The Usborne children's encyclopedia_clone

—_

TpThlhaeenyeEatasrretthhkaiestpoctnirinecloeorftbhnieitnbSeyunth. e pull otthe Sun’s gravnty”. Earth is probably the only planetwhich has water. Mercuryisthe planet a bl_ l closest to the Sun. It is biggerthan our moon, _— Venus is so bright it is often mistakentora UFO (unidentified flying object.) its surface is hidden by thick,white clouds. '. The Sun i'l sagigi antc.c ballOf burning gases. lts surface .l ternhPeearadtuasrehiost6a0s0th0isCcoAUH l filnll YOU from 750k!\" 0W)”- - H- -. .... — ma.n. I II .- ... : 'i| ~ I.

.i 1 I The asteroids are win._ch Plan it! mougands at\" rocks U so this chmt to wri)t\"‘l«: out tlu- or (let at the ptcmets from iii/tall“; OHL‘J JU pltep l‘ttqgtt'tfill()F?itH(tll('“--ul_Wltl('l't()tt(?l(.1l<(._“_‘-.lltt:lt‘vnjgegtto orbit lite SLJHliiVVl'mt'1(\">l'1(‘~lultw lentlwutuwrtylrr'gtntl'treglmg Name of fill-a- “in: .- . din-4-1.x.- .: —;\" aim Distance from? Hovylon to ' PM\"et Di' ameter the sun orbit the . on m m I ' '' '_ 2.1.3... .__.__.1._______ -—-flfi*—--H _ II kilometres. . 1115‘!- “fimtoiiiMMMU-EOW m'|-m||-Ion__ Netune . _. _ 48,400 4497 million 52,000 “i li_fte--'.r\".-i1=1. - ._ :3.._ a'J' 142 800' ' 'I ii -' . ' 6 790I.i i '- ‘1‘ \"\"LW-i';li:1“¢ii:a I ' \"'sg __ 1;..-1: ’- _ ra,-.g9“;r: . .\" . - - -- - - . It. .;$-} .4 - hini' ‘ . 58 million '- Iq I!“ - d-i- ----1sl-Iu--- -rmmr “.an- -mA-fl.m ads-\"nun... --—--.--. .-— . .._.-....-_——.. -1. ...__-_..., . ....__ dim-1.... -_1_,._-_ I n I. I _ _- _l_ _- .— . \"\" - \"'\"'-\"\"—\"—\"-_\"'\"—' '-'fi‘“ --- a“. .. ' Neptune and Uranus are 'i ' ' made of gases. They are so \"“'—ta r tro m the su n that th ey are dark and frozen Places. Saturn is circled by huge e ‘ 9g ' rings made otpieces at rockandice.lthasten Plutowasthelastplanetto moons,ane otwhich is nearly as btg as Mercury. be discovered. It was first SunSpots and solar flares sighted in l930. Watching an eclipse \"“\"—\" EARTH ‘\\ Mo o /Wyou watch-Ed the sky for about 360 years S(SOiulrenloScrpoOl(oJlCSleH'Era'SrtehaarmneatghdleeanrbetysletOtaFsGt otOhfSegoaSfsugntah’ssastwushrhifcoahocte. from the same place, YOU WOUld see 0 complete eclipse at the Sun. ThIS IS when the new moon moves directly in front at the Sun Up m'll'ons Oi m'le‘S‘ and blocks off its light from the Sun. m. WA ' \" Nt'-'\"\"Jt“f Jim-\"IL .ltt'frr tly H“ w 91H\"? \"'.1\".. ‘i _ l.t_‘\"_1..f\"- r\"!.s 1+.\" “ r iilhi «{1}t)l_jlrifl{!lllii'€’fi (Hut £3569“; \" Apprammate measurement

u. J.“ . I n .1 '1.l\"l. ' ‘il 1'u ' II' '— _i' bw I -.v.\" t ''1I' '.. .‘ C‘- '. _. p ' -Ir ‘ii?- I I It ‘tll - ‘ - ,.‘ .t1 ‘ Id! I ~' I .-' - 0 J I, _ r *-._ . —. . y. - 's‘lliPJ‘gir-r II'LL.’5,1-....1-.‘:fi JFK-\"FIix: n. ‘.. II .i‘. . mm. \"‘Wh-1-J—i¢‘jw I x ‘H .~ 14 all“ ‘ “.1 L‘“ A moon is a ball of rock that a... curcles a planet. Most ofthe . i - I .I U The dark . of the moon J'. . l 1\" I. Sld . ‘1. .1' I_‘I H.1“ i.. ‘ .l r_ ' I 1\" ‘3‘ ‘ In. ‘ planets in our solar system $1.\". ' \\ have moons. You can see .¢- ‘--0 0‘ them on pages 4-5. \\ Our moon does not shine “lg-J. w<. 6/”, ,. 2' wnth a light of tlS own but us We never see one side of tshl' der; Tmhyestmeroyown”i,li lMwi e. \"»W,\" i ’ / ’4. '’ r moon, because the s. am. e- ltl up by llgltl from the 5U” by satellite wit' hi .\" l' ’yJirJi\"i,i is always facung the Earth. \"h _.-:'”“’ I a_r“,.'.,_'.v‘ . . . 'l ‘‘ g _ ‘ . ,-'L‘-;a .v . _: .e..‘. x-'Il,- 'V ' A\" .I t}§i 29‘“ JF ,”' \"'rrf __ _. . .. 1:”. 1 $N . 1' .- A -: w .x _7. ;. -. I .lg-‘I . .\" i\" _. . ' .; 4-.“ .. L. 1-- -_ -. I. . .5 . ' Q' -. . ‘ N. i 3‘ -4i 2. ...\".,‘ ._ ..- \" . 5\" I, ‘n. . _' - .- ‘ '_ I Does the moon change shape? 'e i. . . ‘ ' «I , - .- . . -. ..' i i‘ Who IOS the man I. n the '9 . st. ..~' It takes the moon 27.3 days *2 \".' ‘-I\"-\\ circle the Earth. The different ’shopes’ of the moon are B called phases. The Sun lights up different parts ofthe moon as It orbits the Earth. The moon does not really change shape at all. It looks as ifthe moon has a face because rocks make shadows on the surface. l .'9\" ii i '. -..-l—. ‘‘ .- a? . of eth moon t~ IpseE C I - Whenthe Sun shines onthe far side ofthe moon,you can weeks more an .. ttrave I S hardly see the moon in the sky. moon is lit UP 05 An ecli.pse ofthe moon only Thisis calleda new moon. aroundthe Earth. happens when the moon is full and moves into the Earth’s shadow. Becausethe Sun , 5 li.ght When the moon is halfway cannot reach it, aroundthe Earth, its whole tvhaennisnhoeodn. looks as Ifnthas face is lit up. Now it is called 0 ‘ full moon.

. '' f‘ . ,- I '5'; D ' . . _ v. .q .' I l ‘— .. ‘P I ‘I. ‘ _. .\" .MJa-'u' n-‘ hrW' 4': orn r IS '11. ._ i’ ‘”rI,, 1. w centists think that a slot begins: its life as A\";l'l1(‘-\"3g‘;t(’1f~} is used Up, tl‘te star swells to 50 timeg space dust \\\\-'l‘l:cl‘l to: ms a bull and. hit m; to Sl‘l‘“ gsahsinleugf;onrs xx htcn makes the slut altmn ll ll?» nmmrtl “ti/.0. Finally it explodes, or (‘1;n The (O 000 m l l non \\, cat 5 clown and F-sltrlnkfi-s. The tiny std r, nov-J called (,1 mm.“ While clwot his (gtlmom dead. C l .- i l the Milky Way D Measuring Astronomers are scientists who study the stars. Until recently they only had their eyes and simple telescopes OUR SOLAR SYSTEM /5 SOMEWHERE HEQE - .1 _fr __I Q . I ‘ . he -.--- t q. l '. . A ‘_ A _ .- 9' \" ‘ r v- g F pN ue 'r r a:H Huge distances in space are R _ . measured in lightyears. Light a travels nine million,million km Our sun is. a star in a galaxy ayear.This craft from another Now satellites orbit in space. (Storfamlly) called the Milky WOY-TheMilkyWay has galaxy,tlying as fastas light, They send information about lQ0,000 million stars. Scientists A thmkthere may be more than will reach us in a million years. ' our weather and relay 6,000 million galaxies. messages aroundthe world. Space probes are sentto explore the planets. ‘v‘\" -\" I..l.- l . ‘d- “INJ- ‘1ar.sk-Eli- Comets and Meteors Comets sometimes appear as they orbit the Sun. They are made of ice and rock and have long tails. ArwEoaescrrhktehob’oosuntaircnntegminposgatsaarprtshoiseitfraeeanm.ctMeoermteseteotehtro.eorsr Manned space shuttles take off like rockets and land like gliders. They carry all sorts of useful scuenttttc equipment into space.

I' 1'!»— ......... . z. i I .ll| |' l Ifl'.‘ I —'- 1' h How mountains T.‘ _ I I “ 1 . x -- '. I I. '11- _ , I! . ,‘ . r\" r: I \" _ .: 1 -- g a ‘ ;'J|fl_1'1 _| ' \"I -_ z L' l I‘ -I r4iTto,hw6ce0akE0saaamnrdtfihilelpiworoynaissmyofeinoxaotrurmusrseeagdgoaofas.bbeAoosuit.lfitn”5g1 crust formed on its surface, .. . . .5. V\" llb,‘ kizflémflw '' Mountainstoke miihons of yearsto torm. Sometimes the Earth’s crust is SqUeezed and tormstoid mountains I I _ 4- I_.'_r v What is inside the Earth? \" I- ' 2::3-2- '- 1 TIT1SOH7AE/5TSHT6HEE,O3MCTOPEAEONSRTKARTMTHEU(EO3R.FSE9UT0HTN0HE./vEEtR)AERTH. .-.- '2;2-(-%Lafl 4+4.“— TTUISHHPEEAOEFOSAUOHRTLOTE/TOHR’HSBCOAOINLURLN/EOEOIRFSMIMERCTAOOADRNLEE.5. _ _ .. _ It ‘__ _ .‘*_ ' .l h”. B|oc|< mountainsiorm when i the Earth’s crust spiits and one side is pushed up. // \\‘n C (11 O“ '5 ,, - TOHF ESOMFATNFTLLEOWIS/NA6 LRAOYECRK. IT/S HOT AND LIQUID TOWARDS THE TOP. THHAEROCRRUOSCTKISWMHAICDHE IOSF SPLIT INTO SECTIONS CALLED PLATES. THEYCARRY THE LAND AND THE OCEA NS. Whatever happened to supercontinent? Scientists think the continents x. may once have been joined I: I together as a continent caIIed “ ‘ Pangaea. 371 About 190 million years ago movements in the Earth's crust made. it break up. Pieces of it are sttll moving apart. 8

Earthquakes and volcanoes .011... 1'. ...‘ -. -,iIL-.II I . .- 1 rLEI-irifi'. EWghegearnorttuhhenqudgafirokeeus.nhdE‘oatyrretbhmuqbiulldaeiksnegassncdaannsdhSacpkaletulssaelnl difsloccoraadlclsekd 1% A volcano is a place where red hot, liquid rock,:_ f. 5and ”6 - ccarallcekdfrlaovma,daesehpesinasniddegthaeseEsafortrhc.eThtheeliaf’vvaviwyu7a\" _..Ii...'_.‘l\" u' \" hardens as it cools, to form a mountain. «I I‘ . v (“h '. ' .I .I 'I ”a” x 0' r '1 . N; ‘ I; I F“ . 'e '* ’“‘ \\ - 8S(PVED0EORROLAEOUC.RDF‘PAIMSCTNTCTAH0AINEEWEGTNsH8A)UE5IASNON0RT.NESTEAHSCTUETRNWISYVDILLEETELOREPTINHGE .' ..- 'i . \"'6 fl i \\ . - .I .I p“ N\\ “A ’4‘ a . . . .. .. I . AHASERATEEEEEAYASTFSEMOIEGUSAsNNNCSDDA0NP0BTIENOMATGIRHUU.E.D5S2E1PA2RR2IT1NH5G35, S.55-- .' ', _. . ‘. ' 1. ‘ . . , '- . 5 I. . Earthquakes and volcanoes often occur close A fault line is where two plates of the Earth’s crust togetheralong fault lines in the Earth's crust (see rub against each other deep down and makethe the diagram onthe Opposite page). ground move. , a\" a ‘ — '1‘ I “' . .3\" A; V .- . \"i - -/ I f ' 4‘ I- .- i. h Izze' s '. F-r , .. I II. I i ‘ t. I\". . 'I.'I -\" r v ' - II '. . f -- ‘ ‘‘ A\" .. ‘- '‘ ' f' ‘-‘ ' ‘1': Kl} ‘3; . ' ‘ ' ' -. . - ‘- Jr h ' k' fl \"h. ' a k\"! \"t s - \" 'f.‘ I. I, v. -_ 1..-1;! I ‘ o. '/ I a 0V -- - (9'‘- x. s\" I~ - ‘ a- 4 Iv I I a i - I. . _. , I _ — . .- -l . . t Ig ' . I .t II ‘I I. '. _ l I -‘ . .n, .. . I sun,- 1 '-' 9. 'I 4” _. ‘. _ _- . I II .'. 'l_‘ 'I ' 1\"\"! I' I I . I. I I ’5‘. ,I I .3. I I: I ' _.. 1 '. I .m ' l'r f, I. .1 t I l ‘ '— . ,, t .,, I f ' - ' A}: i T' aerxeenwcsooh.Iuingth1190a40n3,d.0W0106i.tthkoiinnlonmtewseotoryefeslaawvrsaid.iteg. rEevwer4y5d7ay \\\\ W After sleeping for 200 years, Krakatoa in Indonesia exploded in 1883. The explosion caused a tidal wave 4l metres high which killed over 36,000 peOple.

a '_ SMALL ANIMA/S, PLANTS .- . AND L”INNHs‘rPL0'C_’r0snWBUsEoRu/2“,0”WANUDP- Burrowmg clown The Earth’s crusthas several layers. The tap layer is soul, which is made ofcrushed rock and the remains ofplants. 8 LmL eLASYOERIL oTrHESRTEONIsES. .. git L ‘ ° How are rocks made? A rock is a mixture of different minerals. Different rocks are formed in different ways. There are three main types of rock — igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary ones. Igneous rock _ 1 _Hot, molten rocks from deep -_ ~ Lnsnde the Earth are thrown - “ : ~-' mroicnkesr.aTl hceryysgtarolswunindtoerthe dgirfofeurnedn.tEsahcahpemdincerryasltahlass. out by volcanoes, then cool and harden into rock. F.\" . .:3;- '_ Sedimentary rock yolRavfoyhrecoickrcshtk.hh,laatsvtiasehnmadsaobdruegilhftreoulmlps inbits Gemstones are very hard and beautiful. They are worth a lot of money. ‘ . —‘ ' I-. 1. ' . 1 . F . ,' ‘ ~‘.I _. -‘.- rl ' . I t' 1 ' ‘ I #1; ' i-- L, 1‘: L1\" ‘ 1L1; - ,I ’:-I l'-#\\:‘_3\"._ f .‘ 'hl': A .. _‘. , .‘ I .. ’1, I. ”L ' I _ t, l‘4q.' ‘ I. l

_ l 'I I- I I - i_'l'l‘ , I .. ' ...--. ', : .. |-_ l I— .i“, ‘1“ i -— . Il‘l 1- n l __ A.- Wea' r.'\"9wu'dnd°a‘”n\"dr”a‘9l'n \"m' “A zsérgzz‘me Mm,A:{,,(A‘x-lv “HP-3 in. all --. _ ~'5'?“- - 5. _ a, am WEATHER-BEATEN MOUNTAINS FORMED ONES. EHTLY ,3:--i:.i'ir, . /,/\"' \" \" gfig‘flA‘A’p‘ti.fi‘v‘ - -......__ 2 cdssFmaolroolwalwesnltdll,ye0'erCbtpretrohle/e.se‘acmkeEnsta,..a...rctThkh,?i5sdswuorewtaanlc- ”me‘9tI.So .. A, A. “A'.»,. pl... - $- t- -- “W’ effifii 1.331 . . A. A ffT 'A. CA VEs AR£ , «a' AWTWHAAEYTFERGORORRCWOMKUEEUNDANRDDBI.NEY. RG A A y L .A9-. ”=, . _~ ‘” ‘4'? .1 l\" r \"' M ,. 1/\" ’i ’. \" , A, THE WEATHER OFTEN WEARS ROCKS INTO STRANGE SHAPES. Why do we mine? , \"A (A .’ People mine minerals because ,/ _ ..... 2.3 ,// they are both useful and worth ,/ Ill' 0 lot otmoney. - Oil and natural go Ii t 1'.\" have been formed E‘ over millions of years ' tromtiny sea animals \".\",.; which were .‘ preserved in rock. i i J 1- Coal isthe remnants of . \" '.Ii . fan ancientswamp plants ‘ thatwere preserved In I‘ 'l.‘ 4'\" fl. .‘L- rock andhardened _,_...‘!........._ over millions of years. Metal minerals, such as gold and silver, have to be separated from rock betore FpWaCrAOfieDfMSmSSIEi0lali0ordensothmoegfmrdyeeioimfialsiarrswoin0chsHkicofi!h“fh- eyu Scientists study tossi'lsto fid‘a’ , 'Id_. \"t m*- out how the Earth hdtdwongod and about lants‘brt‘d animals whi‘ch' “V? ., O\" ll\" — .. - W '- '

J' . _ .l 6-1;...“ .'._,-§:\". . -' 1'1 t l‘. —-=.I --. PF; . l\" _ - . _' .w | . I - _ .’ I _‘ .IJr If\": . IlI' '. '.7J. Lh: i“ .3I—']!!\"- .'_;* 1 .1- l .,.I I '- ii fq'fii. Hi-lf‘wI , ‘I . a. -- -I I . i J‘ ‘ IJII The Sun's light gives the Earth AS/fS‘P/NS, ITIS NIGHT its day and night. The Earth ON THE S/DE OF ME EARTH spins like a tap in space at THAT FACES AWAY FROM 960 kph. lt takes 24 hours to spin around once. THE SUN. F . J _ 1' - ,b. _ . . ii ‘ 4'\" . .. I 3\" 6 I I A ‘ ' i ‘3 \". ‘ i ‘i. ' i 1‘ i _ i _. x- - '‘f ¢ '1‘“ i ‘ s 'i ' . ‘ II..' . :4 2 l . . ‘. at __ _. I f .- ' “~. . ~ ' J\"'1i i '{IF ‘ i ‘l ' 0\" I. ' i ‘ I I ‘L v Ll in. K ‘I Ir ‘ t I *t* l - §\\ I; I i I :‘i'. ‘ w 9\" . {II '5} .,. -'I'II I.’ .t- H! '- , . '7 I . vi'\" hy' q_ I N _, m i 1\". . ,,_ l m A llDaiguuhtrwtinIeSgmcthauencnhdoabtyrsitgehehettehsteratmhrsabanerecthaesutyislleairnteh.teheSusnky’s Me and my shadow AOARTVEMERV/DHEDERAAYDYsuAToNHEgrsmurgv SISHADDIROEWCTSLY AgERgA‘EREL-YN”“éI1fiNf0TgoH’EETHSMEUONSRH’N3AIDNLOOGWWAS’NND L.L,ienigehhsln,tadslowaynaoyyutshsisnehegi ndWeasrtmk°l’slShsiattad'nC' odwtsls MlDDAY thllSWOy. MORNING g5,\" _* .-:-- ~ .-'...A'\"\"\"* .: 7 ,,, , i «fin ' I I j J. ' i . i' Lon 0 oh f . of hcg>wgliongutilwee;5\\r\\i(eeriia$Ck tbhyecyowuenntitnt9o h owmanytu.mCeYs lKimniegahttsouursneadm0 esnatn.dltteimndeer dto tPheeodpaleytuhseedS usnu\"ns-- dsihaalsd. oDwuirsing sleep at night. ghPehn0ilielmsahnedbhoattdomrW. from the cast on to the dial and moves 12 around to mark the time. .

.i 1 \"w ii ’- ' Hr II, ’ . _ ‘ .. -v...s I,‘ ‘2‘..- fly A“ ifl i“ HCTWThNeG, SLc’..i.L.f.9.t‘gl”-;lo-lwnh-t,gai‘m7'st:~t-:hcC. alit_l\\.iu\\.'sillk\\sJul:\\tiuaJ_ lcuiJluoi\"iyw\" 1 tWAhtraom.leui_g,,gh\"htt‘5ahe”ti‘nY9_yfW'' lhl eoodtlee0rthrpaeOnylWoreuI-atthd ltwash or dt or eo letom CED. llOUl SCOlO. llWC‘ lWOUl‘ l‘nCHikS 0n ”‘8 Side. agat'iflSl when they all niDeasFured timeeet ’' t ,) differently They needed a standard measure at time. ao ii I i “'~- ‘L‘T -- .5li a. ’ \\J’ 80 the pendulum clock was Nowadays clocks are even invented, which can measure more accurate and scientists In l58l Galileo, an Italian, watched a lamp swing. He time accurately, bythe can build atomic clocksthat noticedthatit's swing always swinging pendulum. PeOple only lose one second in took the same time, no matter have used clocks ever since. 1,700,000 years. how big it was. Keeping up with the times When tlying east, you put yourwatch forward an hour - Every minute otthe day each time you cross a zone. When flying west you put somewhere around the world your watch back an hour. there is a sunrise, a sunset, 0 midday ora midnight. The world is divided into 24 you change your lime zones. Lines of longitude calendar, not your watch. dtVIde the zones on a map. You lose a dPY going ThegCtps between them Show l\\Ow tor the Earth spins west and gain a daY going east. ll'l One hOUr. M

‘I *--——-~-—---...-_—.. _ ‘_ ~. . - - ~ ' __ - ' Autumn and sprmgarethe halwaystilts to one . ' - in—between seasons when -- the twohemispheres are the SsiudneaansdittshPisingsivaersouUSnfi‘l9he ' somedlstance tromthe 8U”. different seasons- * The two hemispheres always haye apposite Summer days are longer than winter ones because the hemisphere tilting towards the seasons from each other. When ll IS summer Sun stays in the Sun's light for longer. in one, it is winter in the other. \"..r..'..J.H....:-[\"-..-... .$.-.3: m-.4-..-..-..-..c..;. Because of the Earth’s tilt, the It is dark for nearly 24 hours 0 About 300 years ago some _ Sun’s rays are always spread day in the winter. In the summer British criminals begged to be outatthePoles, so it is always the Sun shines all night as well hanged rather than sent to cold and Icythere. as all day. spend the winter inthe dark. It never rains but it pours ig ' *1- 4‘4““. The is never tilted Places close to the Equator do In the rainy season: winds . awaEygruaamtotrhe Sun. The Sun’s not have a summer and winter. blow in from the sea, br'\" \"‘9 directly onto it, so They just have a dry season and moisture. They blow the 0 rIpIySsaswhianyes hot there. a rainy season. way in the dry season. 14

Winteristhe coldestseoson. Plonts stOp growing ondthe Other animals sleep all ‘_ fl ,‘ The days ore shortond itgets trees are bore of leaves. Some winter. PeOple weor worm dorl< very early. There is snow {f i onimols grow thick coats to clothes and spend most of . J,’ , and frost in many countries. help them keep worm. theirtime indoors. Spring Birdsthothove spentthe winter Animols lookformotesond have their babies. People do ,_ The days growlonger ond in wormer countries return, more things outside again in (”WE buildtheir nests and loytheir the wormerweother. wormer. Buds appear on the c\" a trees,bu|bs flower and plonts eggs. beginto grow again. a'0l';le/f.o”Erdv.oeTerhysethndmoatgygsgerotodrweosrlokwnuegnllt.il Flowers bloom, fruit ripens on PeOple spend more time the trees and crops ripen in the outside enjoying the sunshine. fields. There is plenty for birds Many of them go on holiday ,4“ and animals to eat. to places such as the seasid - ”.97 9-\", There is plenty of fruit and berries on the tron and bushes. The cm s are harvested and the tiel s are ploughed.

in. . w I ..+ ‘--m— . 's.- t.omake-\"t. h.l:i-e__'._w_-'.-iin*tudr5eaunosdf three' L_. -nun-3* H. = *5 “t- I I‘ :1 _ 1 -\"\"-' l _ 1\"“ . ._. \\. .'_ .f. J r- i F\"'FJ\"' _' ' ' *\"1\" ‘ __. . .'_-~l. . _r.-. _ ' ' ' . \"—..; . l' I 'n .‘ 've I' I-‘. ~ -.l .' .' ' .. “'5 . ' 1&9” I - I I \". “I .- |-'.- . w |. . ._ ......' l '1 in; 'L-- f i.- watermalzes the clouds, ram and snow. The same rain over again The Sun Clouds Therainyou see has fallen Every daythe Sun heats up Aslhe warm air rises,itcools millions oftimes before. Follow millions ofgallons ofwater down.Thelinydr0ps of moisture turn into millions of the water on its iourneyto see from the sea and rivers. This largerdrops ofwaterwhich howthe Earth usesthe same makestiny, invisible draps of waterover and overagain. moisture rise up into the air. ioinlogelherlo form clouds. Cloud clues TLhaergyea,rdearwl<hioteneasndusHuUaHllYy. Stratus is usually a layer ofthin, Nimbus are grey rain clouds pale grey cloud covering the with ragged edges. Some have bring bad weather ' whole sky. ltis oftena sign of white tops like cauliflower light rain or drizzle. heads and may mean storms. _l' Waterspouts are tornadoes over water, often very tall. People have mistaken them for sea monsters.

in the CO ya\"; q. '_ I. 1-bit“??? '- ' . layers of ice round them before they fall. I I .. - .r'_ \"' _ l . -1 .I l _I..,-I i..— '- -..r Rain Snow As the air becomes colder, iSms nvaoedwreyftlchaoekledssa, mtahneedwwraaaytinebdrurdOtrwopphsseanreit The rain and melted snow flax into streams and rivers and or more drops of watertorm. carried back to the lakes and Whenthere are enough, they freeze to form ice crystals and become too heavy for the cloud fall from the clouds as snow. oceans. Then the water begin: and fall to the ground as rain. its journey all over again. When air is warm, it rises and Some winds blow right across : cold airflows in beneath it. the world as hot airtrom the When air moves around like Equator rises and is replaced this itmakes wind. b cold airfrom the Poles. III I- Rainbows * The lightning heats the air You see a rainbow when the sun around it. The hot air pushes shines through raindrops. The against the cooler air and colours are always in the some makes the sound of thunder. order: red, orange, yellow, n page 104/5 green, blue, indigo and wold. it-

i- His ofrwomhotthoerEcqouldat0orp*l,awceheisredeitpisenadlwsaoynshhoowt,bfUa1r it : I\".i\" ‘.1| |4n511'._'Vl..-’_I \"\"li_ii— other things can also affect the climate. _ -__ ii? 'I\"'_ .l . _L—. l‘ _ ‘7' - H‘i_ r' i L. x: -.«_., -L--_.- \" - ' - - l ‘ ‘.'| l ' ' I‘ a i' ._ i h,‘ All '1 l-I‘ ____ a II .' . '' 1], F! mean the u a:- .. - l \"\"14‘ ' J‘._| Land farfrom sea is often dry, Land neorthe sea has cooler ltusually rainsa lotnear as sea winds do not carrytheir summers and warmer winters mountains andthehigheryou moisturethattar. Inthe middle than inland.Theclimate can be go,the colderitbecomes. High ofa continentthe summers are affected by warm or cold ocean mountains onthe Equatorhave hotandthe winters cold. currents flowing neorthe coast. snowy peaks allthe year round. ._-. mri-._ w__ v' - -. I}? . -' ' ' ”a ‘ t .lt i ;-.‘ . . ._ H.) _ . . - Steamy raintorests _ Raintorests (or jungles) grow in the Trapics _ 2‘ neorthe Equator,where itis very hotand rains heavily everyday. trees grow fast and The forests teem with all sorts of Few peOple live in rainforests PvelaryntCsl0a5n6d togetherthere. Plants and creatures that do not as it is too hot and stick there- to the size of trees éigggow are amongst the Pwlaenatsnywhere else in the world. Tribes have to live on p ants '0” es'emrtfieesworld. Many of them are in danger of they find, and hunt whichever dying out. animals they can. 18 *You can find out more about the Equator 0\" 909.2 .

4. I'l . H01 on Earth on very thhoinwg'sstcaanndsdufrtveiSvel pthlaecrees. CF$TOH7ARE0MY2DE£ALL0IYSVSEINCwAOTNnNHrESuFIUo0RR0u0VMr IUV0wREMaPFrSAm.T. There ore two types ofdesert— ltroins very rorelyond when it An oasis isowoterhole where rocky deserts and sondy does there are usuolly violent peopletoketheironimolsto deserts. Sondy deserts ore not thunderstorms and floods. One drink. Formers grow crops and olwoys flot os the wind blows desert in Peru had no roin for date trees there. Ooses often the sond into hills colled dunes. 400 years. becometowns. The Poles The North ond South Poles ore the coldest places on Eorth. There is frozen lond ot the South Pole, butotthe North Pole there is iust 0 huge slob of ice flooting in the Arctic Oceon. ClWCly until they melt. More than Eskimoes live near the North lfthe ice at the Poles melted, the tohr\"e‘3‘h3T'dQdUeCnII'bleel'sloowf othneicweabteerrg. Pole. The only lond animals at seos would ruse by over33 the South Pole are visiting metres. This would be enough scientists, but penguins, wholes to completely submerge New and seals live in the seas. York, London and Pans. I! .| i .. '1 “I q '=- I _'4L$

I. . \"It.” r. -. L. I it! -I 1‘ h (I : - I...-‘..l _: _ | u... :7\"- ___' ' ; . , :‘L' . 1. _- I” sfElotvrowe\"erawiymnirgni'fvrogeoumrdtsootaafwarltasnhkaetltl.fSht Iaedseraoivsrpearsrinag Al lhe beginnin the young river I narrow valleys with Ste; It carries rocks and sand wears away more land and ~ the valleys become wider. with it and these grind away , the banks on each side. A river mouth where that; 1.: tides flow inand out PM _ is called an fist, . 1- it ~.‘I _!:'. Il\"'r..r F #2,. New Zealanders 050d ,5” In the crater lake old\" . ,_-.- 5'. VOlcano. The volCW-i J ._Ill ”'53—. - y the WMrhof\" . _.

dRaivmerasgcea.nTfhleooHdwaanndgcHauosreiver A flood barrier has been built across the River in China once flooded and Tvhearymhei.sghintides dams,which make hydro- England, to stop Changed its course by 480 km. fromflooding London. electric power. Lakes form behindthedams_ \\2 Most glaciers only move a few across the |and,carving out valleys and mountains such as A glacier is a river of ice that centimetresa clay butthe Quarayaq GlacierinGreenland the Matterhorn in Switzerland. moves very slowly downa mountain in winterand melts moves 20-24 metresa day. back a little in summer. When waterflows from hard ln T859 Charles Blondin,a In 1929 Al Faussett,an rock onto soft rock, it wears French acrobat, crossed the American, went over the 70 Niagara Falls on a tightrope soft rock and makes a metre Shoshone Falls m h'5 OwWaOteYnEhaIeI , a step in the river. 48.8 metres above the water. canoe and lived to tell the tale. The River Amazon is the biggest The highest waterfall as tho I18 river in the world. Over 15,000 Angel Falls In Venezuela. It smaller rivers flow into it on its 979 metres tall, higher H10\" 0 way to the sea. 220 storey bouldmg.

““1\". =_H.,--\"€h5\"\"\"‘, .r M.\" :3“- .. . . __ I!\" ‘FtT' I. J The saltl'estseas aDreeasdmSaeIIa,_m I a t eseas rte upthere R'wers and rom' woterWOShsalty inland seas. The would be enough salt lettto Ilis_vreae.Inl i.Ist. so salty thatfish cannot minerals from the land to the build a wall round the Equator 282 km high and l .5 kmthick. sea.Some salts are used by animalsto build their shells. What are waves? Wwfaoniarndwvdeda.Tsordhwaernbeuwlirtkairpeteepatrlhelslesyesmmeamoailvodseterossb'mUyropotphveee. W' aves can travel hundreds of eUaPrlOthql0uamkehs'-QohrICvoalucasendIC- by aklnlOdmtOeplrpelse_OThveerywOhnelyngthroewy to” explosions underWOle\" Come UP OQOlNSl land. wesifhdfeeecroet fotthnheethmEeaosroethnaswis. ,iTlblhhreianyvgreiisnleoghth”i9’flh' lmI fiI‘w' -_ I wI.— , _ I E :-

Underwater lands H a?“ “‘1‘ \\‘1-‘Uftf‘f \\I'VGS d! 0 111(4t f, or“? Hm FOO the seas-bod would {wok MUHWfondwith111011154, \\alflpvfi .3: 1't {N 01m i HS. Cami reefs ore walls mode from the hard cases ofsmoH c'ie0l1h-'01-1—J.ik-Tehoenyi- moro-elfsocuanlldedm' , 1*” j ’1 _\" sholiow tropical waters. if . . . . .--l13% In 7982 0 Tudor fighting ship, bsuerfvow.reedheown aasrraefst cfoured1,33 , dQYS th e Mary Rose, was salvaged from 12 1‘ 400 years Ofine‘resfii 312TUd’

The Ancient Greekg th Earth was a tlm disc it ii water and the sky 0 AdlolOgmgO‘el.l.n}g\\e H.4- up by a god called \"’x E5\"..- ‘i' n a -.» f/ _ For years people believed th tSchroororsnusggtshhoetihlwoerostrirlbdeetzlhioeenvyeeh,dawtdhhaetotretSoCtht.lle WroeunkdnobwallnSopwintnhiantgwme live on: Earth was flat and that sailors could sail overthe edge Into the sea boiled and the land burned. space Nobody falls off becausethe mouths of monsters. force of gravity holds us on. WOnheyre\"aasotnSwtahyy apetohpolemriesk9ied thei. r |I. ves to TOWHTIEHSEHVREEEDNXETPT0IIOA0N0R,ETMRRASAR,DCESOUWCPIHT0H1A0S, explore the Earth was to have adventures. CHRISTOPHER COL UMBUS WANTED TO FWD A NEW SEA ROUTE TO INDIA. HE SIG/LEO OFF COURSE. INSTEAD, HE FOUND AMER/CA . .- I . 51;. .nI- \" - i ' p _. 'L i ii ' ii . I .i . ' 6' . _1 ‘I I fl f a. . Kim... . . .. .- ,1 . ' r _ .- -' _ l '' I . .. f u- 4' . . I... \" .. I. I - {-.'1. ”II- _-.-.'~.,r .1 . I . ' -. HERNANDO CORTES, - 1- . -,. » * \"-- A SPANISH EXPLORER, I ' -.. . .\" FOUGHT THE AZTECS IN DAVID LIVINGSTONE SPENT MEXICO FOR 714512 - MSEAANRYCVHEINAGRSFOINR TAHFERsICenA/R. CE 6010 AND (AND. * OF THE RIVER NILE CAPTAIN SCOTT RACED AMUNDSEN TO THE SOUTH (O0N31H' ITSHWE ARYACBAEEK i ' ' viii _ 'i _ - w} P015. HE AND DIED «1' , - _t§a ' ii ll. II .'.F: I ii a ._ t \" . .1...

‘ “\"1.\" wayF' d theIn I III I. . lng , r' F. \"- . -. ' I.‘ n. I... . ':I . I ='1. - I. lI . \" §. -.-l--.- II .' I_ '1 _ _ .- ..I rs fl - Il‘fi' \" «1|. ‘5' it. I- _ I- ‘l i rI lit-i.- 1\" .flIIIII .. . -i ' .'i '. ‘- II . 'l '1 H.. “I '. t” - II\" \"it-32* -- .“ 4+.\" ', '' . -. .t - .. .1 '- ' i i. . I _ - Jri‘l' ' - \"I:_ R -M I Ii LwEohxnipcglhoardegirorsetncheteioeydnutstoheedkyntoaorwpeicIgnkonu. npg. fTinhdeynloorothkeadndfosrotuhteh.PTohleeystar to clues from things around them. watched where the Sun rose and set to find east and west. I . ' _. '. I I -‘ .' '.\"' \" '' ', ' , I\" . - I\" {hItI-.\"I- IE,’ ’1|'*'' ' ' 'I __ (if. _F i git; \"-\"I *5}! _ ‘f- ..' - Lue- \". - - -\" '. .. 11\"I“II. ' I _ 'I .-.—\" - IE“ Ell. .. .3. _ . _ ._ _ $1.11.\". .-:-.:.i.r. (iii.- LII?\" .~ m « '- “g.\"f' ' :-_-:.._.~,--'..- ---*.-.-- 2111.3 ‘31-.I II ' ,I . . Isl-1 d . a-__ “.1!\" ”if! . I_.aI-I *5.\" LI’ £3 .II I: _I ”h.\" .. ‘ .1 I. They measured the heightofthe Fromthisthey could work out Explorers now useacompass sun and how highthe stars were theirlatitude (how far north or to findtheirway.The needle above the horizon to find out south they were) and longitude always points north and the wherethey were. (how far eastor west). otherdirections are marked. Finding the way back %' q. a...-—| . . . E _ r. r‘ '. \". _d- *- '.':\" - ‘| ' 3‘ _II “ _II'- u-Ir ' 'IE” “I\" .:... III .III ‘I 9'.- In Damn“ Hus-“I _‘ 'r “”.' '' .-- ‘i ' J. ' almnfl will“ aI r --_'.1_ :- fl . _-1_. ..- - I' ~= ;. - -' {a- _ .I i. ’41; a 1,. . - a. _. Run-u\" an\" I, I I II.:II I I .rl I‘ _‘r-'f ‘l . . Hi}. 1 I -- -. .- .-‘IIr ‘L r . I. -- _.t i .1- .-._ ...J .'I. - '1;- _ 3.1.! “I '1“: r fl_ I -. .- . - ' . I_ ‘2 F: ' ' i‘ - .. 3- r- #95:.- - .. 1* - '1'.‘ I u- - |. ._ l i .fII.: I -'. -‘ 'II'I I '._:~ I, ”I I ill ‘1 _ _ __ . . I: ,5” I-I'LII. . ‘..- _,- “It“ \"\"9 1 I-”-. _ -- II . #- *- _ - '-IIIII ll\" _:- . r.».-.I . _ ' - m v 1J1\" II I I l- ' Ir' I _I_ I .u ._ 1‘ I ._ .a| p'1l'x.,. -_ ._ _I 1, \"I \"I IJ 43¢: . . I... . P. |-:'. Ji'- ii. J. - . i1 - . 'I .-' I .- I I: ' -I_l \"'1.1,_: I. --.- . I ' II . -.I-.' f _ . \", ., 1 .- - , . . 1 .. . \" . \" ' 'i . :— 't -- I'll-I! ' ' ' -1Ii..-. . '-\" ‘ii'' l‘ a I .' t 5\" \"r . II . I. . I I- . JI 1 \"1.1:.\" -'I.I 'I II I if I 1',.- IIIIII . ‘1‘.- - 1-. III. IJ .._ .I -' 'a - . -. \"- . . . _‘i: I. I ‘1' F. I .- - .E _ - .r ll 'i I I -,l:.r I. I II 1‘,\"- 'l ...'_ I - I: I.» ’- \" ' i- .' _. ' fEsfi.ohnXlodlpowtl.owhroeitinhrsetwhhraeapyiverebOfoatpooclteksbtehheooapwmsb.leteoatond They draw maps which show it Nowadays there are allsorts of _ the shape ofthe land, how far maps.They are often coloured is from one place to another and have picture symbols to and how to get there. show where different things are. a Hum o . j. '. .1! ”W a ant-um- “W“: Q The C0lours and symbols mean Over the centuries peOple have -I_— iiierent things on different explored most of the Earth and In.- mops. so each map has a key to have put together the map of i exPlOm what they stand for. the world that we use today. People still on exploring but these days tgo9 only unknown places left are the depths of the oceans and Outer Space. 25

” Africa 0‘ There are six continents on the Earth. This is the continent ofAfrica. More than 429 million peOple live there and between them they speak about a thousand different languages. Until recently most of Africa was ruled by European countries but now most of the countries are run by the Africans themselves. Where Africa is in the world Sier l 13.; ii\"i ‘35Efi, .m‘la'e_ h. - i. -‘ Jr}... Li'ifi‘ i. .. . . ,. r If.!-\". r_. n. . _ \"1. 5.1. ”- ..___ 'r ' Moro“an Carved house-

o 9a ,r :2 Wastemif\" “\"l Senegal T.\" . I. .. I 1| ..I':F::.,I :1; _ ._ ..- - i 4- ”H - _r I4... _ |. r -. - rra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast Ghana l Gambia Congo 2 Guinea—Bissau N am.t - 3 Equatorial Guinea 4 Rwanda 5 Burundi 6 Swaziland 7 Lesotho 8 Djibouti 9 Comoros Botswana 0 Central African Republic South Africa

K6? Wm H Desert

r _| .' :{I L/ VI)”; (5714IL 956mb “Q23 :. ‘IT I MOQAMBIQUE \\I ? ’I' a a ._-r-= bu$_r l -.J ~§dfe‘1m‘ wief _02‘~*r . d . 2% we we H t .. \"h‘fif 95% JOHANNESBURG e rM\" -.' ,. _ 3 .\"‘ 4.--.- «: a. ._ II f t n ‘2 . I .I1 ' ‘1: .1 . -- ' I. ’ i 4 l I- .Ir ‘ I . t ._--1- d I. '51. . II' 'I a. _ I.ha \"II-._'

A PM.\" ' I T #71-»~_2'1.]'; - dropping pwuatte*~ r - to put _- forest fire L08 ANGEL_-' W_K: - :2 ' 1 i' .- .. - —- . - f;- -, -' g'-. .‘ _ -- _ .“_ H”

The Americas The Americas run from the cold lands nearthe North Pole to Antarctica. The largest iungles on Earth are in around the River Amazon in Brazil. Most otthe peOple North America are descended from European immigrants. They mainly speak English. Most South Americans speak Spanish, except in Brazil, where the people speak Portugese. trait and go/afl Where the Americas ”fined 114 ml: are in the world : \"”34 fl. .' ,7 ' _' - ' ‘ \" - Space rocker .i , _ _ taking off from MWR/Sv’eSrS’PP’ Cape [anal/arm ”.5} APPa/aC/fl/qri {Qxfl'fi‘f’f’ MOM/Traffic? GM”— 7;-..1-59“; transat/dnffc‘.’ /m ers ‘2. , a.7 Z”£577”! 2\" t: y L. i:‘€c?l£_ 2

—- 4\" . .__ _-_- \"ii\" *-\"'.' J 4 rw. VI band \"' 4. (a! - * PANA 1 Guatemala 2 Belize El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panama Cuba VOCDVONU‘IAQJ Jamaica 10 Haiti 1 1 Dominican Republic 12 The Bahamas 13 Puerto Rica 14 Barbados 15 Trinidad

was - ,. -- f‘bnama . i-,' C i i- *‘W:fl ' ' MONTEVIDEO BUENOS AIRES J

ptOAAnheesesvOiamieaaprrlalaiyeshrr,oeatehmnlvefvetoeehbtrrreheyiygipcrtgphdoeeoalooosdnptrf.aacltehnonCedynihntliodaintnhtrnaheyedenawwrtolohinconniorlEteeluhdaneohrlttta'rwhhys.eoaiSrnr'slodtamh,reeaew'nchdooourmtlndaat.nrkideesswpIenpt. Where Asia is in the world

SHANGHAI --------- RANGOON a; BANG: in. Malaysia village glad/22m 006nm

AaAnUudSttrsfieht'sorma-ISoltlfil‘aeesItoacrgnnetdsintel-snNlof.neNdew'Iwn'thZZ.eUeeownltooailnrllddanAINdl'vbem' owgrl'Zgl'rel}notehloesns_Ie EurOpeons h DfsaLpakpeam_ rm eff t

e cAogusntrtoriell_os wanedreththeeMoon_s .In New Zealcmd I- I I:- In 2“‘1. . . 3f nd. Smcethen,however, mcmy 38mg“ AUCKLAM have settled there. 532a, WELLIN ”u . DUNEDIN ' K Qacific ,_ Ocean, hon SYDNEY\" ,r- \" '1f/(éIz{’1.’JPé’rhaouse __ .

F“. --——-—-—'-‘“\"-— Antarctica No plants or ani AacAlommnvteeoarrsriecctaadtiscwaalniatidhsrgAaiecubeaslaestrlatlahktlehiaaeUnpyndueittbaetarodrrgroSeeutntanhtdleea.srn.lotdifs from a few peng sea. Several nat expeditions to c raising the flag at _ the South drill[mg outlce

W imals live there apart guins and seals near the tions have sent claim sections of the land.

Antarctica No plants or ani acAolnmvtaeorrsecttdaicswaliatihsrgaicebealeasallthktheaeUnydneibtaeardrrroSeutnantdlea.sndIot_Ifs from a few America and Australia puttogether. sea. SeyeraFieng expeditions tnoact raising the Ha at KX theSguth Scientists Pole drilling outtce A

imals Invcei 5th3e0rle Oport WheIsreIntthheeAwnotraldrctic tgllaualmnmssEseancvteiosnesn0:nf ethaertl ahned . _ a; 5 KX“W_ A

.‘II I 'II I 1 '_'- _.. c Inf? ' ieMf“aa?snteiysrndmisffiedcreoe,nnattinnldaenningtcoulauf gdEeeussroaabreouspt oa 'geun t REYKJAVIK - ucgItosrhoevawfesurileannmamtti.huldoirnaucglnlsi.rmt.eaTsainohtesue,trolcsaeodnsrdmyss,uuchccahhoptoeapslraacmlonnasgel.lsatnad| sI'0rahnasorseo.me i Albania Andorra Belgium Liechtenstein l-Uxembourg Monaco ‘OmVONU‘IAQM Switzerland 1 0 Czechoslovakia

fi{Nl”l1h/3C\"v.1I. .“’<V55.:s.‘‘3:.1'- AL Vesuvius

lbtwouats4,s6o0h0omtthilaliot nit years Scientists think that over mllIllon; ,, I Astimewentbyits shape otthe land and the Cllmm animals died hard crust. Some oInuttahendne0w1hCondlti' o‘nig . could surVIve whlch I I I a n‘ v 'I I a C J t' . t ’\\ \" -' H’v- _ I -_« - . I :3“;E\" i .‘I’ i A I i H'- 'i i, ' \"H i'-“‘ \" \"in\"' .I,\"‘ h'\\'5t ‘ v’- ' , t_ i-- o -‘., -..- T... '4 ' . -. . '$\" \"\"' 1\" fifi?’ I- . '_'I ‘r; , g i; L .5... ‘_- 1 . pli.If'LK.'‘i-.i2-.T'ri')“k29‘A\"i9:'i1r :.\"3g3—\". ifi..'.‘v10i_‘5l-_.a0—; \"aPA-”._-éfi?5iIJ‘iiib.\\[)u\"”-g.'_hI.‘\"-I-‘.f'r.PIa\"f¥t',..‘' IHfi.—AM’ ‘r9HA'V_:‘\"iP‘4Iiv}Rii—I ll .1. fl'' 1' ' ‘ '. ‘ ' _' _4. _ cf I. 77%7. 7 ' ii .—' - J:2:i‘ ':n— ‘ - ‘7'} ‘ - - I. l '_ ‘ __ \" .- ' ..\\.]y-I\"'-' '—_ '.' :i.‘ - Io I t '1‘\" r... “ +-:pu.- 1n- ' . .1‘1“‘.- A''5I;' _\"_' J .t ..' ,“u' . J _ L\\-I.\"I W?! III .- {-H'.1g‘ -rf1(l\"u91-1h‘ ‘ . _ l'hI'. \" i i \"\" i'“ \"'-\" -. . I’L—;. ..'.I I .z'i¢%'li llAg. _ - HW'J \"'3’},- ' . {'11-‘fi .- 4\"\" i'I” “. .~ i]! >’ 6 5'I “ I_- , (4’1.%11.I.A\" ; .‘- :_I -\".I,; III .‘ .'- ._.' .. c V_”. 1“'.‘“...1_f... ' 1 V6 XIV _.-.'._‘ I'.I {A I ‘ I; 4 $54347: (-\"' JII—III ..I -,‘II I .. ..II. III. I‘ . . 'I . ‘ II 'I-ri The hot Earth was covered with thick clouds of Fort e first thousand million years, there was steam and gas. As the temperature cooled, it no life on Earth. During this stormy time, began to rain. It rained for hundreds of years mountains were formed and worn away. The long and the seas formed. was covered by the sea and then left dry again. Fish were the firstanimalsvwlh sakbealectkobnoinnesidanedth0elkrmbodieS.

iF“ .- ._.’.“‘.-r|.. '_' 80 million years ago 1_ P- “1' g..- “a 'L . . I‘ll \"‘, it; --‘ _ w. ._ {_| .. .. _ - .. .J, _ -,. l J . . . 'd C l : .. ‘_ 1D r\"i ._ ¢ \\ 4- ~3- g- L I ‘ I.‘ _. . _ l _ ln a O 1’ . -I - I i i L“ I . Ia_ '- l. -- M \"\". - T K. ‘ ;' 1. v I . U. “5;; __ 'L I , . i - ,I _ .. 'v“i ' -.':‘“, _. l _ .. 1 in. _ . _- _.3 \"i. _ . Monster reptiles, the dinosaurs, roamed the .1: -I..—- I Earth. Some otthem were 30 times biggerthan The climate on Earth grew hotter and the swamps an elephant. Many otthem ate plants. Some dried up. Amphibians needed waterto lay eggs, reptiles, called pterosaurs could fly. Dinosaurs so many died out. Animals, called reptiles, died out about 60 million years ago. developed. They laid eggs on the land and were able to live in the new conditions. Mammals 'I rf .- ' g. ' - r \"\" . ; - .w - ' a’ i , . .I . _ ~.\" ' ’q i' 1 l I\" . .. . * -', - ‘ ‘ T \\ ',' I ‘- .~ ' i . ‘ .I g ' fl' 1‘ ‘ ' '0 ' \\‘1\"l* é - ’ 5I w. i-fi'o ‘A ix -I h L uI . .'. , 1‘ ’i _. i' of, ‘ '' i ' .Y ' i 5 .' ‘5 \" i '' ‘‘.i . -' .v _’ L . -. . - . _ __ r. \" r J i ‘ I. 3?. _ .. h I.“ fl ., \" fl,\"\"- ' ‘ '- '' ' g. I\" fir . ' r\" . n- ‘V ‘ -. - u‘ - I. 3_, 3‘1---‘ ”‘ ”, (Sjfiilzntists d0 “Olknow exactly why the dinosaurs Mammals are clever animals which teed their the'ef”PSUi lm, baUml ml 5a0lsmaipllipoenayreedarosnbEefaorrthe. they did, babies on milk. It was about this time thatthe first flowering plants grew. .Man and .+th9 _ml'll‘°°\".\"Y°'W°'\"'°\" 2mu. u.uonyeorsogo h i H ..'- 3 ii\" I O“ . Mfi‘ j - ‘I‘t . ..,,. i - I- ; _. «trial-u. P I) ) F F __ l. . .. Scientists think that in 5,000 ,1...» a lOndw . million years timethe Earth will end. By then the Sun may have elUnrdcOounld?:rsiuzrvvfi‘v:geléthnevlchlotlldficr.)itcSeO f lce of the grown to l00times its size and eDaUr'liI'ensgtilieumanAbgeeins,gssolmived in caves. They lit fires to keep warm and made stonetools. could burn up our planet. 37

u-l - How do plants live? J -- ,'- 'f- s»... art-over” ',m I wafGonhrodeicdehm.nTginphoeelaruynapstlssothafmerkoasmuktepemthwthseaetstoieorurtohl we n ll plant different types of in the world. All living things depend on plants for their survival... Plant power .. - / ‘— 1' 1‘ 2 “4| i :- i' g+ili\\ I ’ M; ‘r\"' F //f H /V 1/31,; . ' 5. . _ .r!'_ ‘- F i. .1 People and animals need the oxygen which plants give off so thatthey can breate. ‘_ ;«.: If . n- . 1.. '- I I. . 3If.. .7 i ' ah .I‘\" .. i. 1\" / ~\\I m.' ii -, a]flii T1 \\d r' i. -’33- [F 1\" it II? .lil _ _. 4s 3\": A»? . 4; In the leaves, sunlight helps Animals and peOple move Plants use the carbon dioxide water and'carbon ld6 around to find food. Plants that pe0pleand animals from the alrto make sugar. makethelrown. They spend breathe out. Sugar IS food for plants. their whole lives in one place From seed to seed AECNAATDTEYSRONPUAILN/LLGASRsSLyIIo/(sEowrTsOe, s - from the gelSOll I't8 f00d The flower 0 ens and ' 5 oof1 makes t-_ lsw II '5 push68 up t_oew5a0r'dsOHthCel Clllgshhot ot tahfelgfiI negrigroguwe,tnhethyempalakentfgoorodwf :r 0e i tpfi‘ poesneatgadtfs0u”rv'9nvtehegr90rowuinndto. flowers the following Yea\" _ l l ll

To makethe seeds,afine Flowers producea sweet Asan insectdrinks, pollen dustcalled pollen has to be liquid called nectar which sticks to its body. When the carried from one partofa manyinsects liketo drink. insectvisitsanothertlower tlowerto another. Insects, or The flowers’ colour and scent this pollen rubs off onto it the wind, dothis iob. drowthem to the nectar. and pollinates it. How seeds leave plants . _.¥ \\ i . 17\"\" ' - _ ”i _ Some seeds stick to the coats ,. _ __ . YeVahveen seeds are ripe, they orteet otbirds and animals. Other seeds grow inside the plantto grownna Later onthey tall offand pods which ripen inthe Sun grow where they land. . _ are blown and burstopen, hurling the gewpltpycthee.Mwamndy or carrned seeds away from the parent bill/3:1:er. Some plants are parasites and Other plants have prickles or feed off llvmg plants. They have can sting, which helps to protect no roots In the ground. them from birds or animals. 39 'll_

tElohaenrgtlhae’rsrgthleaasntndliavsniunyrgftahtcihneign. gTeshlseaeyn. darleive Tbhrie.stoleldceosntetrpel.neeon.InrAe mCoerrdicwa0. 8h0 Why trees lose their leaves d When ll W03 Trees called evergreens can Leaves use sunlightto make Acorky layer grows across keep each leaffor several toad torthe tree. In the autumn each leaf stalk. Water cannot years. Deciduous trees lose all there is not enough sunl Ight for rNeeawchlethaevelesagvreosw, sIon they dle. A}:-: their leaves every year. the leaves to make food. the spring. ‘3 How old is a tree? Every yeara layer of wood grows inside the SD6HROONWUAGRTHRHTOEWORNEREIWNYGAESsAAR. tttrereullenyktorauunntdhketmetrlaleskeey’ssoualifherionswgto.orTyldh. ethneutmrebeeirso. Tf hrienygsalosno a I THE WIDE EVEN RINGS ;' -_ ' , ....._,, 1_ MQEUAICNKLTYHIASTTRFEIRESTG.REW y -. --_ I — a! 2 IT WAs NEARLY KNOCKED OVER, BUT GREW MORE QUICKLY ON ONE SIDE TO STRAIGHTEN ITSELF. 3 FOR A WHILE THE III-i ' TREE WAS CROWDED BY OTHERS. THE THIN 5‘ THESE ARE FIRE SEARS RINGS SHOW THAT THIS MADE IT GROW SLOWLY. _ FROM A FOREST FIRE- 4o TRE5 HAO MORaE 9

H i The tree house SMpllalOlnivCyeethaoilnofgnitssgscoaiwdnenliesvooecthihnaoattnthhdeerGy. rdEoooucnnhdoot0fhttorheveeem.toThhaesy Compete tor the food and Shelter 0 tree gives lhem Greot spotted woodpeckers chip away the bark and eat the insects beneath it. ._ 5; ‘~ '. _ |— - J The lichen moth ltlLlflfF; on the _ -, _ _ __ 'f .._., .' .4 tr Ge Ila-I, Wings Ol’ the some I, Us the when gt owmg Oh the Lt= “fl. ’....' w Iv tt‘t-FeltUnl-c ' .i’ . L..- .._. The long-eored bot hongs in the hollow trunk and sleeps duringthedoy. Plonts like this ivy climb up treesto getmore light. A. if ' 1- . i... I\" l . . ‘:fi' ‘5 'I l“ _. 9\" a:- *1! «r__d:';_-' . I:- .- _. 'l’ 3;? .l C? gar as15'3“”:‘. _. .~ 4» I . , -_ _1. 'i‘r F“1|;; . _- a . . . O '3‘. 1..:_: ~.' J;- n,_I‘ \"u.\"-v ! .1 - _ . \"I: _h. - .J ‘5 . . h‘ t .1. ~.. . .- _ £ ~ -..,. I ‘- /- -.-__ . . , .. _ . _ _ . ’- ' ,1. i 9- - ,' . TfilEbéEHOG i ' which fall oftthe trees. Moles tunnel to catch the worms.

Spiders are not insects Spiders belon .Iktoe oIngsreocutsp, of onimols Coll orochnids. Un they hove Eightelggs and no wings. There ore only bodies and they usuollyhove Melg0hIpQOYrtesSl0‘ the*Ir .f l l ll l ill; 1. \\ I « \\-\\“iv .\\\\ii it E \\lrfi ‘ W ‘~ \\i‘. i t it i\". \\ “\\ \\~. i- it ‘1 i‘. \\ \\\\\\i\\ \\\\ HOUSE FLIES BEAT THEIR WINGS ABOUT 200 TIMES A MINUTE TO STAY IN THE AIR. / FLIES PRODUCE JUICES FLIESI LIKE MOST Notoll insects feed in the some IN SPECIAL GLANDS TO INSECTS, HAVE EYES way. Wosps ond beetles con DISSOLVE THEIR F000 THAT CAN LOOK IN LOTS BEFORE THEY EAT IT. OF DIRECTIONS AT THE bite things and have strong fl;— iows and sharp teeth. THE HOUSE FLY CAN / SAME TIME. WALK UPSIDE DOWN FLIES FIND F000 BY BECAUSE IT HAS STICKY - - ‘FSEMEELLELRINSIGWITHIWCHITHARTEHE/I2 PADS UNDER THE CLAWS CALLED ANTENNAE. 0N ITS FEET. f'f ' Hide and seek «\"I- . THEY HAVE TONGUE- Mosquitoes drink humonor LIKE ‘MOUTHvPARTS' onimol blood by suckIng ImtuOpUfh TWHHEICFH00T0HREYEAUDSYETT0OEGAETT. through their needle-lIke ports. Some corry diseases- STenhnoeImeistmheceoIiernmstsh,-eoeccuiotrsfnlpolsrogeeoeyesk,ttnhlhiekoeemrmt.phsleooinrtthsa. t S0cleooolonmnnvfgueeees,tIrhenmoestuIheshscetootIssrrkmteiminnnleggiemsinmisitcgfioehoshrott.horhnBerenerirsetdttsm.o oth Wosps and bees hove . 42 poisonous stings. They 5\"\"9 their enemies to defend themselves. k

After a female butterfly has I. sfully grown, .Its skin hardens After a while, a butterfly pmlaatnetda, nsdhedl.leasys.Ahecraetegrgps.ilolanra to form a Chrysalis. Changes edmrieeSr ineWs finrogmsOthHedChfIgSnI'lfs_ i: hatches from each egg and begun to take place inside it. search of food. beginsto eat. Every hive has one queen bee, Dancmg the waggle Inside the palace thousands of worker bees and All the bees 90* honey. They Aginglehoney bee cannot several hundred male bees makeitfrom flower nectar and keep ll survive on its own for long. Bees which are called drones. in Six-Sided WOX cells called liveinhives along with as many honeycomb. as 80,000 other bees. J The queen bee lays all the Bees dance to tell each other where to find nectar. A ' eggs but she can not look circular dance means it is after them. Some of the eggs near by. A waggle dance hatch into drones, whose iob meansitis further away. N it is to fertilize eggs. a IIIIIIII When there are too many bees in a hive, a second queen wflioerskaewrsaaynwditshtaartsswaanrmowo“f3..19?. F . ;. J\" . . me“ P?” 1” *“ \" . . \"r‘ v j _ '‘ K I5 '2. .1 ll Mia.\" '. I

I‘ I I' - t. V i I . .' ‘ I . t ' ‘F i . _ :l_ ' L if \" II _ III f . Jl | l ~‘5 Life at the bottom Seaweed Sea plants. (l0 not have roots, Hay/mg lg, usrMsoohcafetknl-lsbsy,oofmidnsihuethdadenasbdneedaoatsccharheenrwadcteunrrereeeaastoru.ntrChceeersastlbhievseaesshcheoloaomrrseceeh.stTotohhfteehe leaves Some ol tlwm luster. ll't’:rri'.r:l,r.. with suclawt parl', rmrl (Jr ()yy seashore for food at high tide. llo“wit;: Tll'hJwblailmrt/HyCii reach towutrls tlm (\"’l‘l'ql'l help the stegrm'. to lloat. la’ 2* la! El Ari. .H. Limpets move about on a ‘2; fleshy foot, but always return f to the same place on a rock. ‘' __‘ ‘ Sea anemones paralyse smalltish with theirtentacles, thenthey feed on them. a & lfa starfish has an arm bitten Off by an enemy, it can grow Fish use their tins for come\"mg balancing, braking and . steering. They use the” lo'ls to drive themselves along-