two minutes ago the child was fast asleef but now he is wide awake' 5. F{e is not old enough to be a voter. 6. I have got four sisters and each of them is quite different from the others' 7 You can either come with me now or walk home. 8. lt was Nikhil who paid for the medicines. II III

r I I 18 Direct and Indirect Speech Read these sentences. r Sumit said, \"l can run as fast as Rohit.\" r Sumit said that he could run as fast as Rohit. In direct speech, we quote the actual words of the speaker using inverted commas (\"...\"). In indirect or reported speech, we report the words of the speaker. While changing direct speech into indirect speech, there are several rules to be followed. Change in tense . Lubaina said, \"l am thirsty.\" In the sentence above, the reporting verb said is in the past tense. In such a case all the present tenses in the reported speech also change to their respective past forms. . Lubaina said that she was thirsty. This table shows us the change in tense. Direct Spcech ':':., :!. ' r:) ' Indircct Sfiarh : ' simple present tense simple past tense She said, \"l am a doctor.\" She said (that) she'was a doctor. present continuous tense past continuous tense She said, \"l am examining She said (that) she was examining a patient. a patient.\" present perfect tense past perfect tense She said, \"l have seen ten She said (that)she had seen ten patients since patients since morning.\" morntng. TIIII 1:t9

present perfect continuous past perfect continuous tense tense She said (that)she had been running this clinic She said, \"l have been running for seven years. this clinic for seven years.\" past perfect tense simple past tense She said, \"l bought an X-ray She said (that) she had bought an X-ray machine recently.\" machine recently. past continuous tense past perfect continuous tense She said, \"l was practising in Mumbai.\" She said (that) she had been practising in lYumbai. past perfect tense past perfect tense She said, \"The patients had She said (that) the patients had already arrived already arrived when I entered when she entered the clinic. (no change) the clinic.\" past perfect continuous tense past perfect continuous tense She said (that) she had already been writing She said, \"l had already been the novel for a year until then.\" (no change) writing the novel for a year until would instead of will then.\" She said (that) she would renovate the clinic future tense (will) soon. She said, \"l will renovate the clinic soon.\" present continuous tense She said (that) she is going to take a loan future tense (going to) from the bank. She said, \"l am going to take a loan from the bank.\" past continuous tense She said'(that) she was going to take a loan from the bank. No change in tense t. We do not change the tense in the reported speech if the reporting verb is in the present tense. . Mita says, \"l drink eight glasses of water.', t{frr rrI

o Mita says that she drinks eight glasses of water. z. the quoted statement continues to be true. o The teacher said, \"The earth revolves around the sun.\" o The teacher said that the earth revolves around the sun. Change in Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives t. The pronouns and possessive adjectives in the first and second person are changed to the third person in reported speech o Arupa said, \"l am going to Nagpur to meet my friends.\" . Arupa said that she was going to Nagpur to meet her friends.\" z. lf the person(s) addressed in the direct speech are reporting the speech themselves, then pronouns and the possessive adjectives are changes to the first oerson. o Karan said to me, \"You and your friends should visit me in Shillong.\" o Karan told me that my friends and I should visit him in Shillong. Change in Expressions of Time and Place This table showg us the changes in words expressing time and place. next (week / month / year) following (week / moth / year) yesterday the day before last (night / week / month / year) the previous (night / week / month / year) III -II

tomorrow the next day Change in Auxiliary Verbs This table showg us a list of auxiliary verbs that always change when converting direct into indirect speech. can / canno! could / couldn't will / shall would / should Auxiliary verbs such as might, could, must, need not do not change when converting sentences from direct to indirect speech. o Change these sentences to indirect speech. '1. Madhuri said, \"We can take a shorter route to the city.\" Madhuri said that thev / we could take a shorter route to the citv. z. The astronomer said, \"The Earth is very small comparedtothe restofthe universe \" 3. \"They have been studying very hard for this test,\" said Dilip. a. Rajiv said, \"They have not been able to fiid the manuscript yet.\" s. \"lt had been raining heavily for a whole week there,\" said Juhi. 6. Alok said to me, \"Your music collection is amazing.\" 7. \"You and I are going to go on a trip to Rishikesh,\" said Bhavika. 8. Prachi said to them, \"You will have to do the project on your own.\" 1n III

@ Change these sentences into direct speech. t. John said that he might go home the next day with his sister. \"l might go home with my sister tomorrow\" said .lohn. z. The policeman asked the child why she was crying and if she had lost her way. 3. Samir admitted havint lied to his father about the picnic. 4. Prema said that she was busy doing her homework and that she could not come out at once. 5. Raj ordered his brother to turn down the radio and let him do his work in peace. 6. The invigilator instructed the examinees to do their rough sketch in the space provided. Z Rohan said that he had lost all his belongings at the l-lowrah station that morning. 8. The technician told us how to maintain the machine in good working order. 9. The professor said that the class would next turn to the Indus Valley Civilisation. lo. The people waiting outside thought that they would be given free passes to the show. ,,,''r-F Reporting Questions Questions with yes or no answers are reported with if or whether. o Susan asked, 'Are you the famous tennis player Sampras?\" r Susan asked him if he was the famous tennis player Sampras. Questions with auxiliary verbs or question words such as how, when, who, and so on are reported with the same question word. o Zara asked the teacher, \"Where do birds sleep?\" o Zara asked the teacher where birds slept. Reporting Orders and Instructions While reporting orders or instructions, we use the reporting verbs told, ordered, asked, commanded, and so on. Other rules of reporting remain the same. . Lucy said, \"Don't sit on the freshly painted bench.\" . Lucy asked me not to sit on the freshly painted bench. IIT II143