ACE ENGLISH 6 GRAMMAR

a- t-I wouldn't say that. of them are not Mohanr t-up to the mark, but of them are very good. of them, believe me, are fully occupied during 7-the tourist season. Such is the rush. I think there will be 3-coming in the future and we will need of visitors e- of everything. hotels and guest-houses, in fact t. a. much A ma ny c. enoutn z. a. plenty of enough c. any J. a. all some c. many 4. a. Enough b. lVany c. No 5. a. A few b. Enough c. 6. a. a little o, all c. a rarge numoer Z a. lots and lots b. lots and a lot of c. a lot and lots 8. a. plenty of b. many c. some 9. a. a little b. a lot c. enougn |[f,- Rearrange these words and phrases to make meaningful sentences. t. he / most nights / himself / to sleep / would read z. has made / to / this time / everyone / a contribution / the charity :. these/ take / one / | will / please/ of 4. is/theirs/small / suitcase / brown / the s. drove / to / he / the airport / us 6. took/ himself / care / il I of / ne Set z !) Th.r\" i\" error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the bla\"nnks provided. L Yesterday, we read a lesson on sing birds. z. The police found the stealgoods in a shed. 3. The window was swing in the wind all night. 4. The cake was burns by the time I returned.

5. A roll stone gathers no moss. 6. lwas shock to see him after the surgery. [f Read the conversation and complete it by choosing the correct answers. Sudhirr 1- you ever to a famous person? Mukul: '-Yes, | must to our Prime Minister. Sudhir: a great experience. Oh, that 3- - MukuL lndeed, it was. 6-to him. | Sudhirr | !- s-him only once, but I to, though. i. a, llave, been b. Had, spoken c. Have, spoken b. had c. had spoken 2, a. have spoken b. have been c. be b. had seen c. was seen 5. a. been b. had spoken c. haven't spoken 4. a. nave seen b. have wanted c. have want 5. a. hadn't spoken 6. a. had wanted @ Re\"rr\"ng. these words and phrases to make meaningful sentences. i. has given / to / my cat / of kittens / a litter / birth z. lo walk / longer / do / have / much / we 3. lovely/ thats/ coat/ a 4. the curtains / some light / and / in / open / let s. a kilo / cost / twenty rupees / the tomatoes 6. a decision / made / yet / have you Set I o There are errors in each line. Write the incorrect words and the correction in the blanks provided. t. lwas introduced my friend to my mother. z. The bag lost in the confusion. 3. I was cleaned my room this weekend. TIII@IIII

4. The egts broken by the time we got home. 5. Amrita was read a poem aloud. 6. The film has already seen by them. @ Complete this conversation by choosing the correct options. Inspector: Can you tell me once again what you saw? Shlok: The clock on the mantelpiece'- and the vase on the small table Tarar The picture of an old gentleman was hanging upside down on the wail 3-.and the glass Shlok: 5-And a lot of books Oh yes, the chair near the mantelpiece 1 t-Inspector: Thank you, children. You from the bookshelfl most helpful. '1. a. was smashed b. had smashed c. smashed b. was broken c. had broke z. a. broke b. had cracked c. was cracKeo 3. a. is crack b. overturned c. was overturning 4. a. was overturned b. were misplaced c. misplaced 5. a. was misplaced b. were being c. have been 6. a. has been @ R\"\"r\"\"ng. these words and phrases to make meaningful sentences. r. can't you / climb / you / without difficulty / the stairs / can z. the tickets / we / here / must / mustn't we / buy g. borrow / this shop / used to / music CDs / l/ from 4. more patient / you / be/ | / should / think 5. could / me / you / couldn't you / have called 6. visit / my grandparents / us / every summer / would ITIIreTIII

\\^a\\V@\"4.^A 32 Reading Comprehension Read the passage. Kokrebellur, a small village in the Maddur taluk of Karnataka, offers an unusual sight- some of India's most unusual species of birds can be seen chirping in the backyards of these village homes. The village is named after the 'Painted Stork' which is called 'Kokkare'in Kannada. Apart from Painted Storks, Spot Billed Pelicans and breeds like the Little Cormorant, Black lbis, Grey f.1eron, BJack-Crowned Nisht Heron and the Indian Pond Heron can be seen here. All these birds nest in the village and live very close to the villagers. Birds here usually nest in groups of t5 zo pairs per tree, and they continue to use these nests throughout the year. They arrive after the monsoon ends in September, hatch their eggs and re-migrate in May. Also in May, one can see many newborn birds learning to fly and the shrill voices of these young ones fill the air. The villagers treat these birds as a part of their families and have aJso created a small area for wounded birds to rest. They aJso thinkof these birds as signs of prosperity and good luck-they use the birds'droppings for their crops because they are rich in phosphorus and potassium. The villagers also make money from tourists who are encouraged to visit this'man-made bird sanctuary'. However, there are also disadvantages. As these birds nest in the village regularly, the villagers cannot use the land below the tree for any other crop. Therefore, the Government of Karnataka compensates the villagers with a certain sum of money for every tree that has the nests of these birds. The government has also established and provided grants to the Village Forest Committee (VFC) to protect the birds by looking after the trees on which they nest. Kokrebellur does notjust offer people a good bird-watching experience but also provides a new way of looking at the human-bird relationship. The people of Kokrebellur have set an exceptional example of how humans and animals can live together happily in a beautiful way. o Complete these sentences. _,r.Some birds that can be seen in Kokrebellur are the Painted Storks, _.Black lbis, Grey Heron, Black Crowned NightHeron and the IIII II147

z. The birds usually nest in groups of _.3. The villagers treat these birds like o Answer these questions. here is Kokrebellur? z. What is Kokrebellur named after? 5. What are the two things that happen in May? 4. Why do the villagers think the birds bring them prosperity? S. Why does the Government of Karnataka compensatethe villagers? 6. What do the people of Kokrebellur teach us? o Find words in the text for these definitions. 't. the season of heavy rain in hot Asian countries said something to give someone more hope and confidence situations that cause problems and make some people less successful than others p Read this poem. Can you sing a song to greet the sun, Can you cheerily tackle the work to be done, Can you vision it finished when only begun, Can you sing a song? Can you sing a song when the dayt half through, When even the thought of the rest wearies you, With so little done and so much to oo, Can you sing a song? Can you sing a song at the close of the day, When weary and tired, the workt put away, With the joy that it's done the best of the pay, Can you sing a song? Joseph Morris IITIil@NIIII

@ Complete these sentences. i. In the morning, the speaker wants you to imagine that z. At mid-day, the speaker says that you are worried about S. At the end ofthe day, the speaker says you are happy because o Answer these questions. t.H ow does the speaker ask you to start the day? z. What does the speaker ask about the work that has to be done? 5. Why does the speaker talk about singing when the day is half through? 4. How, according to the speaker, do you feel at the end of the day? s. What is the pay for the hard work that you have done? 6. What does the speaker mean by'sing a song'? Is he really speaking about singing? What do you think singing stands for? @ findvvo.d\" from the poem which mean the same as these words. 1. welcome z. happily 3. exhausts Read the passage. Suddenly Gulab heard a strange sound. lt was one of the buffaloes. fle had stood up in the water and was giving a low, deep bellow. Two or three other buffaloes also stood up, and gave a low,'deep bellow. Then all at once, the whole lot of them began to come out of the water. Gulab stopped in his play to see what was wrong. But he could see nothing. \"What's the matter, Baldo?\" he asked. \"What's wrong, Chando?\" The two biggest bulls of the herd scrambled up the bank and came rushing towards the boy. All the other bulls also came out of the water-some went past him on the right side and some went past him on the left side. Then suddenly, Gulab knew what it all meant! TIIIi$.#l4flffi{jTTI .l

q He heard a snari, then a growl and finally a roar! A flash of yellow leaped out of the jungl \"1and came towards him with a huge jump. lt was a tiger! But the buffaloes were already making a ring around Gulab. Then he knew what had happened. The tiger had seen him from the jungle beyond and had been trying to sneak J'lon him quietly, from thlcket to thicket. But the buffaloes had smelled the tiger in time an had run out of the pond to save Gulab. And now they had made a ring around him. Gulab stood in the ring and iooked with large, round eyes for he was more frightened than he had ever been in his life. He was only a little boy and had never seen a tiger face to face. The tiger growled and snarled and roared. Then it went round and round the ring, trying to find a gap between the horns to get at the boy. But there was no gap between the horns. Then, little by little, fear left Gulab's heart. Something inside him told him to be brave. @ Gi\"...\"\"ons for these statements. t. All the buffaloes came out of the warer. z. Gulab was more frightened than he had ever been in his life. 5. The tiger went around the ring made by the buffaloes. @ Ans*er these questions. t. What was the strange noise that Gulab suddenly heard? 2. Why did the two biggest bulls of the herd come rushing towards Gulab? g. Why were the buffaloes making a ring around Gulab? 4. What was the tiger trying to do? 5. What made Gulab become less fearful? @ rina words from the passage that mean the same as these words. t. odd z. afraid J. creep 4. openint 5. courageous A Read the passage. On 25 December r88Z a story appeared in Seefon's Christmas Annual written by a struggling doctor who was hoping to supplement his income. The srory was well-received, but the real success was its main character-a quirkv detective called Sherlock Holmes. fIfI ltoIIII

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Holmes'creator, did not expect him to be a success. In fact, he believed that writing stories about Holmes kept him from greater fame. Readers disagreed, and when Doyle killed off the character in t89j and moved on to other writing, he noticed that nobody was interested in his new stories. In t9o2, Holmes returned in The Hound of the Easkervil/es and continued his adventures until t926, four years before Conan Doyle's death. Just as flolmes' powers of observation and deduction never fail, the love that readers have for him has not faded in the 127 years since his first appearance. Holmes'character has been adapted and reinvented for television and film for a record 254 times, played by z5 different actors! And if that wasn't enough, The International Exhibition of Sherlock Ilolmes, organised by the Conan Doyle Estate and the Oregon l'luseum of Science and Industry, allows Holmes' fans to apply his methods of deduction to solve a case. Those who faii should not worry, for there are a lot of things we can learn from the practices and techniques that Doyle created for Holmes, which revolutionised police work for all time. !l Write T for true and NT for not true. Correct the untrue statements. t. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created the character of Sherlock Holmes as a hobby. z. There were no readers for the story but gradually he became successful. 5. When Conan Doyle wrote about other characters, the readers were not interested. 4. Conan Doyle continued writing about Holmes till his death. 5. The techniques used by Holmes to solve crimes are still practised today. [l Answer these questions. t. What was Sir Arthur Conan Dovle's ooinion about Sherlock f{olmes? z. Are stories about Sherlock Holmes popular? Give two reasons to support your answer. J. What is unique aboutThe International Exhibition ofSherlock Flolmes? 4. What was the impact of the stories written by Conan Doyle? @ civethe meanings of these words as they appear in the text. t, supplement 2. observation 3. adapted 4. deduction 5. revolutionised IIII rsi III

! Read the passage. One fine morning, when the eight bunny rabbits were alone in their burrow, the Biggest Little Rabbit had an odd feeling on his face. He had never felt anything like it. Then he guessed what it meant. There were two places on his face, in front of his long ears and above his little nose, that Mamma Rabbit had told him were eyes. The rabbit children are always blind when they are babies. \"When you are older,\" Mamma Rabbit had said, \"these eyes will open, and then you will see.\" And the Biggest Little Rabbit had said, \"What do you mean I shall 'see? ls it like eating?\" Mamma Rabbit said, \"No, you cannot eat things until you touch them, but you can see them even when they are far away.\" \"Then it is like smelling.\" \"No. There are many things, like stones, which you cannot smell, but can see.\" \"ls it like hearing?\" \"lt is not like hearing. You cannot hear a black cloud coming across the sky, but you can see it if you are outside your burrow.\" The Biggest Little Rabbit remembered l'1amma Rabbit's words. And now, he opened his eyes! \"l can see!\" he cried. \"l can see everything!\" The next day, four of the other little rabbits could open their eyes, and the day after that, all of them could see each other. Soon, one day, the rabbit family went out in the forest. Mamma Rabbit told them that if they were chased, they must run for the burrow or the nearest thicket. \"Then, crouch down on some leaves that are the colour of your fur,\" she said, \"and you may not be seen at all.\" \"Why should we run?\" said the Biggest Little Rabbit. \"Because you might be caught if you don't.\" \"What might catch us?\" 'A hawk or a snake.\" \"What does a hawk look like?\" \"Like a great bird floating in the sky.\" \"Does a hawk look like that bird above us?\" asked the Biggest Little Rabbit. flis mother looked up. \"Yes!\" she said. \"Run!\" And just as the hawk swooped down towards the ground, he saw nine white-tipped tails disappear into a burrow Adapted from Among the Forest People by Clara Dillingham P'terson ITIIffiIIII

@ Complete these sentences. t. The Biggest Liitle Rabbit knew that his eyes were going to open because he had 2. Mamma Rabbit said that you cannot eat things until you touch them, but you can because you cannot smell stones but you can see them, r'. The little rabbit could not hear but he could see it if he was outside his burrow. s. The little rabbits may not be seen if they hide among leaves that have 6. Two animals that may try to catch th. r\"bbit. \".\" z. A hawk looks like a great bird which is 8. As the hawk flew down, it saw disappear into a burrow @ An\"-er these questions. r. Why did the Biggest Little Rabbit have an odd feeling on his face? z. What did Mamma Rabbit tell the rabbits to do if they were chased? i. What would happen to them if they didn't run? o Make sentences with these words from the text' 1. guessed z. swooped 5. disappear 4. crouch E Read the passage. Mount Everest, which the Nepalese call Sagarmatha, is the highest mountain peak in the world. Since Tenzing Norgay and Edmund l-lillary climbed EYerest in 1955, more than four thousand other climbers have followed in their footsteps and many more have tried to. The number of people who want to enjoy the glory of standing on the highest peak of the world keeps increasing. IIIIffiIIII

Flowever, this increase in traffic on Mount Everest has a serious disadvantage. Climbers leave ail kinds of things on the mountain, including climbing equipment, oxygen bottles, food packets, tents and plastic bags. A lot of this garbage does not decompose, ano therefore, harms the environment. Barry G Bishop, who was part of the first American team that climbed Mount Everest, called it'the highestjunkyard in the world'. Over the years, a pile of such garbage has collected on the mountain, and now, cleaning Everest has become a matter of great importance. The garbage causes pollution and increases the risk of spreading diseases. The two most popular routes to the top-the Northeast Ridge and the Southeast Ridge-are especially crowded and polluted. The Nepalese government has declared that those who climb Everest must bring down some of the rubbish on their way back. Special expeditions to the mountain, like the Eco Everest Expeditions, were focused on cleaning these beautiful heights and climbing in a responsible manner. Not only do climbers bring down garbage, they also try to use only those equipment during the trek that will not harm the environment. Experienced climber Mark Jenkins has suggested that fewer people should be given permission to climb the mountain, they should be more experienced and capable, and that there should be a strict rule to remove waste from the mountains. In 2015, a team of mountaineers from the Indian army went on an expedition to clean up Mount Everest. The expedition also marked the 5oth anniversary of the climb made by the first Indian team to the world's highest peak. @ Choose the correct answers. t. The first two men to climb lVount Everest were a. b.Norgay and Bishop. Norgay and l-{illary. c. Bishop and Jenkins. z. The number of people who have climbed Mount Everest has crossed a. ten thousand. b. fourteen thousand. c. four thousand. 3. According to the passage, which of these things do climbers leave on the mountajn? a. suitcases b. oxygen bottles c. sweaters 4. Barry G Bishop was part of an a. American team. b. Indian team. c. Australian team. 5. Apart from pollution, the biggest problem with trash is that it can a. spread diseases. b. inlure people. c. make climbing difficult. 6. One of the most popular routes to the peak is the a. Northwest Ridge. b. Southwest Ridge. c. Southeast Ridge. Z lVount Everest can be made cleaner if climbers a. do not carry any equipment. b. carry down garbage. c. bury the garbage. IIIfr,ri+,fffl

8. The Indian armys expedition marked which anniversary of the first Indian team! climb? a. soth anniversary b, 25th anniversary c. 75th anniversary o Answer these questions. 't. Whai kind of ihings do climbers leave on the mountain? 2. How does this garbage harm the environment? What has ihe Nepalese government declared? 4. What are the Eco Everest Expeditions? o Find wordsJrom the passage that mean the same as these words' 't. consent 2, danger 5. decay IIIIEIIII

\\^all7 33 Listening Comprehension @ Lirt.n to \" news report. Tick (/) the correct answers as you listen, . fherncidenl laLes placein the a. morn ing b. evening c. afternoon z. Mr Sharma was _ with his dog. a. Jo88rn8 b. walking c. playing 3. When Mr Sharma became conscious, Monty was a. sitting beside him b. lying unconscious c. licking his face 4. After he regained consciousness, Mr Sharma could only manage to a. hold on to the dog b. stup c. walk a few steps 5. When the lightning hit him, Mr Sharma heard a. the sound of explosion h tho rlno <rro:mino c. his own screaming 6. When he regained consciousness, Mr Sharma was a. lying flat on the ground b. lying with his face down c. cur ed up in a ball Listen to a set of instructions for packing for your nature camp to learn about endangered animals. As you listen, re-number the list to arrange the instructions in the correct sequence. camp.a. Food and snacks will be provided by Lhe organizers of the L-l b. Pack a small kit with toiletries such as a toothbrush, toothpaste, a comb, a ,/ items. ! ---,talcum powder and other necessary c. Nlake sure that you carry only a sma lovernight bag. al d. You might need to pack a torch, a water bottle, a whistle and a diary or notebook in which to write your notes on the places you visit. IIII 155 -II

wztrN O COO- e. Do not carry any bedding. lt will be provided to you. O f. Remember to include any specific medicines you might need. The school bus will have a first-aid kit, however. g. Pack no more than three sets of clothes and two towels. h. Do not carry any money or valuables like cameras or gold jewellery. i. Do rememberto packa pairofgumboots asthey are useful while walking in the forest. @ Read thk paragraph. Then listen to the text and complete the paragraph. Beautiful music is known to have a comforting or healing'- on the human soul. I have found that animals too'- to beautiful music and that their souls are touched by the 5 music that touches the souls of human beings. a-Over the years I have watched my get up from wherever they happen to be s-in the house to come o-They become relaxed while to the speakers when I play particular kinds of music. ' a sick animal. to the music, just as I do. I have often used music to o Listen to the sonversation and answer these questions. hat is the woman's name? z. How did the woman probably find out about Dr Raj? 3. What time does she schedule an appointment to see Dr Raj? 4. Why does the woman want to see the doctor? 5. What does the receptionist suggest at the end of the conversation? Children asked these questions to the astronaut' Sunita Williams. Listen and match her answers with the questions. 1. Being a female, what sort of obstacles did you have to tackle going into this kind of profession? 2. When you're in space looking down at the Earth, what does it make you feel? How does learning water and wilderness survival techniques help you in your space training? 4. What did you gain from being a Girl Scout, and how did this help you get where you are now? IIII

@ fi\"l {z) tt . correct words while you listen to this text. One morning, as Prometheus was (walking / talking) by these ashore, he (found / pound) a reed and broke it off. l-le saw that its (hallow / hollow) centre was filled with a (dry / lry), /soft pith which (would / could) burn slowly and for a long time. l-le iook the long (stalk stock) and started with it towards the dwelling of the sun. The sun was rising in the (yeast / east) and beginning his daily journey (through / threw) the sky. Prometheus touched the end of the long reed to the (fames / flames). The dry pith (cot / caught) fire and burned slowly. Then he (hurried / harried) back to his own land. l-le (carried / scurried) with him the precious (park / spark) hidden in the (hollow / hello) centre of the reed. @ Complete these sentences with the correct words as you listen. 't. a. _the teacher went into the subject. -b. lt was to the shops | expected. - -z. a. She tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn't have any b. Both buildings were badly by the fire. -. g. a. She is the -and managing director of the company. b. l-le losi the next page of his speech and about for a few seconds. - will- -4. a. The new telephones coins of any denomination. b. They look very similar that one is a little taller. 5. a. The chameleon -to its surroundings by changing colour. b. We have -a Latin motto for our business. -c. l-le's very at dealing with the media. -Listen to the announqements at the airport carefully, After you listen, complete these sentences. l. You are travelling to Indore on the Green Air flight. a. The flight is delayed by minutes. - _b. The flight is delayed because of in Indore. c. The revised departure time is -. IIII IIIIi\"'i\"'s,iii.r

s!7 v-la7 7 -'V V \\ Munira has seat z9C on the North East Airlines flight to Dibrugarh' a. She needs to go to boarding gate number on the floor' b. She can board the flight -the elderly and young children are on the plane' -There are repeated announcements asking someone to board the flight to Goa' a. The airport officials want ------;- to board the flight immediately' b. He has to go to gate number to board his flight' -A flight has just landed and will proceed to another city' hasjust landed. a. Flight TR la from -b. The aircraft will proceed to and will depart in another minutes' -Listen to the conversation about lndian street plays' After you listen' complete the table. late evening to early morning stories about earlier from late Krishna night to early morning but now North India only two hours 4. Tamasha Maharashtra o Listen to an exeerpt from a speech by an environmentalist' As you listen' note the main poiits of the talk. Then, summarise the speech in your own words' TIIIEIIII

\\ffil.AvV e^lv Writing Letters and Emails Informal Letters We write informal letters to friends or family. informal letters should include t. the address of the person who is writing. z. the date when the letter is written. 3. the greeting or salutation-My dear Father / Dear Father / Dear Ashutosh / Dear Ma, and so on. a. the body of the letter, consisting of an introduction, main part and conclusion. 5. subscription or the complimentary close-Yours affectionately / Affectionate y / Affectionately yours / Yours lovingly / Your affectionate sister / Love, for members of the family and Yours sincerely / Sincerely / Yours truly / Yours faithfully, for friends and acquaintances. 6. the signature of the person who is writing. llere is a sample of an informal letter. t7 Prabhat Apartments, Ashok Nagar, Delhi - ]]0096 04 July 2o2o Dear Abinaya, How are you? Hope this letter finds you and your family in the best of health. I am writing to tell you about my new school, here in Delhi. The school is very close to where I live, and is quite nice, too. I have already made a few friends and all of them live in and around my house. The teachers have helped me settle in, especially since ljoined a few weeks after school started. lt has definitely been very helpful to me. fIievstW{+rffi 160

\\-f,t-ry My school has many facilities, including a basketball court, a tennis court, a swimmint pool and a library that allows us to photocopy any book for any information that we may need. We also have a large, clean canteen, where we can eat if we like l am really enjoying my new school, although I do miss you a lot. I wish you could go to school here with me. Do write to me soon about how you are doing flope you are enjoying school, too' Love, Sharanya Thank you Letter When writing a thank you letter, we should begin by thanking the person for whatever it is they have done or given us, and then say why we particularly appreciate it' Then give some personal information about ourseives and our family or friends and close with a personal message Here is a sample of a letter of thanks. 35, Park Street, Kolkata - 7ooo16 15 September 2o2o Dear Grandfather, Thank you so much for the lovely fountain pen you sent me for my birthday' lt is really useful and improves my handwriting a lot! lYy besi friend Kamal and I are going on a camping holiday in the hills next week' We are really excited about it because we are going to sleep in a tent and learn to use lots of camping equipment. I will send you some photographs of us when we get home' I do hope you and Grandma are well and that you will be able to come and see us soon' I must get on with my revising now-big maths test tomorrow! Lots of love, Rac ntt 161 IWffiI IIffiffi

L-. .E.ffV !i,#b,.--v Invitation Letter lf we are writing an invitation, we should write RSVP at the end after our name. This means Rep/y, please. (ln French, R6pondez, s'ilvous plaii) l{ere is a sample of a letter of invitation. Bridgeview Building, r3, Linking Road, f4umbai - 4ooooJ l6 December 2o2o Dear Aunt Anita, I'm sorry I haven't written to you for such a long time bui I have been really busy revising for my final exams. I do hope you and Uncle Rajiv are well, and that my cousins are doing well at school. I was just writing to invite you ail to my sister Jamila's birthday pariy next month. It is her t8th birthday, and we are having a surprise party for her lt will be from 4 till rt on July 25rd at our house. I really hope you will all be able to come. Best wishes, Ruqaiya RSV P Letter ot Apology Writing a letter of apology requires a ot of thinking as it deals with personal feelings- ours and the other person's. Therefore, before writing such a letter, we have lo put ourselves in the shoes of the other person and be aware of how he / she must be feeling. The introduciion of the letter should state that we are sorry and explain what we are apologising for. We provide reasons or explanations in the main part of the letter, taking responsibility for our actions. We could also suggest or ask for a way to resolve the problem. Tro 162

\\^-LN 7,ffie-^ The conclusion will carrY a promise to ensure that such a situation does not happen again. We should not blame the other person in any way when we offer our apology. l-lere is a sample of a letter of apology' 6Z Rint Road, Bengaluru - 560 ool 4 October 2o2o Dear Tara, I am sorry I did not meet you at the book exhibition last Saturday as promised' Last week, I was extremely busy with school work and I completely forgot about our plan to meet. I did try to contact you on your landline but you had already left home by then. I know we had made this plan after a long time and I was really looking forward to it' lfeel bad that it got upset in this fashion. Could we go to the exhibition this weekend instead? I cannot set the clock back. But I could at least make up for my mistake by treating you to your favourite chocolate fudge sometime! I really am very sorry. Look forward to hearing from you soon. Your forgetful friend, Sushma o Write letters as instruqted. t. Write a 'thank you' letter to your uncle, who sent you an interesting book for your birthday. 2. Write a letter to your friend with details about the new music lessons you are taking 3. Write a letter to a cousin and invite them to your birthday party Give them some details about your life, and tell them who else will be at the party 4. Write a letter to your grandmother thanking her for the present she sent you for your birthday. Give her some family news and iell her you hope to visit her sometime soon' IIEI ruII153

\\*ilffiLny ffi.{v 5. Vou could not attend your friend's party because you had guests at home on that day. Write a letter of apology, saying how much you missed the occasion. Ask your friend to send you copies of the photographs taken during the party. 6. You have moved to a new city recently. You had promised to write to your friends about the new place within a month or so. But for some reason, you were ab e to write to them only after three months. Write a letter of apology giving proper reasons. include an account of the new place and new friends too. Write a letter to a friend apologising for not attending her sister's wedding. Mention why you missed the occasion and also enquire about the wedding. Formal Letters We write formal letters to people who we do not know very well. These include letters to teachers and principals, letters to editors of newspapers or magazines, letters of invitation or complaint, letters to officials and letters for job applications. In formal letters, the address of the person we are writing to must be included as part of the letter itself. Whereas, in an informal lettea this address wiil be written only on the envelope and not in the letter. Traditionalor modern format: As you know letters can be written in modern format (addresses and subscription aligned on the left side) or in the traditional format (addresses and subscription indented on the right side). Punctuation: The addresses can be writien with punctuation marks, that is, with a comma after every iine with the last line ending in a fullstop. They rnay arso oe written without any punctuation marks. In that case, the date too should not have any punctuation marks. Here is a sample of a formal letter, Class lvlonitor Class 6C Hill Valley School Ooty 05 September 2O2O The Principal Hill Valley School Ooty 164

I\\,*mL.Y V ffi-dw Dear Madam, Pa an lnter-school Cultural Proeramme We, the students of Class 6C, wish to participate in the Annual Inter-school Cultural Programme that is organised by Avigna School, Coimbatore. The programme is being held on Friday, 16 September on the premises of Avigna School. We request your permission to allow us to participate in it. We will be accompanied by our class teacher, who will guide us ihroughout the programme. lf granted permission, we will get an opportunity to interact with students from other schooJs, as well as use our talents in the best interests of our school Yours sincerely, Tina Mathur B, Write letters as instructed. t. Write a formal letter to the librarlan of the local library, requesting information on the availability of some books that you need. 2. Write a forma 'thank you' letter to your teacher, who gave you extra he p wiih your maths lessons. Emails In the past few years, email has become much more frequently used than the letter. As the recipient will know from your email address who is writing to them and who the email is intended for, it is not necessary to write your address or the recipient's address, or the date. The purpose of electronic mail is speedy communicaiion, so your objective should be to keep your messages clear and brief. In the subject line, write something clear and simple which explains what your email is about. Use simple formatting, keep everything a igned with the left margin. Tipr Do not type your message all in uppercase; it is extremely difficu t to read and often regarded as equivaleni io raising your voice (although a short stretch of uppercase may serve to emphasise a point). fIr**'t**SMffi 165

\\^-r.NK'il Here is a sample of an email. te r r.@d@khwc s -r:l;rr -,/t-t.lr r n cl:=.t=, ii* ;.rtt --.i,Oih Howareyou? lhopethatyou ar€ doingwell. How were yourexams? t'm surethatyou must have done well, like you usua ydo! cu€ss what? I'm coming to visit you with myparentsduringthe hotidays. We are so excited about it, especialty my mum, She's looking foMard to spending time with herfamilyand friends. l'll send you atlthe details once tget them. we'replanninga short trip io the hillswhilewe are there. would you like to join us? w€'d love that. we]l hdve a whale ofa time togetherl Eag€rly awaitingyour reply. @ wit. emails as instructed. t. Write an email to your sister living in another town ielling her that you will be visiting her for a few days. 2. Write an email to your friend describing your first day in a new school. 3. Write an email to your aunt who has been ill, enquiring after her health. IITI 166 ffiffitIrI

\\^e\\vv, &\"^dY 35 Writing a Notice A notice is written to make an announcement or to give information to a group of peop le. A notice must include- . a heading . information regarding the date/time of the event that is announced . details of the event and the place where it is going to be organised or held . name of the person who is issuing the notice l{ere are some sample notices. Dance Competition All those who are participating inthe inter-class dance competition, please assemble in the auditorium at 4 p.m. on Tuesday,4 March. Secretary Arts Club Found! Found a stamp album with a black cover near the footballfield. lf anyone has lost it, please contact me during the lunch hour .la idee p Class 7 D II8ffiE 167

\\^-LN 'l { New Appointment All teachers are requested to gather in the Principal's office on Monday at 9.t5 a.m. to be introduced to Mr Rajesh who will be joining the school as a Physical lnstructor. Secretary Management Board Parenti-Teachers Meeting Parents can meet teachers to discuss the performance of their lchildren on Saturday,25 March between 9 a.m. and a.m. Frincipal Write notices with the help of this information. t. You are the captain of the cricket team. The school team has to be selected. Write a notice asking students to participate in the selection. Do not forget to mention the place where it is going to be held and the tlme. 2. Write a notice to the residents of your building informing them that the lift is not working. 3. You are the president of the Reading Club in school. You and the other members of the club have decided to celebrate World Book Day on z3 April. Write a notice to inform your friends and teachers about this. IITI 168 Si,er*{#!fII

\\^n\\vv A^'V 36 Writing a Message fGi'r: When we leave messages for others, we use short sentences and abbreviations to convey what we want to say. We should use as few words as possible but make sure +h,+ +h- -a.nino ic rlarr In a message, we must include- ' the date/time ' the name of the person the message is for . the details of the message in a few words . the name of the writer of the note Here is a sample of a message. Dear Sis, Praveen called. No choir practice tomorrow. Postponed to Thursday. Going to play with Rashmi. Back at Z Ch irag Write short messages as instructed, t. Anushka is at home and answers telephone caJls meant for her parents. Read these conversations. lmagine you are.Anushka and write messages to your parents about these rnessages. a. Anushka: Hello! Hello, Anushka. This is Roy. ls your father at home? Caller r: Anushka: Sorry, Uncle Roy, he is out at the moment. Caller't: Anushka, could you please tell your father that I will be going to play tennis at six tomorrow morning. He can join me if he wants Anushka: to. Could you also teli him to confirm this with me? All right, Uncle Roy. Bye! IT_E ffim169

b. Caller z: Could I speak to Mrs Amrita, please? Anushkar I'm her daughter speaking. My mother is out. Could I take Caller 2r a message? Yes, please. Tell her that the mixer she had given to J D Electronics for repair is ready. She can collect it from the shop at any time during working hours. Anushkar I wili. thank vou Write a message to your brother to remind him to take the house key wnen ne toes out as there will be no one to open the door when he returns. Write a message to your cousin who is going to Goa for a holiday. 4. Write a message wishing good luck to your sister who is participating in a quiz programme. TTTIEIIII

i^a\\vrc 37 Writing a Diary A diary is a book used for recording events that have happened over the course of a day or over a period of time. We write in a diary for different reasons. We can use it to record our ideas or to plan our days. We also write our thoughts, feelings and experiences in a diary. All diary entries should have a date. We can have a salutation like Dear Diary or we can address the entry to some imaginary friend or pet. Sometimes, they are not addressed to anyone. The language is direct, personal and informal. lt is always written in the first person. Here is a sample of a diary entry, to September 2020 Dear Diary, Today was not such a good day. The alarm did not go off and lgot up late. lt was such a rush to get to school. ln class, lfound that my little brother had scribbled on the project that I had worked so hard on. Naughty boy! Luckily, the teacher did not scold me. She let me off with a \"Be careful, next time\". Of course, I have to redo the project. On my way back from school, my bicycle had a flat tyre and I had to push it and walk home. Then, I accidentally knocked over Mother's new glass and broke it. I felt very upset and sad. flope tomorrow is a better day. Write diary entries as instructed. t. Write an entry in your diary describing an eventful day when you received the news that you were selected to represent your school in an athletic meet. 2. Write an entry in your diary describing a picnic with your friends. 5. Write an entry in your diary describing a silly fight that you had with your best friend and how you made up. IIII

38 Writing a Paragraph um-t'' A paragraph is a group of sentences about a particular idea. Every paragrapn nas one main or topic sentence. This sentence contains the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences are connected to each other and give details to support and develop the main idea of the paragraph. They follow the topic sentence and make up the body of a paragraph. The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of the paragraph. Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the texi with another They connect the ideas iogically. They give direction and are used to guide the reader through the thoughts of the writer. They make the meaning very clear to the reader. We use ljnkers to introduce ideas, add a point, to compare and contrast, to give an example, to summarise our thoughts, and so on. Some of the common linkers used are first of a l, also, in addition, similarly, moreover, howevel although, yet, on the other hand, for example, then, after this, so, tlrerefore, as a resuli, since, finally, to summarise, and so on. While writing a paragraph, we should remember to- ' write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and the closing sentence ' write clear and simple sentences to express meaning ' focus on the main idea of the paragraph ' use a dictionary or thesaurus to help us find additional words to express our ideas Here are some sample paragraphs. Kanha National Park Located in the Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh, the Kanha National park is a Tiger Reserve that extends over t945 square kilometres of undulating country. Elevations range from 45o to 9oo metres. A horse shoe shaped valley bounded by the edges of the Mekal ridge gives Kanhaan interesting topography. The Surpan River meanders through Kanha's central maidans-grasslands that cover the extensive plateaus. Steep rocKy sropes If,WN 172 ffiEI

is7Ytaz7-v-7v along their edges offer breath-taking views of the valleys below. The grassland sat Kanha interspersed with forests of sal, teeming with varieties of deer-the barasingha, chital, nilgai and the majestic gaur (lndian bison), is 'tiger country'. lt was here that the first ever scientific study of the tiger was undertaken by the eminent zoologist George Schaller. Amateur forecasting Knowing your clouds is crucial. They mean rain only if they grow very large; the anvil shaped cumulonimbus is breeding ground for hail, thunder and lightning. The manifesto of the Cloud Appreciation Society includes a reminder that, tlouds are an expression of the atmosphere's moods and can be read like those of a person's countenance. Puffy white cumulus are known as fair weather clouds, as they often form on top of hot air currents that rise from sun-warmed ground. Coupled with a glance at a weather vane, clouds can provide a fairlv accurate forecast for the next few hours. Write paragraphs on these topics. t. My favourite holiday destination z. Mobile Phones and their Use 5. lmportance of Sports 4. India in the year 2o5o 5. Space Travel 6. A Famous Personality ladmire 7 My Favourite Sportsperson 8. A Place of l-listorical Interest 9, A Street Scene on a Sunday Evening to. My Favourite Book IIIIW:I

\\^t\\ rvffi 39 Writing a Story 'WE- Stories are always enjoyable to read. So, let us try and write one. A good story must have- t. a clear plot (the beginning, a problem or an issue that develops, how that issue is resolved and the ending) 2. characters 5. dialogues and conversations 4. an ending First, write an outline for the story, before you develop it into a full story. Give your story a suitable title, too. Write stories based on these hints. t. Use these pictures and hints to write a story. Give it a suitable title. a. b. Amrita, Naren and Vidhu decide to clean the park playing - diriy park keep it c ean - p ant trees IIII rII174 r:\" ll. '

^^-LNry d. ask friends to help clean up p\"rl. is c ean - loo. r bea-litul - plant new trees watef them more children p ay - everyone must help keep park c ean 2. Use this outline to write a story. Give it a suitable title. -two friends - walk - through forest bear - attack them - one boy - turn and flee - climb a tree - sit - the other - remain - on the road - nothing to do - fall on -ground - play dead bear come to him - sniff - boy stop breathing - bear sniff his - go off - after bear first boy - climb down face - think he dead go * -his friend in times of -dsaanygserw*ithissnmoitle - what did bear whisper - someone who leave good person - reply other boy 5. Write a story starting with the sentence -'My aunt is on a mission to save the earth.' Write a story on the theme of'Rags to Riches'. rIII

\\iltr 40 Writing an Essay When writin6 an essay, :iJ#;[iifhxx;\"i-t9before you start writing l,:'rl':'il:ll',Tfl?':i:','. the subject and write it down in note form. lf you have negative and positive arguments ln your mind, it is a good idea to write the positive arguments at the top of the page, and the negative arguments at the bottom. The next part of the process is to read everything you have writien and decide what you are going to include and what you are not. Cross out any material which is not really relevant to the essay. Then decide what each paragraph is going io be about and map out the essay, using topic sentences in place of each paragraph. Now you can quickly and easily fill out the paragraphs with supporting information or an elaboration of or explanation of the topic sentence. When we write essays, we usually follow this format- ) ) ) )Topic Sentence Supporting ldea I Supporting ldea z Supporting ldea: Co nclus io n Here are some sample essays. My Favourite Place Do you have a favourite place of visit? I do. Chandigarh is my favourite place for many reasons. Chandigarh happens to be the capital of two states, Punjab and f.laryana! lt is one of the Union Territories of India, run directlv bv the Central Government in Delhi. Firstly, I iked that Chandigarh was very clean. lt is India's first'planned'city. Hence, the trees and plants are as much a part of the construction plans as the buildings and the roads. Secondly, the city is modern as well as peaceful. Thirdly, lfind one place in Chandigarh absolutely breath-taking-the Rock Garden. It is a dream world of art objects like palaces, soldiers, animals, village life, temples, and so on. All these have been created by the colourful blend of boulders, broken chinaware, used fluorescent tubes, broken glass bangles, building waste, coar ano cray, that is, industrial and urban wastel lt is said that Mr Nek Chand, the creator of the IINI 176 rNITI

Rock Garden, roamed the Shivalik foothills, picked up stones resembling birds, animals, human and abstract forms and brought them to the city on his bicycle. I enjoy good food. Therefore, last but not least, I love to visit Chandigarh because there are various eating places selling a wide variety of mouth-watering and good quality food- Punjabi, South Indian, Continental, Gujarati-at reasonable prices. lt is no wonder that my favourite place to visit is also called, 'The City Beautiful'. Communication in Animals Communication is part of our everyday life. We greet one another, smile or frown, depending on our moods. Animals too, communicate, just like us. The interaction among animals can be both verbal and non-veroar. Singing is one way in which animals interact with one another. lVale blackbirds often use their melodious songs to catch the attention of the females. These songs show rich variation in notes, conveying various kinds of messages, Songs are also used to warn and keep off other blackbirds from their territory, usually a place where they live and reoroouce. Large mammals in the oceans sing too, according to adventurous sailors. Enormous whales groan and grunt while smaller dolphins and porpoises produce pings, whistles and clicks. These sounds are received by other mates as far as several hundred kilometres away. Besides singing, body language also forms a large part of animals'communication tactics. Strong hyenas show their power by raising the fur hackles on their necks and shoulders. The weaker ones normally give in to the powerful ones by lowering their heads and curling their Iips a little, revealing their teeth in friendly smiles. The colours found on animals are also an important means of interaction among animals. Male birds of paradise, which have brightly-coloured feathers, often hang themselves upside down from branches, among fluffing plumes, displaying their feathers proudly to attract the oooosite sex. Insects such as the wasps, armed with poisonous bites or stings, normally have brightly painted bodies to remind other predators of their power. floverflies and other harmless insects also make use of this fact and change the colours on their bodies. In doing so, they try to fool their predators into thinking that they are as harmful as the wasps. As these examples show communication helps animalsto interact and carry out basic life functions, such as surviving, obtaining partners, and caring for their young ones. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Television With the invention of television, many forms of entertainments have been replaced. Lively programmes, like television serials and world news, have taken away the need to read books or papers, to listen to radios or even to watch films. IIIIffiIII

L-- a ry In fact, during the t97os, when televisions were first introduced, cinema theatres suffered great losses as many people chose to stay in the comfort of their homes to watch their favourite programmes. Indeed, the television brings the world into our house. Hence, by staying at home and pressing some buttons, world happenings are immediately presented before us. Children nowadays develop faster in language, since they are exposed to the television. Thus, television programmes are a good source of learning for them. Also, young children can learn correct pronunciation by watching newsreaders and actors. Owning a television is also extremely useful to working parents who may not always be able to take their kids out for entertainment. Surrounded by the comforts of their home, the family can have a chance to get together and watch their favourite programmes on television. Of course, television has its disadvantages, too. Watching the television takes us away from reading. Why bother to read the papers when we can hear them from the television news reports? Why read books when exciting films are screened? The lack of reading is unhealthy especially to younger children as they will grow up only with the ability to speak, but not write. Not only are the writing skills of children affected, iheir thinking capac;ties are also limited. Television programmes Jeave no room for imagination. Where books allow us to imagine how the events in a story might have happened, on television we only get to see scenes of someone elses imagination. In the end, if we watch television selectively, we can make the best of its advantages and reduce the disadvantages Write essays as instructed. t. Write a descriptive essay about the place you like the most. Remember to begin with a topic sentence. Give supporting details and a suitable conclusion. z. Write an essay to describe how you surprised your friend on his/her birthday. Give details about what you did, whether your friend was surprised and whether you made him/her happy. 5. Write an essay to describe something that happened on a recent holiday. Remember to include details about where you went for the holiday, who you were with, what happened, where, how or why it happened, who were involved, how the situation gl*4,\"nd ho* y\"u and the others around reacted. 4. Write an essay to compare the benefits of studying at a boarding school with those of --. studying in a ddy school. 5., lWrite an essay distussing whether superheroes make good role models for children. e an essay on the rmportance of conservtng water. 178 ruIII t\\

ACE Orienl BlackSwan and C' U s o 5et oi elght books for C oi!--5 I B 'rel ol'ns lo anoke the eornlng ot grommor 5inip e, f!n .rn.l engcrglng. Eocir book s cofef.r y p cnaerl ond hos seporole sectlon5 dca ing with Grommor. Vocobulory. Comprehension o.d Composition. These books provide o llrorough krio\\,./ eclge of grcrnrmor wllfr revi5 on ol .or..pli ol every sioge. Tlre voccrb! ory seclion oirn! ol wcrd bul.iing whlc lho .oTf f].rlrcn5 cF ond compo5illon seciions leoch r--od ng ond wriling ski s re5peciive y. We s|ucluTec arnd grcced sy obus Delarieal grorarnor exp arncriiois lf c ear !r(i ,lrrp e Olicnl BlackSwiin arngLrarge s-1n./rn' 5i P --nly of exolrp e5 lo ]|rrlrarle gromnr r ( riri cpis ce Var.iely o: inlora5l'ng cxcra 5c follfoli ( Irar .rroal Orient Bl.ackSuan ll,r rr Fuf ono efrllog n!l Grommor Aclivilies, tCcyrcralcrk-e-xaclnrcr rsnlnyrecrreevai]t|noinrrgoiIuk,f-'ya](f(:.)Ir(r)(ri,r,,'tr',, rl , i' ri'!i'-'\\' l/, .rnd con5o ldo|o. Accillono exarm slylc Grommor Proclicc \\v. l,lra{ri! lof Ccsscs6 8 CoourlLr iJsJr.-rlon5 lcenhofr:.Lrr ,1'r.l',r .1r,1()l if',- terl Specio ererclse5 for otu_r pr.ri.l(.(,r , !( rr'(,\\'{r Dedlccl,-d Vocobulory i..-iof l() 1 L il Lil,lL, rr.t Comprehension sc.l.rn lo l.r',1 rr r ii I I I Composition !,-cliorr lfrirl rrr'rr,Ir'rr ,rri,, ,,1 i,,r rrl arclivJles. nrod,- s ar'ra] oal.r(lLrrit t)rl I l, ' .,lLrl exomif ar:ion r,oarLi'emef 1.l T,-.tcher! Smort Books (C.r,,,,| I ili v., |r...r(,r li..\\,. nlcrarclve lcarcfrirrrj rlr.)(lLrlr\\ rr ,lrr r, rr r) rl I 3T7 00