ace english grammar 8

5. You have shouted at him; he is really upset. have \"eached the party on time, nobody arrived for a long time. 7. Why didn't you take the Metro? lt have been easy for me to pick you up from the station. 8. lt was a good idea to have taken shelter under a tree, otherwise yo, have been drenched. 9. You have borrowed my book without asking me. you mind passing the salt, please? io. o Use appropriate modals to form sentences suitable for these situations. l. Request someone to move to one side so that you can get off the metro. Could you move to one side, please? 2. Advise your younger sibling to brush his teeth daily. Request your mother to sign your diary. t Request your teacher to repeat what she said. v Tick ('/) the correct modals to express the function in the brackets, t. lmight/shall take a day off and visit the doctor. (possib ility) z. Can /May I help you with the bags? (informal offer) f,. They can / might be in the waitrng area. Could / Shall I ask them to come back in? (possibility, offer) 4. Akshay could / shall help you with design ideas. (suggestion) 5. Chirag may not / shall not find the book on the shelf (possibility) 6. If you want, I can / might help you fix the TV. (offer) @ Yinotuhe\".s\"e on a train with your family. Write down what you would say situations. 't. You want to drink some juice. What would you say to your mother? Could I have some iuice, please? III ITI

z. You notice that another child has some comic books with him. Ask him to lend you one. i. You do not know how to fasten the sleeping berth. Ask your father to teach you 4. You want a vegetarian lunch. Ask the vendor. 5. You want to go to the washroom. Request the passenger next to you to make room TOr VOU XO pass. o In these pairs of sentences, tick (y') the sentence which is more polite. t. a. Give me the key, will you? b. Could I please have the key? r' 2. a. I'm afraid the line is busy, can you please hold on? b. I'm afraid the line is busy, will you hold on? a. May I see your notes? b. Can I see your notes? a. Could you answer the door? b. Would you mind answering the door? 5. a. What would you like me to do for you? b. What can I do for you? 6, a. Could you repeat what you said? b. Will you repeat what you said? a. lam sorry, my father is busy; could you come back later? b. I am sorry, my father is busy; can you come back later? 8. a. Can you tell me your name? b. May I know whos calling? Complete the second sentence using can / can't or could / couldn't so that it means the same as the first sentence. Use the words given in the brackets. 1. a. I did very badly at school because I really hated boarding school. (stand) b. I didn't do well at all because I couldn't stand boardine school. III {} III

z. a. I have forgotten everything I ever learnt there' (remember) o, l I learnt there. g. a. lreally hated the fact that we weren't allowed to haveanythingto dowith cricket or ll football. (PlaY) cricket or football. b. I really hated the fact that we 4. a. My father was not too well off and was only just able to afford the school fees' (hardly) b. My father wasn't too well off and the school fees. 5. a. He thought I would do well and was very surprised when he read my school reports' (believe) b. He thought I would do well and it when he read mY school rePorts' 6. a. Fortunately it is possible to go to university at any age now (you) b. Fortunatel to university at anY age now. 7 a. I eventually realised that I was actually capable of success in academic studies' (succeed) b. leventually realised that in academic studies. S.a.WhenlrealisedthatImightbeab|etohe|pthemfinancially,Iwasde|ighted. (supPort) b. When I realised tha lwas over the moon. v-. Choose the correct option to comPlete these sentences' '1. We snouldn t (sho,.rldn t / wouldn t) scribble on desks at school' 2. When someone gives you something, you (should / may) thank them. 5. (ought to / shall) get going now if we expect to reach home on time. 4. Ani (has to / can) overcome his fear of public speaking if he wants to be a good debater. 5. You (must / could) callyour parents immediately' They are very worried. 6. The prefects (must f can) always carry their badges with them' III 46 III

7. You (could / ought to) go to the school office without delay. The batsmen (shall / have to) score a lot of runs or we are going to lose the match. (can't / might not) have enough time to get to the station. to. lf we don't leave before ten, we (may / can) miss the train. il. It (could / must) be lovely in Darjeeling at this time of the year. 12. You (needn't / shouldn't) scream like that. l'm right here. (could / should) be careful and not keep her things lying lz Neeta around, 't4. lf you hadn't phoned me last night, I (couldn't / shouldn't) have remembered to bring your book. r5. They (should / could) have been here by now. o Complete these conversations, Work with your friend and use the modals could and would to say the sentences aloud. (Oral Practice) 't. You invite your friend to watch the cricket match with you tomorrow. Your friend o-^lr-s^P^Llr- /I -r^ct'u,,r-E^^s. You, Could you come to the cricket match with me tomorrow? Your friend (if he accepts), Sure, ld love to. Your friend (if he refuses), ld love to, but I can't / won't be able to. I have to attend some special classes. You invite your brother to join you to watch a film in the evening. Lle refuses. I You invite your friend to play football with you. Your friend accepts. Q Read the conversation- Complete these sentences with suitable modals. 3hroya: We'must cover the chapter on Cell Cycle and Cell Division. lt will definitely feature in our next exam. trnir: We' ignore the chapter on Respiration in Plants. We might be asKeq Io qraw otaqrams ot tne same. lhrryar We also 5 practice the definitions given at the back of the chapters. IIIi.*\"&,.rrIII

Samirr The definitions may or may not feature in the exam, but we 4 thoroughly prepare the short questions in the test papers of the previous year' Shreya: Yes, indeed. We s' practice those questions properly. They might ask similar ones this year as well' tl Samir: We will practice those as well Now, we 6 -start studying right Shreya: You 7 come over to my house, and we can prepare together' Use the modals should, shouldn't, must or ought to and change these form' important pieces of advice from the imperative form to the assertive (Oral Practice) l. Eat wisely and in a timelY fashion. We must eat wisely and in a timely fashion' z. Eat more fruits and vegetables 5. Include more salads in Your diet. a. Avoid junk food like burgers and pizzas' 5. Avoid aerated drinks. 6. Exercise more. Q S\"y *hat you would say in these situations' (Oral Practice) \"lo,rd t. You want a blanket. What would you say to the train attendant? Couldlhaveablanket? 2. You notice your friend has a video game with her' You ask her to show it to you' 5. You do not know how to do the exercise' Ask your teacher to show you' 4. You want a glass of milk. Ask your mother' 5. Advise your little sister to wash her hands before eating' 6. You are unable to concentrate because of a headache' 7 Tell your cousin to work hard in school' III III {8

\\ @ Match the two halves, to make complete sentences. t. lwould have loved to have a. have read the question incorrectly! z. Pooja is only sixteen so she couldn't b. have finished dinner by eight? 3. I really think you c. seen you while lwas in Delhi. (r) 4. Sam wasn't here so I d. forgotten that part of the syllabus! 5. The teacher must have e. couldn't have told him the news. 6. We really ought to have r. nave won tne pnze tor musrc. Z lf I hadn't played Xbox so much, I g. asked permission to use the printer. 8. Do you think you will h. should have waited for the rest of us. 9. My class might i. would have finished the project. lo. lonly got a D so lmust j. have taken her driving test yet. @ fi\"l1r1 1|,re best alternative to complete these sentences. 't. We can't / might noty' have enough time to get to the station. 2. lf we don't leave before ten, we may / can miss the train. 3. The traffic can / could be very heavy on Saturday mornings. 4. 'Can / Might I take this blue suitcase, Mum?'asked Farukh. 5. 'No, you mightn't/ can'l I need that one,'said Mum. 6. lf I don't have the big suitcase, I might/ can have to take another bag. 7 Don't take all those books! There can't / may not be enough time for you to do much studying. 8, lf I don't keep up with my revision, I may/ can have to retake my exams. p. I think you can / may well be worrying too much. lO. What you might/ could need is a good rest and some exercise and fresh air. o Tick (/) the correct option to complete this information about kickboxing. r,Before you decide to jump in and sign up for a class, you should keep a few basic guidelines in mind. a) have to b) shouldr' c) need d) mustn't IIII IITilg

2. Know your current fitness leYel. Kickboxing is a high-intensity, high-impact form of just plunge in after a long stint of no exercise exerctse, so you a) needn't b) don't need c) shouldn't d) ought not When you begin kickboxing, you allow yourself to be a beginner by working at your own pace and not exerting yourself to the point of exhaustion. a) must b) shouldn't c) needn't d) are obliged to 4. You start a class that doesn't provide any chance for individual instruction during or after the class. a) needn't b) must c) shouldn't d) haven't to 5. You be super-fit at the beginning, as many classes call for intermediate levels of fitness and meet two or three times a week. a) mustn t b) must c) haven't to d) don't have to 6. Comfort is the key. Wear loose, comfortable clothing and don't wear tennis shoes- you wear shoes that allow for side-to-side movements, such as cross-trainers. a) need to b) must c) have d) should 7 Start slowly and don't overdo it. The key to a good kickboxing workout is controlled movement. You ---------try to kick really high, and you shouldn't lock your arms and Iegs during movements. a) haven't to b) mustn't c) should d) don't have 8. Everyone start with low kicks while learning proper kickboxing technique. This is very important for beginners, who are more prone to developing injuries while attempting quick, complicated kickboxing moves. a) has to b) should c) must d) needn't Kickboxing is also a great way to get a total body workout while learning simple, self-defence moves. ln our modern world, many people say they have some self-defence skills. Kickboxing fans say the sport helps them to feel more empowered and confident. a) are obliged b) must c) need to d) should III IIIstl

Gonditionals Read these sentences. . Rice grows well hereifthere is enough water. o lf I cannot meet you, I will call you before lleavethe city. . lf I had been present, I would have known about the quiz competition. . lf they had gone to the grocery store, they would have bought some flour. Yrc- The words in bold are conditional clauses. Conditional clauses are a type of adverbial clause. They express conditions. They are subordinate or dependent adverbial clauses of condition. They are also xnown as if clauses because we frequently use if to express a condition. o lf it is sunny tomorrow, we will go for a picnic. The Zero Conditional Read these sentences. r lf ldo not sleep on time, my head aches. o Ask Mini to guide you, if you don't know the way. We use the zero conditional if clause to show that something will definitely result because of something else. We use it for general truths, when an event always occurs and when something is considered standard practice. , This table shows us the forms of the verbs in the zero conditional. present tense present tense present tense imperative III II51

o Complete these sentences with suitable verbs. t. lf no one drives you to the station. take a bus to l-lowrah Station. 2. It is easier to do that if you some practice. 5. Mother gets annoyed if ldo not my room. Plants die if they watered. 5. lf you the milk in the refrigerator, it does not curdle. 6. Ms Verma scolds us if we do not our nomeworK. The First Conditional Read these sentences. . lf Sameerisfree, he will join us for dinner. . You should reach Jamuna Banquets if you continue straight on this roao. We use the first conditional or type\"r if clause to talk about a situation that is likely to happen. lt expresses an open condition or possibility. We use it to give permissions, commands and advice and to denote ability. lt is also used for things that are likely to occur. This table shows us the forms o{ the verbs in the first conditionar. verb in if clauge verb in main clauge will * bare infinitive presen! tense modal verbs / imperatives present tense / present continuous tense @ R\"\"rr\"ng. the words in the brackets to complete these sentences. t. lf Priya sings well, (win / will / competition / she / the). lf Priya sings well, she will win the competition. 2. lf it is sunny tomorrow morning, (football / wil / we / p ay). 3. lf you do not study hard, (not / the / we | / you / do / exams /wil lin). +. We will cancel our trip to the Japanese Garden (on / if / rains / Sunday / it). t-ili:r- -li1;.ls] 52 fre-I

5. lf he is not feeling well, (will / the / he / doctor / to / go). 6. lf my friends are not busy, (museum / will / lo / go / we / today / the). 7. lf you do not hurry, (miss / will / you / train / the). The Second Conditional Read these sentences. - o She would try to help her friend if she knew the truth. . lf I had an umbrella, I would not get wet. We use the secc,nd conditional or type.z if qlause to talk about a situation that is unlikely to happen, or imaginary. The past tense in the type-2 if clause expresses an unreal or improbable condition. lt is unlikely that it will be fulfilled. This table shows us the forms of the verbs in the second conditional. past tense would ' bare infinitive past continuous tense could / would / might + bare infinitive @ V\"t\"h th. \"lauses in columns A and B to form complete sentences. t. lf lwere in Hyderabad, a. everyone would drink it. z. lf he had her address, b. if lhad some company. 3. lwould go to the cinema c. I would be with my family. (r) 4. lf it were warmer, d. you could get there in time. 5. lf you started earlier, e. he would send her a gift. 6. lwould be grateful 7 lf the water was clean, I they would buy a house. 8. lf they had enough money, g. we would play outdoors. III h. if you helped me. 53 EII

The Third Conditional Read these sentences. o lf I had answered correctly, our team would have won the quiz. o We would have completed the work, if we had more time. We use the third conditional or type-5 if clause to refer to an unreal condition in the past. lt implies that if things had happened differently in the past, the results would have been different. The past perfect tense in the type-5 if clause refers to situations in the past and is, therefore, only hypothetical. This table shows us the forms of the verbs in the third conditional. We can use the if clause at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. lf it is at the beginning, it is always followed by a comma. o lf the chairman approves the plan, the project will begin. o The project will begin if the chairman approves the plan. o Complete these sentences with would have or wouldn't have. t. lf the wind had not been so strong, the clothes wouldn't have blown about everywh 2- called you if I had your telephone number lf we had caught the first bus, we reached the city much earlier. lf she had come to my party, I been very happy. 5. gone for a picnic if it had been a pleasant day. 6. lf she had listened to me, she made the correct decision. 7. lf I had practised harder, I performed better in the show. 8. lf I had known earlier, I brought all my notes with me. Frrffi 54 III

@ ldentify the if clauses in these sentences. Write o for zero conditionals, I for first conditionals,ll for second conditionals and lll for third conditionals. t. lf Julia had won the tennis match, she would have got a gold medal. lll z. lf he can do it, you can too. 3. You can play video games if you finish your homework. 4. lf the sea level rises, the village will be flooded. 5. lwilltake you to the market if you want to buy something. 6. lf she had taken her medicines, she would not have been so unwell 7 lf Arun wasn't so mischievous, he would not be scolded so often. 8. lf there is a change in plans, lwill letyou know. @ Rewrite these sentences with if clauseg. t. Had lchecked the map, we wouldn't have lost our way. lf I had checked the map, we wouldn't have lost our way. z. Were we in the same class, I would definitely help you. J. Should he buy a telescope, he will lend it to me. 4. In case lvlurad is not there, speak with his sister. 5. Should it start raining, they will take a taxi home. 6. l-{ad the car stopped midway, they would have been in trouble. /. Had I known them better, I would have taken them sightseeing. 0. Should this fail, we will have to come uo with another plan. Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. lf Philip comes tomorroq we will study (study) together lf I had a magic lamp, I (ask) for peace and happiness for everyone, I lf we don't leave on time, we (miss) the opening scene. 4. lf you had asked me to come, I (join) you. lf it rains now, we (get) drenched. IIII 55 III

6. lf they had spoken up earlier, I (do) something about the situation. 7. lf he sees you waiting, he (come) to say hello. 8. lf the team (play) well, they would have won the World Cup. @ Chang. th\"se sentences as instructed. (Oral Practice) t. You should wear a helmet while riding a scooter. You will stay safe. (first conditional) f you wear a helmet while riding a scooter, you will stay safe. z. You add three and three. You get six. (zero conditional) 5. You won a lottery. You decide to travel around the world. (second conditional) 4. Norah brought lunch for all of us; otherwise we wouldn't have eaten. (third conditional) 5. Suhana was not here; otherwise she would win this competition. (third conditional) 6. I lived in this neighbourhood; I would visit this park every day. (second conditional) z Ananya finds the wallet. She will return it to Aryan. (first conditional) Grammar Activity Discuss in pairs. What would you do if... t. you woke up and found out that you have four legs? z. you were the only person left on the planet? 3. there was no Internet? 4. you had a photographic memory? 5. you had superpowers? III

o Choose the correct words to complete these sentences. l. Have you got any / much good dance music CDs? z. laskedsome/all our party guests to bring some music too. 3. l-lave you invited any / much people from my class at school? 4. Flardly any / Lots of them couldn't make it yesterday. 5. Have you done all / many the shopping? 6. We have only goi a little / little money left. 7 I hopeyou havegotlots of /many paperplatesandcups. 8. But there are any / hardly any forks. 9. You really should buy some / any. lO. flave you got much / some chips? ll, I think all /little teenagers love crisps! t2. Telleverybody / all tocomeatZ5op.m. o ldentify the error in the tenses and rewrite these sentences. l. Have you watched TV without your glasses again? 2, They live here since 2015. !, lam wanting to eat an ice cream right now. i, Grandfather experiences back pain for more than a week now. !. Disha has always been loving swimming. 6, Taj and his friends are going to the park every evening. III s? III

Frame questions for the answers with appropriate verbs in the simple past tense. Reporter: ulo good journey? Passengerr Yes, it was very comfortable. Reporterr Passengerr It left exactly at to.5o am. 'Reporter: Did Passenger: Yes, it's much better than travelling by bus. Reporter: How a Passenger: About half an hour earlier. Reporter: How s Passenger: There were about four stops. Complete these sentences with the correct future forms of the verbs in the brackets. 't. Customerr Whv is the shop closed? Shopkeeper: lt is closed for minor renovation. (you open) it? Customer: When Shopkeeper: lt (not open) till N4onday. u. Smritir l-lave you bought a ticket for the film? (see) it on Sunday. Rajat Yes, I have. I 3. Mother: Have you pnoneo you, cou.in to *irh him for his birthday? Son: No, lhaven't. I (do) it now. 4. Mohit What are you doing these holidays? Yarun: Nothing much, but I (go) to Chennai next we Mohit: When (you leave)? Varun: We (leave) on Tuesday evening. tilIrr 58 III

Varun: Yes, we (you / fly) to Chennai? (b.). 5. Teacherr The final exam (commence)on 7 March and (finish) on t5 March. o Frame questions for these responses using suitable modals. t. Thanks, I am feeling rather tired today. 2. Well, I would love to, but lam busy on Saturday evening. Yes. thanks. I would love some. Thanks a lot. lt is rather heavy. 5. I can see quite well. @ Complete these statements. t. lf you met the prime minister face-to-face, 2. lf you came face-to-face with a leopard cub, , 5. lf people could communicate by telepathy, 4. lf colas were banned, 5. lf you could get a trip to the moon, 6. No, thanks, I have had enough. 7. Oh, I have already seen the film. 8. Yes, thanks, if it is not a bother. III 50 III

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Read these sentences. . Rajat likes ice cream. . He loves to Igad books. n The room is painted white. . |-.le goes ry!4qio!. The words in bold are finite verbs and the underlined words are non-finite verbs. We know that a finite verb is the main verb in a sentence or an independent clause. It has a subject. lt changes form depending on the tense and the number. o Q613t likes ice cream. \" Rajat and Seema like ice cream. We know that a non-finite verb is a form of a verb that does not have a subject and does not change with either tense or number' r 1-ls l;kq5 to read books. e Jhsy llkq to read [ooks. There are three kinds of non-finite verbs-infinitives, participles and gerunds State whether the words in bold in these sentences are finite or non-finite verbs, t. Our old watchman used to tell us interesting stories. non finlle z. Anand was appointed by the school to manage the library 3. Swimming is an excellent sport. a. The old woman was worried about her failing health. 60

5. I could have walked for hours. 6. Having entered the haunted house, Bindu was too scared to move. 7 Jumping from the moving bus, Chris injured himself. 8. Dinesh had blamed Zahir for the mistake. The Infinitive Read these sentences. - . They could solve it easily. o We tried to solve the crossword. The words in bold are infinitives. The infinitive is a simple form of the verb, with or without the word to. The infinitive without to is called the bare infinitive (which is the same as the base form of the verb), and the infinitiye with to is called the to infinitive. o We can qallthem. (bare infinitive) . lwill try to come to your house. (to infinitive) We use the infinitive to show purpose, a result or to express a comment. o To complete this race, you must cross all the hurdles. We use the bare infinitive after modal auxiliaries such as can, could, shall, will, may, must, and so on, and verbs such 35 see, watch, hear, feel, sense, let, help, make, and so on. o yyq shsll overcome all the obstacles. We usually use the to infinitive after the main verb in a sentence. We use it after adjectives and verb5 5sqh 35 afford, expect, offer, refitse, agree, hope, plan, seem, arrange,love, learn, pretend, threaten, decide, manage, promise, want, and so on. . Munira loves to visit new cities. We often use the to infinitive after the object of verbs such as advise, help, tell, dlow, invite, ask, order, warn, and so on. o lls l66le1 advised him to eat healthy food. III 6r III

tl We use the to infinitive after question words when, what, where, how (but not after why) when they appear in the middle of the sentence. it o He does not know how to send an email. I @ Complete these sentences with the to infinitives from the box. : 't. They took a walk around the new city, in search of an exciting place to visit. 2. Elijah wanted directions to the park and requested a guide The trekkers were exhausted, but there was no place The crow wanted the water in the pot. Francis likes chocolates after having dinner. 6. When I reached the hotel, I switched on the TV the football match. 7. The detective tried some clues about the murder. 8. As soon as the bell rang, the children ran out Complete these sentences using a suitable question word (what, where, how) and a verb from the box in its infinitive form. '1. We asked him how to so to the station. 2. I was quite shocked by his words, I did not know Can you show me the internet? Can you tell us for our holiday? 5. You will never forget once you have learnt it. 6. flave you decided for the quiz competition? III - 62 III

@ Reorder these words to make meaningful sentences. t. choose / to work / the mornings / | / in lchoose to work in the mornings. z. to start / Maria / have decided / and Jasmine / business / their own S. built / the water / keep out / the wall / to / was 4. reminded me / to switch off / before going / Father / the lights / to sleep 5. don't / to hear / next week / | / expect / from them / before 6. to exercise / Nafisa / advised me / in the mornings / a healthy breakfast / and have 7 the house / him / she / helped / clean 8. the whole / was surprised / Grandmother / to see / family / at her doorstep Read these sentences. Frame the sesond sentence with words from the brackets. t. lYy friend is getting tired of herjob. (decide / find) She has decided to find anotherjg[ z. They were unhappy with the service provided by the company. (threatened / sue) They 5. Neha was wide awake. (pretend / sleep) But she /4. The company is reducing their staff strength. (afford retain) They cannot g. We need a few language teachers. (plan / appoint) , 6, Rishika really worked hard for her dance programme. (expects / perform) She well fII sa III

Complete these sentences with the bare infinitive or to-infinitive forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. lbade him run and call the doctor. (run) lll 2. Do you know where if you need me? (call) 3. I prefer (stay) at home than (go) to the park. We were asked - (apologise) to the teacher for making noise in the class - - 5. We can (fish) in the river by my house next weekend. - (cry). 6. The loud noise made the baby - (ask) permission from the teacher before taking a leave' 7. You had better - (read) books in her room. 8. For two days, she did nothing but - (clean) her bookshelf. 9. Ravi asked his sister - lo. We saw Sneha (jump) into the swimmint pool. - - The Participle Read these sentences. o The team is celebrating its victory. o They have fried some samosas. The words in bold are participles. A participle is a form of a verb that is used to indicate present or past action' Like other non-finite verbs, it cannot stard alone and does not change its form' Participles are of two kinds-the present participle and the past participle A present participle is a form of the verb ending in -ing. lt may be used both to form the verb tense and as an adjective. When they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. . Grandfather is walking with a stick. (verb) o Grandfather has a walking stick. (adjective)' III 64 III

\\ The present participle may combine wiih the auxiliary verbs be and have to form continuous and perfect continuous verb forms. . They are preparing for their exams. (present continuous tense) - . They have been preparing for a few weeks, (present perfect continuous tense) A past participle is used to form the perfect tense. Like the present participle, it may also be used as a verb and as an adjective. The past participle of regular verbs is made by adding -d or -ed to the base form of the verb. The past participles of irregular verbs must be learnt. o The wound is exposed so you must clean it, o Jasmeet didn't arrive until after lleft. Circle the present participlos and underline past participles in these sentences, t. .. ,::- --_\\ We saw several birds (l]1i19) to the south. z. The broken gate needs to be repaired soon. 5. They have been asked to move to the next classroom. Aladdin had a magic lamp and a flying carpet. 5. The bagpipes ihat the band was playing belonged to the school. 6. The decorations have been taken down. 7. There was a hanging garden in Babylon that was also one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. 8, The school play will be held tomorrow. @ Complete these sentences using the past and present participle forms of the verbs in the brackets. Mary is a trained boxer. (train) Sunita is to be a boxer. (train) III 55 rII

The piece of the puzzle was lying under the table. (miss) his arms, Abhiyawned for the third time in the past minute. (stretch) tne cause of the illness was found to be lack of enough sleep. (lead) o. Wasn't Sanjana Moby Dick last week? (read) 7. The team made their way home after the game. (tire) 8. Do not touch the freshly wall, or you will get sticky paint all over your hands. (paint) o Join these sentences using Present or Past ParticiPles. 't. Mayuri didn't receive a reply. So she sent another letter to the company. Receivins no replv, Mavuri sent another letter to the company. The truck was stuck in a traffic jam. lt couldn't move ahead. JTUCK Ashish closed the door. He started practising for his guitar class. Closing Debra saw Sushma at the beach. Sushma was playing with her sister. Debra saw Sushma 5. Rashmi was tired after the marathon. So she took the next day off to rest at home. I rreo 6. Rachit put down his luggage. He then lumped Into the lake ror a swrm. Putting z I arrived at the library. I found out that it was closed. Arriving III 66 III

o Combine these sentences using suitable participles as adjectives t. I went to the doctor to show my eye. The eye had a bit of swelling. I went to the doctor to show my swollen eye. z. When water boils, it turns to steam. 3. Harry and Ron sat in the car. The car was flying. 4. This track is meant for running. lt is new. 5. I broke my arm. I am wearing a cast on it. 6. The bell is ringing. lt is time for lunch. 7 These stories interest me. They help me learn more about the world. 8. Sohan told me about his experience at the hospital today. It terrified him. i% Gerunds Read these sentences. . The management will consider granting your application. . They prefer reading the daily news on the internet. The words in bold are gerunds. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions like a noun. The gerund is often used after yerbs such as appreciate, consider, miss, put off, resist, stop, finish, avoid, prevent, delay, present, enjoy, postpone, forgive, practise, can't stand, dislike, like, suggest, can't bear, don't mind, rise, keep on, ian't help, prefer, love, hate, and so on, . I enjoy cooking for my family. Some verbs, such as begin, continue, start, like, love, need, hate, intend,6nl 5e e1.1, can. be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, without changing the meanrng of the sentence. r I love watching films. (watching - gerund) . I like towatch fil65. (watching - infinitive) III II6t

We use gerunds a{ter prepositions. We use gerunds after verbs, adjectives and nouns that are followed by prepositions such as aPologise for, approve of, believe in, bored with, keen on, capable of, fond of, insist on, good at / in, reason for, and so on. . Do you have a reason for behaving this way? The gerund and the present participle have the sa6s -ing form. This sometimes makes it difficult to identify the two. At such times, we must remember that a gerund performs the function of a noun. The present participle, on the other hand, helps form the continuous tense or acts like an adjective by modifying the noun. r Swimming is good exercise. (gerund) . l\"layur went to buyswimming trunk5. (participle -adjective) . N4anish is swimming in the pool. (pariiciple - continuous tense) Complete these sentences with the infinitive or gslund forms of the verbs in the box. change reach postpone repair deliver '1. You want to postpone your trip to Jaipur. May I know the reason? 2. We cannot risk over to a new method of production without enough preparation. and install the new water filter 5. The company has promised within a week. )l The actor just managed the stage on time. 5. The mechanics will finish the car by the end of the day. o Put these words in the correct order to {orm sentences. Then, circle the gerund. l. lor / a iorm / is / meditating / the mind / of exercise {.v\"Jit\"t'\"g-l is a fo\"m of exercise for the mind. 2. his cat / knitting / funny coats / he likes / for my / talking / sister / made me / to / feel better 68 IffiI

4. public places / is / in / a bad habit / littering 5. sports / Kavya / taking part / in / likes 6. picking / Akil/ apples / from / loves / the orchard l. fultilling/is/ a /teaching/ career / young children 8. training / a lot of/ requires / a marathon / running @ Complete these sentences with the -ing form of the verbs in the box. 't. All the students will benefit from participatine in the annual concert. a[ my 2. I couldn't find the file on my table, so I had to resort IO folders and cabinets. Jonathan is anxious about important paper at a big seminar. Jessica has the advantage of very close to the school. Deepali does not want to go into the water. She is content with on the beach. Rahul wants to apologise for irresponsibly yesterday. care of the pets. 7. My nephew and niece are responsible for across the river L After several attempts, Afroz succeeded in without stopping. Grammar Activity Work with your partner. Take turns to strike a funny pose. your friend has to describe the pose, using participles. Use the patterngiven. Take turns. You can begin like this- Standing on one leg, she is raising her hands towards the ceilins. hand.Holding his nose, he is bending his legs and touching the floor with his other : ........ '.: rII 60 III

Active and Passive Verbs Read these sentences. . The doctor examined the patient. . The patient was examined by the doctor. The first sentence is in the active voice as the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action. The second sentence is in the passive voice as the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action. When to Use the Passive Voice We use the passive voice when the focus is on the action rather than the doer o{ the action. . A larte number ofjobs are outsourced to India, We use it when we do not know who the doer is. r The front door was open. It is also used we talk of a system or process. . The ingredients were mixed together and set aside. The passive voice is used when we write n6wspaper headlines and notices at public places. l1ere, the be verb is omitted as the language has to be concise. . 20 soldiers awarded by PM We also use it when we describe changes that have taken place. . The whole street has been cleaned and disinfected. TFTI 70 III

Changing the active voice into the passive voice When we convert sentences from the active to the passive voice, the object of the verb becomes the subject, and the subject becomes the object. o Adilgave Tarun a shirt. (active voice) o Tarun was given a shirt by Adil. (passive voice) lf the subject or object in the sentence in the active voice is a pronoun, it changes its form as shown in this table. you me ne us she you they him ner it them rt The main verb is changed to its passive form using the appropriate form of verb be (is, are, was, were) * the past participle. r The car was painted by the mechanic. This table ghows ur how to change the tense when changing sentences from the active to the passive voice. simple present She bakes a cake. A cake is baked by her. present continuous She is baking a cake. A cake is being baked by her. present perfect She has baked a cake. A cake has been baked by her. simple past She baked a cake. A cake was baked by her. past continuous She was baking a cake. A cake was being baked by her. She had baked a cake. A cake had been baked by her. future time She will bake a cake. A cake will be baked bv her. III III

We place by before the ner'v obiect aflar converting a sentence into the passive voice' . Tarun was given a shirt by Adil. ll lf the verb in the sentence in tlre active voice has a modal in it, the verb changes into it \" p\"\".it\" uoi\"\" \"sirg thrs form-modal * be * the past participle form of the verb' o She can drive a trucl:. (active voice) o A truck can be driven by her. (passive voice) Sometimes a sentence in the active voice has two objects, that is, the direct object and the indirect object. . My sister gave me an interesting book. lndirect Object Direct Object In such cases, the passive voice takes two forms. . An interesting book was given to me by my sister. r I was given an interesting book by my sister. When we change imperative sentences to the passive voice, we use haYe orget. . Repair the leaking roof. (active voice) . Get the leaking roof repaired. (passive voice) o Write A for active voice and p for passive voice against these sentences' t. They often read emails while travelling to.work. 2. The president was elected by the people. 3. They say that the house belonged to Tagore. The instructor read out a long list of do's and don'ts. 5. Most of the crimes have been solved by the police this year' 6. The cakes are going to be made by Suhana. 7. Julia has been teaching at the University since 1998. IIffi 72 III

8. Will our invitation be accepted by them? 9. A reward will be given to whoever solves this problem. to. They had handed me alltheir photographs. @ Complete these sentences with the paeeive forms of the verbs in the brackets, t. You will-hardly recognise our residential complex. lthasbeen decorated (decorate) for the festival. z. Two students (send) out of class for disturbing other students during the test. 5. The computer lab which (build ) only last year, (equip) with the laiest computers. 4. Applications fnvite) for the post of a History teacher. Preference (give) to applicants with teaching experrence. 5. Mr Shukla, who retired last week. (give) a fond farewell by the students. 6. The four students who (participate) in the relay race (award) medals. 7. Latin, the classical language, (speak) only by a few scholars. The children who worked on ideas for recycling fnterview) by a committee for a scholarship. Decide whether the sentences are written in active voice or passive voice. Tick (v1 the correct option. r' The game had been won by the purple team. (Active / Passive) The letter was written by Manjula. (Active / Passive) Nisha answered the question. (Active / Passive) I have sold my bicycle. (Active / Passive) Someone is repairing the instrument. (Active / Passive) I was not given the keys. (Active / Passive) Tarun feeds the cat. (Active / Passive) They will advertise the product on television. (Active / Passive) IIIlqsIIT

o Complete these sentences in the passive voice. '1. The judge has given the verdict. The verdict has been given bv the iudge. 2. The waiter kept the plates on the table. The plates The teacher had already informed the parents. The parents Anita and her friends were watching the match. The match 5. The teachers have given us extra homework before the holidays' Extra homework 6. Even before the mechanic arrived, my sister had already fixed the stove' The stove 7. We could move all the paintings to the hall. All the paintings 8. Make sure that vou keep all the shirts on one sheli Make sure that 9. Shruti was reading a book on Botany. A book on Botany to. Priya is assisting Hemant in his project Hemant is 'll. I he renovators dld a perrect JoD. A perfect.job t2. People used compasses to find their way at sea' Compasses were r5. They inviied Michelle to the concert- Michelle was 74 III IIX

14. The sparrows were building a nest on the tree. A nest r5. The Principal is going to announce the term results tomorrow. The term results @ Change the voice in these sentences. t. Saira bought a beautiful gown. A beautiful gown was bought by Saira. 2, Saranya is driving a new scooter, g. You are instructed to close the door after you leave. 4. Kaushik is being transferred to Delhi byhisboss. 5. Party members welcomed their teaoer. 6. The light bulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison. 7. You are requested to leave your shoes outside the temple. 8. Save electricity. 9. Please maintain silence in the library. lo. Let your teachers be respected by you. @ Say these sentences aloud in the passive voice. (Oral Practice) l. We make cheese from milk. Cheese is made from milk. 2. Those talented artists made these models. !, That little boy can lift this suitcase. 4. Theschool will celebrate the Annual Day nextweek. l. The teacher scolded Sakshifor talking in class. 6. Are you looking into our complaint? 7 We have forwarded your email to the head office. 8, The school authorities have opened a student canteen. III m III

@ Say these sentences aloud as notices in the passive voice. (Oral Practice) 't. We do not allow plastic in the park. Plastic not allowed in the park z. We do not allow heavy vehicles on the bridge. 3. We repair mobile phones here. 4. We change foreign currency here. 5. We do not allow food and drink in the library. 6. We buy and sell used books. 7. We do not allow children below the age of five to go on the rollercoaster' l@ Rewrite these sentences as a paragraph in the passive voice. t. The police have arrested the woman who broke into the school building last night' z. The thief stole two laptop computers. 3. The police are holding her in custody until she is brought before the magistrate' 4. Police Officer Savarkar, is carefully studying the report of this strange break-in' 5. Because of this incident, the principal has closed the school for the day. You can begin like this- The woman who broke into the school building last night has been arrested by the police' Changing the passive voice into the active voice To change sentences from the passive voice to the active voice, we need to identify the doer of the action and turn it into the subjeci, and change the verb accordingly' . Evidence was presented to the court by the lawyer. (passive voice) o The lawyer presented the evidence to the court. (active voice) We can refer to the tables given earlier to change the passive forms of the main verb back to the active, and to convert the object pronouns into subject pronouns' III 76 III

\\ r The dress was stitched by him. r He stitched the dress. In case the doer of the action in a passive sentence is not specified, we can add one on our own while writing a sentence in the active voice, o The milk was spilled. o Someone spilled the milk. Q Complete these sentences in the active voico The prisoners have been given a second chance by the authorities to lead honest lives. The authorities have given the prisoners a second chance to lead honest lives. 2, Thefinal dance was performed by the famous dancers f rom Assam. The famous dancers !. The old monument was destroyed by the last earthquake in the regron. The last earthquake l, The athletes had been trained well by the coaches. The coaches , All important issues were discussed in the meeting. They The new bill has been passed by the parliament. The parliament The match was being watched live by an audience of z million on TV. An audience rII 77 rII

Rewrite these sentences by changing the active sentence3 to Passive and passive sentences to active. t. The thieves have been arrested by ihe police. The police have arrested rhe thieves. I z. The marvellous performance delivered by the children enthralled us. 3. l-{e has been invited to their party. 4. We have shipped your order. 5. The girl recited the poem beautifully. 6. The guests enjoyed the party. z. The child impressed everyone with his polite manners. 8. A girl from Chennai won the first prize. 9. The readers like the latest book of the writer. io. They are painting the walls. All these sentences are in the active voice. Change them into the passive voice. (Oral Practice) They have analysed the situation. The situation has been analysed by them. z. I have sent the report. 3. We saw him talking to the headmaster. 4. A cold fear gripped us. 5. I will buy the tickets for your return journey. 6. I will keep it. 7. Plant it. 8. I have sown mustard in that beo. 9. Stop the force. 'to. I have lost the key. tt. She bought six mangoes. tz. They took him to the hospital. III 78 III

Complete the story with the active voice and paesive voice. Use the verbs in the brackets. The police'hasjust announced (announce)that the City Bank,r (rob) yesterday. Two men 3r (enter) the bank at 4jo wearing masks. Customers and bank clerks o (ask) to lie down on the floor ano one ol tne bank clerks ' (make)to fill the robbers'bags with money. After that the two men 6' (leave) the bank quickly. The police officer, Hemant, says that more than 2,oo,ooo rupees 7_ (srear,, yesterday, but nobody - (injure). Hemant believes that the robbers er (find) soon. The bank'\"r (close) since yesterday. @ Comptete these questions in the active and passiye voi€e. Use the verbs in the brackets. l. What time did the two men enter the bank? (enter) At a.go. 2. What the customers and bank clerks to do? (ask) They were asked to lie down on the floor. What one of the clerks to do? (make) To fill the robbers'bags with money. 4, f.low much money by the robbers? (steal) More than 2,oo,ooo rupees. anybody ? (injure) No, nobody has been injured. 6, How long the bank ? (close) It will be closed for two days. the police the robbers sooner or later? (find) The police officer believes they will be found soon. IIT- @ III

o Change these sentences from the actiYe to Passive voice. i. Ford offered Bill a job. Bill was offered a iob bv Ford. A job was offered to Bill bv Ford. The delivery boy hands the parcels over to the customer. The customer The parcels 3. My parents give me pocket money. Pocket money The ma yor promised new flats to people. People New flats The teacher will show slides to students. Students SIides 6. The bank will lend them money. They Money 7 The manager gave them a discount. They A discount Your secretary has provided me the information. The information m III III

or. change these sentences from the passive voice to the active voice. The lesson was read aloud by Mrinalir,,. Mrinalini read the lesson aloud. 2. His appointments were booked by his secretary. 5. The peak was finally scaled by the team of mountaineers. 4. Many emails were sent by me to your office. 5. The verdict was agreed upon by thejury. 6. The furniture was moved by the workers. 7. The assignments were marked by the teachers. 8. Participation in competitions was encouraged by our parents, rrrr 8l rrI

Gomparative and Superlative GomParisons Read these sentences. . Kashmir is the most beautiful place that I have ever visited' o They sell the best scarves in the market' useWhen we use an adjective to compare two or more things, we v the comparative or superlative forms. The comparative and superlative forms of many adjectives take the -er and -est forms' . long - longer - longest . sharp - sharper - sharpest Usually, longer adjectives take more and most' . intelligent - more intelligent - most intelligent llere is a price list of varioqs television sets' Write sentences to compare them, using the adjectives in the box. Write at least two sentences for each television set. Toyohito, {to,5t5 SCanOVlSlOn: \\ll,ll5 Getnews, T8,9oo Lifeline, {9,9oo 't. Scanovision is costlier / more expensive than the other three television sets' 2. Scanovision is the costliest / most expensive television set' IIre u III

The...the We use the..,the... to express comparison and contrast using comparative adjectives in parallel clauses, This structure is used to show proportionate increase or decrease. We use the form the * comparative adjective * clause * the + comparatiye adjectiye * clause. o The more challenging it is, the more I like it. o The older we grow the wiser we become. Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the words in the brackets. The harder you study for these tests, the better you will do. (hard, good) She doesn't really like aerated drinks, so the a bottle you buy, rne it will be for us! (small, healthy) i. Our neighbour is being very inconsiderate! ltseemsthatthe it is at night, the he plays his music! (late, loud) I. He spent a year in Mexico and loves spicy food. The the food is, rne he likes it. (hot, much) ;, Of course, you can come for the picnicl The the (much, merry) r. She will be verv hurt when she learns about it. The she knows about it, the (less, good) I He has six large dogs to protect his property. The the dog, the he feels. (big, safe) |. You must drive slower in crowded areas. The you drive in the city, the it is that you will have an accident. (fast, probable) As...as We use as-.as to compare between objects that are similar to each other in some way. We use the form as * comparative adjective * as. IIII a III

metro'o The bus is as crowded as the o Neetu is as old as Ajay' We use not as-.as to make comParisons between two things that are not equal' 11\" We use the form not as * comParative adjective + as o The lemon is not as sweet as the orange' o The bag is not as big as the suitcase' o Complete these sentences using as-'as with the words in the brackets' l. The blue car is as fast as the red car. (fast) ----2. Sakina is tall)Farida. (not / Pr!! the cello (not/ low/ X, |!|| the other one. (bao, AJ 3. The violin is lFtA#\\ prashantis__---\"\".0.i.i...o F-----This essay is JI 6. Todayit's-----r\"U\",,\"n,\"\"t1n\"t, fT the mushroom souP. 7. The corn soup was (deliciou s) 8. Orange juice lemonade. (not / sweet) v Complete these sentences using than or as' l. She is taller than her sisters. 2. Shirin's hands were as cold rce. 3. The baby's eyes are the same colo ours. The sea was as stormY expected. He eats more junk food is good for him. 6. Don't forget to take your admit card I did last year. 7. Malini is going to join us, was agreed last week. 8. They sent more food we had ordered. II- 84 III

Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the adjectives in the brackets. You may need to add some words. t. f4y sister has a tidier (tidy) room than me. 2. England is (small) than Australia. 3. lm (good) now than lwas yesterday. 4. He thinks Chinese is (difficult) language in the world. 5. Barcelona played (good) than Real Madrid yesierday. 6. Cats are not (intelligent) as dogs. 7. We had lunch at (good) restaurant in the city. (hot) desert of all is the Sahara and it's in Africa. 8. 9. (talkative) student in the class? Complete these sentenses with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in the brackets. 1. This armchair is more comfortable than the old one. (comfortable) The (fast) the train goes, the we will reach. (early) c, The vase in the souvenir shop was almost the statue. (expensive) 4. In this classroom, there are girls than boys. (many) Amrita is the child in the family. (young) Telephones are than television sets. (cheap) 7, You are here than there. (safe) her mother now. (tall) B. Farida is film I have ever seen. (exciting) 9. This is the Umang. (talented) Bimal is 85 III III

Ll Rewrite these sentences using different degrees of comparison. t. Shakespeare is the most famous of all writers in Enelish. No other writer in English is as famous as Shakespeare. 5hakespeare is gredter than any other writer ;n English. 2. lron is more useful than any other metal. 3. Team A gets more points than Team B. 4. China is larger than India. 5. Greeniand is the largest island in the world. 6. Air is lighter than water. 7 | am taller than my brother. 8. Payal is the strongest girl in the class. IIN 86 I-I

ruV^a^\\ 10 Adverbs Read these sentences. . She was walking slowlythrough the park. . The holidays began yesterday. . We never waste food. The words in bold are adverbs. An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. lt usually iells us how, where, when, why, to what extent, how often, and on what condition something occurs. This table shows us the different kinds of adverbs. adverb of manner o She dances gracefully. adverb of place o They are having a meeting upstairs. adverb of time o The results were declared yesterday. adverb of frequency o We often olav cricket in the street. adverb of reason o lt was raining, and therefore, we did not go out. adverb of degree o The girls were very late, o Underline the adverbs in these sentences and write their types. LTh e old woman was walking slowly. adverlc of manner 2, They will leave for Manali tonight. !. Suddenly, the wind started howling. 87 II III

4. She is quite intelligent. 5. I often see him at the library. 6. She never misses her art class. 7. We went to Shillong recently. 8. Sometimes, he works late. @ Comnlete these sentences by choosing the correct adverbs from the box. l. I thought about the problem seriously. They have been waiting for a long time. My mother forgets to buy vegetables. The pudding was delicious. 5. He brings me chocolates cleaned the desk. 7. We went to the park contentedly. 8. The baby gurgled lll pg',v;;1\" 11tese sentences using the adverb forms of the underlined words. t. Our school team has achieved a tremendous success. Our school team has succeeded tremendously. 2. The man was very patient. He waited for a long time. 5. Two people were injured in the accident. People said that the bus driver was not very careful. Luck saved our lives from the accident. 5. I am sorry. I did not break your pen with any intention. IIM 88 III

W- Position of Adverbs We place adverbs of manner and place after the direct object or after the verb if there is no direct object. . They walked home quickly. They walked quickly. . We play football here. We play here. We usually place adverbs of time at the end of a sentence. We can also place the adverbs of time at the beginning of a sentence but the emphasis changes. . The shop is closed today. Today, the shop is closed. We use adverbs of frequency directly before the main verb. We use the adverbs of frequency after the main verb be if there is no auxiliary verb after it. We use adverbs of frequency before the verb be if there is an auxiliary verb after it. . We usually go to bed early. . I am usually in school at this time. . He has never been so angry. Rewrite these sentences by placing the adverbs from the brackets in the correct positions. t. I fight with my brother. (rarely) I rarely fight with my brother. z. The children complain if they have a test after the lunch break. (always) 5. Jayantiforgot to inform her mother about the note from the teacher. (completely) 4. Last week, flights were delayed due to bad weather. (frequently) 5. I was joking when I said there is a rat in the cupboard. (only) 6. Sanjana is attending the function. (definitely) 7. The team practised the whole year. (hard) 8, Ravi fell off the scooter. (almost) III

Underline the adverb in the incorrect positions and move them to the correct positions. r. There has been a mistake definitely in the document. tl There has definitely been a mistake in the document. z. Do you think the school ever willget the first prize in elocution? 3. Alihough the cargo carefully was handled, some things were broken in transit. 4. The water purifier carefully was serviced by the engineer. s. Theboyfell off the bicycle nearly because he lost his ba lance. 6. We would have accepted certainly the offer but for the terms of the delivery of the goods. 7. I am sorry to say there is immediately little we can do. @ R\"\"r.\"ne\" the words to form meaningful sentences. i. twice / he / last week / visited us He visited us twice last week. :. continuously / it rained / for five hours / in our city 3. at to p.m. / from London / in New Delhi / the plane / will arrive 4. laughed / Carol / when he heard / heartily /joke / the 5. have / so / l/ never / fast / walked 6. here / please / tomorrow evening / by 6 p.m. / be 7. went / Kushal / after a long break / to school/ last week 8. for two hours / the baby / comfortably / slept / in the cradle III 90 III

\\ Prepositions 11 Read these sentences. E- . The swimmer dived into the pool . Spread thejam with a knife. . The teacher stood in front of the class. The words in bold are prepositions. We know that prepositions are words that we place before a noun to show the relationship of the noun to something else in the sentence. This table shows a list of prepositions. Prepositions in, into, on, onto, in the cupboard, (dived) into the up, down, inside, pool, on the shell (climbed) onto ^f ^t^-^ outside, out of, at, the ledge, up the wall, down the to, towards, from, stairs, inside the box, outside the position, away from, next to, gate, out of the door, at school, movement by, beside, near, to school, towards the park, close to, in front of, from home, away from the city, III behind, between, next to him, by the sea, beside the alcng, past, opposite, zoo, near the door, close to the exit, across, through, in front of the statue, behind the oeyono, among, tree, between the tree and the gate, rouno, arouno, along the river, past the bridge, against, over, under, opposite the mall, across the field, below above through the entrance, beyond the stream, among the children, round the corner, around the city, over the fence, under the bed, below the icture, above the sill 9t --_II

Prepositions at, on, in, during, at nine, on Friday, in October, of time over, for, since, during summer, over the last few ago, before, after, years, for a month, since 2ooi, \\JINET till, until, by, from, a decade ago, before lunch, after between prepositions a week, till Friday, until next year, of, about, with, without, for, by noon, from Sunday, between against, by, on, January and March as, like, except, except for, apart a kilo of sugar, write about him, from, according with my mother, without a handle, to, by means of, for the proposal, against the idea, despite, in spite of, by bus, on foot, as the author, like in case, instead of, a poet, everyone except Manish, on account of, apart from him, according to Wiki, in addition to, by means of persuasion, despite with regard to the rain, in spite of the weather, instead of me, on account of the delay, in addition to the cost, with regard to quality Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions, There may be more than one correct answer. t. Avinash lives in Ahmedabad with his family. 2, JUresn worKs a firm lawyers. They always take a holiday the coast. LACK resources is a problem many people. 5. He has written an article agriculture lndia. o, This is the dress I bought Sunilt shop. 7. The man the suitcase is a friend my father's. 8. Put that book top the others. II: n III

9. Sarah sailed the lake a small boat. lo. What is the difference a mule and a horse? Using Nouns and Prepositions Read these sentences. . Many companies will benefit from this decision. o There is a great need for honest leaders. o Our neighbours are on holiday in the Andamans. . I dialled his number by mistake. We sometimes use noun * preposition or preposition * noun forms. l{ere is a list of nouns and the prepositions we generally use with them' Prepositions and nouns can also be combined in a fixed pattern. @ Comnlete these sentences with suitable prepositions. l. Yes, we have received the invitation for your sister's wedding and we shall be coming. My friend sent me a box chocolates on my birthday. Let me think of a solution the problem. III TII