ace english grammar 7

5. Vishal in Berlin for five years. He left Berlin in zot5 and here since then. (live) 4. Quick! Mini her finger! (cut) Itl 5. RUkmlnl to Singapore. She last night. (go, leave) 6. I my eraser. Could you lend me one? (lose) 7. Sayan an accident yesterday. He off his scooter. (have, fall) 8. The children the water can. They must have been very thirsty. (emPtY) The Past Perfect Continuous Tense We use the past perfect continuous tense to describe an action that continued over a period of time up to a point in the past. . We had beenjumping in the classroom when the teacher walked in. . Lilv had been walking in the park when it began to rain. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense Forms Positive-l'ad * been * present particlple form of the verb NegativeJad + not + been + present participle form of the verb Questionlad + subject * been + present participle form of the verb or question word * had * subject * been + present participle form of the verb o Cirqle the correct forms o!llt1:r-!s to complete these sentences' 't. Father has been resting /(1ud been resting)when his friend came to visit him. 2. How long had st e u..n teaiirrg l!h\" -\"a U\"\"n learning Chinese before she wen! !o Ch ina? 3. Akhilesh has been walking / had been walking all day, so his legs hurt. They have been driving / had been driving for about half an hour, when they reached the expressway. 5. Anjalihad been searching / has been searching for her comb and found it on her bed tater. frFrrr M

Sunil [65 f,sqn yys;1ing / had been waiting for forty-five minutes when the school bus finallv arrived. 7. I don't know if they have been buying / had been buying this magazine. 8. Dolly was out of breath, since she [6J been running / has been running. o Complete these sentences by uring the correct verbs from the box in the past perfect continuour tense. l. Vandana had been oractisin& for over an hour, when the violin string bro*e. to the bakery, when we met our friend. The electricity billwas huge, since they the induction stove for cooking. 4. to my friends when my cousin came nome. forward to the trip, but he couldn't make it Subhash in the end. 6. Melanie money to buy herself a telescope, but it still wasn't enough. /. JUmrIa lost wetgnt, because she regularly. 8, Nisha had a headache, since she on the computer yesterday. o Tick (\"/) the gentences that are correct. Correct the incorrect ones. 'L Ajmal told us that he is working late in the office that night. Aimal told us that he had been workine late in the office that night. 2. Someone had been posting anonymous comments on nry article. 3. I had6one to the same library for many years, until I realised that their charges were too hiph. {. The washing machine is working till yesterday. ITIIffiIII

5. The children had been chasing butterflies all afternoon 6. My tooth isachingsince Monday. So, I went to the dentist' tr,i 7. Bhola was waiting to see you, u ntil I told him you won't be back soon 8. lt had been raining non-stop all night. Complete there scntenqer with the correct ten:e forms of the words in the brackets. 't. Tim and Carol were (be) late in reaching the show yesterday' 2. When he (arrive), we (have) dinner. 5. While they (play) tennis, we (take) our dog for a watK. 4. When I (get) up, he sit) in the garden and (read) a book. 5. (never be) to Japan. .just have) luncn. 6. No, I didn't want to eat anything because I 7. She (not sleep) well last night. 8. After we ake) some photos of the cathedral, we (go) to the restaurant to have dinner. 9. They eet) my brother an hour ago. 'to. That was the most beautiful painting I (ever see). III 46 III

Verbs: Expressing the Future Read these sentences. \" We shall have lunch at z p.m. ' There will be some delicious food. ' We are planning to have a party. ' We will be calling all our friends. ' We will have a lot of fun. Allthese sentences express future time. will This table shows us how to use will to express future time. Uses Examples to make a prediction . I ne actvtty wt be very Interesttng. to show intention I will take up a new hobby. to make an offer or promise lwill help you after school tomorrow to order or instruct someone . You will not go out at this hour. to make a request . Will you help m'e carry this box? to invite someone ' Will you come with us? to make an instant or spontaneous . lwill order some pizza. decision to do something to express opinions . This solution will not work. to make predictions Robotics will be quite advanced by zoz5. rLffiI 47

Malini is planning to go on a holiday soon, Usewill and the words in the brackets to ask her about her plans. fler answers are given in the second line. r. (where / gof Where will you go? ,,,, Ooty (how long / stay?) six days (when / go?) next Sunday (go / alone?) No, with my parents. (travel/ by bus?) No, by train. 6. (where / stay?) in a hotel Shall This table shows us how to use shall to express future time, only with the first person pronouns . We shall be going to Ooty. I q1we, and not with other subjects . I shall not be competing this year. to show a decision or determination . lshall nsysr 1.1 t.r 6rw.. to make a promise . shall I show you the way? to offer help . Shallwe take the metro? to make a suggestion o Complete these sentences using will or shall. l. No matter what happens, Indrani will always stand by him. III 48 III

7t Y..L lget you some tea and biscuits? 3. they meet us there? lam sure that all my friends grow up to be kind and compassionate people. 5. I close the window? o. definitely win the tournament. 7, there be another round of quizzing after this? E. we go home now? Going to - This table shows us how to use going to to express future time, to talk about firm plans or intentions . Raj is going on a tour 1q Europe. to make a prediction . India isgoing to win this match. to make a promise . I am never going t9 let you down. We can use both going to and will to predict future events. However, going to usually suggests that the event will happen soon. . I am going to the market. . lwill visit my cousins during the holidays. lf Use going to and the correct phrases from the box to complete these sentences. t. Madhav is looking for his glasses. t9 rrr He is going to read the newspaper. ITE

Our coach is very confident. Our team 3. l\\o Dougnt some flour ano some eggs. trrl He is Dona wants to learn classical dance. She is 5. Niraj's alarm didn't ring. He is 6. Rekha has brought her camera along. Jne ts z They have put on theirjackets and gloves. They are 8. l'1y neighbours left really late for the station. They are Complete these sentences using will or going to with the verbs in the brackets. t. I promise I will not tell (not tell) anyone this secret. 2. The company made him a good offer. I hope he is (take) it. Look at the clouds. lt is (rain) in a few minutes. (have) a party and invite twenty people. 4. Let us celebrate! We Do not worry about the test. (help) you to revise. 6. The producers think the film (be) a hit when it releases. 7. lam really hungry. lam (make) sandwiches. (meet) some friends after work. o. Am|l ls v Tick (/) the correct options to complete these sentences. t. We are going io / will ride our bicycles in the park. Do you want to join us? 2. It is my birthday next week. Mother is going to / will bake a cake. 3. When the sky clears, we are going to / will have a picnic in our garden. ttlrrr III50

4. Areyousureourteamisgoingto/will win the game? The opposing team is very competent. 5. It may rain today. I going to / will take my raincoat when I go out. 6. The flight going to /will be delayed iftheweather is bad. /. Rajni is going to / will qualifyforthe next stage if sheworks hard. 8. This film is scary. What do you think is going to / will happen next? The Simple Prescnt Tense -- We usethe rimple present tenre for actions that are arranged or scheduled for the future. . We have exams next month. . The office cloceg at 5 p.m. The Present Continuous Tense We use the present continuoug tense for actions that are planned for the future. . We are going to my unclet house for dinner tonight. . They are taking a train to Lucknow. @ Rewrite these sentences using the simple present tense or the present continuous tense to express future time. Hema willgo to Rourkela next month. Hema is going to Rourkela next monLn. The bus will leave at 6 p.m. 5. They will come to your house in the morning. 4. lt'ly family will leave for Bengaluru on Friday. 5. When will you return from lstanbul? rIII 5! III

6. We will have our holidav next weer. 7. My friend will play her ne: t basketball match on Friday. L The arcade will open at 9 otlock next Tuesday. Be*to A form of the verb be with to is used to indicate future time. Thig table shows us how to use be r to to express future time. to show obligation . You are to take care of your belongings. We use it to show that an action is . We are about to have dinner. about to take olace immediatelv (The word about is used in such cases.) to talk about official plans and future . The president is to be the chief guest. arrangements May, Might, Could We can use the modals may, might and could to indicate uncertain plans in the future. ' I may go to Divya's house today. We could walk to the park . He might visit the historical sight. in the evening. Tick ('/) the sentences that express future time and cross (x1 those that do not. t. lf they get time, they might come over later this week./ 2. The principal could join us at the picnic tomorrow. 3. My friend could not make it to the next round of the debate. I am about to start from my place. 5. They are travelling to Madrid right now. III 52 III

6. The bus leaves at 6 otlock this evening. 7. May I come in? 8. Sarah might not be as rude as you think she is. The Future Continuous Tense This table shows us how to use the future continuoug tense, to express future actions that have . We will be getting our report caros already been planned to be done in the future tomorrow. to express actions that will be going 'They will be visiting all the villages on at a certain time in the future in the district. to show actions that will take place . They will be showing the regularly in the future documentary on TV The Future Continuous Tense Forms Positive-will * be * present participle form of the verb Negative-will * not * be + present participle form of the verb Question-will + subject . be +. pqese4t participle form of the verb or question word + will + -5pbject + be + present participle form of the verb Write a note on the President's schedule in future time using the simple future tense or the future continuous tense. 5.3o a.m. departure from Delhi to Ahmedabad lO.3O a.m. arrival in Ahmedabad inauguration of the largest hospital in India lIIf meeting with the Chief Minister leave for Delhi B III

The Pres dent willdepart fro.n Detri for Ahn edabod at r.Jo a.n -l-e Dre\"idpnl wil, be oeparlingI on De'hi for Armeoabao a- 5.Jo \".n rrll The Future Perfect Tense We use the future perfect tense to express actions which will be completed by a certain tlme in the future. . By this time next month, lwill have completed the course. The words already,just and before are used to refer to actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future. The Future Perfect Tense Forms Positive-will * have + past participle form of the verb Negative-will + not + have * past participle form of the verb Question*will + subject + have + past participle form of the verb or question word * will + subject * have + past participle form of the verb The Future Perfect Continuous Tense We use the future perfect continuous tense along with adverbs of time to express the duration of an action at a particular time in the future. ' At this time next week, we will have been travelling on the train to Dehradun for a few hours. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense Forms Positive-will / shall * have been + present participle form of the verb Negative-will / shall + not . have been + present participle form of the verb Question-will / shall + subject + have been * present participle form of the verb or question word + will / shall + subject * have been + present participle form of the verb FTII II54

Write these as complete sentences using the future perfect tense or the future perfect continuous tense. Ali refer to books in the library Mohit take help from my mother who is a journalist Reena sit with her friends and collect information and areuments Aditya look up useful websites to collect information John practise his speech in front of the mirror 'L Aliwill have referred to books in the library. AI WIr nave oeen rerernng to DooKs In tne orary. Grammar Activity I lmagine how life will be in the year zr5o. Write at least five sentenceg about how different the world will be from how it is right now. III IIlrt...

Modals Read these sentences. . lcan solve problems effectively. . Theymight ask for your help. . We should of{er to accompany him to the doctor. The words in bold are modal auxiliaries or modals. We know that modals help us to modify the meaning of main verbs. This table shows us how to use modals to sommunicate specific meanings. ability . lcan sew a button. can / cannot (can't) possibility . We can check it out. . Can I borrow this? perm rssron . Can you shut the door? request . lcould climb trees when lwas a child. past ability . We could go to the park. could / could not /possibility . Could I take a look? (couldn't) probability . Could you get me that permtssron book, please? . You could try turning it on suggestion aga in. tFrrr 56 ffiwstII



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Complete these sentences, Circle the correct words to malch the purpose given in the brackets. t. C^ oul.d. ,74--\\ you mind if I borrowed your book? (permission) /(Would 2. I am sorry, you cannot / can miss your singing classes. (refusing permission) 3. My uncle should / could run five kilometres in twenty minutes before he injured his knee. (past ability) 4. We could / should go trekking to Yuksom next year. (possibility) 5. May / Must Amrita's dreams come truel (wish) 6. May / Could you please pick me up at 5 p.m. tomorrow? (request) 7 Shall / May lget you a cup oftea? (suggestion) 8. Juliamight/will gotoTinas houseto study for the test. (possibility) o Complete these sentences with ought to or ought not to. l, You ought to start practising yoga every day. Ithink the children wake up by now. have made a commitment without considerine it I You thoroughly. 4. It is likely to rain. Rosie and Timothy take their umbrellas. You have told.me that you were not at home. 6. I give you any wrong ideas. While driving a car, you wear a seatbelt. have touched the clay figurine. Now, it is broken. t Diljit o Complete these sentences with need or need not L You need not have cooked lunch as I am not hungry. t Dol to read the instruction manual carefully before using the machine. to call you before lstari? IIIINWIII

rou go to school today, since you are feeling ill. 5. I to take Kusum and Shreva to the doctor for their vaccines. 6. buy milk today. There is a bottle in the refrigerator tl 7. Leena and Maya to sleep early. They have to wake up early tomorrow. to finish decorating the house. They are expecting 8. Anne and Maria guests next week. o Choose the correct modals to comPlete these sentences' 1. I need to leave now. as mv bus leaves in two hours. a. may b. need to c ought not to 2. YOU buy this weighing scale. You can borrow mine. a. should b. must c. need not 3. I go to the bank right now and withdraw some money. a. woulq b. ought to c. shouldn't pay the full fare. Army personnel get concessions on train tickets. They a. needn't b. mustn t c. wouldn't 5. We inform them about the change of date. a. ought to b. ought not to c. might not 6. lam playing in the school match !omoTrow I finish my pro.ject today. a. shouldn't b. might c. have to YOU try this new dish that I cooked-it is xasry. a. wouldn't b. would c. should 8. You stay awake to open the door. I have my keys. a. don't have to b. may not c. wouldn't @ Comnlete these sentences with suitable modals t. Adnan cannot come tonight. He will come tomorrow. 2. Excuse me! you please give me a pencil? III 60 III

3. The guests will be here soon. You help me lay the table. 4. You message him anymore. I have already called him. 5. I borrow your red t-shirt for the party? o. Parents teach their children to be polite and compassionate. 7. I can hear some noise. Someone be on the terrace. 8. YOU eat sweets! You will spoil your teeth. 9. You find these kinds of trinkets in New Market. practise harder for her competition next week. lo. She o Complete 'rhese sentences with suitable modal verbs in the negative, l. You needn't go for the trip if you don't want to. 2. Students be absent on the last day of school. 5. You make mistakes while filling out the form. You be late for the show. They will not let you enter. Rachna be spending so much time on a single sum. She will not get time to do the rest of the sums. 6. I would like to leave now, but you as you have to finish your work. 7. lam sorry, I help you this time. I have to go somewhere. 8. He be here already-ljust saw him going to the bus stop. o Complete these sentences using can or could. L One day, we could live on Mars. lf you tried really hard, you really win aprize. Raju might repair the watch, but it take him a while. Nicky drive a car, but he does not know how to ride a bicycle. You come home in the evening. TIIffiIII

6. come and pick you up around seven. 7. You say it is difficult to climb trees? Well, I climb them when I was five! 8. Nimit have easily won the race had he not slowed down towards the eno, trrrl o Rewrite these sentences, replacing the words in bold with the appropriate modal for the situation. Make changes in the sentences, wherever necessary. l. Hes unlikely to have left without informing anyone. (begin, Fle...) He wouldn't have left without informing anyone. 2. Don't worry. lt is posriblc that Kavita is coming tomorrow morning. (begin: Kavita...) 3. So much practising is likely to tire you. Stop practising now, Ruchi. (begin, So much practising...) t. lt is likoly that you have left the keys at home. (begin' You...) 5. You can try and call but it is possible the sculpture has been sold by now. (begin, The sculpture...) 6. lf you were absent yesterday, you obviously have not heard about the burst water pipe in the school. (begin, You...have heard about the burst water pipe in the school.) o Rearrange these words into meanipgful sentences by including the modals in bold in the correct places. t. Simran/her/friend/school / Rani / and / still/ be/at/could Rani and her friend Simran could still be at school. z. studying / may / be / room / her / in / Archana 5. some / want / the / might / more / baby / food III d2 III

4. they/to/their / may /have / molher / yesterday / spoken 5. forgotten / about / might / have / about / the / celeb rity I Ihe / programme 6. must / match / India / the / win 7. Jamaica / must / have / 6y / now I my / parents / touring / reached Grammar Activity Work in pairs. Role-play these situations with your partnea Remember to use modal verbs appropriately. t. You are standing in a long queue to buy tickets to enter an amusement park. Someonejumps the line. Tell him / her poliiely to join the queue. z. Your sister does not do her homework regularly. Mother has asked you to talk to her about it. Advise her on how and why she should do her homework. IIII ifII

10 Non-Finite Verbs Read these sentences. . I like readine. . Gunjan loves to dance. . Rishi conducts ggggfug classes The words in bold are finite verbs. The underlined words are non-finite verbs We know that a finite verb is the main verb in a sentence. lt has a subject and changes form to show tense and number' . We goto school. ' She goesto school' A non-finite verb does not have a subiect and does not change form to show tense or number. . Ajay is talkingto Smita. ' They were talkingto Mala' Non-finite verbs are of three kinds-participles, infinitives and gerundr !^l Circle the finite verbs and underline the non-finite verbs' -t. | (ifr)paintine the fence. z. My sister is wriiing a poem. 3. Karan sings well. 4. We know about their decision. 5. Were you listening to the radio this morning? 6. We made a lot of noise Z Are we to write this story for homework? 8. Manjula knows how to knit. III 64 ffiII

Participles Read these sentences. . Mother is watching TV. . l'4y friends are also watching TV . Arun has written this essay. . We have written a lot of essays. The words in bold are participles. A participle is a form of a verb that is used to indicate present or past action. Like other non-finite verbs, it cannot stand alone and does not change its form. Participles are of two kinds-the present participle and the past participle. A present participle is a form of the verb ending in -ing. lt may be used both to form the verb tense and as an adjective. ' The sun is sinking into the sea. (vero.r . I took some pictures of the sinking sun. (adjective) The present participle may combine with the auxiliary verbs be and have to form continuous and perfect continuous verb forms. . They are practising for the annual programme. (continuous tense) ' They have been practising for a few weeks. (perfect continuous tense) A past participle is used to form the perfect tense. Like the present participle, ii may also be used as a verb and as an adjective. . We have spoken to the decorators. (verb) . Suman is eating boiled potatoes. (adjective) The past participle of regular verbs is made by adding -d or -ed to the base form of the verb. The past participles of irregular verbs must be learnt.

l.lere is a list of past participle forms of regular and irregular verbs' asK asking asked calling called call emptying emptied emP!y l llng filled fill given giving gone grve gorng hidden hiding known to knowing leaving left hide losing flsrng losr teave runnint Sen lose shining run flse srngrng shone run speaking sung shine striking spoken srng taking strucK speak throwing taken strike thrown take write wearing written writing . All the cookies have fallen to the ground (verb) . We have to throw away the fallen cookies (adjective)

Complete these sentences with the present participle forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. l-learinq the loud noise, lwent to see what had happened. (hear) 2. While I was outside, Jane had come and gone. (pray1 3. the door, Mitul went out. (open) He was for the singing competition a little while back. (practise) out of the window, when she saw two parrots on a tree. 5. She was ( look) 6. Ithink I will be in Kolkata this year. (study) 7. pleasantly, she welcomed the guests into the house. (smile) 8. that the storm had blown away, I went out into the garden. (see) Complete these sentences with the past participle forms of the verbs in the box. t. I have reminded her to bring the compass. Ritu has her glasses. 3. I hope you will have your chores by evening. 4. It has very difficult to get into a good schoot. We were happy that all the tickets had out. 6. They have to take the bus to Agra. 7. It was one of the best holidays I have ever here. It was very late and Ali had his lunch. Write whether the words in bold perform the function of a verb (V) or anadjective (A). t. The frightening experience shook me up for davs. A 2. lt is a very interesting film. l., Anna felt sad for frightening the little boy. III

4. Raghu repaired the broken statue. 5. I have not spoken to Mallik,. for a year now. 6. Lalita likes her newly painted house. Il 7. Having bought a gift, Jucin left the shop immediately. 8. Viru had his room painted blue. Combine these sentences using present participles' Say the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. Jai picked up his bat. He ran to the park. lPicL.rng Jp his bat. Ja ran lo lhe pa z. He walked out of the house. He got into a taxi. 3. Mother heard some noises. She woke up 4. She is an author. She is very creative and imaginative. 5. Fle saw that it was a rainy day. fle took an umbrella with him' 6. Mahua did not have enough money. So, she could not buy more vegetables' z Niraj took off his shoes. He tiptoed into the house. lnfinitives Read these sentences. . Paul wanted to ask a question. ' They are helping us organise the event. The words in bold are infinitives. The infinitive is a simple form of the verb, with or without the word to' The infinitive without to is called the bare infinitive, and the infinitive with to is called the to infinitive. . We do like them. (bare infinitive) ' I will try to work harder. (to infinitive) We use the infinitive to show purpose, a result or to express a comment' . To gain his trust, you must showthat you are honest and reliable' III 68 ffiII

The bare infinitive follows modal auxiliarieg such as ca4 could shall, will, may, mus{ and so on, and verbs such as see, watch, hear, feel, senre, le{ help, make, - and so on. . We san try a new recipe. The to infiniiive usually follows the main verb in a sentence. We use it after adjectives and verbs such as afford, expec( offer, refuse, agree, hope, plan, seem, arrangg lear4 pretend, threate4 decide, mariage, promisg want and so on. . Rashmi wants to bake a cake. ' Sushma was eager to meet her friend. ' Rana hopes to finish the project by Monday. Complete these sentences with the to infinitive forms of the verbs in the box. I must remember to remind Salim about my book when I meet him tomorrow, He rorgor to taKe rt yesterday. I am writing you for your help. Jacob offered his father decorate the Christmas rree. We use scales things. I stayed up late last night my Chemistry homework. I went shopping last Tuesday a present for my sister's birthday. Gina's mother wants her hard for the exam. Rajiv has promised after he reaches Udaipur. The freedom fighter was invited over the function. Combine these sentences using infinitives. Say the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) L l-le is working hard. He will do well in the examination. He is workine hard io do well in the examination. III 69 III

z. They boih decided. They ended their quarrel. J. She visits the hospital. She looks after small children. 4. Tanuja is in a hurry. She is taking the train to Jaisalmer. \\' 5. He took out his lunch box. He will share his lunch with his friend. 6. She does noi have any money with her. She could not buy a pastry' 7 | am going to Chennai tomorrow. lwill meetmycousin. 8. Dhiraj went to the shop. He will buy some biscuits. o Tick (/) the sentences that are correct. Correct the incorrect ones. l. Diana can to come with me to the station. Diana can come with me to the station. z. Why throw it all away? J. Mithun had better finish his project work this week. 4. Neha must to exercise regularly, 5. We do agree with you. 6. She made the little boy to drink somejuice. We had better to go to the doctor today. 6. 5he netoeo Kenan oaKe tne caKe. Q choo.. the correct answers. (ru n) into the lane. t. The police the thief 70 III a. to run III

2. The actor was asked (ump) over the fence. a. to jump b. jump i. The crocodile did nothing all morningbut (bask) in the sun. a. to bask b. bask 4. Do you know how (phone) someone in the USA? a. ro pnone o. pnone 5. Why not (go) to the Cafe Royal for dinner today? a. ro go b. go 6. The teacher made the students (apologise) for being so rude! a. to apologise b. apologise The passengers were asked (identify) their baggage before the flight departed. a. to identify b. identify 8. I prefer (stay) at home rather than tgo, for the play. a. stay, to go b. to stay, go c. to stay, to go Gerunds vl Read this sentence. - ' Pritam enjoys singing but Kiran prefers reading. The words in bold are gerunds. A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions like a npun. In this sentence, the words singing and reading are verb forms that are doing the work of nouns. They can easily be replaced by other nouns or noun phrases, . Pritam enjoys a lot of activities but Kiran prefers sportr. The gerund is often used after verbs such as stop, finish, avoid, prevent, delay, present, enjoy, portpone, forgive, practige, can't stand, dislike, like, suggest, can't bear, don't mind, rise, keep on, can't help, prefer,love, hate, and so on. III III

The gerund and the present participle have the same -ing form This sometimes makis it difficult to identify t'he two. At such times, we must remember that a gerund f.rfort\" the fun\"tion of a noun. The present participle, on the other hand' helps form rrrl ihe continuous tense or acts like an adjective by modifying the noun' ' Jogging is good exercise. (gerund) . Rohit went to buyjogging shoes. (participle - adjective) . Renu isjogging in the park. (participle - continuous tense) Some verbs such as begin, continue, start,love, hate, intend,like, need, and so on' can be {ollowed by eith-er a gerund or an infinitive, without changing the meaning of the sentence. Complete these sentences with the gerund forms of the verbs in the box, l. Madhavi likes watering the plants in the garden. 2. He was scolded by Mr Sen for in the library. Mr Mathur had to pay a huge fine for above the speed limit. Sonu and Sudhir like kites on the terrace. 5. My father and uncle often go in the lake. 6. flowers is prohibited here. 7. in the pool is not allowed after 8 p.m. 8. The rigorous helped Najia win the gymnastics competition. Underline the -ingverbs in these sentences. Write G if they are gerunds and P if they are particiPles t. flearing the doorbell, Chirag ran to open the door' P 2. He spoilt his health by eating unhealthy food. 5. We saw a young woman standing near the fountain' III 72 III

N t. Aditya and his sistec Nirmala, enjoy painting. ;. Talking on the phone for a long time is not allowed. 5. lwas getting disturbed by the constantly ringing cell phones. 7. We spent the whole week planning for the party. l. Russell congratulated herforhavingwon the competition. ?. Our car is in need of servicing. >. Clapping their hands, the audience cheered the singer. r. They enjoyed taking long walks along the trail. 2. The team getting the most correct answers wins the quiz. ! Rewrite these sentences replacing the verbs in the infinitive with gerunds t. David likes to play football in the evenings. David likes playing football in the evenings. z. The little girl started to cry when she saw her mother leaving. g. People in salesjobs love to travel throughout the year. 4. Nancy prefers to study alone. 5. The birds start to build their nests in the spring. Peter hates to get up early in the morning. Z The tenants continue to pay their rent on time. tIIIi:t{ffiJ1,.III

11 Verbs: Active and Passive Voice Read these sentences. . . The detective solved the mysterr. . The mystery was solved by the detective. The first sentence is in the active voise. We know that when the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action, the verb is said to be in the active voice' We form sentences in the active voice like this-doer * action + receiver' ' Justin gave Manoj an application letter' ' Mandy sang a beautiful song. The second sentence is in the passive voice We know that when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. We form sentences in the passive voice like this-receiver * aetion * by * doer' . Manoj was given an application letter by Justin' ' A beautiful song was sung by Mandy. Circle the doer of the actions and underline the receiver of the actions in these sentences. r. tha6olGlil d.livered the parcel on time u. Sarita sent flowers to her sick aunt. g. 8lock Seoutg was written by Anna Sewell' 4. Hetal accused Dhara of cheating in the Maths test 5, I was received at the station by my aunt. 6. Claudia gave me a music CD yesterday. III 14 MffiII

We were scolded by the supervisor for going out alone at night' The culprit was caught by the police yesterday. ) Write whether these sentences are in the active voice (A) or passive voice (P)' Pradeep was elected the head boy by the students. P The guests were given a warm welcome. Priyanka is singing the national anthem' My uncle gifted me a cricket bat on my birthday. The village was destroyed by the earthquake. They caught the thief. Malini designs beautiful dresses. The match was watched by millions of viewers on TV. )hanging Sentences from Active Voice to Pagsive Yoice Vhen we change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice, the subject of he sentence b-ecomes the object and the object moves to the subject position' Ve also use the word by to indicate who or what causes the action' Arnab distributed the brochures. (active voice) The brochures were distributed by Arnab. (passive voice) f the subject of ihe sentence is a pronoun in the sentence then it changes from r subject pronoun to an object pronoun. Ihe table shows us how pronoun: change from the subject position to the object rosition, IIII 75 III

she her i Lll ne him they them it rt The main verb in the sentence is changed to its passive form using a form of the vero be * past participle. This table shows us how to change the verb forms in different tenses to the PaEsiYe form. simple present tense . She does her . Her homework is done homework. by ner. present continuous . She is doing her tense homework. . Her homework is being done by her. present perfect tense . She has done her homework. . Fler homework has been done by her. simple past tense . She did her homeworK. . Her homework was done by her. past continuous tense . She was doing her homework. . fler homework was being done by her. past perfect tense . She had done her homework. . Her homework had been done by her. future time . She will do her homework. . Her homework will be done by her. When a sentence has two objects-direct and indirect-it can be changed in two ways.

. My mother gave me a CD. (active voice) \\ . A Lu was given to me by my mother, (passive voice) . I was grven a Uu by my mother. (passive voice) When there is a modal verb in a sentence in the active voice, we change it ioriinto the passive using the form modal verb * be * past pa*iciple . They must polish their shoes. (active voice) of the verb. . Their shoes must be polished by them. (passive voice) .When we change imperative sentences to the passive voice, we use have or get. Repair the fridge today. (active voice) . Get the fridge repaired today. (passive voice) When we change interrogative sentences beginning with do, does, did, and so on, into the passive voice, we use an auxiliary verb at the beginning of the sentence. . Did you do your homework? (active voice) . Was your homework done by you? (passive voice) When the interrogative sentence be6ins with a modal auxiliary or a question word, we retain them in the passive voice . When will you complete this? . When will this be completed by you? o Complete the second sentence in each pair in the passive voice. t.a nshuman made a beautiful model of this citv. A beauiifulrnodel of this city was made by Anshumah. The news shocked us. by the news. 3 He handed me the camera. The carleia 4. The tsunami destroyed many buildings. Many buildings 77 IIT rIr

5. lndia beat Australia in the match last night. Australia 6. We ordered this cake from the new bakery down the street' t,ti Z Karanveer giited a watch to hls younger brotner' flis younger brother 8. Mohini left the window oPen. The window Complete these sentences using the Passive forms of the verbs in the brackets. t. The walls of the ancient monument g939yg9! (cover) with mould' z. The campus (build) between 1965-1967. 3. I cannot find my bag. lthink it (steal)! 4. You will hardly recognise our school. It (renovate) since Your last visit. 5. The building, which (complete) last Year, @uip) with a gym and a swimming pool. 6. Bread and e6gs (sell) here 7 The Gobind Sagar (form) after the Bhakra Dam was built on the River Sutlej. 8. Finally, the step toward better roads (undertake) by the municipal corPoration. 9. The product launch last week (attend) by many well-known celebrities. to. Lifeguards (train) to save people trom drownlng. [| Change these sentences from active voice to passive voice' - s\"u the sentences aloud in class. (Oral Practice) t. He wrote the book in one Year. The book was written bv him in one vear' III 78 III

z. Rahul made a paper plane. 5. Someone ate my ice cream. 4. Jhanvi donated some books to the library. 5. Repair the broken door. 6. The chief guest delivered an inspiring speech. 7. Do your assignment now, 8. Will Mahima feed the kittens? Changing Sentences from passive Voice to Active Voice The object of the sentence becomes the subject, and the subject takes the object position. ' The pudding was brought by Renuka. (passive voice) ' Renuka brought the pudding. (active voice) The form of the main verb must be changed from the passive form to the active form. ' The leaking tap was fixed by the plumber. (passive voice) ' The plumber fixed the leaking tap. (active voice) lf the doer of the action is not mentioned in the passive voice, we can add our own inthe active voice. ' The dacoit was arrested. (passive voice) ' The police arrested the dacoit. (active voice) o Change these sentences from the passive voice to active voice. LT he ball was caught by Jim. Jim caught the ball. z. Janet was asked by the teacher to meet the princioal. 5. Roshan was handed the papers by the secretary. -IIr 7g III

-1\\N 4. Bharti was praised by the instructor' 5. The painting, Mona Lisa, was painted by Leonardo da Vinci' ll 6. My purse was stolen in the bus. 7 Anup was welcomed bY the hosts. 8. My water bottle has been misplaced' Changing Sentences to the passiYe Voice without using by We use the passive voice without using by when the focus is on the action rather than the doer of the action. . The regional sales meeting will be held in September' We omit by when the doer of the action is unimportant or unknown . All the books were placed on the correct shelves We use it to describe changes that have happened over a period of time' . The house has been Painted We use it in newspaper stories, headlines and formal notices' . Trespassers will be Prosecuted . Three suspects questioned We use it in scientific or technical writings, in which the process that is being described is more important . Sodium chloride was added to the solution' In these passive sentences, cross out the doer of the action if you feel that it does not provide any useful information' t. We were delivered a Parcel III 80

KZN z. The missing child was found by the police dogs. i. The driver of the car was fined for speeding by the police. 4. Emma was written by Jane Austen, 5. The author's books have been transjated into several languages by translators. 6. Arrangements for the General Elections have been completed by the Election Commissioner. 7. The school was built between 1875 and 1877 by the Thoburn Church. 8. The sculpture by the famous sculptor was put on display at the museurn. 9. The tennis match was won by Sourav. to. I cannot find my purse. I think it was stolen by the man next to me on the bus! Expand these newspaper headlines into full sentences using the active voice. Introduce a suitable doer of the action. t. Food packets distributed to earthquake victims Relief workers distributed food packets to the earthquake victims. 5Indians on board hijacked aeroplane rescued 5. Stolen valuables worth Rs 6 crore recovered 4. Bill introduced to regulate fees in management colleges Women's Reseryation Bill passed in parliament 6. Eight mummies dating back to the Greco-Roman period unearthed o Rewrite these sentences in the active voice. L vvas the tood delivered on time by the delivery boy? IIf lsl III

z. The Taj Mahal has been visited by millions of tourists from all over the world g. Jewellery has been worn by both men and women since ancient times I',' 4. New information about the solar system is constantly being discovered by scientists 5. The class monitor will be elected by the students next week' 6. Was the suitcase inspected by the customs officer? 7. Were you taught to read by your teacher? 8. The Red Team was defeated by the Green Team in the finals last week' s. After several interviews, Tamanna was hired by the advertising company' to. Was the invitation sent to everyone by the event manager? oi:::;nrnil:51ffi::.[';:\"\"lji: j$i'\":i'\"ffi J:L\".:fi :::: III III

Underline the nouns in these sentences and write C for countable or UC for uncountable. t. That is a very good statue. z. I don't like tea. 3. I need two clean glasses. 4. She bought a new iron yesterday. 5. They've got plenty of flour. o Circle the correct participial adjectives to complete these sentences. l. It was quite disappointing / disappointed thai we could not meet the artist himself z. Amita was embarrassing / embarrassed about having to borrow money. 3. We are not satisfying / satisfied with the announcement. 4. History is a fascinating / fascinated subject. 5. lt was tiring / tired to move all the heavy furniture upstairs. @ Complete these sentences with a, an or the. t. As lwas walking along road, I saw hundred-rupee note lying on PaYement. 2. accident this morning. car crashed into wall. -5. When you turn into Greater Kailash, you willsee three houses. pink one, pink one. blue one and white one. I live in 4. We live in house rn middle of - There is beautiful garden behind house. -I have cat and dog never bites anyone, but -oldcat often scratches _oog. -city. III- - III-dog. - i&l

Combine these pairs of sentences into one sentencs by using relative pronc uns. t. Ketaki topped the class th s year. She is my best friend' 2. This is the road. lt will take you to the post office' 5. Bring me thai file. The file is on the iable. This is my friend. His name is Praveen. The man is an architect. You met him yesterday. Underline the subjects, tick (r') the objects and circle the complements in these sentences. l. The dog rescued the boy. 2. The answer was wrong. 5. The elephant has two tusks I /l The principal welcomed the chief guest 5. She raised her voice. Complete these sentences with the simple present tense or the present continuous tense forms of the verbs in the brackets' t, Lookl It (rain) 2- l-le in Chennai. (live) 3. It rarel in Mysuru in December. (rain) Bats during the daytime. (sleeP) 5. They tor a place to llve. UooK, Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets. t. lhe baby all morning. (cries / is crying / has been crying) 2. German for two years now (learn / are learnlng / have been learning) her for a long time. (know / am Lnqwtn$ / have Known/ III EI III

4. They /- here for the last ten years. (lived / are living have been living) 5. We assignments and now we are going home, (finishes / have finished / had finished) Complete these sentences using the verbs in the brackets in the past perfect tense or the past perfect continuous tense. Ll (take) swimming lessons from Kunal, but then lstopped (not made) much progress. since I 2. (not be) to a drive-in cinema, until Pranav took me. acture) his leg so he couldn't particrpare -our 3. Anirudh in the athletic meet. 1. She (stay) with her cousin while her house was being painted. HE ot pay) any attention to what was being said. Complete these answers using will or going to and the correst forms of the verbs in the brackets. t. Anila: Why have you turned on the television? Bob: I am atch) the news. t. Anila, Oh, ljust realised-l haven'tgotany money. Bob: Don't worry. I (lend) you some. ;. Anila: I've got a terrible headache. Bobr I (get) you some medicine. . Anila: Why are you filling that bucket with water? Bobr I am (wasn, tne caf. . Anila: Lookl There's smoke coming out of that house. lt's on fire! Bob: I c4fl,, tne Trre b tade tmmedtately. D Complete these sentences with the correct modals. hy we allow them to do whatever they want? IIT

2, leave early to make it to the game on time. 3. you show me how to save the file? ltl not inform them in advance that we are coming set here earlier because of the traffic on the roads. Complete these sentences using the correct participle forms of the verbs in the brackets. L They invited us to their newly house. (build) 2. They took the man to the hospital. (wound) The parents searched for the child everywhere. (miss) They bought a packet of peas. (freeze) 5. He accidentally put his hand into water. (boil) Complete these sentences with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in the brackets. l. My cousin agreed me. (help) 2. Mahesh enjoys football. (play) We failed the bus. (catch) ^ She finished on time. (cook) They decided hard. (work) v^ Change the voice in these sentences. t. Grandmothers purse was found by the neighbour. 2. Nita sent her friend a bouquet of floweri. 3. Anil saved a wounded bird the other day. Lata was introduced to the principal by my sister. The principal conducted the first two sessions of the programme. III 06 -II

12 Adverbs Read these sentences. . The children enjoyed the outing tremendously. . I will go to Rashi's house later. . lt was too hot outside so they played inside the house. The words in bold are adverbs. We know that an adverb is a word that modifies a verb or an adjective or an adverb. It usually tells us how, where, when, why, to what extent, how often and on what condition something occurs, Thic table tells us about the different kinds of adverbs and how to use them. Adverb of manner indicates how something is done . They whispered softly. Adverb of time . We saw him yesterday. indicates when something nappens Adverb of place indicates where something I am waiting nappens downstairs, Adverb of direction indicates direction . He walked away. Adverb of frequency indicates how often something . We meet him nappens regularly. Adverb of degree indicates how much or how ' They are extremely complete an action is happy with the decision. IITI 8l LII

Circle the adverbs in these sentences and underline the verbs or adjectives that they modify. t. He should !y rollerskating@. u. lVy sister is too shy to perform on stage. rll 3. They were very thrilled to know the results. 4. I am so happy to hear the good news! 5. Use the cutter carefully. 6. I am not quite sure how this works. 7. fle has been doing well, thank you for asking. 8. The children sang the song melodiously. o Underline the adverbs in these sentences and write what type they are. 't. Navin has glygp been 94[9Ag!y careful about studying. adverb of frequency, adverb of degree Cross the road carefully. 5. They do not live in Lucknow now. 4. Yesterday, this place was full of children. 5. The band is marching towards the centre of the field. 6. lt is raining outside. z We shall reach the amusement park soon, 8. I am very grateful for the invitation, but I am quite busy this month. III 08 III

Formation ofAdverbs E We add Jy to adjectives to form most adverbs of manner. t . careful ) carefully When the adjective ends in consonant + y, we change y into i and add -ly. . busy ) busily When ihe adjective ends in e, we leave out the e and add -ly. . horrible ) horribly @ W.it. th\" \"dverb forms of these adjectives. perfectly 2. qutet :. beautiful 4. regular 5. kind 6. terrible /. neavy 8. drastic 9. hard to. fantastic Complete these sentences with the adverb forms of the adjectives in the brackets. t. Manish drives his car slowly (slow) but carefully (careful). 2. Raziya fell down because she was trying to climb the ladder (haste). 3. We allgot scared when the dog began to bark (angry). IIII 89 ITI

4. Time passes so (quick) when you are on vacation. 5. I made this dish (special) for my father. 6. It was (awful) cold yesterday. lt snowed in the evening. llltl 7. lf you play so (careless), your battery-operated car will not work properly. 8. There was an accident, but (thankful), no one was (serious) injured. Position of Adverbs .We usuallv place adverbr o{ manncr next to the words they describe' The girls sang melodiouslY. When the sentence has an object, we cannot place an adverb between the verb and its object. So the adverb is placed after the object. . The girls sang the song melodiourly' We can olace adverbs o{ manner in the beginning, middle or at the end of the sentence. . Quickly, I ran to the door. . I ran quickly to the door. . I ran to the door quicklY. We usually place adverbs of time at the end of sentences' . lt rained a lot today. Sometimes adverbs of time can also be placed at the beginning of sentences for emohasis, . Today, it rained a lot. We usually put adverbs of place after the main uerb and the object' lf there is no object, then it is placed after the main verb. . They are eating downstairs. ' They are eating lunch downrtairt. We place adverbs of frequency at the beginning, middle or end of sentences' . Sometimes, lgo to bed earlY. III ql III

The adverbs in these sentences are placed incorrectly. Correct the sentences. There may be more than one correct answer. t. I unfortunately had to leave halfway through the film and don't know how it ended. Urtortunately. I had ro leave halfway through the film and don't know how it ended. z. The sweetest and best mangoes usually can be bought in this season. 3. Tanvir can do obviously better at school. a. Rimi had forgotten apparently what she had come to do. 5. lwas feeling immediately ill and wanted to see the doctor. 6. Rahul had forgotten to wish his sister incidentally on her birthday. 7 None of us surprisingly remembered that the plants had to be watered. r8. I never frankly imagined that you would forget to pick'nre up from the library. Q. They set aside iheir differences happily and became friends once more. lo. Grandma was tired naturally and didn't want to stay up and watch the match. III sl III

o Tick (/) the correct sentence in each pair' '1. a. I probably won't see him./ b. I won't probablY see him. 2. a. I don't have to usually work on Saturdays' b. I don't usually have to work on Saturdays' a. Certainly, that's not going to happen' b. Thafs not certainly going to happen' a, Doreen doesn't visit us in the winter anymore' b. Doreen doesn't anymore visit us in the winter' 5. a. We always can't remember incidents from our childhood' b. We ean't always remember incidents from our childhood' 6. a. I really didn't know you were coming to Mumbai' b. I didn't know really you were coming to Mumbai' a. She did not once look in my direction' b. Not once did she look in my direction' 8. a. I looked for my cardigan all over the place but could nowhere find it' b. I looked for my cardigan all over the place but could find it nowhere' Comparison of Adverbs Read these sentences. . Farhan works hard. . Zubin works harder than Farhan, . Sujit works the hardest of them all' We know that we can use adverbs to make comparisons Adverbs also have degrees We use adverbs in the positive' comparative and ri .mp-is.\" f rf. superlative degrees\"d. jectives. III I III

Thig table shows us how to change adverbs in the positive form to the comparative and superlative forms. one-syllable adverbs add -er add -est . nearest most adverbs ' nearer . calmty add most aoo more . most calmly irregular adverbs . more calmly . well . best . badly . better . worst . much . worse . most . little 'more . far .less .least . farther / further . farthest / furthest i::::fi iim:iHfi : ;::l[e<orrect compararive or superrarive We must not reach the venue Jater than 8 otjock. (late) Some people can speak than a loudspeaker. (loudly) Sirius shines than all the other stars. (bri8htly) Manish arrived the so he had to wait for the others. (earryT Why do you have to speak the of all at the meeting? (quietly) Of all the girls, Shruti sang . (sweetly) , Of the two cameras, which do you like ? (eood) This is the I nave ever walked trom my house. (far) Raveena dances the of all. (graceful) He had an accident last year. Now he drives than before. (careful) lspeak Marathi than last year. (fluent) Jim can run than Jeet. (fast) rIr s IIT