ace english grammar 7

13 Prepositions Read these sentences. ' The flowers are in the vase. ' Despite the bad weather, the boys played football. . Pr41.';13 5;15 beside me. The words in bold are PrePositions We know that a preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in a sentence. We also know that there are different kinds of prepositions. This table show us how to use the different kinds of prepositions. In, on, at, over, to indicate place or . My shoes are under unoer, aoove, position the bed. below, behind, between, beyond, . I have been studying and so on since 5 o'clock. at, on, in, for, from- to tnolcate flme . The train passed to, since, during, till, through the tunnel. until, and so on into, out of, to indicate direction through, around, up, qown, aron8, past, towards, away from, from, and so on III i.94 II

for to indicate purpose . Taher is waiting for from Mohit. by to indicate the source of . This tea comes from like, as something as Assam. with indicates the means by . We travelled by train which something is done from Mumbai to Kolkata. for comparisons . Ashish is like a brother IO me. to mean in the role of . As your friend, I'll always tell you to do l. means by which the right thing. something is done . She cut the vegetables 2, the manner in which with a knife. something is done ' He worked with 5. to indicate that enthusiasm. someone is in the company of someone . Divya is with her sister. etse Other prepositions include about, without ag-ainst, except, except for, apart from, :In*.a.d.jdilitCiont:to, ,bwy-imthearengsaordf, of, despite, inspite oi in case, instead ofl on accour* to, and so on. . Ali offices are closed today on account ofthe strike. ' . All the boys went for the picnic, except for priyanshu. ! Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions. t. Do his parents live in Rajkot? 2. I think it's better if you take a paper bag you. lrlrl. _The oranges are the bowl that is the dining table. 95 ITI

all his troubles, Aijaz still helps his friends' I 5. Everybody contributed for Amir! birthday, Vijay. He was leave that day. 6. Ra.jesh and Asha are selling tickets the dance show. llljlll the new restaurant near our house' 7. I have ordered food 8. My brother has alwaYs acted a friend and a mentor to me' o Choose the correct answers to complete these sentences' t. Sadaf couldn't concentrate on her studies. She had a lot on her mind. a. In, on b. on, on c. on, in d. in, in z. Please helP Mukesh. He is a bit of fix what to do for Sunaina's birthday. a. at, about b. over, as xo c. on, for d. in, over 3. Junk food doesn't agree me. c. on a. with b. wiihout d. to 4. lhaven't met Jasmeet, but lhave heard a lol her. a. of b. with c. about d. for 7 otlock. 5. The chief guest should reach the venue d. Dy a. within b. from c. on a bag I used to own. 6. The design on this scarf reminds me d. apart from a. about b of c. by 7 There was a massive trafficjam the rally. a. in spite of b. from c. on account of d. bv 8. This time, I ordered coffee my reSular rea at the coffee shoP' a. after b. in spite of c. instead of d. in addition io v Correct the prepositions in these sentences' l. He often helps people en trouble. in 2. Ritu was a happy person of a great sense of humour' 3. My cousin is renting a flat in the top floor of the building where I live' III 96 III

4. I love looking out the coconut trees down the river. 5. The police were keeping a close watch about the man the blue shirt. 6. Saroj is reading a novel from a brave girl. 7. I love the colour of the building within the street. @ Complete these sentences with the correct preposltions from the box. l. Many large passenger boats travel across the Hoogly River. Our house is easy to find. lt is the school and the oost office. 5. During the camping trip, we sat campfires and sang old melodies. I like being happy and motivated people. Muzda lives alone a house the laker o. The beautiful painting hangs my bed at home. 7. Rajat saw his mother off the airport this morning. 8. Tara cut the apple into slices put it a plate. 9. V comes U in the alphabet. o. The library is a mile the first signal. Grammar Activity toDraw a picture of your bedroom in your notebook. Use suitable prepositions i kept.write ten sentences to say where things are , '..........: lIIf.,oiF.:.III

ii.'41..' 14 Coniunctions Read these sentencEs. . We went home because it was getting dark' . Amir went to Chennai and then to Pondicherry' . Either John or Manasi has mY book' The words in bold are coniunctions word that connects words' phrases' clauses We know th\"t a conjunction is a joining or sentences Coordinating Conjunctions A conjunction that joins words, phrases, clauses or sentences that are of equal importance is called a coordinating conjunction' This table shows us how to use coordinating conjunctions' Joining clausas/ sentences adds two things . I play football and he that are similar plays cricket. indicates contrast intelligenN . not at home but Raina is tall but her but lazy sister is taller in school indicates a We can go to Puri or in the garden or in the park two things . shy yet ate lunch yet ' We live in different means'ot ihe feeling hungry helpfLrl cities, yet we are t#i:rrr NI98

zlt-r\\ @ Choose the correct conjunctions to complete these sentences. t. Farhan did not come or send someone to collect the box. (and / or) u. They all fell off the stage, no one was hurt. (or/ but) 3. You must dance gracefully you will not be part of the troupe. (but / or) 4. I woke up late, I reached school on time. (yst / q1) 5. Sit down on the boat you will fall into the water. (yet / or) 6. Arjun likes to compose music lyrics. (but / and) 7. I think the test is tomorrow, I'm not sure. (and / but) 8. Sudha may be in her room in the kitchen. (or / and) Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinaling conjunction is used to join a main clause and a subordinate clause. It helps to indicate time, place, purpose, condition, reason, contrast, and so on. This table shows us how to use subordinating conjunctions, when, while, till, until, to indicate time . We cannot go out until whenever, before, after, as Father returns home, soon as, since, until where, wherever to indicate place . I can take you whereyer so, so that to indicate purpose you want to go. if, unless, whether to indicate condition . We are making a model so because, as, since to indicate reason that we can take part in the science fair. though, although to indicate contrast r We can have a cold drink IIII if you are thirsty. . We are making dinner because we have invited our friends for Iunch. . Though Amita knew the answer, she did not raise her hand. rIr.99

Circle the conjunctions in these sentences. Write SC if they are subordinating conjunctions and CC if they are coordinating conjunctions. t. This is the pi\".\"@we had our class picnic. SC z.ll I would like to go to the beach, but I have to finish my project. 3. Would you like to go to the park or play at home? 4. Lavin will not come unless he is invited. 5. The keys were on the table, yet Mehul could not find ihem. 6. Although I warned her about the weather, she went out without a jacket. Z Asif was unfit, so he could not run fast in the race. 8. Since it was raining, we decided to have hot pakoras with tea in the evening. Combine these sentences using suitable subordinating conjunctions. Say the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) r. Vikram was late. l-larish left without him. Vikram was late, so Harish left without him. 2. Vinod stayed at home. Vinod had a lot of homework. do.5. Qicha did not call me. I did not know what we needed to rr late.Lucy came first in the race. Lucy began (, i 5. Sunita played well. Sarah won the tennis match. 6. Kalpana did not get a prize. Kalpana had worked very hard. 7. Take your umbrella with you. lt is raining outside. 8. I was hungry. I decided to make an omelette for myself. Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence. Correlative conjunctions include pairs such as both / and, either / or, neither / nor, not / but, not only / but also, and so on. ffiFrrr 100 ffiII

\\ o Complete these sentences with the correct pairs of conjunctions from the box. neither/nor whetheilo:r t. The stand-up comic was neither witty nor funny. 2. that is the case, lets postpone the meeting. to order pizza 5. Have you made a decision about sandwiches? had I taken my jacket off, it started raining. healthy. 5. This dish is delicious to read books. 6. do I like to play video games qurte easy. 7. The examination was very short the zoo on Sunday. 8. We will go to the park 6 go-r1.1. these sentences with the correct conjunctions from the box. or not only thgugh t. Tim likes his new school and the teachers are excellent. 2. Dolly is caflng very helpful. you will forget the lyrics. 3. You should practise singing 4. I like Rahul he was rude to me a few days ago. 5. Rakesh will not go home his father comqs to fetch him. 6. Prakash is late Itold him to be here on time. 7. Sanjay his sister could understand what therr parents were saying when they spoke Bengali. 8. lspoke to Viren lwent on the trip. IIII rEr101

15 Direct and Indirecl SPeech Read these sentences. . \"Where can I buy a lock for my bicycle?\" asked Tanmay. . Tanmay asked where he could buy a lock for his bicycle. V!The first sentence is in direct speech' In direct speech we quote the exact words spoken by someone by using inverted commas' . \"l will be late,\" said Santosh. . \"What is the time?' asked Preeti' The second sentence is in indirect speech. ln indirect speech or reported speech, we report the words that someone h'\"' ln such cases' we do not use inverted l commas. \"pok\"n . Santosh said that he would be late' . Preeti asked what the time was' There are some points to keeP in mind while changing sentences from direct speech into indirect sPeech. Indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense . He said that... . We told him .. . She reported that. . All the verbs in indirect speech are in the past tense' . \"We are planning a trip to the Himalayas,\" said Lisa' . Lisa said that they were planning a trip to the Himalayas' First person pronouns and adjectives become third person pronouns and adiectives' . Burhan said, \"l am going to see my brother soon \" III 102 ffiII

' Burhan said that he was going to see his brother soon. The tense in indirect speech does not change if the reported statement is still true at the time of reporting. ' The doctor said, \"Your blood group is B positive.\" ' The doctor said that my blood group is B positive. Changing Commands and Requests to Indirect Speech ' ' \"Give me a glass of water, please,\" Antara asked Simone. (direct requebt) ' Antara requested Simone to give her a giass ofwater. (ndirect iequest) When we change commands or requeits to indirect speech, vie beeiriwith v\"rb. as told, ordered, commanded, instructed, asked, requested, beggld or pleaded.\"r\"h The imperative form ofthe verb indirect commands changes,to the infinftive in indirect commands. ' The teacher said, \"Bring your diaries.\" (dir.ect command) ' The teacher told Lr5to bring our diaries. (ndirect command) The word don't in direct cdmminds becomes not to in injirdct commands. ' \"Don't go there alone,\" said Vikas. (direct command) ' Vikas instructed us not to go there alone. (ndirect comm\"nd;-. ' Weusea.reportingvelbtointroduceastatement,cornm'andorrequest in both direct speech and indirect speech. ' -Shesaid thatshewas hungr!.,:;,, : .1 . , '..l ' He complained that it was too dark to read. !) Complete the second sentence in gach pair in indirect speech t. \"You need to work harder in school,\" said Mina's mother. Mina s mother said that she needed to work harder in school. IIII .TOEIIT

2. Gita said to Dharam, \"We haven't finished our homework \" Gita told Dharam that their homework. i. The doctor said, \"You can go to school from tomorrow Smriti\" lllllt The doctor Smriti to school 4. Nilesh says, \"l wenttothe circus yesterday\" Nilesh to the circus 5. She said, \"We are worried about the damage caused by the fire \" Jne about the damage caused by the fire 6. Abhilasha said, \"l play the piano very well\" Abhilasha the piano verY well. Grandmother said, \"l like travelling by bus \" travelling by train. Grandmother o Choose the correct reporting verbs from the brackets to complete these sentences. '1. Alfred susgested that ihey visit Padma, who was unwell' (suggested / recommended) z. Funit to having lied to her about the broken glass' (admitted / stated) 3. Ashmi that thev stay at a homestay since it was more comfortable' (reported / recommended) that he was going to Pondicherry with his friends' (suggested / mentioned) 5. The tour organiser ih,at they would be very tired by the time they reached Manali. (confirmed / predicted) 6. Janaki to help her mother set the table. (requested / offered) 7. They that thev had alreadv booked their tickets to Goa' (confirmed / suggested) 8. The caretaker us that there would be no water the next day' (offered / informed) III TIIt04

Change these commands and requests from direct speech to indirect speech. 't. The class monitor said to the boys, \"Form a line and go to the class.\" The class monitor told the boys to form a line and qo to the class The teacher said to the girls, \"Please be quiet in the classroom.,' 3. Mother said to Bhavesh, \"Clean your room right now.,' 4. Samina said to Varun, \"Please give me a glue stick.\" 5. She said to the boys in the back row, \"Stop whispering in class.,, 6. lr'lother said to us, \"Be careful when you cross the road.\" 7. She said to the passer-by, \"Please tell me how to get to the bus stop.\" 8. Theteachersaid to Pinky, \"Stop interrupting the class; let Minakshi finish speaking.,, o Change these sentences from indirect speech to direct speech. r.He told Pratiksha that he enjoyed staying in the village with his grandparents. He said to Pratiksha, \"l enioy stayins in the villaee with z. She said to the police officer that her bag was stolen the day before. 3. Adil said that he was tired after walkine ten kilometres. Daisy stated that she liked painting more than reading. IIT IIIflts

5. Francis said that Tom and I must meet his father' 6. Grandmother complained :hat she could not find her walking stick' 7. Sara said that she needed to go to the market that day' 8. Rohan said that he had lost Sunny's ruler' Changing Questions to lndirect Speech Read these sentences. ' \"Where are myspectacles?\" asked Grandfather'(direct speech) ' Grandfather asked where his spectacles were' (indirect speech) When we report questions in indirect speech' they are no longer questions Therefore' *\"'r.\" i\"rf .i.pi lt the end of indirect questions' To report questions in indirect speech, we use reporting verbs like asked, enquired' t onier\"d.*anted to know,tried to find out, and so on' There are two kinds of questions-wh- questions and yes/no questions' ffff'.f\"i,:j;]f;f;ii;i.:t;]\"ir#.\".\"\"\" *:f I :1'l::If**\"In direct speech, if thslq i5 3 wh- question' we retain,the wt- as thev are for reported : affirmative sentences' l.JJ' \"\"a\"\"'i ttn\"es-a'\" wtho\"u'ld\"tien \"'\"in\" as it 'ame . He ask6d her, {f{hen are you coming home?\" . He asked herwhen she was coming home ln direct speech, if there is a Yes/No q'\"\"tion' th\" *o'ds if or whether are used in indirect speech. ' Jasmineasked Vandana,\"Doyou livehere?i' . Jasmine asked Vandanaif she lived there. III TEI

@ Change these wh- questions from direct speech to indirect speech. t. Father asked, \"When is Tony going to school?,, Father asked when Tony was going to school. z. He asked, \"Where is the metro station?,' He enquired g. I asked, \"What is the time?\" I wanted to know 4. Kavya asked, \"What does this sentence mean, Mother?,, Kavya asked her mother 5. Diya asked Richa, \"Which one is your book?,, Diya wanted 6. Karen said, \"Who are you looking for?\" Karen enquired Z I asked, \"How will the machine work?\" I tried to find out 8. Tara said, \"When will you come to my house?,, Tara enquired @ Change these questions from indirect speech to direct speech. t. Mr Gupta enquired which train yusuf would take to go to Bilaspur. Mr Gupta asked, \"Which train will yusuf take to eo to Bilaspur?,, 2. Supriya wondered where her photo frame was. 3. The teacher wanted to know why Hannah looked so pale. 4. He wanted to know how cold it was in Ladakh. !. The postman wondered why people had stopped sending postcards. s&,r,IIf

Jane tried to find out what Zarina would be doins after she finished scnoor. 7 The elderly woman requested me to help her cross the road. tll 8. Mother asked Sam if he had seen her soectacles. 9. Revathi asked the tailor if he would have the suit ready by the next evening. lo. Babita asked Namita if she had fever. @ Ch\"nge th.se questions from direct speech to indirect speech. t. She asked, 'Are you planning to make biryani for dinner?\" She asked if I was planning to rrake biryanl for dinner. z. Sushil asked,'Am I supposed to bring anything?\" 3. Lakshmi asked, \"ls that your jacket?\" 4. Siuti asked, \"Does this bus go to Park Street?\" 5. Aunt Becky asked, \"Have you had breakfast?\" 6. Sandesh asked, \"Will you please tell Sameera that lwill be late?\" Z I asked, 'Were they angry with you?\" 8. Janice asked, \"Can you ask your sister to call me?\" TTITII 108 :S$ffffiI

@ Change these indirect questions to direct spoech. t. The teacher asked Rashida if she had practised for the storytelling competition. The teacher asked Rashida. \"Have vou practised for the storvtelline comoetition?\" z. My friend enquired if I required so many books to prepare for the science exam. 5. Sukanya asked whether Komal knew the way to Eden Gardens. I. Sujata asked if Grandfather would take her to the swimming club in the evening. 5. She asked whether the artist had the time to draw her father's oortrait. 6. The principal asked whether all the students were present for the practise. 7. Suhavi asked if I had finished my project. 8. Aditya asked whether we were going to the Botanical Gardensor not. Change these negative questions from direct speech to indirect speech. Say the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. The girl asked, \"lsthis not the same film we saw last week?\" if it was n z. Shaliniasked, \"Will you not visit us this year?\" 5 lvlother asked, \"Don't you want to prepare for your tests?\" 4. I asked,'Am I not your lab partner?\" 5. Rituja asked, \"Can't you meet me before dinner?\" 6. I asked, \"Aren't you part of the school basketball team?\" IITWffi&III

Grammar Activity lmagine you went for an interview to work as a gummer trainee for a newspaper company. These are some of the quertions the interviewer asked you' Tell your friend about the questiont you were asked. Uge indirect speech. How old are you? Why do you want to work with us? Will you be able to interview other people? Which is your favourite section in a newspaper? Have you worked anywhere else before this? ] What areyour hobbies and interests? : H\"u. yo, \"u.r. *ritten in the school magazine or any other magazine? ................... III III1t0

Read these sentences. . The man in the white shirt is my uncle. . We took a shortcut through a lane. ' The earthen pot is made of clay. The words in bold are phrases. t\"We It is know that a phrase is a erouo of words that makes pseinrs\"e.,\"bi\"u.t .n\"ort.ci o1m\"p\"\"lete sense. usually part of a larger intence wh\"\" *rrt\". a \",\"ru. @ W.it\" whether these groups of words are phrases (F) or sentences (S). t. lf you want to participate in the play, you have to sign up by tomorrow. S z. The entire road had been cordoned off for the rally. 5, across the road a. a brilliant cricket player S. I didn't think it was going to rain so I didn,t carry my umbrella today. 6. made of paper Z The zoo in my hometown 8. in a few minutes Adverb Phrases Read these sentences. ' I saw Akash only two days ago. . After a lot of thought, they came up with a solution. lrrr trI111

The words in bold are adverb Phrases' An adverb phrase doesthe ;w;o':rikilo;{;.alnn oadu\"n\"b\",l\"u:\"':.b:l.t^.nad\"'T;l?t gTliii:l:i:f,.l':!,*d*;'3*hff\"i*' '*' :ii$'-ffi: ;il: l,:ilil *t\"''1ll,1r ;;iJ;,-;i;\" u\";i1\".':;::::*:i:I;i::'\"'1 how often, for rt si*' wh\"adt *re,bas.on and to v^ Circle the adverb phrases in these sentences' l. The athlete ran 2. The children ran across the field' Very quietly, Jason tiptoed into the room' 4. Boman is arriving from New Delhi the day after tomorrow' 5. The flag was unfurled during the ceremony' 6. You can stand wherever You like' 7. The stolen goods were found in the deserted cottage' 8. On his return, Deepak was asked a lot of questions' @ V\"t\"tt tt. parts in column A and B to form complete sentences' t. Swati hid herself a. on his waY home b. bec\"u.e of the b\"d *eathe' z attt oret' th.ytlgs!q!-e&'9dl9lyj!t c. desoite the h99Y$1gl!! Mv friends visit me d. behind the curtain (t) 4. Despite being in great Parn' e. twice every week t. v\"\"rrf-jbrjgblrlgr-rrlg!&d Ith\" enjoyed themselves on th\"heilbder\"anch. 6. We went to bed earlY in order to rest well hu will oick uP milk We managed to reach the station h. the injured PlaYer showed uP on time, for the'match. III 112 TII

W- Adjective Phrase Read these sentences. ' Prem often helps people in trouble. ' Prerna was a happy person with a great sense of humour. The words in bold are adjective phrases. An adjective phrase does the work of an adjective in a sentence. lt contains an adjective and any other modifier that may be modifying a noun or a pronoun. Adjective phrases may use prepositions or -ing participles to perform the work of an adjective. ' The boy riding the bicycle looks familiar. (with -ing participle) ' The cat with a collar belongs to my neighbour. (with a preposition) We use an adjective phrase beginning with a preposition after a noun to give more information about the noun. Adjective phrases can be placed immediately before or after the nouns they describe. ' very well organised (before the noun) . extremely difficult (before the noun) . man covered in sweat (after the noun) o Underline the adjective phrases in these sentences. t. All of us loved climbing the hill behind my uncle's house. 2. My grandfather was a man of great courage. 5. We enjoyed watching the ships in the harbour. 4. My grandmother often recollects the years before' independence. My parents are the most important people in my life. We rented a cottage in the woods. Saroj is reading a novel about an adventurous girl. I love the shape of the installation art in the park. The brownies smell deliciously sweet. rII 1r3 !ffi*II

'to, Extra buttons came with the coat. lt. I was delighted he was chosen for the part. 12. They were proud of their team winning the championship. G) adiective phrases from the box to complete fl::tt\"*:ncorrect l. This is the end of a very lons TV series. rs my au 2. Did you see the man is a vulture. 5. That woman dances well I used to lrve ln a Tlar tne orro 6. The lily pool is in the garden 7. The girl 8. Can you get me the book Noun Phrase Read these sentences. . The rising sun looks beautiful. . lndu and her friends visited the historiocathedral The words in bold are noun Phrases. We know that a noun refers to a person, place, object, thing, concept or event' A noun ohrase is a phrase that does the work of a noun. lt may contain a single noun or pronoun, or it may have a noun along with its modifiers. . Those women look very elegant. (noun phrase with a noun and modifier) . The dense {orest was home to many animals. (noun phrase with a noun and modifiers) III t14 II

@ Underline the noun phraees in these sentences. t. My sister loves yellow flowers. z. The escaped monkey ate a banana. 3. The teacher loves teaching English. 4. My father has a large collection of coins. 5. Most people dislike standing in long queues. 6. The continental plates drift apart by 2 centimetres eyery year. Z. The ba(ery is the oqly successfulshop here. 8. The Red House wins all the prizes every year. @ Complete these sentences using the correct noun phrases from the box. t. I don't like frozen yoghurt. lt is too cold and bland for me. 2, Sonya just bought It was painted by I need before I get into bed. You paid for wasn't the same as the one shown on the website. I will pay for the sofa set. 6. affected the traffic situation in the citv. 7. is Friday. L must be fixed today. @ ldentify what kind the underlined phrases are. Write NP for noun phrase, AP for adjective phrase and AVP for adverb phrase. The last {lood in the region was many years ago. NP The man sneezed into his handkerchiei .{|teiiIII

--l lwish I could flY like a bird. /l The man in the blue shirt works in this office' The students attending this programme will be given special certificates 6. The rumours that are tlqi!]!g! tend to travel the fastest' 7. I don't doubt your version of the story' 8. We have set uP g19Y;Y9!911. Prepositional Phrase Read these sentences. . The necklace in the shop window was stunning. . We met some people from GermanY. The words in bold are prepositional phrases' A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and is followed by a noun or noun pl'r\"\"|. tt fun\"tion. either as an adjective or an adverb' The same phrase may function as an adjective or adverb' depending on the context' . We met some people {rom Germany. (adjective phrase modifying people) ' The movement started from Germany' (adverb phrase modifying started) Q Underline the prepositional phrases in these sentences' t. We all were surprised at the news' z. The actor playing the king was supposed to enter from the right side' 3. In the evening, all the street lights are switched on' 4. The spectacles on the counter were left behind by a young man' 5. Samia has always felt inspired by Serena Williams' 6. To my surprise, Ajit had already left for home' i 7. Against the odds, the Sushant managed to win the competition' t, 8. The woman on the stage is one of the most respected scientists in India' 1r I ! III 116nII I

Q Write whether the underlined prepositional phrases are adjectives (ADJ) or adverbs (ADV). t. The book on the table belongs to my brother. ADJ 2. The letter from my sister left me quite emotional. 4. Right before the trip, Mukesh fell sick. 5. Last night, my family went out for dinn er al Rita's pizzerio. 6. lVahima is working from home today. 7. The carrots in the vegetable curry weren't cooked well. 8. The woman with the serious face turned out to be kind and funnv. Yerb Phrase Read these sentences. ' We would have some if there was more time. . He will be waiting for you at the theatre. The words in bold are verb phrases. A verb phrase does the work of a verb in a sentence.lt tl. ,\"i\" ii\"other words like a modal or auxiliary verb that help usually comes at the end of the verb phrase. consists of a main verb and main verb \"\"r[. @ Underline the ysrb phrases in these sentences. L There have been several cases of chickenpox in the past few months. 2. Even on bad days, he could not be seen without a smile on his face. 3. Thehousewill have been built bythetime Rahim returns from portusal. 4. Even without my help, you would have performed well. 5. The troupe was performing when the explosion happened outside the auditorium. 6. I don't think we have been fair to Mihir. 7. l-le studied hard so that he could become an architect. IIIr tlt IrI8. I have never had so much fun in my entire life!

17 Glauses Read these sentences. . Karan used to visit us quite often before he moved to Vumbai. . r[ ]ou rart o bu/ ooo' , you can visit this bookstore. . We can go to Ajay's house after we finish our homework. The underlined words are clauses. A clause is a group of words that has a verb. lt can be part of a sentence or a sentence by itsell A clause has a subject and a predicate. Clauses can be of two kinds-main clauses and subordinate clauses. Main clauses can be sentences by themselves because they make complete sense. Subordinate clauses, on the other hand, depend on main clauses to complete their meaning ' We were sleeping in our room when the telephone rang. main clause subordinate clause A main clause has all the features of a sentence, and can stand alone as an independent sentence. . We were sleeping in our room. o Mark the words in bold as phrases (P) or clauses (C). t. Aunt Ruby bought the parrot from a tonga-driver. P 2. The toos of the moqntains were covered with snow. 3. He has a chain which is made of silver. Mother was sure that Minka had broken the cup. 5. She finished her work and went home to sleep. 6. We all ran into the bedroom when we heard a bang. ItErr''..lffi 118

7. I will meet you very soon in Mussoorie. L l'4any books of mysteries and detective stories are found in the library. Circle the main clauses and underline the subordinate clauses in these sentences. - ,<t1-- - ------------ , z. Whoever is the last one to leave turns off the lights. 5. The man who committed the theft last night has been caught. 4. Whenever my parents go out of town, I stay at my aunt,s house. 5. As soon as Max heard my voice, he came running to me. 6. ldon't know whether he is innocenr. Z The building, where he lives, consists of many apartments. 8. Jalal wili enrol in this college if he doesn,t get into any other. AqverD Ltause ,\\ Read these sentences. ' lchopped vegetables while my brother washed the rice. . l-{e has many friends because he is uery friendly. The underlined words are adverb clauses. An adverb clause performs the function of an adverb in a sentence. Since it is a subordinate clause, it is connected to the main clause by a subordinating ::ljii\"tl\"\" like when, whils because., although, before, afier, sincs so, even though, until,.before, if, in casg aq or, though, and sJon. lt has a subject anJ a verb and usually answers the questions When?, Why?, flow? and Where?. @ Underline the adverb clauses in these sentences. t. Manju likes to stay in hotels when she visits a new city. u. Even though I have never met him personally, he still inspires me. 3. After you've lived in the peaceful mountains, it is difficult to adjust to life in a city. 4. lf this was your original plan, you should stick to it. III 119 .,:,:l.\"*iiIf

5. In spite of the fact that she had met him before, she couldn't recognise him yesterday. 6. Although the trip was full of ups and downs, it turned out to be one of the best vacations ever. 7. Before you make anyjudgement about the case, you should listen to both sides. 8. ln case I see her, I shall tell her you were looking for her. o Match the main clauses in column A with the adverbial clauseg in column B to form complete sentenccs. t. Navjot has gone to Bikaner a. although he has grey hair. I b. if you do not keep quiet. 2. Meera is learning French c. until hejoined college. I 3. Anuj is not old d. so that the police could not trace him. 4. Kamna slept without having dinner e. in order to do a course in textile 5. Sometimes Maggie washes the dishes printing. (r) 6. lbrahim had not made manv friends f so thatthey could reach the show on time. 7. They left home early g. because it will help her get a good job. h. since she wants to visit France. 8. Amina wants to do a course i. as she had a severe headache. In computers j. before she goes to bed. 9. The criminal telephoned from a public booth to. lwill complain to the teacher Complete the adverb clauses in these sentences with the correct subordinating conjunctions from the box. l. Adarsh went to Mysuru because his parents live there. 2. I win a free ticket, I can't afford to go anywhere right now lSrrr rno II

_I have never gone swimming in the sea, | am still fascinated by the underwater world. the team was already through to the finals, the coach decided to give the players a day offi the rains stopped, the children played in the puddles. _6. I train for two hours daily participate in the athletic competition. 7. you are interested in studying Accounts, you should take up Commerce in college. 8. there is no evidence against the suspect, most people believe him to be the culprit. Adjective Clause Read these sentences. . This is Mr Singh, who teaches Physics in our school. . He likes any book that is about history. The underlined words are adjective clauses. An adjective or relative clause performs the work of an adjective, by modifying a noun or a pronoun. Since it is a subordinate clause, it cannot stand alone, lt is usually linked to the main clause by relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, which, where, that, and so on. lt has a subject and a verb and answers the questions How many?, What kind?, and so on. Rearrange these words to form complete sentences, Then underline the adjective clauses. t. a red engine/that/ has / Sudha / has/ a toytrain Sudha has a toy train that has a red ensine. z. very helpful / the people / who / this town / live / in / are 3. has arrived / | sent / to Neha / that / three weeks ago / The postcard 4. Anisha / we went / the restaurant / that / had suggested / to III rII121

5. Bunty attends / that / in Kodaikanal / is / the school 6. in Nainital / knows/ myfriend / lives / about cars/who/ a lot last week / is not working / the camera / now / | bought / which 8. can teach me / | am looking / who / play volleyball / to / for someone Frame two sentences about each profession in the box based on the tools used. l. astronomer telescope potter's wheel 3. dentist drill mrcroscope tholosist stethosco chisel 7. plumber binoculars 8. park ra 9. Carpenler 10. Weaver An astronomer is a scientist who studies the stars, lanets and other objects *hi.h .\"n ui.* distaq!9!i99[ He uses a telesco \" Noun Clause Read these sentences. . lt is hard to believe that so much time ha:.p?ssed' . lcould not ,nd.rrt\"-nd*hyR\"..\"t!9q!{.dg:99b-91!r III 12 III

The underlined words are noun clauses. A noun clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a noun. lt usually begins with words like that, what, when, where, how, whether, who, whom, why, and sJon. A noun clause usually answers the question What? following the verb. A noun clause can easily be replaced with a noun. ' We know that the school reopens tomorrow, (noun clause) . We know Piyush. (noun) @ Underline the noun clauses in these sentences. ? t. We are worried that you will not be able to raise funds. z. We don't know whether tomorrow will beaholiday. g. You have to admit that you made a mistake. 4. Can you call me when it is time to go home? 5. lt is important to understand why Rupam acted that way. 6. I wonder how he plans to go home. 7. You can buy whatever you like 8. I don't know whom to contact in case of an emergency. Q Complete these sentences by changing the questions to noun clauseg t. Who did you meet at the party? Tell me who vou met at the party. z. Who did Nayan talk to? Do you know 3. Who lives in that bungalow? Do you know 4. What time is Flight 677 supposed to arrive? Can you tell me 5. What did Jaya say? Tell me IIT IN III

What kind of car does Jim have? lcan't remember Where can I catch the bus? Could you please tell m Who did Sara invite? I don't know lvl W.ite *h.ther the underlined clauses are noun clauses (NC)' adjective clauses (AC) or adverb clauses (AVC)' l, When the dav comes, I will be there for you' AVC 2. Where there is a will, there is a waY' 5. Jackie loves the wav Sandra sings. It was my idea which sot selected' I don't know if thev know the whole truth' 6. Because there is no water, we can't wash the clothes right now' 7. The kind couple gave away so much that everyone was overwhelmed 8. The horizon is the place where the skv appears to meet the land' @ Choose the correct answers. r. Th e iurv believed that the man was guilty' a. Noun clause y' b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause c. Adverb clause z. Come when You like. b. Adjective dause c. Adverb clause c. Adverb clause a. Noun clause 5. I know the girl who won the Prize' a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause 4. He confessed that he was guiltY' a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause III II124

I know you have great regard for him. a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause c. Adverb clause c. Adverb clause I want to see Venice before I move to Australia. c. Adverb clause c. Adyerb clause a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause 7. I know a boy whose father serves in the army. a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause 8. I will not go until he arrives. a. Noun clause b. Adjective clause Grammar Activity Complete these sentences in your own words according to the instructions in the brackets. t Uilln';ii;person who won the debate competition this vear? 2- call me. (adverb clause) g. That book was very uselut. (adJecttve clause) : 4. Pia decided lnoun clause, : 5. I will help you 6. lt is believed taovero ctausel : (noun clause) : III 1E IIT

I o Inserttheadverbsinthebracketsinthecorrectp|acesinthesesentences. l. Jason is a polite boy and he says thank you' (always) z. I have headaches. (rarely) 5. She has been working hard (certainly) 4. lt will rain today. (definitelV) 5. Are you sure this is the correct way? (absoluiely) 6. The director was impressed by the presentation (highlY) 7. The birds were chirping' (merrily) 8. Jeet practises the piano' (regularly) @ Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions' t- This move is the rules of the game' z. There is a big age difference the two brothers. 5. You should exPlain the concePt them. 4. We do not know anYthing this product. 5. our visit to Turkey, we picked up a lot of souvenirs' 6. Saniya is the iallest all the girls in the class. 7. The business is sPread . the countrY. the classroom. 8. The teacher asked Mahi to stand o Join these pairs of sentences with suitable conjunctions' l. I add milk to my tea. I don't add sugar to it' z. Listen to the story. Answer the questions in complete sentences' 5. ls it Thursday today? ls it Friday today? III126 II

4 ffi 4. Jenny was watching the road. Philip was reading in the car. 5. lwill arrive in Cairo. lwill send you a message. 6. The bridge collapsed. lt was made of bamboo poles. 7 The show started. The chiefguest arrived. 8. He was unwell. l-{e did not take any medicines. @ Change these sentences to indirect speech. t. Uma asked, \"When are we going out?\" u. Rachit said, \"l am going to visit the library tomorrow.\" 5. Manish said, \"l've known Sachin for years.\" a. Tripti asked, \"Where are your new pair of shoes?\" 5. I asked Anil, \"Won't you play basketballtoday?\" 6. Rahul asked me, \"Did you watch the tennis match last night?', Z l-le said to her, \"What a hot dayl\" 8. \"Please clear the tables after you have finished the food,\" mother told the girls. Underline the phrases and clauses in these sentences. Write what kind they are. t. Sunita promised that she would not be late today. z. The recipe in this book says we need milk. 5. This is the house where I used to live. 4. She is excited about the basketball tournament. 5. I become scared whenever I watch a horror film. 6. Tarun, who is my cousin, is fourteen years old. 7 The bird perched on the branch, is a peacock. 8. The fox saw the grapes which hung over the garden wall. 9. This is the same house where Tennyson lived. III TE III

v-, Underline the adjective phrases in these sentences' l. He is a man of PrinciPle. ltltll 2. That was truly an act of cowardice' 3. He was a young man of great Promise' 4. It was a scene of great beautY. A document of great value was found recently' 6. A man with a long beard came to see me' 7. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush' 8. We visited many villages without any inhabitants' @ Underline the relative clauses in these gentences' l. The girl who answered the phone told me you were not at home' 2. I want to live in a place where there is lots to do' 3. Can I have the pencil that lgave you this morning? 4. I know the taxi driver who took my friend to the railway station 5. The guide who showed us around the museum was well-informed' 6. The girl who is sitting beside Mohini is her cousin' Z The doctor who treated Aparna was very kind and knowledgeable' 8. The man whose house was burgled called the police immediately' o Complete these sentences using adverbial clauses' t. She looked hapPY because 2. We cannot go out until 5. Somebody knocked at the door when 4. Keep it where 5. He will be unhaPPY wherever 6. Rishi is as intelligent as 7. David went swimming in sPite of 8. The woman took notes while III 1N II

18 Read these sentences. Mv familv and I were supporting the Tzo team from Kolkata. No one knows the answer to this riddle. We know that every sentence has a subject and a predicate. The oredicate could include of verbs, direct and indirect objects, complements and adverbials. Every predicate has at least one verb. The verb changes according to the number of subjects-singular for singular subjects and plural wiih plural sublects. The tense of the verb also changes according to the time of action or state. The predicate may contain an object, An object is a person or a thing that is affected or influenced by the action of the verb in a sentence. lt is generally a noun or a pronoun and it comes after the verb. ' All of us love music. ln the sentence above, the word music is an object. A predicate may also contain two objects-direct and indirect. ' The schoolgave me a certificate. ' Our teacher sent us some advice on email. A certificate and some advice are direct objects, whereas me and us are jndirect objects. The predicate may also contain a complement, A complement is usually a noun or an adjective. lt comes after verbs such as is, am, are, was, were, has, nave, seem, appear, become, look, and so on. lt expresses the quality, state or the identity of the subject or the object. ' The news made him sad. I-I II129

In the sentence on the previous page, sad is a complement of the object, him' The predicate may also contain an adverb. Adverbs or adverb phrases generally appear at the end of a sentence after the verb, object or complement. JJJ.I. The principal welcomed the guests politely. subject verb object adverb . Rajat was absent yesterdaY. J.t.tJ subject verb complement adverb @ Circle the subjects and underline the predicates. t. diti Kuma is a superstar. 2. There are many beautiful flowers growing by the hillside. Sanjay Chawla wants to be a singer The hotel looks new and fancy. They made him their chairman. 6. Chomsky is a great linguist. 7. l'1any people considered llawking a genius. 8. They are driving me to Hampi. Pick out the verbs, objects, complements and adverbs from these sentences and put them in the correct columns. t. The children are are reading comic books reading comic booKs now. She bought flowers last evenrnt. III l:iltII

5. Most trees shed leaves in autumn. 4. Sanjay is a lawyer. 5. She looked tired yesterday. 6. lpurchaseda loaf of bread today. Z The roses are beautiful. 8. Diana became a reacner at a young Kinds of Sentences We know that there are four kinds of sentences_declarative, assertive, interrotative and exclamatory. A declarative sentence makes a statement, gives some information, expresses an opinion or makes a promise, . Sushma invited us for dinner. . There is no more candy in thejar. a1dlv:ricte:,,ld\"r,retyct:ion*s.teornicnestrguicvteiosnas-command, an order, makes a request, and gives . Make an appointment with the principal. ' Please get the hand blender fixed. An interrogative sentence asks a question. . Did you find what you were looking for? . Who locked the door at night? An exclamatory sentence expresses emotions such as surprise,joy, pain, anger or pity. ' Whai a lovely sight it wasl . How tallyou have grownr III IIT

Write what kinds of sentences these are-declarative, interrogative' imperative or exclamatory. l. Simran is not going to be late. declarative 2. Where is your brother? 3. This is the most beautiful house I have ever seenl 4. Burgers are not good for health. It took a great deal of hard work to farm this area. 6. Could you please pass the pepper? 7. I am going to finish my chores before going to play. 8. Look out! A scooter is coming! @ Rewrite these sentences as declarative sentences. t. What an amazing view that is! That is an amazine view. z. Have you studied for tomorrow! Physics test? 3. Has Grandfather bought more bars of chocolate? 4. What an exciting match it was! 5. What a sweet and delicious ice cream! 6. Does Uncle Sam work in the garden everymorning? av l Say these sentences aloud in class as instructed. (Oral Practice) 't. The dog looks like a bear. (interrogative) 2. Can kangaroos be dangerous? (imperative) 5. An unbelievable storv is called a tall tale. (exclamatory) III lN TII

4. Did the librarian tell everyone to keep quiet? (declarative) 5. \"Please get the light bulb changed,\" said Jeet to Raghu. (declarative) 6. Santosh invited Navina and Zarkash to dinner. (interrogative) 7 The policeman asked me not to park the car in a No-parking zone. (imperative) 8. li is a hot and sunny day today. (exclamatory) @ Write questiong to these answers. Use the words in bold for help. l. Where did Maniaarriigpoo wilth heor. {fr.ii.e^n..d.1s\"?? Manjari went to the museum with her friends. 2. I finished my project yesterday. Yes, I will be meeting Vimal today. )l Neil drinks milk and eats puffed rice for breakfast. 5. No, he did not kick the ball hard enoush. 6. The brown cupboard is mine. 7. He could not come, because he is unwell. 8. He drives very rashly. flf '$III

Positive and Negative Sentences . I am planning a short trip. . I am not planning a short trip. Declarative sentences give information and can be positive or negative. Negative sentences use words such as no, never, not, none, no other, nothing, nowhere, and so on. We use a negative sentence to inform someone that what they believe to be true is not so. We can change a sentence from positive to negative and vice versa. Let us look at a table to understand this. Positive Negative . He is thin. ' ls he thin? . They walk. . Please open the . Can you open windows! the windows, . They must walk. . Do they walk? . How much they walk! Say the negative or positive forms of these sentences aloud in class, (Oral Practice) l. fle is very brave. He is not very brave 2. I cannot go to school today. 3. Kuntal is taller than Pradeep. 4. Prasad was not surprised to hear about his victory. 5. Tushar is carrying his water bottle with him. 6. They have confirmed the news. III III

Grammar Activity Look at this picture and write what each person is saying. Remember to uso different kinds of sontences for each person. Then, compare your sentences with your friend's. III 135iIII

19 OuestionTags \\\" I Read these sentences. . She is your friend, isn't she? . This is not Yours, is it? The words in bold are question tags' ;*I.dt\"\"l;;i;;dIn speech, sometimes,ofwaesfkoinrmg aqduierestciot nqsueinstaiown'aywethamtaiksedaiffsetraetenmt feronmt anhdowthwene use a question tagthat forms a question' . ls he cominS? (question) . fle is cominS, isn't he? (statement with question tag) We use question tags when we think that we are right and that the person we are speaking to will agree with us The verb in the question tag has the same number and tense as the verb in the statement. . He is coming, isn't he? (affirmative statement) The pronoun also remains the same' . hle is coming, isn't he? lf there is a noun in the statement, we replace it with a pronoun in the question tag' . Jai is coming, isn't he? (affirmative statement' negative question tag) lf the statement is positive, then the question tag is negative' lf the statement is negative, then the question tag is positive' . We are going, aren't we? (affirmative statement' negative question tag) . We aren't going, are we? (negative statement, affirmative question tag) III 1:t6 -II

7:\"' When the statement does not contain an auxiliary verb, we use do, does or did in the question tag. . She came today, didn't she? . They always help you, don't they? .When we write, we use a comma to separate the statement from the question tag, You are ready, aren't you? @ Complete these statements using question tags from the box. 't. You are Kajals sistet aren't you? 7 2. It is cold today, ? She is Mohit's friend, 2 Jalsa and Priya were at the party, Jack was ill yesterday, 'l 6. That was an easy test, 7. Mohsin is eleven years old, 1 8. Subhi wrote the best story, @ Complete these question tags with don't, doesn't or didn't. t. Your Uncle Ravi lives in Jaipuc doesn't he? The boys bought chocolates from the shop, they? Neha dances very well, she? You know my brother llarmeet, you? Kajal and Arun went to the cinema, ihey? 6. Ujjal missed the school bus this morning, nei 7. You live near the post-office, you? 8. The library closes at six otlock, tr r' III III1t7

9. David takes good care of his new bicycle, net _to. Sana worked hard today, snei o Add question tags to these negative statements. Add question marks as well. l. They aren't siblings, are they? 2. We aren't making too much noise, 3. He can't come till next month, She can't cook, 5. We won't go, 6. They aren't ltalians, 7. Maya doesn't have a bicycle, 8. It isn't raining heavily, o Rewrite these questions as statements with question tags. l. Did you lock the door? You locked the door, didn't you? 2. Does lVohit play cricket on Saturday? 3. Are Farhan and Naina watching the film? 4. Are you going to be at home tonight? 5. Can Saira draw well? 6. Should we leave right now? Are you Yusuf's cousin? III 138 ffiffiII

8. Does Maya have a car? @ Complete these conversations using suitable question tags. l. Azeemr You got lost again, didn't youl Kunal' I'm extremely sorry, Azeem. you aren,t mad at me. ? 2. Rupa, Your mother is coming with us, ? Sunil, Yes, of course, I hope we aren,t going very far, Rupa: Not at all. Aditya: Hi, Rani. The school picnic last week was so much fun, Rani: Hi, Adityal Oh yes, it was! We took a lot of pictures there, 4. Nikhil, You don't really want to do the project, Vaid: Of course I do! you think I don't enjoy it, Ashok, You're supposed to be fasting today, Rakesh, No, it was yesterday. I told you last week, Kamal: Jiya and Raj won the quiz competition, Neha' Yes, they did! You met them yesterda Kamal: yes, I went out to play with them in the evenine. Grammar Activity wor( fn parrs. a . tags.Say three things about your friend that you think is true. Use question : you.oli Your friend must agree or disagree with : : ' finished,Your friend will say five things about you after you have : i : I ..........: I rrr:roerrr

20 Simple, Compound and Gomplex Sentences Read these sentences. l ' The children were playing. I ' She wants to become a doctor. 1, These are simple sentences. In these sentences, there is only one clause (with or without a phrase) and one finite verb. l Read these sentences. I ' I wentto thecaf6and ordered a sandwich. ' We looked everywhere but we did not see Tim. These are compound sentences. In these sentences, two or more main or independent clauses are linked by a coordinating conjunction. We know that the common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet, and so on. These sentences have more than one finite verb. Read these sentences' ' I have misplaced the bag that I liked very much. . Although Alia did not know the way, she .anaged to reach the spot because she is excellent with maps. These are complex sentences. In these sentences, there are two or more clauses -one main clause and the others are subordinate clauses. The sentences are joined with subordinating conjunctions such as as soon as, although, until, which, because, that, and so on. Subordinate clauses can be noun, adjective or adverb clauses' III r40ffiII

o1r*c.o,tmfpt,le.hx :(tC:X.r). the following sentences are simple (S), compound (CD) t. Although she is very intelligent, she sometimes makes bad decisions. CX z. Many people are scared of lizards. 5. Every morning lgo out for a walk or I exercise in at home. 4. When I returned home, lfound the door unlocked. 5. lbelieve in his innocence. 6. I love travelling and I never miss an opportunity to see a new country. Z As soon as he calls me, lwillget in touch with you. 8. My grandmother is old yet she is quite active. 9. Farida goes to the library and studies every day. to. The students sat down after they had wished the teacher. rr. The man who stole the laptop hid it in his flat. tz. Although he tried very hard, he could not get there on time. 13. Kate loves the zoo and often goes there with her friends. t4. When the rope snapped, Roy fell from the tree and broke his arm tS. Of all the ailments, the common cold is the worst. @ for. compound sentences using and, but or, so, for or yet t. Milind went to visit his friend. He was not at home. Milind went to visit his friend but he was not at home. 2. rvranrsha plans to study further She wants to qualify for a better job. 3. Our teacher expected some students from the class to do well. The students did not perform up to her expectations. 4. Karishma did not understand the sum. She asked her sister. rrr w, rrr

5. Heer could sit at home and relax. She could go on a vacation. 6. Anil woke up early. He did not go to school on time. Z We went to see a movie. We did not like it. 8. l-larshita goes to school by bus. Punam goes to school on foot. Complete these complex sentences using the subordinating conjunctions in the box, L People who fuss over little things are always unnappy. Tasneem came here she wanted to see me. 5. I had known it earlier, I would have come to your house. he pushed with all his strength, Qasim could not move the boulder. 5. I showed him he could make an apple pie. 6. I won't leave the house you come. 7. You can sit you like. 8. I was reading Dhruv cooked. I t. III 1A -II

1::' \",!/ Thansformation of Sentences Read these sentences. . Opening the door, Jack went out of the house. ' Jack opened the door and went out of the house. ' After Jack opened the door, he went out of the house. y,:\"iffi :if i'l::\"\"il::fi ::1il?#f T;f*:\"j,*i j\"::liff H:in\"\": We know that a simple sentence has a single clause with only one finite verb. ' Buy one cap to get the second at half price. We know that a compound sentence has two or more independent or main crauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. ' Buy one cap and you get the second at half price. dWeepeknnodwentthcaltaausceosmjopinleexdsbeyntaesnucbeohrdalsnaatimngaincocnlaluusnectaionnd. one or more subordinate or ' lf you buy one cap,you getthe second at half price. Transformation of a simple sentence into a complex sentence I;:la:::l::fr'\"lple sentence into a comptex senlence by entarging a phrase into ' The lndian team hopes to win the serres. ' The lndian team hopes that they willwin the series. @ ch\"ng. these simple sentences into complex sentences. t. We thought Sunny to be honest. rIITI 143