ACE ENGLISH 6 GRAMMAR

\\^-LN \\.A. V Underline the verbs in these sentences, ldentify whether they are main verbs (M) or auxiliary verbs (A). t. He found a map in the chest. l\"l 2. They climbed to the top of the mounlain. 5. AIia will visit the Ajanta Caves. 4. Kavita took some medicine for her headache. 5. l.4anoj doesn't know the answer to the question. 6. Ramona was thinking about the past. Z. Nikhil should try calligraphy. wi, 8. Jaya walks to school with her brother. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs We know that a sentence has a subject and a verb. Sometimes, the verb also has an object, which receives the action the action of the verb. There are two kinds of objects-direct and indirect objects. A direct object is a word or phrase in a sentence referring to the person or thing receiving the action of a verb. A direct object answers the question What?. ' )Farrukh ate a sandwich. (Farrukh ate what? sandwich) An indirect object answers the question to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct ob.ject, An indirect object answers the ouestion Whom?. ' )Dhruv asked a question to Ella. (Dhruv asked whom? Ella) Some sentences can contain both direct and indirect object. ) ). They awarded the prize to Sundar. (direct object prize, indirect object Sundar) llowever, in some instances, a verb can function without an object too. . The milk is boiling. Verbs that take an object are called transitive verbs and those that do not are called intransitive verbs. Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive depending on the context in which they are used. . verb) 'Rekha sang a song. (transitive Rekha sang beautifully. (intransitive verb) IIII 44 MII

\\^-tv v Tick (r') the correct box to say whether the underlined verbs are transitive or intransitive. transitive intransitive '1. The old woman walked slowly. @o 2. lVike l9g! his folder. Do 3. The players practised enthusiasticarry. oo 4. Some trees bear fruit. Do 5. I cannot !191 my compass. ll o 6. The girls played on the seesaw. Do 7. The ice melted quickly. oo 8. It is snowine in Gulmars. oD Underline the direct objects and circle the indirect objects in these sentences. L Paresh made a card for his 2. The volunteer gave Sukanya an admission form. 3. Ranjit sent his mother a box of chocolates. 4. Tanya gave me a basket of fruits. 5. Umesh gifted his uncle a watch. 6. I have promised them my help. 7. Valerie wrote a letter to Yusul 8. I sent an email to my friend. We know that an intransitive verb does not have an object. Sometimes, an intransitive verb expresses a complete thought without the help of other words. Verbs that form the predicate of the sentence by themselves are called verbs of complete predication. ' Birds fly. . The baby cries. All verbs cannot convey the complete meaning by themselves. ' The child is . The eirl feels IIfI 45 rIII

\\.AI.V V We need to add other words or phrases to the sentence to complete the meaning. These verbs are known as verbs of incomplete predication. Verbs is, am, are, was, were, has, have, seem, appear, become, look, and so on, are verbs of incomplete predication. . The child is sleepy. ' The girl feels tired. The words that are added to verbs of incomplete predication to complete the meaning are known as a complement. The complement is usually a noun, an adjective or an adverb. lt expresses the quality, state or the identity of the subject or the object. ' They are singers. ' They are excited. Fick out the verbs, objects and complements from these sentences and put them in the correct columns, Sentence Verb Object Complement t. Father looks surprised. oo ks 2. The vase is very old. 5. My uncle made snacks for us. 4. I bought a knapsacl. for her. 5. The birds are migrating. 6. The sunset looks beautiful. Z She became a teacher. 8. He lives in a flat. Finite and Non-Finite Yerbs A finite verb is the main verb a sentence. lt has a subjeci and changes form to show tense and number. ' She studies Physics. . lstudy Physics. A non-finite verb does noi change its form to show tense or number. . He making dinner. . We were making dinner. IIffiffi 46

\\--r.v@.'^^.- There are three types of non-finite verbs-the infinitive, the gerund and the participle. t. )the infinitive (to * verb) She wants/They want/l-1e wanted to travel. )z. the gerund (verb * -ing doing the work of a noun) She enjoys/They enjoy/l-le enjoyed travelling. )the present participle (verb * -ing) He is/They are/She has been travelling. )the past participle (verb * -d/-ed/-en) fte has/They have/She had travelled. @ Underline the finite and non-finite verbg in these sentences. t. He gave me a chair to sit. 2. lt was a sight to see. 3. lwant to buy some medicines. 4. Barking dogs seldom bite. 5. Finding the door open I went inside. 6. lt is time for the event to start. 7 Gaurav was wearing a torn shirt L Yasmin polished her shoes. Say whether the verbs in bold are finite (F) or non-finite (NF). (Oral Fractice) t. The lioness attacked the deer. F z. We have to read Homlef by William Shakespeare. 5. Gunjan is leaving for Amritsar tonight. 4. Do you like going for long walks? 5. The water began to overflow. 6. She forgets to bring her lab coat. rIII II

o Underline the nouns and identify their type. l. I felt a bit of pain when the nurse gave me an injection. 2. Jason's childhood was soent in Goa. The bunch of keys was in Ruchit drawer. After dinner, Polly went out for a walk. Amrita Khanna is my favourite author. The bravery of the young man was applauded by the crowd. o Complete these sentences with the plural forms of the nouns in the brackets. 't. l-{ow many the cat caught? (mouse) u. We usually keep our winter clothes in the storeroom. (box) j. We saw som-ehas the forest. (deer) 4. Savita ordered two-online. (sca-rifn) 5. Our teacher o-ftienn tells us funny (story) 6. The turns to roll the dice on the board. (child) - (/-f. C-.h-atonsoekthe gender of the nouns in these sentences. t. My aunt visits her sister every week. z. The duke has several horses on his estate. J. The son is more famous than the father. a. Who will play the roles of the prince and the queen? 5. ln the film, the fox was attacked by a lion. 6. The landlady went to meet the baron.

AN Qf Add an apostrophe or apostrophe * s in the correct places, t. Do not forget to make a Father Day card. z. India cottage industries are quite successful. 5. This is Vikas new oen. 4. The computer hard drive has crashed. 5. We played in my sister room. 6. lstudy in Joginder Boys Schoor. [f Circle the adjectives in these sentences and write what kind they are, t. The baby weighs ten pounds. z. We live in a tall building next to the police station. 3. lwant to have some oats for breakfast. This train goes to Varanasi. 5. May I borrow your pen, please? o. Nayan can speak several languages. vII Rewrite these sentences by using the adjectivee in brackets in the correct order. '1. Rani bought a skirt for the event. (blue, Iong, silk) 2. Bahadur is a soldier. (well-trained, highly-skilled) Khushbu liked the table. (round, wooden, new) We saw a boat. (blue, sailing, beautiful) I saw a bowl in the shop yesterday. (intricately-designed, lovely, wooden) 6. Please put the marbles into that box. (liitle, old, round, red) @ Circle the correct forms of the adjectives to complete these sentences. l. Rati is the friendly / friendlier / friendliest person I have ever met. 2. Could you show me a shirt that is small / smaller / smallest than this one, please? The new film is as interesting / more interesting / most interesting as the previous one in the series. rIII$$}fffiIII

The heat wave was the bad / worse / worst that we have had in years. /5. Why don't you change into a pair of shoes that are comfortable / more comfortable most comfortable than the one you are wearing? @ Complete these sentences with a, an or the. gnHievewewnspianapn6ert-efodr 'a-r-ooadnoveemr-tibseeomndernreto.not7. mH-oe wshaownus'e-e.rfle iadvertisement in rang up s-number of 8- that was him e house told 1en1 qf 'o_ house. Q Circle the direct objects and underline the indirect objects in these sentences. t. The doctor gave my father a prescription. 2. Aunty gave me a camera on my birthday. J. Madhu and Ranisubmitted their report to the chairman. a. All the students of Class 6 gave their books to the monitor. 5. We gave a farewell to our English teacher last Saturday. 6. Moumita bought her mother a necklace. o Choose the correct pronouns to complete these sentences. l. Seven of / us / ourselves) took a bus to the restaurant. 2. Have you asked / them / themselves) to attend the concert? -(weNaina is a good manager. Everybody respects / her / herself). 4. /-W(thhoseey/ Whom) can help me with this issue? 5. Jennifer and / me / myself) hope to-(bsehroeommates. o. -I (hWad ihnvoited all of / me / our) friends but none of (they / them /-(thleir) turned up. -(my IIII,.,I$$'IITI

\\^aLvv L^-v 11 Verbs: Be, Have, Do Read these sentences. r_ . We are going for a picnic tomorrow. . Rishav has a silver medal. . Fanny does not like loud music. verbs.We know that the verbs be, do and has are used as main and auxiliary \\ The various forms of the verb be (is, are, was, were, am), do (do, does, did) and have (has, have, had) are used to indicate the tense of the main verb. They also indicate the tense when they are used as main verbs. . I am writing an essay. (pr\"senl ier\"e) . I had breakfast. (past tense) . lwas doing my homework. (pasi ierse) We use be, do and has with will and shall to indicate the future tense. ' We will be busy next week. . We shallhave completed our work by evening. Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs be, do and have. 1. The weather is very bad todav. lt will be worse tomorrow. 2. Srid ha r passeq nrs I Inar exam In aCCOUntancy. J. They disconnected his telephone. He not paid his bills for three months. 4. our homework in the evening every day. 5. Ma n isha finished her work before schedule today. 6. Oh dearl She missed the bus. 7. Harish done odd jobs for the residents of the building last year. 8. l'1aya opted to work overtime tomorrow rIII

Be\\ We use the various forms of be to form affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences. . Sudha is tall. . Sudha is not tall. . ls Sudha tall? We add not after be to form negative sentences. . lam not wearing my raincoat. When we use be with will and shall, we add not before be for negative sentences. . Aman will not be participating in the concert. We place be at the beginning of the sentence to form interrogative sentences. . ls Bunty coming with us? . Were you listening to the announcement? Rewrite these sentences in your notebook according to the instructions in the brackets. 1. Candace is attending a lecture. (negative) Candace is not attendins a lecture. z. Are you waiting for the bus? (affirmative) J. Dinesh will be collecting the exercise books. (negative) z. Elmas is feeling unwell. (interrogative) 5. Fanny and Ronny are making a chart. (interrogative) 6. lwas not present on that day. (affirmative) 7 | am considering your request. (negative) 8. ls there some rice left? (affirmative) Have We use the various forms of have to form affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences. . star. .I have seen a shooting I have not seen a shooting star, . Have you seen a shooting star?

\\ ^-Lvkm'L^^ ,.:rE'' We add not after h6ys to form negative sentences. . Gargi has not come to school today. When we use have with will and shall, we add not before haye for negative sentences. . Hamid wjll not have any lunch. We place have at the beginning of the sentence to form interrogative sentences. . Have you understood the chapter? . Has anyone told you about the plan? [l Say these sentences aloud in the interrogative form. (Oral Practice) 't. Oscar has given you a letter to be posted. flas Oscar given vou a letter to be oosted? z. Payel has given away her old shoes. i. Ihave told my parents the truth. a. Rahul and Ranjit have been waiting here a long time. 5. You have reached the end of the story. 6. Supriya and Suhana have started a new company. Z Tushar has taught in this school for five years. 8. They have always come to help us. Do We use the various forms of do to form affirmative, negative or interrogative senrences. . Usha does her homework. . Usha does not do-her homework. . Does Usha do her homework? We add not after do to form negative sentences. . I do noi know the answer. IITI 53 EII

N When we use do with willand shall, we add not before do for negative sentences. . Virat will not do any work. W9 place do at the beginning of the sentence to form interrogative sentences. . Does Yusuf live in the next building? . Does anvone know how to solve this riddle? o Make a list of two dos and two donts {or each ofthe following in your notebook. '1. to save waler Do trv to use less water while bathing. Don't keep the tap runnine while brushine your teeth. to save wildlife 3. to improve discipline in school to keep our environment clean 5. to be a good neighbour o Complete the questions for these answers. Use the clues provided. r.(you/go)jogging? Do vou eo ioeeine? Yes, I go jogging every day. z. (anyone/jog) with you? No, ljog alone. 5. (you/thin k) jogging is good for you? Yes, I think jogging is good for me. (when/youlstart) jogging? I started jogging about a year ago. ljog about twenty kilometres a week. When (youljog)? People usually jog in the morning before breakfast. 6. (youfeel)that you are fitter now than you were a year ago? Yes, I feel fitter now than I was a year ago. IITI iI IIII

\\ -=\\f Y A^'V 12 TheTenses Read these sentences, ' I help my parents every day. ' lhelped my parents yesterday. . I will help my parents tomorrow. Verbs have three tense forms-the present tense, the past tense and :r' the future tense. We use the present tense to talk about what is happening right now or things that are conttnuous. . lam drinking milk. . Mr Roy runs in the park every morning. We use the past tense to talk about what has already happened. lt may have happened earlier in the day, yesterday, last month, four years ago, and so on. ' We went to the zoo last Sunday. . We were dancing yesterday. We use the future tense to talk about what is yet to happen. lt may happen later today, tomorrow, next week, next year, four years from now and so on. . year. .We will be in Class Vll next We shall go to the circus tomorrow. Complete these sentences with the simple present tense forms of the words in the brackets. t. Sandra is carrying (carry) her books to school. z. Tom and Jerry always (work) together. :. Banks (open) at 9 o'clock in the morning. 4. lvly kids -(not enjoy) playing fooiball. -5. Sia and I (leave) home at 8 o'clock every morning. rIffiI 55 i, III t\\

v-NM-7vVZ 6. Selena usuallv (prefer) to drink tea. 7. Unless we now we can't be there on time. (start) 8. Please ring me up as soon as he (arrive) - @ Complete these sentences-with the simple past tense forms of the words in the brackets. I. I waited (wait)for him for two hours. 2. Jne (start) teaching at a young age. I (not say) anything to offend him. Geeta and Rakesh (read) when the lights went out. I ne man (leave) in a hurry. 6. She (want) to leave the room because she (feel) unwell. 7. When I ooened the door. the cat (jump) out. 8. Susie (go) to the movies with her friends. @ Co-plete thege sentences with the future tense forms of the words in the brackets. l. I shall help (help) you with your homework. 2. She (be) here very soon. They (come) at 8 otlock tomorrow. I (use) the money wisely. 5. (return) as soon as possible. (be)very hot this summer. o, h 7. Amanda (win) this game of chess. 8. Maybe we (stay) at home today.

,ffii,L.N V h^-Y 13 The Simple PresentTense Read these sentences. ' Hot air rises; cold air sinks. ' Ashmit lives on Park Street. . I like hot cocoa. The verbs in bold are in the simple present tense. We use the simple present tense to express universal truths. ' The earth spins on its axis. . Water freezes into ice. We also use it to show habitual or repeated action. ' .Binoy goes for a swim every morning. I brush my teeth twice a day. We use it to indicate situations that are permanent for at least a few years. ' Mr Gomes lives in an old mansion. . Mother works in an office. We use it to ialk about future events that are part of a timetable. ' I leave for Chennai tomorrow . She completes her assignment nextweek. We also use it to express a feeling or oprnron. ' Chris loves jdlis. . Zainab believes in ghosts. We use words like often, usually, always, never, every day, and so on, with the verbs in the simple present tense. 57

\\--Lv V' a.--v This table shows us how to form verbs in the simple present tense, Usage Form Example add -s to the base form of the verb )work works )like likes After singular nouns add 'es to the base form of the . wash ) washes verbs that end in -s, -sh, -tch, -ch, . touch ) touches -x of -z . try ) tries drop the y and add -ies to most 'carry ) carries verbs that end in y ). have has change the verbs have, go and and pronouns oo like he, she, it, ). do does everybody, no one, use does not (doesn't) + base . does not drive nobody, and so on form of the verb in negative . does not sing sentences use does * subject * base form . Does he know of the verb in ves/no questions the answer? use does * subject * base form of Where does the verb in questions beginning Chetan live? with why, when, what, where, which, how, and so on use the base form of the verb in work nn<itivp ctrtamant< srng like After plural nouns use do not (don't) * base form of . Do not/Don't drive and pronouns like l, the verb in nesative sentences . Do not/Don't sing you, we, they use do * subject * base form of . Do you know the verb in yes/no questions the answer? use do * subject r base form of . Where do they the verb in questions beginning live? with why, when, what, where, which, how, and so on The verb be has am, ts, are .lam three forms in the . we/they/you are . he/she/it is simple present tense IITI ffiII

n-l! o Complete these sentences by choosing the correct verbs. l.A man ggygg some of his pocket money every week. (save / saves) 2. Payal a lot of work for charity. (do / does) 3. Bindya and her mother for the bus every morning. (wait / waits) -,1 Paris the capital of France. (is / are) for Puri at 5 a.m. every Tuesday. (depart / departs) The train -6. Gita sad. Lets try to cheer her up. (look / looks) 7. They our problem. (understand / understands) They will- - us. (help / helps) 8. We for long walks in the park. (go / Boes) - o ,,,r---\\C-ircle the correct verb forms in these sentences, I. lhe little girl dance /Q119)wn,en she hears music. 2. My sister has / have two daughters. 5. Plants need / needs air, water and sunlight to grow. My mother and sister buy / buys vegetables from this shop. Tina study / studies in Class 6. 6. There is / are zo6 bones in the human body. 7. This sum seem / seems very easy, but it is not so. 8. The film begin / begins at 5 p.m. @ fi\"t 1\"1 ,t e sentences in which the simple present tense is used correctly. Correct the incorrect ones. t. Mina visit her grandmothet thrice a week. visits z. Alialways runs down the corridor at top speed. 5. Shekhar perform very well atschool. 4. The twins argues with each other every day. 5. The gardener takes good care of our plants. ITII 59 IIII

6. The ships sail at 7 otlock tomorrow morning. 7. Sound do not move as fast as light. 8. lt appear to be a bright and sunny day. o Choose the correct answer to complete these sentences. l.H emant at a bank. a. work b. works y' c. working z. She with her grandparents. a. live b. lives c. living 3. The cattle at the ranch on grass, c. feeding a. feed b. feeds Janet to be a singer. a, want b. wants c, wanttng S. Emily delicious soup. a. make b. makes c, making 6. Artiand her husband in Singapore. a. live b. lives c. living z. Sophia English very well. a. speak b. speaks c. speaking 8. Plants water and sunlight to grow. a. need b. needs c. needing @ Say these sentences aloud in the negative form. (Oral Practice) t. Mary works in the post office. l'larv does not work in the post office. z. I like to drink coffee. s. The man sells colourful caps beside the market. 4. Anne usually goes to school with herfriend. 5. The boys have volleyball practice thrice a week. 6. The ice cream parlour stays open all day. IIIIWicffi}i$IIII

7. My grandparents live in the city. 8. My neighbours make a lot of noise. o Say these sentences aloud to the interrogative form. (Oral Practice) l. Bobby travels to Mumbai frequently. z. Sakina designs lovely dresses. 5. Priya and Jatin play tennis once a week. 4. They live on the fourth floor. 5. The girl wears beads in her hair. 6. This door leads to the kitchen. 7 She bakes colourful cupcakes. 8. Maria teaches the children in the neighbourhood. Complete this paragraph with the simple present tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. | 'set up (get up) at 7 an,2_(get) dressed and 5_ (drive) to work. I a_ s_(reach) my restaurant by 7:Jo a.m. The restaurant (open) at 8 a.m. and 6_ (serve) breakfast until ro a.m. and lunch until z:3o p.m. Then all the workers u_ 3_(rest) for two hours. Then the restaurant (open) again at 4:go p.m. e_The restaurant ._(not serve) any food after tt p.m. Then | (go) home and '._ '3_\" (have) my dinner. Soon after dinner, | (put) (go) to bed. I 'a_the telephone off the hook so that it _(not ring) and '5 (disturb) my sleep. l'-6_ (not work) on Sundavs. fIIIii:'rtffirl$IIf

\\^aLN 14 The Simple PastTense Read these sentences. ' I forgot to take my maths book to scnoot. ' Tanvir came to our house last month. ' Philip attended evening classes in college. The words in bold are in the simple past tense. We use the simple past tense to talk about an action that over or completed the past. . I spoke to my sister on the telephone. . They watched the sunset. We also use it to show that something was true for some time the past. . He collected stamps as a child. ' He was the manager of the company. We use it to indicate that an action happened repeatedly the past. ' He took music lessons from Sushil. . Sam trayelled to New Delhi frequently. We use it to show a series of completed actions the past. . I came home from school, changed my clothes and had lunch. ' We went to the library, returned some books and read some maSazrnes. We use words like yesterday, once, long ago, in 2006, and so on, wrtn lne verps in the simple past tense. IIII 62 III

\\^d\\az7'''.^A. v' This table shows us how to {orm verbs in the simple present tense. Usage Form Example Regular verbs by adding -ed to the )work worked base form of the verb )talk talked lrregular verbs .like ) liked the verb be by adding -d to the ). dance danced Negative sentences base form of the verbs Yes/No questions ihat end in -e questions beginning with whp when, what, where, by doubling the last ). clap clapped which, how and so on letter of the verb ). jog jogged which cannot be answered before adding -ed with a yes or no by dropping the y and ). carry carried . try ) tried adding 'ied to most ). buy bought verbs that end in y . fly ) flew some veros cnange form some verbs to not 'put . cut ). is, am was . are ) were use did not (didn't) + did not paint base form of the verb didn't break use did + subject + . Did Tom paint base form of the verb the fence? use question word r . When did Tom paint the fence? did . subject. base form of the verb . What did they break? Complete these sentences with the simple past tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. L I carried (carry) an umbrella because it tycs (be) a cloudy day. _2. | (hear) a knock on the door, but when I (answer) il. there _ (be) no one there. -5. The team (p ay) very well throughout the tournament. IIIT - nrI6il t\\

4. Anne (drive) to the sanctuary and (see) beautiful birds. 5. He (wait)for his sister to finish her rehearsals. 6. My bro-ther -(take) a picture of me yesterday. z She- (live) in our building for many years. 8. We - (have) breakfast, (read) the comics in the newspaper, then- (settle) down to study. @ C-h-\"ng\" th.se sentences - the simple present tense to the simple past tense, from r. Rita and Mita walk in the park. Riia and l'1ita walked in the park. z. The cats chase the mice and the doss run after the cats. 5. The train travels through the dense forest. 4. The old woman lives in a cottage and grows vegetables in her garden. 5. Rishav fills out the form online, submits it, saves the document and takes a printout for his records. 6. The mountaineers climb the mountain and hoist the Indian flag on the peak. @ fi* 1r1 tlre sentences in which the simple past tense is used correctly. Correct the incorrect ones. t. /I laughed and talked with my sister. z. They buys groceries from the shop around the corner. 3. I never imagine that lwould win the prize. 4. I picked up a book to read. IIIIffi.ffi:III

5. Did you locked the door at night? 6. Where did you went yesterday evening? @ S\"y th.\". aloud as indicated. (Oral Practice) t. \"entences Radhika baked some fresh cookies. (interrogative) Did Radhika bake some fresh cookies? 2. All the lights went out in our street. (negative) Suman wanted a cup of coffee. (interrogative) ^ The students marched in the parade. (interrogative) 5. The boat sprang a leak in the middle of the lake. (negative) o. The minister helped the victims of the flood. (interrogative) 7. My spectacles broke because lfell. (negative) 8. The telephone rang in the middle of the night. (negative) Complete this passage with the simple past tense forms of the verbs - in the box. \"What a godforsaken place for a breakdown!\" said Vasu as he'gq[ out of his car. His friend who' with him looked into the engine compartment to find out the reason for ._the trouble. Vasu .-his friend on a bank by the roadside while the vehicle. Some time 5 6_ 7_Vasu his patience and from one end of the 3road to another. Just then, Vasu e'-was coming towards them. fle that a bullock cart the cart, and he and his friend 'o onto it to continue their journey. IIITffiTII

\\^l\\v 15 The Simple FutureTense Read these sentences. . I will visit my aunt in Raipur during the summer holidays. . We are going to play on the beach. ltwill be a lot of fun! . I shall help my mother to make brownres. future.The words in bold express the V! We use will or shall to express the simple future tense. We also use going to to express future time. We use willwhen we are making plans for the future. . I will complete this assignment over the weekend. We use will or shallto show actions or events that will happen in the future. . year. .My sister will go to college next I shail be fifteen in a few years. We also use will and shall to make an offer or a promise. . Shall I help you carry your bags? .lwill help you to study for the test. We use the verb going to to express what has been definitely planned for the future. We generally use going to for the plans that we are certain about. ' She is going to leave for Gangtok next Sunday. We can use both will and going to for expressing predictions. . India will win the match against Australia. . I think my grandmother is going to live to be a hundred- ITIT 66 . II

\\^a\\v We can use will and going to for expressing facts. . .The flight will depa.t at 5'jo a.m. The train is going to arrive at 7:go a.m. We can use will and going to for talking about scheduled events. . p.m. .The show will begin at 7 The girls are going to the circus on Friday. This table shows us how tq use yerbs to show future time. will * base form of the verb utilbKd:ti Positive sentences shall * base form of the verb . will work . will talk be + going to + base form of the . shall draw . shall dance verb . is going to come . are going to visit will not/won't * base form of the . will not work verb 'won't talk Negative sentences shall not/shan't * base form of the shall not draw verb shan't dance is not going to come [s + 66[ + gqing to + base form of are not going to visit . Will he work for us? the verb . Shall I draw an will * subject * base form of the elephant? verb . Are they going to sing? Yes/No questions shall + subject * base form of the verb . When will I grow tall? [g + 5q[jsqt + going to' base form . When shall we go? of the verb . How are they going to complete it? questrons question word r will * subject * beginning with why, base form of the verb when, what, where, question word + shall + sub.iect + which, how, and so base form of the verb on that cannot be answered with yes question word + be + subject + oT no going to * base form of the verb rIIT 67 t,t lti,:l:rt' iJI i.r

o Complete these sentenses with the future form of the words in the brackets. t. lf the rains don't stop soon, we Ullheye (have) to cancel our plans. _2. AS rong as you Keep on scrarcnrng rnar spor, rne wouno (nor nearr. I don't think Sami (pass) his exams, unless he starts working a bit harder. 4. (improve) our performance if we practise a bit more. 5. We are really hoping you and your sister . (come) with us next weekend. 6. Do you want a cup of tea? | (go) and get some biscuits, too 7. What you (wear) for the party this evening? 8. Our computer (crash) if we don't get rid of this virus now 9. Please don't worry. I - (make) all the travel arrangements for you. io. The men (*ork) on Sundays if they are paid overtime. @ Complete these sentences with the be * going to forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. Look at those clouds. lt is going to rain (rain) today. The weatherman said that tomorrow (be) a hot, sultry day. 5. Fuel (cost) more from next week onwards. These roads (need) repairs after the monsoons. I do not think Mr Jason (take) a test tomorrow. 6. My uncle and his friends (catch) some fish in the river. 7. The boy (perform) some magic tricks in the variety show next week. 8. Our team (win) the tournament this season. @ Co-plete these sentences with will or going to along with the verbs in the brackets. L Don't worry. I willwater (water) the plants while you are away. 2. Tomorrow I (attend) a programme in the evening. I (go) with you wherever you want to go. Razia is (study) medicine after Class tz. TIIIffiIII

The Rajdhani Express is (leave) for New Delhi at 5'J5 p.m. (gift) a sari to my mother on her birthday. 7. Wait, I (open) the door for you. _8. The price of vegetables (increase) during the rainy season. 9. The Chief Guest is (give) a speech on the Annual Day of the school. - _lo. The weather forecast says that strong hot winds (blow) alt day tomorrow. @ Complete these sentences using will for promises or offers to help, and going to for plans. t. Payel says she is p!4g!9 become an engineer when she grows up. 2. | pick you up tomorrow on my way to office. 3. My friend is _ move to Bengaluru next month. I a-m _ visit my grandmother in Kerala during the holidays. _I know that Raman take care of his health from now on. _Next month, I am start studying on my own instead of depending on my sister to help me. _7. I am sorry I can't talk now. I call you later. 8. help you move those heavy boxes. IIIIi,r{snir.iu,fII

\\^1\\VVffi A.^'V 16 The ContinuousTenses Read these sentences. . The girls are playing kabaddi. . The boys were racing in the field . The teachers will be correcting the answers. The verbs in bold are in the continuous tense. We use the -ing or the present participle form of the verb to show the continuous tense. The Present Continuous Tense We use the present continuous tense to expresses an action that is gorng on at the moment. . I am sitting at my desk. . I am studying for my exams. We also use it to express a temporary action which may not actually be happening at the moment of speaking. . car. .She is learning to drive a Taha is attending special classes in school. We use it to indicate temporary situations and situations that are slowly changing. I . My grandfather is feeling better now. . He is staying with us for a few weeks. We use it to talk about an action that has been planned to take place in the near future. . We are leaving for Rourkela next Saturday. . We are having a fair in our school this winter. We use it to talk about something that happens very often, usually in a negative manner. . time. .The brothers are arguing all the Soumya is watching TV all day. II-I ME70 t\\ r.{ f\\

\\^-LN We do not usually use the verbs believe, cost, hear, understand, see, seem, think, prefer, need, own, know, love, and so on, in the present continuous tense. The Past Continuous Tense We use the past continuous tense to refer to an action that was going on for a certain period of time in the past. . We were working late last night. . I was messaging her frequently. We also use it to show that one thing happened while another thing was going on. . I was reading when the doorbell rang. ' We were playing outside when it began to rain. We use it to show that an action happened repeatedly in the past. . They were practising every day. ' She was attending conferences all over the country. We use it to show change or growth. . He was climbing the ladder of success. . They y/ere restoring one of Van Gogh's paintings. The Future Continuous Tense We use the future continuous tense to express future actions that are already planned for a time in the future. . We will be meeting outside Ravi's house at 9 a.m. . They will be leaving the house really early. We also use it to express actions that will be going on at a certain time in the future. . He willbe working from home {or a few weeks. ' They will bejudging the entries to the contest. We use it to show actions that will take place regularly in the future. . We will be spending time away from the city on the weekends. . She will be going for music lessons every Tuesday. IIfI 71

Forms of the Continuous Tense This table shows us how to form verbs in the qontinuous tense. Usage Tense Form Example am talking Positive conflnuous arn/is/are+present is sleeping se ntences tense past participle form of the ' was talking Negative conttnuous vero . were s eeprnS sentences te nse future was/were*present ' will be talking Yes/No conttn u ous . will be sleeping questrons tense participle form of the verb am not reading questrons conttn uou s are not watching beginning with tense will loe * present why, when, what, past particip e form of the was not reading where, which, contrnuous verl: were not watching now, anq so on te nse am/is/are*not* . will not be reading future . will not be watching present participle form contln u ous of the verb ls he painting tense present was / were * not * . Was he painting con!tn u ous a picture? tense present participle form past of the verb . Will he be painting contrn u ou s a picture? tense will not be * present participle form of the . What are they future verb d oing? co ntrnuo u s am / is / are * subject * !e nse present participle form continuous of the verb was / were * subject * present particip e form of the verb wil * subject * be * present particip e form of the verb question word r is / are * subject * present participle form of the verb IIHmtrn 7z ffinI

I\\qIZI MffiN questrons continuous question word + . What were they beginning with doing? why, when, what, future was / were + subject + where, which, conttnuous ' What will they be how, and so on tense present participle form of the verb doing? question word * will r subject+be+present participle form of the verb Complete these sentences with the present qontinuous forms of the verbs in the box. l. We are watchine the news on the TV. 2. All the passengers because the train late. 5. They were quite unwell but better slowly. Rahul, your friend downstairs. Ask him to come up, 5. The world population year by year. 6. We Sanskrit in school. 7. The students for the Teachers' Day programme. - he8. Grandfather slept early because tired. o -Complete these sentences with the present continuous tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. I am cookine (cook) for the guests now. I hope this dish turns out tastv. _2. Mr Rajesh (teach) in this college at present. Sandhya (send) a postcard to her mother. 4. (go out) for lunch. Do you want to join me? 5. We (plan) to move to our new house next month. 6. Mahesh (work) in his father's office as the manaser. rIII-, '6 NII -

Nt' ININ Y V-V r 7. Look! The cai (chase)the hen again. (wear) their sports uniform today. 8. The girls Say these sentences aloud in the present continuous tense. Use the words in the -brackats in the sentences. (Oral Practice) l. He expects an email. (todaY) He is expecting an email todaY. 2. Barryjumps like a kangaroo. (now) 3. l-le chops wood in the forest. (at present) 4. We drive to Pondicherry. (today) 5. We make models of a volcanic mountain. (in this lesson) 6. He gets ready for the play. (now) 7. I change into the sports uniform. (at the moment) 8. The children attend a birthday party. (ust now) @ Complete these sentences with the past continuous tense forms of the verbs in the brackets' l. Balu was washine (wash) the dishes when a plate slipped out of his hand. 2. My mother (watch) television and my father (read) a newspaper yesterday evening. 3. The boys (play) football when the bell rang. 4. Sarita (look) nervous before the examinatton. 5. Anita (prepare) a poster for the Earth Day programme. (cheer) for the school team in the tournament. Rajiv 7. Karen (get) better but then she had a relapse. 8. My friends (trek, In the Hrmalayas last summer. IIIIHIIII

n @ Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the box. t. The teacher was teaching us about the atmosphere when a bird flew into the classroom. Luke trouble with his old TV. So, in the end he gave it away. When I met Kini, she stationery. r1 Lisa to be an engineer. She didn't complete the course though. 5. disturbed by the noise outside so I shut the window. a picture when the telephone rang. 6. My sister 7. Jasmine on the telephone when the guests arrived. 8. lndrani her clothes when there was a oower cur. @ Look at this picture care{ully. What were the children doing when the teacher walked in? Write six sentences in your notebook using the past continuous tense, t. A boy was flying a paper plane. Complete these sentences in the future continuous tense forms ofthe verbs in the bracketg. t. Everyone in the class will be exoectins (expect) a long weekend. TITIfI

l-le and I (join) a mariial arts class this week. Mala (knit) a sweater for her: father this winter. 4. The price of vegetables (rise) till the monsoons aarive. JOnn (complete) his course in the university by next October. Meena (oin) us for lunch as usual at't p.m. Rayyan has planned to do a lot of things during his summer vacation this year. Look at the list and complete the table. -First week learn swimming, go jogging every morning Second week - work on a scrapbook, read an interesting book Third week - spend time with cousins, watch a film Fourth week - finish homework, revise lessons Rayyan will be learning Rayyan will be going jogging everv mornrn 6Wrmmt Grammar Activity i Work in pairs for this activity. . ' Make a llst ot tlve actlons each. : : ' lhen, taKe turns to mlme tne acllons on your llsls. : . when one person mrmes,the other person should rden ly tne acllon ano a name tt ustnq tne present conunuous rense as snown. . . Proceed U you Ttntsn a lrve ac ons on your Ist. .: ' l,\\,OW. excnanSe OlaCeS. :t- For extmple-I. You are Playing cricket. IIIIffiIIII

17 The PerfectTense Read these sentences. . I have tried iearning pottery. ' Rosie had made vegetable curry. ' Kunal will have finished his chores. Gel The verbs in bold are in the present perfect tense, We use the past participle form of the verb to form the perfect tense. The Present Perfect Tense We use the present perfect tense io refer to an action or event in the past that has just been completed and is connected io the present. When we use the present perfect tense we are more concerned with what is happening at present as a result of a past action, than about the past action itself. ' boxes. .Zainab has sold many hand-crafted We have covered a great distance. We use the present perfect tense to describe an action that began in the past and continues in the present. . We have lived in this ciiy for ten years. ' Ali and I have been friends since childhood. We also use it to talk about an action performed during a period that is not yet over. ' We have tried a new package this month. . I have exercised three times this week. We also use it to talk about an action that is repeated during an unspecified period beiween the past and present. ' Alia and Ajay have visited Mumbai many times. . Yasir has played hockey with the school team for years. rlmn 77 ffimI

\\^-LN v ,^,V We use it to talk about an action that happened in the past which is important at the time of speaking. . Roohi has prepared well for the debate. ' Boris has studied hard for the test. We aiso use it to describe a state. ' She has understood the lesson. . I have been patient. The Past Perfect Tense We use the past perfect tense to talk about an action that happened before another action in the past. . I watched TV after I had finished my homework. . She went home after she had completed her work. In the examples, it is clear that one action was completed before another action began. We use the past perfect tense to indicate the earlier action. We use time words or phrases such as already, by then, until, before, after, and so on, with verbs in the past perfect tense. The Future Perfect Tense We use the future perfect tense to express actions which will be completed by a certain time in the future. . By this time next month, I will have sqbmitted my final observations. . The holidays will have begun by 7 May. The words already, just and before are used to refer to actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future. Forms of the Perfect Tense This table shows us how to form verbs in the perfect tense. Usage Tense Form Example Positive sentences has / have * past participle . nas spoKen . has slept pertect tenSe form of the verb . had spoken past perfect had * past participle form . had slept te nse of the verb will have spoken will have slept future wil have * past participle perfect tense form of the verb IIII 7s ffiII

present has/have+not*past . has not - read perfect tense participle form of the verb . have not watched past perfect had * not + past participle nao not read had not watched Negative sentences tense form of the verb future will not have * past . will not have read . will not have perfect tense participle form of the verb watched present has / have + subject + past . FIas he painted the picture? perfect tense participle form of the verb Yes/No questions past perfect h3l+5u[jsst+past . Had he painted the picture? questions tense participle form of the verb beginning with why, . Will he have when, what, where, future y1lll + 5uljeql + have + past painted a picture? which, how and so on perfect tense participle form of the verb . What have they present question word + has / have done? perfect tense + 5u[ject + past participle . What had they done? form of the verb . What will they past pertect question word + had * have done? subject + past participle form of the verb future question word + will + perfect tense subject+have*past participle form of the verb O sentences in the present perfect tense using the verbs ;rufr\".\"l$se l. Sahil has chosen (choose)these shirts. Aren't they nice? 2. Here are your spectacles. I (find) them. 3. My mother (drive) here from her ofrce. Many people (visit) Kerala this year. 5. The baby elephant (fall) into the pit. The two presidents (meet) several times. lfff,,,l'f.&;lliiIll

vYl^rrvvz 7. Supriya (sing) all the songs on this CD. 8. The oil well (produce) a million barrels. [l Say these sentences aloud in the negative form. (Oral Practice) t. Rajesh has emailed again. Rajesh has not emailed again. z. We have answered his question. J. Donny has broken the vase. 4. I have forgotten to bring the medicine. 5. lt has been too hot this summer. 6. Kareena has left your bag here. Ll Say these sentences aloud in the interrogative form. (Oral Practice) t. The teacher has given the books to the students. Has the teacher given the books to the students? z. Lisa has given away her old furniture. 3. You haven't told your friends yet. 4. The Kumars have been away a long time. 5. We have reached the end of the road. 6. Tanya and Sanjay haven't started their project yet. Complete these sentences with the past perfect tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. When Yash arrived home, his father f,ggtgtgled (return) already. Gargi (study) all the specifications before she finalised the design. By the time the chief guest arrived, the students (become) restless. 4. (think) of it even before you mentioned it. 5. Before he olanted the seeds. Viren (prepare) the ground. o. Just before Aditya entered the class, the teacher (mark) him absent. IIIIKIIII

N 7. (know) Varuna for some time before she introduced her sister to me. (read) the book already before he watched the film. 8. HE o Complete these sentences with the negative past perfect tense forms of the words in the box. l. I didn't buy anything at the shop, because I hadn't taken any money with me. 2. Vinit was excited to see the film since he it before. When I called Rupa, she yer. Maya missed the train since she the station on time. Renu wasn't ready to talk about the story in class, because she rt. 6. Pauline that the phone was off the hook. 7. Sushant received the package, but he ii. 8. Betty couldn't go roller-skating, because she her shoes. Complete these questions with the past perfect tense forms of the words in the brackets. t. (they / close) Had thev closed the shops because of the strike? z. (Pin[y / go) out when you called her? :. (Rohit / ask) for the receipt when he bought it? a. (they / reach) the station when their friends arrived? s. (John / live) Pune before he moved to Kolkata? 6. (l.4ina / find) new roommate by that time? Complete these sentences with the future perfecl tense forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. In a few years, he will have completed (complete) his schooling. 2. Their silver wedding anniversary is on t2 January. They (be) married for twenty-five years. 3. By the end of the year, Mr Roy (turn) sixty. lIIf ff IfI i

She (work) as Director of flealth for eight years by this June. Our school (win) ten matches in this season if we win this match too. N ilanja n (finish) his tuitions by 6 p.m. 7. By next week, Leslie (make) his final decision about the property. 8. lf all goes well, we (sign)the agreement by the end of the monih. Complete these sentences with the correct words from the box. l. The film will have started by the time we reach the theatre. 2- Dhara thoroughly for her presentation by this afternoon. 3. The band their new album before the end of this month. 4. They their reservations in advance because it is hard to get tickets during the holidays. By the end of the month, the paying guest with us for two years. 6. The government all the illegal buildings in this locality by the end of the yea r. 7 The film is a big hit. Another week in the theatre and it all records of collection. 8. The lesson is not very long. I studying it by Sunday evening. Grammar Activity Write a list of six sentences about things that you have done. Then, discuss with your friend to see if there is anything similar between your lists. Use the help below and come up with two sentences ofyour own. t. I have been z, I have gone 3. I have tried 4. I have read IITTEIIII

\\^-llv A.^'V 18 Modals Read these sentences. . Can lgo out with my friends? . Jenny may go to the beach on Sunday. . We should follow the rules of the game. . We must never tell lies. The words in bold are modal auxiliaries or modals. We know that modals are auxiJiary verbs. They help us to modify the meanrng of the main verbs. They combine with main verbs to show possibility, ability, permission, duty, necessity, habit, and so on. Let us look at this table to understand how to use modals. Modal Use Example to ask for permission . Can / Could I switch on the fan? to express present and future . i can/could help you with the possibility expen ment. to refer to an ability lcan do cartwheels. canf In such cases, could is used as the I could do cartwheels when past tense of can-to show past lwas younger. cou to ability . Can/Could you show me the main to request help office? to ask for permission in a formal . May I come in? ma n ner . We may go out in the evening. may to express present and future possibility (indicates less certainty than can) IIIT 83 ryI

IW-NN[ffiiM may xo offer help . May I help you? - might to give or refuse permission . Yes, you may. musr . No, you may not. to ask for permission in a formal . Might I be excused from class sha ll manner to indicate what is less likely to today? should happen . She might sell the house. will to show that something is necessary or compulsory . We must leave at once. to make an inference or deduction . Someone must have left the door to show the strong possibility of open. an action or event when used with first person pronouns like land we . We shall play scrabble. to show an intention to do or say something I shallstudy in the evening. to indicate an order or a strong resolve to do something . We shall complete this project to suggest something in a question at the earliest. to indicate the probability of an action or event . Shall lclose the door? to show that something has to be . There should a celebration next done, because it is right and proper to ask for advice in questions week, . You should treat everyone with to show the strong possibility of an action or event respect. to show an intention to do or . Should I add more salt say something to request for help to the curry? . There will be a holiday tomorrow. to request for help to make an offer lwill collect the report to describe habitual actions in the past in the evening. ' Will you show me how to fix a button? . Would you please give this to her? . Would you like to see the garden? . We would fly kites on our terTace. ITTI 84 IIII

L---LN ffi l'4odal verbs never change form, that is, they never take an -s, -ed, or -ing at the end. The negatives are formed by adding not after the modal. Negative contractions are made with some modals-can't, couldn't, mustn't, shouldn't, wouldn't, and so on. . I can't ride a bicycle. . We mustn't be rude to anyone. May and could are considered more polite than can by some speakers of English. Similarly, could and would are considered softer than can and will for making a request. . Could you request them to modify the booking? . Would you considerjoining our team? @ Complete these sentences with will or shall. t. We shall not be at home tonight. We are going out for dinner. 2. get some rest, before I start studying for the test. 5. You enjoy reading this book; the story is very exciting. 4. I help you solve that crossword puzzle? _5. He pay the price for his mistakes. _6. Suresh and his family arrive at six otlock. Complete these sentences with modals from the box. You can use them more than once. t. It is a wonderful film. You must see it. 2. YOU sit on the bench. lt has just been painted. 3. I attend the function because I will not be in the citv on that dav you buy some fruits on your way home, please? 5. Sanjay has got the job because he speak and understand French very wel. 6. Varsha s parcel be delivered to her tomorrow. 7. My passport expire next month. 8. The newspaper says that it rain any time. IIII 85 ilII

L---tN v' ',.4. v 9. Passengers unfasten their seatbelts while they are in a moving car. 'to. you design a poster for the upcoming sports event? We put it up on the school notice-board. Would and Used to -8;; We use would to talk about typical or repeated actions in the past, which no longer happen now. . We would go to the park on Saturdays. We use used to in the same way as would to talk about things that happened repeatedly in the past. . We used to climb trees and swing from the branches. We use used to, not would, for past states or general truths that are no longer true. . /She used to be a famous dancer. . She would be a famous dancer. x We also use used to, not would, for regular activities in the past. . I used to play a lot of table tennis in school. u' . I would play a lot of table tennis in school. x @ S\"v th.\". \"entences aloud using used to. (Oral Practice) r. I would visit my grandmother every day. I used to visit mv grandmother every day. z. My uncle would give me lots of sweets. 3. The sparrows came to our balcony looking {or food. 4. Viren called my brother every afternoon. 5. We lived in Kanpur once. 6. I loved going to the zoo in the winter. Z ltaught in that school many years ato. B. When she was younger, she enjoyed reciting poems. IITI 86 III

ET'Z]/ Complete these sentences with modals from the box. You can use the words more than once. I am afraid vou cannot leave the school oremises without oermission. The connection is quite good. I hear you perfectly well. The grapes were too high. The fox reach them. My sister promised that she help me with my homework. have kept silent if I had been in your place. lwould have shared my thoughts. you like a cup of tea? catch the 75o train or I wili be late for the examination. I have a glass of water, please? I check my mail on your computer? You be feeling thirsty after walking for so long in the sun. @ Circle the best answer to complete these sentences. r. W\" /@ \"\"nnot have enough time to get to the station. z. lf we don't leave before ten we may / can miss the train. 5. The traffic can / could be very heavy on Saturday mornings. 4. \"Can / Might I take this blue suitcase, Mum?\" asked Reshma. 5. \"Yes, you might / can,\" replied Mother. o, Don't take all those books! There can't / may not be enough time for you to study. 7. I think you can / may be worrying too much. 8. What you might / could need is a good rest and some exercise and fresh air. IIIIgITTI

o Write these words in the correct order adding can or could. 1. sh e / high jump / easily / yesterday / do / the Yesterday, she could do the hish iump easily. z. speak / please? / P.enuka I Io / ) 5. organise/a party/we/ celebrate/thisvictory/to 4. paint / very well / fle / landscapes 5. help / with / your lessons / you / after school/ | o. pass me / you / pleasei / lnose Doxes 7. are not feeling / go home / you / if you / early / well 8. we / to find / this subject / check the Internet / on / more information Grammar Activity As technology advances, the things we use keep changing with time. Think of five lhingg that were used in the past that have now either been improved or replaced by something else, Use sentences as 3hown to disquss with a friend how things were in the past. For example- In the past, people would travel on horse carriages from one place to another, We used telegrams to send news to someona speedily. iIIIMI-II

\\^a\\v a4I 19 Active and Passive Voice Read these sentences. ' Ravi kicked the ball. . The ball was kicked by Ravi. Usually, in a sentence, the subject does the action ,nd,.\"r\"d br,h. u\"r,t ri,-I-l i -\\ ln the first sentence, Ravi is the subject, kicked is the action he performs and the ball is the object, since it receives the action of being kicked. Sometimes, the same sentence can be written differently, so that the subject is no longer the one performing the action. In the second sentence, the ball is the subiect. However, it is not the doer of the action. lt is still the one receiving the action of being kicked. But, because the order of the words has changed, the form of the vert, has changed and the ball has become the subject of the sentence. When the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action, the verb is said to be in the active voice. . The police officer caught the thiefl ' My grandmother wrote a book. When the subject of the sentence is the reqeiver of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. . The thief was caught by the police officer. . A book was written by my grandmother We can change a sentence into the passive voice only if the sentence has a transitive verb, that is, a verb that takes an object after it. The object of the verb becomes its subject while changing sentences from the active to the passive voice. TIilI 89

4..'V lre lf the subjeci of a sentence in the active voice is a pronoun, it changes its form in the object position, as shown in the table below. The reverse is also true, that is, the pronoun in an object position also chan6es its form. Subiect Position Obiect Position we me you us she her INEV them It rt Underline the doers of the action and circle the receivers of the action in these sentences. L Ine oov cauPnt a\\rsnJ 2. The pudding was made by Jessica. t.._ 3. Captain Sharma steered the boat. 4. The plane was flown by the pilot. 5. You must attend the programme. 6. The man delivered the pizza. 7. The decision was made by my parents. B. That building was designed by Charles. 9. Rehana drank the lemonade. to. The performance was enjoyed by everyone. Write whether these sentences are in the active voice (A) or passive voice (P). '1. |I d^r^L^s^P^r r./,v^u,,,- o^l^Jv^,lv^5^y.., n 2. This fabric was made by hand. 3. Many buildings and roads have been damaged by the earthquake. 4. We decorated the room with balloons and tinsel. TII IIII 90

\\-. LN V:::':L.-V 5. lwas offered a ride to school. 6. My father designs homes for a living. Z The question was asked by Priya. B. An injection was given by the nurse. 9. The girl told us about her adventure. ro. Hindi is being taught by Mrs Pandey this year Active Voice to Passive Voice We use the verb to be * the past participle form of the verb while forming the verb- in the passive voice. The verb to be denotes the verbs such as is, am, are, was and were. This table shows us how the various tenses change from the active to the passive voice. fbnse Active Yoiqe Passive Voice simple present tense ' Tony writes a letter. A letter is written simple past tense ' Maya cleaned the by Tony. simple future tense cupboard. . The cupboard was The principal wili award cleaned by lVaya. present perfect tense pnzes. . Raima has eaten . Prizes will be awarded past perfect tense the cake. by the principal. Jai nao oervered present conttnuous the . The cake has been tense . The cat is chasing eaten by Raima. past continuous tense a mouse, . The message had ' The children were been delivered by Jai. playing cricket. . A mouse is being chased by the cat. . Cricket was being played by the children. In the passive voice, we use the word by after the verb. ' The piano was played by Sunidhi. . The door was opened by Ali. Sometimes, even when the word by is missing, the verb can still be in the passive. ' A loud noise was heard. . The bed was made. ITMI K191

[f ficl 1\"1 1|te correct verbs in these sentences, t. The vendor pushed / was pushed by the angry man z. The film was made/ made by a dedicated team. 3. They elected / was elected him as a councillor. 4. The fire-fighters put out / was put out the fire in a short while. 5. A new medicine for mumps has been discovered / discovered recently. 6. All roads to the city will remain closed / will be remain closed for the next four hours. Z Many saplings were planted / planted by the children. 8. These rugs have been woven / have woven by hand. 9. A conference is being held / going to hold this week on providing electricity in small villages. to. The thieves hasn't been caught / haven't been caught so far. Complete these sentences with the passive forms of the verbs in the simple present tense. t. Amrita is disturbed (disturb) by the noise. 2. Paper (make) from wood. 3. Hindi (speak) in many parts of the world. The newspaper (read) by my father every morning. 5. Promises (forget) by many people. 6. Our room (clean) by me and my brother. 7. The phone (answer) by the receptionist. 8. The saxophone (play) beautifully by Surojoy. @ Complete these sentences with the passive forms of the verbg in the simple past tense. t. The Taj Mahal was built (build) by Shah Jahan. 2. (give) an interesting gift by my friend. IIIIEIITI

The murder mystery (solve) by Poirot. The whole plan (change) by him. The old warehouse (sell) at a reasonable rate last month. 6. This letter (write) by my friend when she was six. 7. He (invite) to the meeting by his old classmates yesterday. 8. The picnic (enjoy) by everyone. Complete these sentences with the passive forms of the verbs in the future tense. l. The work will be finished (finish) by me tomorrow 2. Your class photograph (take) tomorrow. 3. Sahil's new shirt (stitch) next week. 4. This defective TV (replace) by the manufacturer. 5. You (tell) about the secret when the time comes. 6. The plants (water) by me. 7. The surprise party (plan) by Sunil. 8. The proposal (submit) by the executive. @ Complete these sentences with the passive forms of the verbs in the present perfect tense. t. This play has been performed (perform) by the boys from Class to. My mother (elect) as chairperson by the committee. 5. The photo frame (sent) by my brother. Smoking in public praces (ban) by the government. No entry (receive) for the short story competition as yet. 6. This window (break) by these children. 7. This street (close) because of repair work. 8. Most of the crimes (solve) by the police this year. TIITffiIII