ace english grammar 8

Reporting Requests and Suggestions While reporting requests and suggestions, we use reporting verbs ask, oeg, urge, request, warn or suggest. . Arnab said, \"Piease adopt animals from shelter homes.\" o Arnab urged us to adopt animals from shelter homes. o Complete these sentences in indirect speech. L I am studying for the National Talent Search Examination. He said he was studying for the National Talent Search Examination. 2. I think he willget a distinction in the final exam. in the final exam. She said 3. My neighbours have bought a brand new car! a brand new car. I She exclaimed evenrng. I \\rlla went to tne beach last eventng. I Rafiq said that Gita I 5. I enjoy playing tennis on Saturdays. on Saturdays. Krish says that o 6. I will change my school soon. soon. 'I Karan told me he t Shruti wants to buy a new pair of school shoes. a new parr ll Mum told Dad that of school shoes. ll L I've lived in Kolkata for ten years. for ten years. a Abhishek told me that llt fre ll 1U III

@ Rewrite these sentences in direct speech. t. She asked Diya if she was ready. 'Are you ready, Diya?\" she asked. 2. Sneha asked Ali to show him the photograph. 3. Roshan's mother wished Roshan good luck. 4. l-1e enquired how his friend was. 5. The teacher told the students to stand up. 6. He said he was going to start in a few minutes. 7. They said they were police officers. 8. She said that she would meet me at the airport. 9. The minister told the reporters that he was not going to resign. to. He told the members of committee that he could not be present at their meeting on the following day. Read the report of this conversation with a scientist and write exactly what was said in direct speech. The interviewer asked the scientist how he would define science. The scientist told him that he thought that science was the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense-experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought. The interviewer asked him what general advice he would give a young person considering a career in science. The scientist replied that in striving to do scientific work, the chance to achieve something of real value-even for very gifted persons-is very small. l-{e added that there was only one way. He said that they must devote most of their time to some practical work that agrees with their nature, and spend the rest of it in study. Then, the interviewer enquired what the results of a scientific career were that made it worthwhile and exciting. The scientist laughed and replied that was not the result of scientific research that lnnobled humans and enriched their nature, but it was the struggle to understond. The interviewer offered the scientist the last word in the interview. The scientist thousht for I while and then, softly, he said that he thought people should not try to grow up, butlhat they should stand like curious children before the great mystery into which they were born. he interviewer said that he thought that that was good advice for a career in science. III II145

You can begin like this- l Interviewer: How would you define science? IJ l4 Scientist: I think Science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense- r! experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought. I [f Rewrite these sentences in direct speech. t. The monitor requested the class to keep quiet. |' The'ro.i-o'*aio ro ihe class. Dlease L^ep qriet. z. The teacher instructed the students to open their notebooks. g. Divya enquired if Ritu was also part of the same group as her. 4. The coach asked me not to drink water right after the workout. 5. Dora wanted to know where they would be staying. 6. Mother asked me how my day was going. z Kirti told me she was moving to Bengaluru the following year. 8. Deepti asked Anshul what he had been up to the day before. o Change these sentences to indirect speech. L Raghu asked, \"Do we have to go to this event?\" Raghu asked if they had to go to that event. Vidvut asked Vishal. \"Where should we leave the cat tomorrow?\" J. The tourist exclaimed, \"This is the most be\"autiful place I have ever been to.\" 4. \"These are the days we will rememberforthe restofour lives,\" thought Priya. 5. Roohi said to us, \"Please do not litter our beaches.\" 6. \"Do not use mobile phones in classrooms,\" the Principal said. Z \"Please tell Sangeeta that I will pick her up directly from the station,\" said Amina. 8. \"l plan to go to Singapore next year,\" said Punit. IT III146

Change these sentences to indirect speech, Say the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. Karim said, \"l'd like to know where the laboratory is?\" Karim wanted to know where the laboratory was. z. Sania thought, \"There is no hope of winning the match now.\" 3. Mohan said to his mother, \"l was not responsible for what happened yesterday.\" 4. Linda said, \"l will be shifting to my new home next month.\" 5. Robert said, \"l didn't bring the picture to class today.\" 6. Manoj said, \"l had boughta newcartwo months back.\" Z I thought, \"When will this boring film get over?\" 8. My uncle said, \"Yes, it's easier to send an email.\" 9. Priya said to her cousins, \"Let's all meet over the weekend.\" lo. The visitor said, \"l-low far is it to the General Post Office?\" tt. He said to his friend, \"Come and stay at my place tonight.\" 12. Julia said to Mariam, \"Would you mind passing the mashed potatoes?\" 15. The librarian said, \"Please maintain silence in the library.\" 14. The chairman told the man, \"Stop interrupting the speaker.\" 15. Galileo said, \"The earth moves around the sun.\" Convert the underlined parts of the conversation into indirect speech. Use the verb in the brackets to report what was said. ndeep: lWhat are vou soins to do at the weekend? (ask) Sandeep asked Diya what she was going to do at the weekend. : 'I will be soine to visit my aunt. (say) 'She is still in the hospital. (tell) ndeep: Oh, I'm sorry! 'l didn't know (say) : sOh it's okay. (reassure) In fact itt great! 6!f;9!!99!_!g!g!9yl (tell) ndeep: Wow! That's fantastic! ?!!!q!q[!91419! (ask) IfI rN III

Diya: She,hasn't decided yet, but 3my uncle wants to call him Naren, after his father. \\say/ Sandeep: 'Ih4!_rse[y r&\". (think) ''Eslygs_elnlllnl Jq Ggd (ask) Diya: No. \"She wants to call him by her father's name! (say) Sandeep: 'zWhy don't we go to the hospital to visit her? (suggest) ''lU like to take her some flowers, (say) Diya: Okay. 'o How about tomorrow afternoon? (suggest) 's l was going to \\say,, )anqeep: Perlect. \" lnen you coulo com (tnvtte, vrya. InanKs. l ll see you tomorrow alter luncn: (agree, Underline the errors in these sentences and rewrite them correctly in you notebook. t. Our headmaster was invited appearing on a TV show about education. Our headmaster was invited to appear on a TV :how about education. z. Before the interview the assistant offered him to have a cup of tea. 3. They persuaded him that he wear some make-up. 4. Fle asked how old were the children in his school. 5. The interviewer enquired him how long had he worked at the school. 6. They wanted to know how the school was successful. 7 They asked him whether he is going to stay in the school or not. 8. l-le admitted to having looked for anotherjob. 9. But he insisted changing his mind. lo. He assured that he loved the school and wanted to stay until he retired. III IIIt48

Punctuation Marks Read these sentences. % . Have you read 'The Merchant of Venice'? o Great news! . Please do the sums on pages 2l-25. The symbols in bold are called punctuation marks. This table shows us how to use different punctuation marks. Full stop (.) to end a declarative . The children loved the film. senlence Comma (,) 't. to separate words, lf you are going to the phrases or clauses in a sentence library, lwill come with you. z. to set off a direct Razia asked, \"Do you want quotation some juice?\" Exclamation marks used at the end of words . Wowl I can't believe l've won (!) or sentences expresslng strong emotions such as the first prize! delight, anger, surprise, distress, excitement, and so on Question mark (?) to end an interrogative o Who left the lights on sentence yesterday? IIIr4e ffiII

i Quotation marks t. double quotation marks o \"l'm leaving for work,\" said (\")(,) used to begin and end Mother. a direct quotation z. single quotation marks 'The Adventures of Sherlock used to quote the titles Holmes' is a collection of of books, short stories, short stories written poems, films, plays, and by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. so on Colon (,) r. to introduce a list of o The shop sells three types rtems of flowers: roses, tulips and daisies. 2. to mean thot is to sog or mecning this . We all know the keys to success: hard work and sincerity. Semicolon o '1. to connect two o Visit them tomorrow; they sentences that are Apostrophe (') related will be home. Hyphen C) 2. to separate items in a . The prize winners are from list, where one or more items already have Preet Vihar, Delhi; Jaipur, commas Rajasthan; Raipur, Madhya Pradesh; and Chennai, 1. to show possession Tamil Nadu. z. to show missing letters . Preeti's honesty is her to connect words that biggest strength. function as a single unit o. I'm excited about the trip. to write fractions, add prefixes, and to form Aren't you? compound words and adjectives . There were red-coloured stoles in the shop. o About one-third of the entire class turned up for the field tflp, IIi- lflr III

En dash (J to show a range . The January-April issue of Em dash (-) t, to separate words that the magazine is available are not important to now. (The range includes the sentence or offer January, February, March an explanation within and April, notjust January a sentence . and April.) z. in place of brackets Pages 52-61 are missing in or commas this copy of the book. (Pages from 52 to 6l are missing.) 3. to show a break in thought . We finally boutht the curtains-the white and green ones-and left the shop. o We solved the algebra problems-all twenty-five of them-and went out for ice cream. e There was nothing there. It was- Capital Letters Read these sentences. o We should leave before it begins to rain. o They have invited Richa to the paty. o Have you read'The Hobbit'? Capital letters indicate the beginning of a sentence, or are used as a mark of respect. We always use a capital letter- o at the beginning of a sentence, and for the pronoun I . for proper nouns (names of people, unique places and organisations, and so on) and titles referring to specific individuals like The Queen of England, The president o{ India, and so on III t51

in some European names the middle name of' de, da, di, du, van or von are not capitalized becaus! they mean of or from in the original language' Simone de lll Beauvoir, Mino dq Fiesole, Ludwig vcn Beethoven . for months and days (but nbt seasons) o for festivals such as Easter, Diwali, Christmas, Eid languages (but not the names of academic subjects) some historical periods such as The Middle Ages, The Industrial Revolution, ano so on geographic regions such as Southern Indi4 Northern Africa, the Middle East reiigious figures, deities, and their followers such as God, Allah, Buddha, Sikh5, Jaiis. l{inJua and so on. However, we do not use a capital letter for god or gods if they refer to ancient religions which are no longer followed. titles of books or pieces of music like The Ruskin Bond Omnibus, Ilolst's The Planets and so on nationalities and words indicating the place a person or thing is from such a Dutch, French; the Rocky Mountains, and so on. However, if we are referring to items that are part of a common expression or name of something found commonly, like danish pastries, french toas! and so on, we do not use capital letters. @ Punctu.t\" these sentences. t. the poet lives in manchester uk. The poet lives in Manchester, UK. z. the film is an adaptation of shakespeares play a midsummer nights dream g. have you ever done scuba diving sumit asked mala 4. please note down these items rice sugar salt and vegetables 5. dickens novels are set in victorian england 6. excuse me im looking for st marys convent it is a girls school said Kim IIM 1W2 III

i.z W- Flyphens Hyphens are used- o anti-war l. in some compound words. o president-select . self-help The rules for using hyphens are always changing. So it is always better to check with a good dictionary before using a hyphen. Once a particular spelling is chosen, it must be used consistently. :. with some prefixes. We use hyphens with numbers, capital letters and especially with prefixes such as all-, co-, ex- and great-. . all-knowing . ex-employer o co.worker . great-uncle o T-shirt o 5-rupee coin 3. when a word is confusing or hard to read without it. r shelllike -; shell-like o The teacher remarked that she needed to re.mark the papers. 4. with compound numbers. . one hundred and sixty-three . twenty-two 5. in compound adjectives if they come before the noun they describe. . the io-year-old girl . up.to-date technology We do not use hyphens if the compound adjective comes after the noun. old.o The girl is ten years o The technology is up to date. Sometimes certain words look like compound adjectives but they are not. In such cases, check with a dictionary. re N4iranda is healthy happy girl. r Miranda is a healthy, happy girl. r' These are two separate, independent adjectives. lf each of them is used separately, the sentence would still make sense. o That is a frequently-asked question. * \"r That is a frequently asked question. IIT II

The Em Dash The em (M) dash takes the same space as the printed letter M. lt is the longest dash. There is normally no space before and after an em dash. The em dash adds a sense of drama to a sentence. lts only uses are at both ends of strong interruptions to sentences. (Weak interruptions are bracketed by commas.) o The city Mayor-who had never in his life used an axe-attempted to cut the tree down. In the end, a couple of passengers-and not the crew of the ship-managed to get all the women and children into the lifeboats. We only use one dash before a phrase if the interruption to the general sense of the sentence comes at the end of the sentence. . The cyclone destroyed Rizwan's villa-a lovely, architect-designed house on the outskirts of town. The En Dash The en (N) dash takes the same space as the printed letter N. The en dash is shorter than the em dash but longer than a hyphen. An en dash may be closed at both ends or may have a space before and after it, We use en dash- . for a range of numbers r We expect to get 75-80% of the students through their exams. (closed with no space) o to indicate a journey from one place to another r The Kanpur-Bhopal train is leaving in five minutes. (has a space before and after it) . for a period of time . The busjourney takes 2o-3o minutes. (closed with no space) o Insert hyphen, en dash or em dash where required. r.Self-driving cars are the latest rage in the automobile industry. z. The eight hour flight from lstanbul was quite tiring. s. The UN was founded after World War ll (rg:g rqas). a. I called my brother the one in Puri to ask if he was coming home for the summer. 5. The instructions to use the device are given on pages 4i 51. IIIT' III154

6. No one not even my parents knew about my surprise visit. 7. The dates for the annual school trip are 24 50 July. 8. The school will offer piano and tabla lessons in addition to the singing and guitar classes already being offered from next year. Quotation Marks -- Quotation marks (\"...\" and'...') are used in two main ways- t. to enclose the title of a published work (a book, film, play, newspaper). We use single or double quotation marks for titles of published works. o 'The Daffodils'was written by William Wordsworth. We use italics instead of quotation marks for titles of published works if we are typing it out. o I read Good Morning India every morning. 2. to enclose the exact words that someone else has written or said. o \"Justin is going to the cinema hall,\" said Mother. [f Insert quotation marks where necessary in these sentences. t. l-lave you read 'The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'? 2. We are asking everyone in the area to be alert the spokesman said. 3. Most people do not realise how demanding writing is said the famous author. They think you sit down and the words just flow out. a. The Taming of the Shrew is my favourite Shakespeaiean play. 5. lt was a nightmare the young surfer said after being chased by a shark. 6. The last lines of Tomorrow, When the War Began were ljust hope we can survive. Z I read a review of thai film in The Telegraph and decided not to see it. 8. The school's performance of The Lion King was the best I have seen anywhere. IIIrss III

Exclamation Mark . Walk faster! Exclamation marks are used - t. to show delight . Wow! What a beautiful hat! 2. to show urgency . Hurry up! 3. to show anger ' Keep quiet! 4. to express surprise . You have grown up! 5. to express distress . Oh no! We missed the train! 6. to express excitement . l'll be meeting my friends after six months! 7. to express a strong command . Stop! Don't cross the road now! Some sentences can be used both as an exclamation and a question. . Why is it so hot today? . Why is it so hot today! o Tick (/) the correct sentences. Correct the incorrect ones. /l. (Jh nol The cake is burnt! 2. Quiet. Don't make noise in the library. 3. Look how badly Seema hurt herself? 4. How can you be so carelessl 5. I can't believe you fell for that story 6. Whoops. Iforgot to bring my wallet. 7- \"Good heavens,\" he said, \"ls that true?\" 8. How pretty she looked in that dress! III 156

Comma Without the commas, the reader might think that the cat is talking to the child. . The cat said my sister is sleeping under the table. We use commas to emphasise the real meaning of a sentence. . The cat, said my sister, is sleeping under the table. Commas are used- t. before coordinating conjunctions like and, but, for, so and yet that introduce independent clauses e l-le was tired, but he finished his homework. z. after adverbs working as conjunctions like however, finally, furthermorq indeed, meanwhile, neverthelesg therefore and unfortunately . I reached home late; finally, lcould take a nap. . My aunt was yet to come from office; meanwhile, we were all readytogoforthe moYte. J. after most introductory phrases and clauses . After I finished having my lunch, I sat down to read a book. An introductory phrase usually comes before the subject and verb of a sentence. r Since I was late for class, | (subject) had to stay back and complete (verb) my assignment, flowever, a comma is not used if the subject and the verb are far apart. ro Not sleeping (subject) enough, can cause (verb) fatigue. /o Not sleeping (subject) enough can cause (verb) fatigue. 4. when an adjective comes after a noun o The girl, running along the beach' laughed aloud with joy. 5. in lists o We had apples, oranges, pears and lemons in the evening, o We have volleyball' {ootball and cricket tournaments in the next month. 6. when mentioning cities and states o I was born in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. 7 for addresses. There is no comma between the state and the pin code. . She lives at 22/4 Doctor Lane, Entally, Kolkata Toool3. III ffiII

8. with direct quotations o \"l want to go to Moscow someday,\" said Shishir. o Rani asked, \"ls Priyam unwell?\" 9. before and/or after an interjectron o ltold Natasha that, yes, I will go with her to watch the play. o Wow what a talented singer Ankush is! to. between consecutive adjectives describing the same noun o lt was a warm, sunny day. ll. to separate parenthetical expressions from the rest of the sentence Parenthetical expressions are words inserted into a sentence to convey information or ideas that are not absolutely essential. r I told Mita, before I could forget, that we were going to meet yusuf tomorrow. 12. to show two parts of a sentence are being contrasted t3. before and after appositives. An appositive explains who or what the noun is. o Our teacher, Vijay Gupta, retired yesterday. '14. to indicate omitted words . Today, l'll meet up with Shekhar; tomorrow, Nidhi. (This means today I will meet up with Shekhar; tomorrow lwillmeet up with Nidhi.) @ Rewrite these sentences with commas in the correct places, if required. 5 t. Our school will reopen on Monday June tt zozo. 6 z. The thief admitted that yes he had broken into the house and was trying to run with valuable jewellery. 5. The girl who won the essay competition is my sister. 4. Just as I was about to leave my friend Nikhil walked in. 5. Everyone who wants to go for the school trip must stay back in class. 6. Oil which is lighter than water rises to the surface. 7 Mark Twain's early novels I believe stand the test of time. 8. He replied \"l have no idea what you mean.\" IT III158

E The Apostrophe Apostrophes are used- . Kanchan's pen t. With nouns to indicate ownership . Rita's book . Mukul's hat However, we do not use apostrophes with possessive pronouns. o The car is their!. r /e The car is theirs. o ls the shirt your!? rc . ls the shirt yours? y' z. To indicate missing letters or numbers . 8 of the clock --r 8 otlock . 1992 +'92 J. Apostrophes are almost never used in plural words. o Both student's and teacher's will be attending the science fair. x /o Both students and teachers will be attending the science fair. 4. Apostrophes are never used with years. . lgrew up in the 2ooo's. r . lSrew up in the 2ooos. y' O fi\"l (Z) tt . correct sentences. Correct the incorrect ones. t, That is my mothers sari. mother's :. During the t96o's, The Beatles were a very popular band. J. lt was 5 o clock when our project was finally complele. 4. Where were you living in 97? 5. There were onion's for sale in the market. 6, The secretaries'laptops are brand new 7 My address has three 7s, and Toms phone number has four 2s. 8. Did'nt you hear that theyr'e leaving tomorrow? III II159

The Colon, Colons are used_ t. .to indicate that what comes after tnem are examples li\"J::fl:::* | tove more than anythins etse in the wortd: reading ail day ' i\"\"j;:,:ffifl'fflr:hrases like these are, there are, rhe foilowing, as foilows, o The ingredients arer flour, egts, sugar, milk and chocolate. .J. before subtitles of books, articles, chapters and so on superstar'. The title ofthe book is,sachir :::\"t::H:4.in the greeting p\"., ,\",,\", ,],ll::: o \", \" To Who lt May Concern: 5. in literary references r0.e Encyclopaedia Britannica lV: gas fVolume S, page z:rJ indicate dialogue when we vrrite a play or to a script Rajan: Lets go watch a firrn Suraj: Great idea! Rajan: l'll book the tickets then. Suraj: Okay. l'll see you in a while. Z Quotation marks are not used while writing dialogues. before a long, formal quotation o irGmoo'pv\"oetrrt1nao\"n\"rt.ttSh.mia^nitihaosn,ta]lt,tle;;nd;.;t;oJ..lt'lh\";:ei:t:n::'n:g,'1to think that.children should studv speak and write pr\"p* e\"gti\"t isl rta\".m. mr.a.r 8. after words such as caution, wanted or note o Cautionr wet paint r Wanted: full{ime editor and translator o Noter Please refer to the glossary at the back of the book lfrrr ITI

Icl Rewrite these sentences with colons in the correct places. t. Sana had one dream she wanted to see the Eiffel Tower. Sana had one dream: she wanted to see the Eiffel Tower. z. Youwill need the following th ings to makethe project a cardboard box, some colour paper, a black marker and some alue. 5. Warning Beware of dogs. a. The title of the book is 'Origami lt's Origin and l-listory'. 5. lmran cannot go to meet his friends it is raining. 6. ln the bag were the following scissors, a hairbrush and her address book. Z We.havetostop doing these harmful things pollutingthe rivers, burning fossil fuels and using our cars. The Semicolon Semicolons are used- t. between two sentences that are very closely related o My family is Christian. We celebrate Easter. o My family is Christian; we celebrate Easter. We do not use a conjunction when we use a semicolon. o She has two brothers; and they live in Canada. ir /o She has two brothers; they live in Canada. z. before however and other similar words that show a relationship between two complete sentences o Raja thought that school was over, however, there was still an hour lefi for it to end. x . Raja thought that school was over; however, thpre was still an hour left for it to end. r' 3, between clauses or phrases that contain a lot of commas . Sanjay likes History, Physics and English, lVedha likes Biology, Chemistry and Maths, and Janet likes Art, Music and Theatre. The sentence above is correct but it is confusing. lt will read better wnen some semicolons are inserted. . SanFy likes History, Physics and English; Medha likes Biology, Chemistry and Maths; and Janet likes Art, Music and Theatre. IIT III161

@ Correct the errors in punctuation in these sentences. t. I live in Jamshedpur my cousin lives in Kolkata. I live in Jamshedpur; my cousin lives in Kolkata. lt 2. Tina insisted on going for a concert Leena wanted to read a book. g. My brother isthe coach ofthefootball team,wegetfree tickets for most matches. 4. I love horse riding, kayaking, swimming, my brother does not like any of those but my sister sometimes enjoys swimming. 5. My grandmother loves making pickles my mother enjoys makingjams. 6. Spain is lovely hot weather and friendly people. Z The stock exchange fell sharply I would wait before selling your shares. 8. We stayed in Baltimore, Maryland, Omaha, Nebraska, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. III III

o Read this passage. ldentify the four different types of gentences. Let's do an interesting craft activity. Today we will learn about newspaper blackout poetry! All you need is an old newspaper, a marker and some creativity. Choose a page that you like. I normally select the editorial page that has minimum pictures and lots of interesting words, Now, scan through the articles to find the words that you like. They should all form a meaningful sentence, when put together. Darken the rest of the words. Can you read the words now? What does it say? Mine says: When the world sleeps, I stay up dreaming. o Mark the sentences in this passage as simple, compound or complelc en lwas a child. I had two oet hamsters. The female was golden and white, while the male one was brown and white. I had named them Star and Buck respectively. Although I had got them together, the two could not have been more different from each other. Buck was the active one. He would spend all night climbing or running on the hamster wheel. Star was the complete opposite. IIInF,fII

:'I7 She would sleep in all day and wake up only to eat in the night' Afier eating the food, she would lazily move around the cage for a bit' dig herself a cozy space, and slowly sink into another nap' tll @ Rewrite these sentences in indirect speech' t. Manish said, \"l study in Modern Public School\" z. Neha said, \"l am going to meet my friend \" 5. Maya said, \"l wrote a letter to my grandmother\"' 4. Kamal said, \"l was playing the piano yesterday'\" 5. Huma said, \"l have baked a chocolatecake\" 6. The doctor said, \"l will give you some medicines'\" 7 Naina said, \"l may leave for Guwahati tomorrow\" @ Rewrite these questions in direct speech' t. The minister told the reporters that he was not going to resign' z. They said they were police officers g. She said that she would meet me at the railway station' 4. Rohan's mother wished Rohan good luck' 5. Boman said hewas studying for the National Talent Search Examination' 6. The teacher told the students to sit down' 7 He enquired how his friend was' 8. Rupali suggested we watch the film on TV' Gf | p1\"\"\" capital letter* commaS exclamation marks' quotation marks apoit.ophes *here necessary in these sentences' \"nd t. help! the dogs are chasing me' 2. believe me its no pleasure going to the plains at this time of the year' III 164 III

3. please mary do have a second helping of rice. 4. yes thats the correct way of solving this problem said the teacher. 5. good morning how are you? 6. im glad varsha that youve come back on time said father. 7 im quite happy. dont worry about me. 8. lets buy some biscuits toffees chocolates and cake for your grandmother. IIIuriffir!IIf

20 Integrated Grammar Practice Worksheet Set r o In the passage given below, one word has been omitted in each line. Write the missing word along with the word that comes before and the word that comes after it. Before Missing After There is cultural event at my school next week. We invited classical musicians to perform at event. The musicians are coming from all over world. There is also an exhibition of street photography by students from school. The photographs are also available for sale. student photographer has decided to donate the proceeds to Smile Foundation, charitable organisation works with underprivileged children. o Choose the correct form of the verbs to complete these sentences. l. She met him as he the road. a. was crossrng b. had crossed c. had been crossing 2. about it just before you mentioned it. 1 a. was thinking b. had thought c. had been thinking 5. she the piano for vears before she released ner Ttrsr \\-ui b. Was, practising c. flad, been practising a. uro, praclrse III166 II

4. Pravin went for a swim after he tuncn. a. was having b. had had c. had been having 5. We for a long time, when we realised it was past 7 otlock. a. were playing b. had played c. had been playing @ R.\".r\"ng. these words or phrases to form meaningful sentences. t. back / went / to the room / the plants / Nitin / watered / and 2. across the street / the / with the / is / man / dancing / funny hat J. a six / the last ball / batsman / scored / off / the /4. five / sister's company / has / works aI / who / my cats / the man S. myl had gifted/ me/sister/ lost/the pink umbrella/ | /that 6. aunt/fishing/ my/and uncle/ now/ and then / go/every Set 2 There is one error in each line of the paragraph. Write the incorrect word and the correct word in the space given. Incorrect Correct Peer pressure are one of the biggest problems faced by young adults in school. Whether it are about what to weaq whom to being friends with, what activities to engage in; our peers ends up influencing a lot of our decisions. As young adults looking to fit in, all of us has had to make hard choices. Each one of us have been faced with r difficult decision at some point in time; it would be deciding not to make fun of a new students in class when cverybody else are; or it could be deciding not to engage In harmful activities just because most of our friends is _ing so. In my own small ways, we can stand up for the right thing. III tq ITI

I O Choose the most suitable option and complete these sentences. I l. lhey travelling to Gangtok next week. a. have been b. are going to c. will be tll already fallen asleep. z. By the time the power came back, I a. nao b. have c. would have 5. By September next year, I graduated from college. a. will be b. will have c. am going to 4. After complet ing college, I will be a gap year to travel. a. taken b. taking c. have taken s. After she had o. nas breakfast, she went for her photography class. a. have c. naq 6. The patieni recovered from his illness by next month. a. nave b. will have ^ L^- @ R.\"rr\"ng. these words and phrases to form meaningful sentences. t. guilty of / evidence / was / found / withholding / the accused / the z. others / reward in / helping/ a / is/ itself g. don't/cafe/you / al / | / mind/waitingfor/the 4. to / human / be / to err is / fs. io / subsided now rain fhave / the / appears 6. in / continued /thecrew/ freezing/the/conditions/tofilm / scene 7. went / and bought / the market / to / Srikant / groceries 8. is too / wear woollens / it / today / to / hot 9. needs to / the broken / be / window / repaired /to. learn / is quick / new Ananya / languages / to IIIr6s III

Set g o There is one error in each line of the paragraph. Write the incorrect word and the correct word in the space given. lncorreqt Correct Do you know whom Dashrath N4anjhi is? He was a villager which is also known as the Mountain Man. His is a story of an ordinary man where responded extraordinarily to adverse situations. Manjhi were a small-time labourer in Gehlaur, that is a small village in Bihar. One day, her wife was crossrng the Gehlaur hills to bringing him lunch, when she slipped and fell, who eventually led to her death. Heartbroken, Dashrath set out to carve a road through the hills because his village could get easier access for hospitals. zz years later, he had built a j6o-foot long road whose reduced a distance of 55 km to a mere t5 km. o Tick (/) the correct options and use them to complete these sentences. t. the film ended, we went out for dinner. a. After b. Until 2. you follow the safety regulations, you will be safe during the jungle safari. a. As long as b. ln case 3. These paintings are as the ones we bought yesterday. b. more colourful than a. as colourful 4. being flat-footed, Sabiha managed to finish the marathon. b. Even though a. In spite of IfIr6e ITI

You can't visit the old monument you have a special permission from the Archaeological Survey of India. a. unless o, as rong as 6. lstarted exercising in the mornings, my entire routine changed I for the better. b. Once T a, Since we had submitted the papers was very helpful. It 7 The executive b. to whom a had caught fire last month, has been renovated. a. wnom A b. which 8. The building, r€ a. that di o Rearrange these words and phrases to form meaningful sentences. m ne l. the woman / our hands / the minister / who / is / shook / of agriculture TI 2. lending/the weekend /for/ my brother/ is/ his/ me/ bicycle th 5. l/ if it / would / my umbrella / carried / have / had rained / earlier ln oil colours / birthday / herself / Rashmi / has bought / for her 5. professor/ will / be / presented / by / award / the next / our esteemed th, 6. why/ friends / they are / | wonder/ still in 7. blue / the purse / was / stolen / that got Th Io tht L 2, 5, tFrr::{,ffil III170

21 Reading Gomprehension Read the passage. The nestlings of fairy-wrens don't have much of a choice when it comes to listening to their mothers-the birds must reproduce a particular sound learned from their mothers to be fed. According to study published in thejournal Current Biologg, researchers call the sound a'learned password'. The team discovered the remarkable mother-chick ritual bv chance. when they noticed that the mothers were chirping at their eggs well before they hatched. The researchers realised that the call made by the nestlings in order to be fed was different in each nest, suggesting it might be learned. The team also observed that each nest's'password'was heard within the call that the mothers made to their unhatcheo eggs. In order to prove that the chicks were learning the sound from their mothers, the team swapped eggs between two different nests. Once hatched, the chicks produced the begging call of their foster mothers, not their birth mothers-proof the call was, in fact, learned in the egg. This back-and-forth between mother and nestling is believed to have been developed to prevent another species of bird-the cuckoos-from invading the nest and stealing the fairy-wrens'food. g Answer these questions. L What must the young fairy-wrens do when they are hungry? 2. What is a 'learned password'? How is this password taught? 3. Why did the researchers swap the eggs of the fairy-wrens? 4. How did the researchers prove that the'password'was learned in the egg? 5. Why was this feeding call developed by the fairy-wrens? III II171 ffi{;1'

@ Say wheth\"r these sentences are true (T) or not true (NT). t. Researchers discovered the fairy-wrens' feeding call because they were looking for siens of it. Fairy-wrens teach their young the feeding call after they are hatched. 5. All species of fairy'wrens make the same feeding call. o Find words from the passage that mean the same as these words, 'i. repeat 2. noteworthy j. ceremony 4. interchanged E Read the passage. Fishing plays a key role in the economy of Kerala. High rainfall and the rarge numper of rivers make the Kerala coast especially fertile for fish. Mudbanks-unique formations of clay and organic matters on the coast-give rise to a good harvest of fish in southern Kerala. Known as thakara' in Malayalam, these mudbanks occur after the monsoon, when the sea is calm, leading to a good harvest of fish. Kerala fishermen use traditional fishing techniques and their greatest asset is their knowledge of fish and the sea, including currents and winds. The technology, meaning the kind of boat and the equipment, used by most of the fishermen differ according to the requirements of the specific local conditions. The use of catamarans or vallams is popular. A catamaran is made up of two or three logs of wood tied together with coir ropes. The small gaps in between the logs allow the water to drain, thus reducing the impact of the waves. Smaller catamarans are used for hook-an line fishing while larger ones are used in pairs with bell-shaped nets. These nets have rop on either side for the two catamarans to pull the ropes at equal angles while catching fish. Vallams are small boats that are used for fishing from the shore. They are made by seami together several planks of wood with coir ropes. The inside of the boat is coated with pi to make it watertight. Due to the special relationship that the fisherfolk share with the sea and the envjronment, they have their own way of life and a very uniqle culture. They are deeply religious because their lives are completely dependent on natural forces. They perform different rituals to please the forces of nature as they believe that these forces affect their lives positively as well as negatively. Ponkala is a festival performed to honour the sea-rice pudding (ponkala) is offered to the sea, along with flattened rice, puffed rice, jaggery, navadhanyam (nine pulses), ghee, camphor, benzoin, sugarcane and coconuts. The sea, which is believed to be a very sacr and powerful force, is referred to as the kadalamma (kadal means'sea'and amma means 'mother') and seawater, which is also considered to be sacred, is used in many rituals rIrto ward off evil. rrI172

\\ @ Answe, th\"se questions. t. What makes Kerala extremely fertile for fish? u. What are vallams? 3. How is Ponkala celebrated? [t Choose the correct answers. t. Chakara is a a. kind of fish. b. formation of clay and organic matter. c. place in Kerala. 2. The fishermen's greatest asset is a. their knowledge of fish and the sea. b. the kind of boats they use. c. their Iocation. 3. For hook-and-line fishing, the fishermen use a, small catamarans. b. a pair of catamarans. c. big vallams. 4. Ponkala is offered to the sea to a. ward off evil. b. honour the sea. c. to feed the fish. @t. find \"rord\" from the text to match these meanings. trade, industry: to its wealth, the condition of a country or region with regard z. something which has been commonly practised for a long time, 5. related to something in particular: 4. carry out an action or a task: 173

--Lv ry p Read the passage. Once upon a time, there was an honest little fellow named Hans. He lived in a tiny cottage all by himsell and grew beautiful flowers in his garden. In all the countryside, there was no garden as lovely as his. tll Hans had many friends, but his most devoted friend was Hugh the Miller So devoted was he that l-lugh would never go by l'lans'garden without leaning over the fence and plucking a flower, or a handful of sweet herbs, or filling his pockets with plums and cherries if it *aithe fruit s.ason. Hans never felt sad about l-lugh never giving anything in return; he was happy simply listening to all the wonderful things Hugh used to say about the unselfishness of true friendship. During spring, summer, and autumn Hans was very happy, but when winter came, and he had no fruits or flowers to sell. Fle had to suffer a good deal from cold and hunger. He was also extremely lonely, as Hugh never visited him in winter, claiming that l-lans would not like to be bothered during that difficult time of the year Once, as soon as winter was over, l-lugh visited l'lans. He found out that l-{ans had been forced to sell many of his possessions, including his wheelbarrow. Hugh immediately offered Hans his old wheelbarrow one side of which was completely missing. l-lans felt grateful and said that he could repair the wheelbarrow with a plank of wood that he had in his house. At this, Hugh said that he was looking for exactly such a plank to fix a hole in the roof of his barn. He also asked Hans to fill his basket with flowers, saying that returnit would be unfriendly on Hans'part to refuse him the flowers or the plank in : for the wheelbarrow. Alter this, every day Hugh asked Hans to do many tasks for him, in return for the promised wheelbarrow. This left Hans with no time to tend to his garden, on which he depended for his livelihood. Finally, on a very stormy night, llugh came to Hans' house and asked him to fetch a doctor, for his son. He refused to lend flans his lantern because it was a new one. Though Hans managed to reach the doctor's house and give him the message, on his way back, he lost his way in the dark and drowned in a pool. At the funeral. Hugh said that he would miss l-Jans and it was all because he had promised to give Hans the wheelbarrow for free and that he would never ever give anything away as one always suffered for being generous. I wqAdopted from The Devoted Friend bg Oscor I @ Answe. these questions. t. Why did Hans not feel sad about not getting anything in return from Hugh? u. What did Hugh ask Hans to do in return for the promised wheelbarrow? 3. Was Flugh actually a devoted friend? Give reasons for your answer. 174

@ Complete these sentences. i. Every time Hugh passed Hans' garden, he would... 2. Hans was unhappy in winter because... 3, Hugh's reason for not visiting Hans in winter was... 4. Even in spring, Hans could not look after his garden because... 5. Hugh did noi give Hans the lantern because... 6. Hugh decided never to give anything to anyone for free because... @ Complete these sentences with the correct words from the text. t. The visit to the away from the hustle and bustle of the city, refreshed us. (Para t) 2. He was a teacher, always ready to help his students. (para z) 5. The king had to a great dealfor being cruel to his subjects. (para 5) The docto-r and nurses stayed up all night to to the injured soldiers. (Para 5) 5. Sheru has to walk a mile to drinking water. (Para 6) 6. Can you please e some money to buy a kite? (para 6) Read the passage. \"Dr Wctson, Mr Sherlock f.{olmes,', said Stamford, introducing us. \"How are you?\" Llolmes said warmly, shaking my hand. \"You have been in Afghanistan, lsee.\" \"How did you know that?,, lasked in astonishment. \"Never mind,\" said he, chuckling to himself. \"We came-here for some work,\" said Stamford, sitting down.,,My friend, Dr Watson, ls looking for a place to stay, and as you too were rooiing to .h\"i\" roo,n\" *ith someone, I thought that I had better bring you together.\" Holmes seemed delighted at the idea.,.l have my eye on an apartment in Baker Street,,, l_n\"d.,ro1c1c-as{iLon1a,ll*y id\"oldexspueitriumsevnetsry. well.. By.the i *\"\"f f,ir. rvay, ly lf,\"rnicats around, Would it Irr[.&ffiis III\"t \"nno, \"ouf;;'

\\^- . \"By no means.\" \"Let,me see-what are my other shortcomings? lget in the dumps at times, and don,t talk ror days on end. Just let me alone, and l'll soon be right. What have you to confess? lt is jus as well for two fellows to know the worst of one anoiher before they begin to rive together. I laughed. \"l cannot take noise because my nerves are msh\"ainkeonn, eansd.'.lg\"et up at all sorts of strange hours, and I am extremely lazy... these are the \"Will violin-playing annoy you?\" he asked, anxiously. one-\"\"lt depends on the player,\" I answered.,A well-played violin is a treat for the soul, l a badly-played :::ii.fimt :h: asll-lli\"1 '3,?i r'rrv raush' \"r think we mav treat the matter i \"When shall we see them?,, I \"Call for me here at noon tomorrow, and well go and settle everything,,, he answered. I hand.'All right,\" said l, shaking his I | wa|kedStamford and I left Holmmeess working with his chemmiiccaa|lss in his |aboratory, and | hote|.towards my I \"By the way,\" Iasked st k\".*lstopping and turning towards Stamford, \"How did h\" that I was ,; Ot ',\"\";.rJ$1t\"ly, Stamford gave a myster Ih\"u. '\"ni\"d to kno;rffiT5.Tri::]:fl,^' Iittle peculiaritv A good '\"nv e'onl' tt'A mystery is it?\" I criec Ito vou for'bringing u. rlltil3r:S \"This is verv inleresting l'm verv grateful ^\"nds I\"You must observe and understand him, then. you'ri find him a difficurt probrem. thoueh. :\"\"il:: i:::::::: ;::ffi 3, ;::[; :\"*;^,::. J\" :\"..^ @ Ans*er these questions. I Holmes?r. Why were Stamford and the speaker visiting Sherlock I n-*-;\"'-\"\"'-jJI

4. Where was flolmes when the speaker had gone to meet him? 5. What was Holmes' 'peculiarity'? @ Choose the correct meanings of these words, as used in the text. t. astonishment a. surprise b. shock c. anger z. delighted b. pleased c. appreciated a. amused J. rreat b. irritation c. feast a. pleasure 4. problem b. puzzle c. hindrance a. difficulty !l Readthepaesage. One ofthe greatest mysteries in aviation history is the disappearance of the first woman pilot, Amelia Earhart, in.rg5z.During her attempt to fly around the globe, her navigating ship lost radio contact with her over the Pacific Ocean. The search for this American hero, the most expensive in US history, turned up no results. Earhart had served as a nurse in World War l. and had admired women achievers since her childhood. Despite a health problem, she moved to California forilight wiman;;;;.;,.;i;\":;,:::llt1h.e,:iA*::,t:l:a.:n:j:tli,\"c^1.O\"ll0c,reO1annrgaanhwdeo-larmtoeawrn,n.,tShphetaefn^irwes,atsswhbeoomwthaennthtpeoilnofitJtotosdeott'hewortdrecordforrhehighest so. Many books and films have been based on her inspiring life and sudden disappearance. o Answer these questions, i. What is the mystery surrounding Amelia Earhart's disappearance? 2. What were the records that she set? 3. How is Amelia an inspiration to other women? rIrEIIr

o Choose the correct answer. t. Which of these events happened first in Amelia Earhart's life? o^. rc,,LE^ wL^vu,.6-,L'rL o^ P^l,o^,-,E^. b. She flew across the Atlantic. c. She took flying lessons. d. She worked as a nurse. 2, When did she first set her world record? a. after 1937 b. after flying across the Atlantic Ocean c. after buying her own plane d. after moving to California 3. When did she pilot across the Atlantic Ocean? a. after setting the woman's highest altitude record b. after becoming the first woman passenger to fly across the Atlantic Ocean c. after flying around the globe d. after World War I 4. Which of these is the last event that took place in her life? I a. She attempted to fly around the globe and disappeared. b. She attempted to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and disappeared. ( c. She attempted to fly around the globe and succeeded. d. She attempted io fly across the Atlantic Ocean and failed. o Find words in the passage that mean the same as these words. l. costly 2. elevation 5. abrupt E Read the poem. I took an acorn and put it in a pot. I then covered it with earth, not a lot. Great pleasure was mine watching it grow. The first budding green came ever so slow. I watered my plant twice a week III III178

I knew I would transplant it down by the creek. One day it will be a giant oak, To shield me from the sun a sheltering cloak. Lovers will carve their initials in the oarx, An arrow through a heart they will jeave their mark. It will shelter those caught in a fine summers rain, Under its leafy bows joy will be again. Creatures of the wilds will claim it for their own, Squirrels will reside here in their own nome. Birds will build nests and raise their young, They will sing melodies a chorus werr sung. Under its branches grass willgrow Here and there a wild flower its head will show. My oak tree for hundreds of years will live. Perhaps the most important thing I had to give. George Eernord SAow @ Answer these questions, t. Why did the speaker put the acorn in a pot? z. Did the speaker think that the acorn took a long time to grow? 3. l-low did the speaker take care of the acorn? a. How did the speaker picture the oak trees future to be? 5. What was the speaker giving in the last line? To whom? Make a list of all the rhyming pairs in the poem and write the rhyming scheme. III 179

22 Listening Gomprehension ll o Listen to the poem. As you listen, complete these sentences' Itake it vou alreadv know 'Of tough and and cough and \" Others may stumble, but not You, ? Onr through, laugh and' Well done! And now you wish, PerhaPs, To learn of less familiar traps? Beware of 5 a dreadful word That looks like 6 and sounds like bird, And dead, it's said like bed, not 7 For goodness sake don't call it 3 'Watch out for meat and and threat (They rhyme with suit and straight and'o o Listen to this conversation. As you listen, complete these sentences' 'Ali: Hi, Vivek. | for a new job. Vivekr Yes. ljust had I ye,sterday. Alir oh!3 it go? a decision by this Fri as quickly as Vivekr 'I did well. They Ali: ? Looks like they want 7 possible. Vivekr Yes! that job? Ali: What are 3 III180

\\--Lryry Vivekr lbelieve nave a very good chance. The director e Ali: then. Vivek: Thanks. I hope it helps. 6 Listen to a conversation. After you listen, answer these questions, t. What is the main topic of the conversation? z. Why doesn't Ann like her current flat? 3, How much money does Ann want to pay as rent? 4. What kind of place is she looking for? 5. l-low is Rohan going to help her? @ tisten to this interview. After you listen, complete these sentences. t. The girl's name is z. She is from 3. The girl is working in for class 4. She teaches and 5. She would need a month [f You will listen to some famous observations made by Stephen Hawking. As you listen, write the correct number of the quotation alongside the explanation given. t. Among all living things, humans alone have the unique ability to mare sense of the universe. 2. To be bitter and to whine about one's problems is only \" *aste of time, One should not give up on finding solutions to problems, however long that might take. 4. Our collective life on the planet has not been not long enough to find answers ro evefy mystery. 5. Even as we cause destruction, the things we create cause destruction roo. 181

[f Choose the correct answers as you listen to an astronaut's interview. t. The astronauts fascination for the milky way started when she a. gazed at the star studded sky and noticed some shooting stars. b. went to America for her higher studies. c. bought a telescope. z. The woman astronaut grew up in a. America. b. lndia before partition. c. India after partition. 5. The woman astronaut considers her io be the key to her success. a. parents b. determination and hardwork c. passion for astronomy 4. The woman astronaut says that we should focus on doing a. things that gives us joy and satisfaction. b. things that gives us money and fame. c. things that gives us an opportunity to face challenges. 5, The woman astronaut says that a. ourjourney matters the most b. ourjourney is as important as our final destination. c. we should not be distracted by ourjourney, as our destination matters the most. Listen to the story The Real Veaning of Peace. As you listen to the story, say which of the following statements are true, t. The king called upon artists to depict peace. z. The king had to choose the best though he liked a ll the paintings. 5. The picture of the lake showed complete peace and calm. a. The picture of the mountains showed the harshness of nature. 5. The mother bird sat in her nest on a tree behind the waterfall. 6. The king decided in favour of the second picture. Z According to the king, a peaceful life is to be in a quiet place. 8. True peace is inner peace wherever you may De. IIn 1n III

@ You will hear a speech about Gandhi's experiences in South Africa. Read the questions, then listen to the extracts and choose the correct option for each question. t. Gandhi went to South Africa in r89: a. to study law b. to become a barrister in London. c. Io earn money. z. Gandhi's transformation from a very quiet and shy man to a resilient and potent leader against discrimination occurred during a. a meeting. b. a business trip. c. his stay in South Africa. 5. The policeman threw Gandhi offthetrain at Pietermartizburg station because a. he was travelling without a ticket. b. he disobeyed the railroad official. c. he refused to change his ticket io the third-class passenger ticket. +. After Gandhi faced discrimination at the Pietermartizburg station, he decided to a. fight against the discrimination. b. go back to India. c. speak to the other Indians in South Africa. 5. Gandhi worked for years in South Africa, fighting discrimination. b. rs - c, 20 fIIrog III

23 Writing a Paragraph A paragraph is a group of sentences about a particular idea. Every paragraph has one main or topic sentence. This sentence contains the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences are connected to each other and give details to support and develop the main idea of the paragraph. They follow the topic sentence and make up the body of a paragraph. The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. lt restates the main idea of the paragraph. Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with another. They connect the ideas Iogically. They give direction and are used to guide the reader through the thoughts of the writer. They make the meaning very clear to the reader. We use linkers to introduce ideas, add a point, to compare and contrast, to give an example, to summarise our thoughts, and so on, Some of the common linkers used are first of all, also, in addition, similarly, moreover, however, although, yet, on the other hand, for example, then, after this, so, therefore, as a result, since, finally, to summarise, and so on. While writing a paragraph, we should remember to- o write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and the closing sentence . write clear and simple sentences to express meaning o focus on the main idea of the paragraph o use a dictionary or thesaurus to help us find additional words to express our ideas ITIt84

Here is a sample paragraph. Galaxies are vast clusters of thousands of millions of stars, planets, gases and dust, which are held togethen by gravity. There are over r billion galaxies, and each is a very long way from its nearest neighbour. Galaxies were formed during the Big Bang explosion about t5 billion years ago. When this phenomenon occurred, everything that was in the Universe flew out in all different directions. Scientists believe that the galaxies were formed from the lumps of matter that resulted. However, the process is nowhere near complete. The Universe is still expanding, galaxies are still rushing away from each other, and new stars are still being created. Write paragraphs as instructed. t. A game that meant a lot to my childhood A school field trip 3. Can farmers grow enough food for everyone? lf lcould be someone else, lwould be... 5. My participation in an activity outside of school 6. What a family member taught me 7. What I broke or lost that belongs to someone else III II185

24 Writing a Message When we leave messages for others, we use short sentences and abbreviations to convey what we want to say. We should use as few words as possible but make sure that the meaning is clear. ln a message, we must include- . the date / time o the name of the person the message is for . the details of the message in a few words o the name of the writer of the note Here is a sample message. Mummy Aunt Simran phoned. She has a family emergency and so she cannot go shopping with you tomorrow. Call her back. Leaving for yoga class. Will be back at 6. Tina Write messages as instructed, t. Read this conversation. Shailar l-1ello! Can I speak to Amit please? Varshar He is not at home. I'm his sister, Varsha. Would you like to reave a message for him? III186

i\"ShailarI'm the his friend, Shaila. Could you tell him that we are plannrng ro go to book fair tomorrow afteinoon? lf h\" i, int\"rest-ei, ,hould let me know. Varsha: l'llgive him your message when he returns. lmagine that you are Varsha and leave a message for your brother. 2' Write a message to your cousin who a prestigious engineering college. has just qualified for admission into s. ]inV1thitee LSmta.teesCL8heamtopioynosuhr ipfr.iend who secured a gold medal for weightlifting 4, Write a message congratulating your uncle on his engagement. a. tIhl'e,-c:la,s1sl:ti.m:\"intges. for your sister telling her to call back her yoga instructor to confirm aft:r;;,6' Dayal called Jagmohan, a furniture shop assistant, Nidhi answered. The followhg il-t.frAs Nidhi was going out immediatety owner. since he was not avairabre, his is a conversation l\"trr.\"n O\"y\"t\"na Niali. ; ;J\"=!J ro.. .t\"g,not \"n. Dayal: Hello, is that Furniture Corner? Nidhir Yes. Dayal: Could lspeak to Jagmohan? Nidhi: lam afraid he is not here at the moment. Dayal: When will he be back? Nidhi: Not before six in the evening. Can ltake a message for him? d..\";;fi;;;;i?:.ri::;#gustDayal: miYteyrse.naCedwyoubhlydou9ys:oeouootneal.lyml h\". io\"mn,htth:a^trh:eLh.al-lsirtoudsetlivaenrrdwthnireor tbfueornnseitthunedreirnigotfr,adrepariec.kdlufpb-ryrvi,maine,,sffo.o.\"hrpe Nidhir Ok, I will inform him. Dayalr Thank you.

25 Writing a Notice .lv informationA notice is written to make a formal announcement or to give Ito a group of people, The notice can be used as an invitation or to issue instructions. v It is usually displayed in a public place, where it can read by a large number of people. To reach a large number of readers, it can even be published in a newspaper. A notice must include- i . name of the organisation / institution issuing the notice I . a heading and date I o information regarding the date / time of the event that is announced I . helddetails of the event and the place where it is going to be organised or o name of the person who is issuing the notice Here is a sample notice. Avinash Co-operative Housing Society NOTICE 20 December, 2o2o New Years Ev'e Gathering On New Years Eve, the society has organised a gathering followed by dinner. All members of the society are requested to attend the event in the clubhouse of the society at 8:oo p.m. on the Jt December, zozo. Suresh Sinha Chairman of Avinash Co-operative Housing Society 188

Write notices as instructed. 't. You are the head boy of the school. Write a notice to inform students about an upcoming inter-house quiz competition. z. Write a notice asking others about an article that you have lost. 3. lmagine that you are the principal. Write a notice informing students about a school trip. 4. lmagine that you are the chairman of your housing society. Write a notice informing residents that the lift will not be operational for a few hours on a particular day due to maintenance reoairs. 5. Write a notice to inform people in your neighbourhood about a Green Diwali campaign that your school has arranged for this year's Diwali. 6. Ontheoccasion of Durga Puja, your housing society has planned a feastforall its members. As the chairman of your society, write a notice inviting all the members of the society to this gathering. Provide all the necessary details. ITI fig III

26 Writing Letters and Emails I We write informal letters to friends or family. Informal letters should include- t. the address of the person who rs writing. z. the date when the Jetter is written. J. the greeting or salutation_ / , and so on. a. the body of the letter, consisting of an introduction, marn part and conc lu s ton 5. subscription or the complimentary close_ for members of the t'amily and, / , for rfl ends and acquaintances 6. the signature of the person who is writing 12 June,2O2O Dear Grand[ather, i{{,lti:';}:r\"':;l ;:if l;:jff r,:i 5.,:;ffJ;::T:fi i;:,?:.j :ilj::,:1.' ff ::\"iii:},li\":iTi\",li?:;],iii:ll;t *;:* *;;:::ijil'\",*,n,\", \",.,, - [e:qlu:ip.mjie:nTt.iIiwl'i*ll 's.elnid:lyloiuii,so\"m\"enplh'\"ot:o:g;r\"ap.hils?o:f :u|s;w,'h,\"1\" x*.1;.;,;].n;.l:l:ilffi

ldo hope you and Grandma are well and that you will be able to come and see us soon. This time, you have to stay with us for a monthl We'll be having a fair in August. I hope both of you can come then. I must get on with my revising now-big Math test tomorrow! I Lots of love, Yash ika t. You are planning a surprise party for your sister Write a letter to her friend inviting him / her to attend the party and to ask him / her for help in organisrng the party and inviting other friends. 2. Write a letter to your friend advising him / her on what steam of education to take up after Class X. 3. You were rude to a friend during an argument. Write a letter to apologise to him / her and explain why you acted that way without blaming him / her. 4. You spent your summer holidays with your aunt and uncle in Mussoorie. Write a letter to thank them for the wonderful holiday and include details about the best parl of your holiday. 5. Write a ietter to congratulate a friend on winning a competition. or is used to send letters or messages using the Internet. Emails are easy to use and they can reach the person you are sending it to within minutes. An informalemail is one which we may send to a friend or a family member. lt is good to follow the rules of grammar and punctuation when sending emaiis. Here are some points to keep in mind while sending emails. t. Write a meaningful subject line z. Keep the message focused and readable 5. Keep the message short. 191

4. Avoid attachments, as far as possible. 5. Avoid using fancy typefaces and capitalising the whole text 6. Sign off appropriately 7 Proofread the letter for language and restraint before hitting the send key 8. Respond promptly. o Write informal emails as instructed. L Send an email to a cousin expressing your delight that she has had a baby boy. 2. You have gone on a trekking expedition. Send an email to your mother giving her a brief and lively description of your activities. 3. Send an email to a school friend suggesting that he or she should attend the farewell programme of the present class to baich. Forrnal Letter f-ormal lelters require accurate and precise language and should be presented in an organised manner. Therefore, you should organise your ideas in a proper sequence before writing formal letters. Preparing drafts of the letter before writing the final version is advisable. A formal letter would include- t. the address of the sender u. the date of writing the letter (with the full lorm of the month and the year to avoid confusion) 3. the name (if it is known), designation and address of the receiver 4. the salutation or greeting - Dear Sir/Dear Sirs/Madam/Sir/Dear Mr Malhotra E +ha c,,hia.+ ^f rho l-+^. 6. any reference number (if applicable) Z the body of the letter with an introduction, main part and the conclusion

4/5 Jagat Chowdhury Road Highland Apartments Kolkata - 7ooor8 2l August 2O2O Sunshine flostel Arpora Goa - 4o35t6 Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing in connection with your advertisement in The Statesman dated 4 August, 2o2o lor a hostel in Goa. I plan to have a holiday in Goa with two of my friends from 5 September,2o2o to 7 September, zozo. We are looking for a room with 3 beds or a dormitory with attached washrooms. We would also like to know if the hostel has kitchen facilities for cooking and how far the beach is from the hostel. Also, please give us details regarding any packages available. I would be grateful if you could write back with the information I have asked for as well as details of cost for the period specified, including any extra charges. I would also like to know if you accept payments in cash or credit/debit cards. Looking forward to hearing from you, Yours sincerely, Katha Ghosh ItYr\"ite {e!\"r,rel lett\"-rs as instl,ucLed. Write a letter to accept a formal invitation to a social event this weekend at the Swimming Clr..rb. 2. Write a letter to the Board of Directors of Alliance Metalworks to accept their request to you to serve in an honorary position. 3. Write a letter to the Mayor of your city seeking a solution to the bad roads In your area. 193