ace english grammar 7

The boy stood up on the chair to see the stage. The students hope to know the result by tomorrow. 4.il We saw a spotted deer in the park. 5. The teacher is likely to take a test today. 6. She speaks too fast to be understood. 7 lt is too hot to play in the field. 8. Nirmala worked hard to pass the examination. Transformation of a simple sentence into a compound sentence We can convert a simple sentence into a compound sentence by expanding a word or phrase into a coordinate clause. . Rani came home to spend time with me, . Rani came home and spent time with me. o Change these simple sentences to compound sentences. t.H avine finished their work for the dav. the caroenters went home. The carpenters finished their work and went home. z. Climbing up the tree, he plucked some apples. t. Being ill, he didn't attend the wedding. III II1U

4. Besides being intelligent, she is 5. He must hurry up to catch the bus. 6. Hearing the bell, Jamila went to answer the door. Transformation of a compound sentence into a complex sentence We can convert a compound sentence into a complex sentence by changing the coordinate clause into a subordinate clause using subordinating conjunction' ' l-lurry up and get ready or you will be late for school' . You will be late for school if you don't hurry up and get ready. Gv-, l Change these compound sentences to complex sentences. t. He tried his best, but he did not succeed. Thoueh he tried his best, he did not succeed. z. The clown entered the circus ring and the children started clapping. J. Take care ofthe pence and the poundswill take care of themselves. 4. You have to hurry or you will miss the bus. s. The battle has been won but the war is not over yet.' 6. Thecountry has made huge progress, butwe still have a longwaytogo. 7. You have to be eighteen years old or you cannot vote. III t45 III

8. Tuberculosis is curable and evervbodv knows this. 9. l-.le is a magician from Turkey and he has performed all over the wortd. 'l Transformation of declarative sentences to interrogative sentences When we convert declarative sentences to interrogative, we change the order of the words so that the auxiliary verb (be, have) comes before the subject. . They are going to Agra. . Are they going to Agra? lf the sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb, we use do, does or did with the base form of the verb. . Ashutosh driyes a car. . Does Ashutosh drive a car? Qf Rewrite these as interrogative sentences. 't. Anupama works in the garden every morning. Does Anupama work in the garden every morning? z. This is the correct way to do yoga. J. lhad taken your book home bv mistake. 4. The kitchen needs painting. 5. This is the way to the airport. 6. They did not find the missing painting. III146 III

Z.rr 7 We have met before. 8. She has been sleeping all afternoon. Transformation of declarative sentences to exclamatory sentences When we convert declarative sentences to exclamatory we use What...! before-noun phrases and llow...! before adjectives (without nouns) and adverbs. We also use sueh and so in exclamatory sentences. . lt was an exciting day. How exciting the day wasl . lt is great news. What great news! . This is an amazing view. This is such an amazing view! . This is scary. So scary this is! @ Writ\" .*\"l\"matory sentences with what, how, go and such. t. This is a pretty frock. (such) This is such a pretty frockl 2. lt was a funny film. (what) 3. You are very sweet, (so) 4. They acted most realistically. (how) III r4t III

5. lt was a silly mistake. (whai) 6. The children are very well-behaved. (so) l/l 7 lt thundered and rained. (how) 8. This is an excellent offer. (such) @ Rewrite these as declarative sentenceg. t. What a fantastic dress this is! This is a fantastic dress. u. Have the children studied for tomorrow's test? 5. what a wonderiul surprise this is! a. ls she still upset with me? 5. Have they lost the match? 6. Has Grandmother bought more yarns of wool? /. vY nar an exc[tng trek that was! 8. How correct his prediction wasl IfI 1/BII

22 Subject-Verb Agreement Read these sentences. . Neither of them was here last night. . The quality of these apples is quite good. E We already know that the verb in a sentence must agree with the subject in number and person. Therefore, singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. . I am ready. . lt is tiny. . You are bravel . They are here, ' He is tall! . We are ajone. Let us revise these points about subject-verb agreement. t. When two or more subjects arejoined by and, the verb wijl be in the prurar. . Three sheep and two goats are in the enclosure. 2. When two or more subjects arejoined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the final subject. . Neither Sarita nor Raghav is happy. . Neither Sarita nor her cousins are happy. 5. Collective nouns may be singular or plural, depending on their use in the sentence. . Theaudience is fantasiic tonight! (refers to the audience as a whole) . The audience were asked to introduce themselves. (refers to the individual members of the audience) NIIfII l/re

4. Some nouns look plural in form, but are singular in meaning Such nouns will take a singular verb. . Geography is my favourite subject' l lf two subjects together express one single idea' the verb will be in ihe singular' I . Bread and cheese was her favourite food' indefinite pronouns such as each' every' someone' no one' :,#:L:ili\"il;: \";;;;;i;;';i;;',Manv prurar in 'mnyeoannien'g Ar I or an j'insura.. o' them take a singular verb' . Everyone is looking forward to it' . Someone hes left his behind' Words like somc, eny, ell, mort, and so on' may be singular or plural depending on one person ;;;;;;i\";;;n1\". rh\"v t\"k\" \" tingular verb when thev refer to or a part of something. . Some of the news wer shocking' . Some of the teachers rro really young' . All of my neighbours wrrc helpful' Units of time, distancc' money' metsurement' and so on' are usually singular' if the amount is considered as one unit' . Seven days is not enough time' . Six hundred rupees ir a lot of money for this purse' Tip: of ihe subject' whether srngurat ot plural is not changed bv the words The number that come between the subject and the verb o Circle the correct verbs' l. fhere@/ are a bunch of grapes in the re{rigerator' 2. Do / Does Your team PlaY well? j. Neither Tarun nor Polly was / were interested in the film screening' 4. Each and every one of us has / have to take responsibility to save our planet' III 150 III

5. There is / are five of us in the same car. 6. The board has / have decided to include two more members. 7. Many years has / have passed since the last time we went to our scnoor. 8. Everyone need / needs to exercise regularly to stay healthy. 9 She contribute / contributes regularly to the book review column for the monthly magazine. to. The Prime Minister, together with his wife, greets / greet the press cordiallv. o Gomplctc these rentcnccs with is or are. l.T he committee is going ahead with their final decision. Gymnastics Mayuri's passion. There two kilos of rice in the kitchen store-room. allthe boys participating in the hundred metre sprint? AII the children and their parents going to be there. 6. Neither the boss nor the employees nappy. 7. Peter and his sister visiting their grandparents this Sunoay. 8. Every student invited to the Childrent Day event. Complctc thcse scntcncr: using the corrcct forms of the verbr In thc brrckcts. All vcrbs rhould be in the prcsent tense. t. Mina and Jayant are taking part in the quiz competition. (be) 2. There (have) bben a few instances of robbery in this neighbourhood. 5. lshani (have) rn6dq 1[;s p;cture frame from recycled paper. My trousers (be) with the tailor for repairs. Mathematics (be) John's favourite subject, while Ankur deep interest in Civics. (have) a 6. Radhika (do not) want to watch that film. 7. Every one of those books on that shelf (be) fiction. 8. Each of these shirts (have) a green collar. lflfr,,@,,:,flf

Strike out the incorrect verbs in these sentences and write the correct ones in the space given. Tick (/) the sentences that have no errors. t. Sandals and towels is essential gear for a trip to the beach. are 1 2. Everybody at the party were enjoying the food. 3. This singer, along with a few others, plays the harmonica on stage. a. Each of the dancers twirl brilliantly. 5. Sourav as well as his friends, have been invited to the gala. 6. Every member of the winning team was awarded a medal. 7. The furniture in the house is mostly old. 8. Some of the students in my class was upset with their marks Use the words in all the four columns to make at least eight questions. Say the questions aloud in class. (Oral Practice) the train collected the station? reacneo the tickets? Has / Have already? to Nainital? od marks? well in the test? I Has Kaustav collecteo tne tlCKeIs: Correct the errors in this passage to make sure that the verbs agree with their subjects. hqs , The beaver, Canada's national animal, have some unusual characteristics. One unusual fact about beavers is their large size. The beaver is the largest rodent in North America, weighing from lS to 55 kg. lt spend a lot of time in the water, so its feet is large and webbe for swimming. The beaver's tail which is wide and flat like a paddle also helps it to swim' Thick under-fur keep the beaver warm and dry, even in very cold water. In {act, beavers have been known to stay under water in icy ponds for as long as fifteen minutes. Beavers III 152 III

also has long teeth which grows all their lives. They use these powerful teeth to cut down trees which they use for food and and shelter. Another unusual fact about the beaver is that it is one of the few animals that change its own environment. Beavers create ponds by building dams with roots, sticks, mud and stones. Each family of beavers build a lodge, or nest, in a riverbank or in the middle of a pond. They build an underwater entrance to the lodge. l-laving the entrance underwater protects them from their enemies. Beavers is also very social animals. They not only communicate with each other by making sounds with their mouths but also by slapping their big flat tails on the water. The beaver s social life is complex and focus around the female. These very special animals are found in every province in Canada. ITI 1$r ffiIr

23 Punctuation and GaPital Letters Read these sentences. ' Rahi asked me, \"Who is the President of India?\" ' I need to do some research on the landforms, agriculture, industry and culture of Bhutan. Capital Letters We use capital letters at the beginning of sentences and for the pronoun l' ' Kavita and I are best friends. We begin the names of people, places, rivers, mountains, the days of the week' .and the months of the year with capital letters. The Nile is the longest river in the world. The names of books, newspapers' magazines, languages, festivals, holidays' and so on' also begin with caPital letters. ' Have you seen lhe limes of lndio today? Full stop \\Vs u5s 6 full stop O at the end of a sentence. We use a full stop after both letters in a.m. and P.m., and so on. ' Rani had a glass of milk at s P m. Comma We use a comma to separate items in a list ' Bharti has learnt to speak French, Arabic, German and ltalian' We also use a comma to separate words, phrases or clauses in a sentence' ' On the first day, Mita was quite shy and didn't talk much' We use a comma to set off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence' and so on' ' \"l think Purab will be late,\" said Ronit. III II154

Exclamation Mark We use an exclamation mark (l) to end an exclamatory sentence that expresses anger, joy, grief, wonder, surprise, and so on. ' How useful this gadget isl We also use exclamation marks to add emphasis. ' Be carefull Question mark 'We use a question mark (?) at the end of a question. Who did this? Quotation Marks We use double quotation marks to set off a direct word_for_word quotation that is spoken by someone. Notice the inverted commas before the first word spoken and after the last word spoken. We use a comma sr a question mark.at the end before closing the quotation marks, if the quotation comes before he said / asked. We place a full stop or a question mark61 the if the quotaiion end before closing the quotation marks, comes afier he said / asked. ' Tanya said, \"l am going to study for a few hours.\" ' lt really is ,,Nobody a total mystery,\" the director of the museum said today. has seen them putting the statue there. We use single quotation marks to set off titles of films, poems, books, short stories, and so on. ' Iread Three Men in o Boof'the otherday and thoroughly enjoyed it. Insert capital letters, full stops, commas and quotation marks where necessary in these sentences. you may need to use exclamation marks and questions marks as well. t. maria asked do you want to have a sandwich lYaria askeci. 'Do you wanl to have a sandwich?. z. dinesh and i play squash on Mondays Wednesdays fridays and Saturdays said iosh HM

5. i loved watching the film the little mermaid shakti said z. do we have a test today karan asked me ll 5. what a fantastic shot exclaimed dev 6. buy a pair of scissors a chart paper some pencils and bottles of glue divya reminded kavva z the teacher said you must work harder to do well in your tests 8. kini said i haven't seen sara all day that's strange! Llyphen W. eniunseeteaehnyephiegnh(-t)yto-ojoninetwo or more words .together. up-to-date filing system We also use it to add a prefix to a word. . anti-corruption squad . re-plan .We use it to make up an adjective with two or more words' My mother has a iull-timejob. ' She is a seven-year-old girl. W. eduisneiint tgo -mraokoe tmwo separate words easier to read. icecream-seller Dashes Dashes are of two kinds-em dash (-) and en dagh (-)' The em dash is longer than the en dash. The en dash is slightly longer than the hyphe Unlike hyphens, which are used to separate parts of words, dashes are used to separate groups of words. We use the em dash (-) to separate groups of words that are not important for the understanding of the rest of the sentence. III 156 II

. We waited at the bus stop-in the continuous, heavy rain_for almost an nour. We use an em dash to emphasise something, to offer an explanation or add something that is surprising, and so on. The em dash is used in the midile of a sentence when we- want to interrupt or qualify something that is being said or to come back again .to the main thing being talked about. The only thing we could do-if we could do anything at all_was to sympathise . with Tarun. lstanbul was a dream-colourful, lively and exciiingl We use an em dash to show a sudden break or interruption of a thougnt. . Then the sounds stopped suddenly. Almost, as if_ . Things have changed a lot now-happily, for the better. We also use em dashes to replace a pair of parentheses. lf we want to draw attention to the content, we use dashes. lf we want to include the content without drawing one! attention to it, we use parentheses. When we use dashes in place of parenthese-s, we delete all surrounding punctuation. . Upon discovering the errors (all rz4 of them), the publisher immediately recalled the books. . Upon discovering the errors-all rz4of ihem_the publisher immediately recalled the books. When we put an em dash in place of parentheses at the end of a sentence, only a single dash is used. . After three weeks on set, the cast was fed up with his direction_o, rather, lack of direction. we use the en dash (_) to show a range of numbers, dates or time. Depending on the context, it means to or through. lt is also used to show a connection between two things and direction. . The teacher revised chapters r-4 today. . The office is open 9 a.m.-5 p.m. @ Insert hyphens and dashes in these sentences, wherever necessary. l. Today if time permits l'd like to see the palace. -if time permits:-l'd like to see the oalace. III lil IrI

2. \"The skirt looks nice. But, somehow\" said Sonya. 3. Sumit my elder brother is visiting us for a week. a. The Chennai Puducherrv road route is one of the most scenic in the country. 5. Arun promised to take me to see the hundred year old monument 6. They travelled north east mostly on the hilly terrain. Z She has packed your books along with some other papers in the boxes. 8. The ferry service is open 5 a.m 6 p.m. Semicolon We use a semicolon () to indicate a pause that is slightly longer than that of the comma and shorter than that of the full stop. We also use it when two independent clauses are .very closely connected in meaning. l switched off the television; lwastired ofwatchingthe same shows overand over again. We also use semiqolons before words such as namely, however, therefore that is, and so on, when they come at the beginning of a sentence that is complete in meaning. . We thought we were out ofjam;however, we found a jar in the fridge. We also use the semicolon to separate items in a list, when one or more of the items contain commas. . I have been to Delhi, Srinagar and Leh in the North; and Calicut, Mysuru and Bangalore in the South. Colon We use a colon (J to connect two sentences or clauses, when the second and subsequent sentences add more information on the same subject as the first. III 158ffiII

Thesecond clause or sentence illustrates, clarifies, enumerates and elaborates the first independent clause. ' lam sure lcan traveltomorrow as planned, my ticket has been confirmed. ' Tinu is very fond of animals, she has a smallzoo in her house. 'We also use the colon sometimes to introduce a quotation. The advertisement for Kerala r6ad as follows:,,Visit Kerala, and learn for yourself what a true holiday is.\" 'We also use the colon [gh,,,ssn 6 ll1ls and subtitle. Physics Problems and Solutions: A Handbook for Students We also use the colon [qtv{ssn 1lE heur and the minutes when writing the time. ' 08:46 6... 'A colon is also used after the salutation of a business letter. Dear Madam/Sir: IInnstehretsseesmein.ntelonncse,s.cRapeiwtarlitleetttheerss,efnutlelsntcoepss,incyoomumr ansotaenbdoocokl.ons iclosed the book i had grown tired of reading lclosed the book; I had grown tired of reading. z. the debate was drawing to a close each team gathered together to prepare its final remaTKs t :I\".:l!llF.]assand was participating in the play ten of us as dancers five as singers actors two as the main 4. the europe trip will include visits to london england rome italy paris france munich germany and warsaw poland 5. the,tables had wonderful decorations flowers balloons confetti ribbons and marble Dtros 6. the first book he cited in his paper was understonding comics tAe invarble ort. Z it rained heavily during the afternoon however, we managed to have our prcnrc anyway 8. i have a lot to do today study for my test wash my clothes wash the car and call my mother rIr 159 ilII

Parentheses or Brackets Parentheses or brackets are used to enclose figures or numbers. 'Inthetreatytherewerethreemainconditions,(t)cease-fire(z)respectingeach I other's current boundaries (5) resumption of cultural ties' We also use parentheses or brackets to add extra information. ' Dhirai saii (and we assume that he meani what he said) that he would definitely attend ftotball practice today. lf we remove the part of the sentence thai appears within brackets, the rest of the sentence without the words in the brackets will still make complete sense' Insert brackets, hyphens and dashes in the correct places in these sentences. Rewrite the sentences in your notebook' I am sometimes asked what kind of qualities a scientist needs in his or her make up' I am sometimes asked what kind of qualities a scientist needs in his or her make-u It was Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin tg54-68 the first person to travel into space who famously declared, \"The Earth is blue.\" Louis Pasteur1822-95 was the first to Prove that all forms of fermentation were causec by microbes also referred to as germs living creatures so small that they could be seer qnly through a microscope. The film was praised for its recreation of nineteenth century London' George Eliot I8l9 l88o, whose real name was Mary Ann Evans, wrote poems and several well known novels. 6. The article continued, \"Once the material reaches its critical mass; the minimum amount of pressure loo psi required for a'reaction-a chain reaction occurs \" Lately, Peter has been making changes in his life, reading more books and exercising more regularly. 8. Three of the people in my class, Tom, Saroj, and Rohit; refused to join the demonstration. III III1otl

@ ldentiff what kinds of sentences these are. t. My sister is a doctor. z. Vandana works at a supermarket, 5. Where have you been since yesterday? A. Take this file with you. 5. How interesting! 6. What is the populaiion of Maharashtra? 7. Please put the stamped envelopes in this box. 8. What a thrill that ride was! 9. Insert the disk in this slot. to. The winters in Arunachal Pradesh are very cold and long.. @ r'rark th\"\"e sentences S for simple, C for compound and Cx for complex. t. We met a lot of people who spoke English. 2. There was a car aciident but nobody was hurt. I haye one elder sister. lf I get this job, I will have to work very hard. Neither the boysnor the girls had any iriformation. o: Manisha is a teacher and her brother is do\"to.' \" 7. flarsha bought a pen. 8. The students stood up when the teacher entered the classroom. 9. Thieves left the place as soon as they saw the police. to. The young students enjoyed the game. rrri,.Ernrirrr

@ Cha.rg\" these sentences according to the instructions in the brackets, t. The thief ran away to escape his arrest. (compound) 2. You cannot succeed without working hard. (complex) J. I will reach my office and call him. (complex) 4. Are you going to be late? (declarative) S. What a thoughtful gesture! (declarative) 6. In the event of being late you will not be allowed entry. (compound) z The child felt hungry, so he started crying. (complex) 8. As we couldn't catch the last bus, we had to walk all the way home. (compound) Insert brackets, hyphens, capital letters, exclamation marks' {ull stops and in the correct places and rewrite this passage in your notebook' the sun is the most well known star at least among us humans our sun is about t5o million kilometres 9J million miles from the earth. however, the next closest star to our solar system is the triple star system, proxima centauri it is can you believe it? about 49 trillion kilometres z5 trillion miles from earth in termgof the speed of light the standard used by astronomers to measure distance this triple star is 4.29 light years from our solar system so, light from the star takes as you might have guessed already,4.29 years to reach earth however, if we were to try and go to proxima centauri using our present day rockets we would take quite unbelievably so a thousand earth years to get there III 162 ffiII

24 Integrated Grammar Practice Worksheet Set t There is an error in each line, Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blanks provided. t. Only any students were asked to stay back after class. 2. Very little of the actors were experienced. 3. He is sure that this is an camera that he bought. 4. Whose countries did you visit last year? 5. Aditi won the spelling competition third times in a row 6. This flowers already seem to be wilting. o Choose the correct answers to complete these sentences. r.S he a lot of progress at the moment. a. makes b. was making c. is maling 2. Aparna sprained her ankle while she down the stairs. a. is climbing b. was climbing c. climbed _5. 1 Akhil at the library the day before yesterday. a. met b. am meeting c. )r'r'as meetlng Let me know when you the package. a. are receiving b. receive c. received What you at this time yesterday? a. were, doing b. are, doing c. was, doing I some fruits, when lheard someone ca my name. a. bought o. Duy c. was buying III II16:l

\\.\":l r 6 Rearrange these words and phrases to make meaning{ul sentences. t. volleyball / had / of / durin6lunch / a quick game / we z. got I a beautiful sunrise / | / the other day I to watch 5. says / all day/will rain / tomorrow / the weather forecast / it a. you tell me/ is/ wrong/ unless/ help you/ what/ lcan't 5. someone / she / behind the door / see / could 6. prefers / in / the old stable / the horse / living Set z o There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blanks provided. t. We managed to do everything at a relaxing pace. 2. The coach was not pleasing when the team lost. J. Amrita is performed in the play this year. 4. Few candidates have applying for the post. 5. Applied the same theory, we can solve this sum. 6. The door was swung back and forth in the wind. o Complete these sentences by choosing the correct answers. 1, lf you are interested in science, you take it up in college. a. coulq b. would c. may z. You really b. may not watgh so much TV b. might c. shouldn't a. wouldn't arrive tomorrow if he iakes the train tonight. j. Ashraf c. mustn't a. might not 4. This team easily win the tournament. a. can b. would c. won t III 164 III

definitely write to the school authorities about it. a. shall not b. should not c. shall 6. We make it to her show next week. a. couldn't b. could c. would Rearrange these words and phrases to make meaningful sentences. Use suitable punctuation to end them. 't. in the rain / dangerous / driving / be / could do / another day / can / this / please / we 3. a longtime/ myfamily/ soexcited/after/about/seeing/ | am 4. the film / to / for dinner / after / went / a restaurant / we have known / Sunita / ten years / | / more than / for need / help / to / does / fill out / the form / she Set 5 o There is an error in each line. Write the incorrect word and the correction in the blanks provided. t. He will reach home before the storm will come. z. I am leaving Gujarat before the earthquake occurred. g. She will reach the station before the train will leave. 4. The great reformer dies in lg8o. 5. I waiting for her at home for a long time. 6. She finished her dinner when I saw her. o Choose the correct words to complete these sentences. '1. she has decided on an apartment on rent. a. taking b. to take c. taken b. had sanowrches every day tor lunch. z. lam tired of c. having a. to have IIfir.,,gF.,'.',.III

3. Anindita is really good at a. to dance b. dancing c. danced 4. We are excited about Diwali with my grandparents this year. a. celebrating b. celebrated c. to celebrate 5. I don't really feel like science today. Maybe l'll do maths instead. a. to study b. studied c. studying 6. lt is no use over spilt milk. a. cried b. crying c. to cry 6 p\"\"rr\"ng.1hese words and phrases to make meaningful sentences, i. will take / the school / this year / to / us / or / lhe zoo /the museum z. the game / started / since / it / was cancelled / to rain 5. it/ a good song/ yet/famous/ didn't/ it/ become/ was t. took/ although / in a hurry/ the mountaineers / a break / were / tney 5. my computer / me / my friend / crashed / helped / fix it / when 6. don't attack / usually / they / unless / humans / are provoked / animals III160IrI

25 Reading Gomprehension Read the passage. lVichelangelo had heard about a big block of marble-eighteen-feet high_that was Iying in a yard. He went to the town hall to ask about it and was told by an official that it was worthless. \"Didn't they tell you?\" said the official.'A fellow called Simone da Fiesole started to carve a statue years ago. He drilled a big hole right through the block. Then he chipped half the stone away from the front and back of the hole. lt used to be a beautiful block. without any flaws.\" \"da Fiesole ought to be hanged,\" fumed the officiai. Michelangelo wondered just how bad the damage was. He wanted to see for himsejf if he could cut a figure out of the damaged block. \"Can I at least go and see it?,, he asked. Michelangelo spent a long time looking at the stone. l-.le walked around it, took measurements, stood in front of it and thought. As soon as he was home, he started drawing and making a little wax model of a statue of David, which had been da Fiesole! su ol ect. When he was sure he could carve his figure out of the damaged block, he asked the mayor to give it to him. Michelangelo sculpted the statue of David, one of his most famous masterpreces, out of the block. He extracted the statue so exactly that da Fiesole's chisel marks can still be seen on it. Q Mark these sentences as true (T) or not true (NT). a. The official was angry with lYichelangelo for asking about the block of stone. b. Michelangelo was convinced by the official's explanation about the damaged stone. c, Michelangelo chose to carve the same subject as da Fiesole. d. Michelangelo did not need to ask anyone for permission to work on the oamageo block of stone. III 167 ==:-II

!) Answer these questions. a. How did Michelangelo get the block of marble? b. How had the block been damaged? c. What did Michelangelo choose to carve? Give two reasons why he may have done so. I @ Find *ords in the passage that mean- a, something thai has no real value b. mistakes or faults c. an excellent specimen of something E Read this passage. ad travelled the park extensively but the elephant herds were nowhere to be seen. Suddenly, a movement caught my eye. lt was a huge, old kudu male-incredibly handsome, with majestic horns. There was something so attractive about him that I longed to get a betteiglimpse. Unlike most kudu, which run at the sight of a vehicle, this one stood peering around a bush at us for what seemed like ages. I decided to take the chance and follow him, despite knowing that it could cost me my job' Having now moved up the mountain slope, the kudu stepped out, stared at me and within seconds, he was gone. I mentally kicked myself for having chosen to follow him, wasting precious daylight time. I wondered why I had done it. And then came my answer-there, in the soft golden light, far up the mountainside, stood about a hundred and twenty elephants, spread out and grazing. I raced towards the herd to finally get a glimpse of the elephants we had tried to spot for days. lt was not luck that had brought me here-had the old kudu not lured me off the main road, I would never' have found the elephants. I had known that there was something different about the old kudu the minute I saw him. That night, when I reflecied on the day's activities, I wondered if the mystical nature ofthe elephants that I love so much extends to all creatures. kudu' a large greyish or brownish African antelope Q M\"rk th\"\"\" sentences as true (T) or not true (NT). a. Mdst kudu are shy and timid. III f6SII

The warden was given complete freedom to do as he wished in the game park. c. Following the old kudu led him to the elephants. C Answer these questions. a. Why do you think the old kudu did not run at the sight of the vehicle? b. Whv did the warden follow the kudu? c. Whai does the warden mean by'mentally kicked myself'? Why did he do so? d. What did the warden find by following the old kudu? @ find th\" *ords from the passage which mean the game as these words. a. look closely b. tempt c. grano ! Read the passage. Leonardo da Vinci, born on t5 April t45z in ltaly, possessed a genius that went far beyond simply being a remarkable artist. He was, perhaps, the first European interested in finding a practical solution to flight. Working towards this purpose, he studied the flight of birds as well as their structure. Da Vinci designed numerous mechanical devices, including parachutes. Around t485, he drew detailed plans for a human-powered brnithopter' which was a wing-flapping machine humans could use to fly. In his notes, he suggested bats, kites and birds as models to imitate. l-le referred to his flying machine as the'Great Bird'. For safety reasons, he also suggested that the machine should be tested over a lake. There is no proof that he actually built this machine. l-lowever, a legend exists that one of his students actually flew a model of the'Great Bird', crashed and broke his leg! The most fascinating of all his flying machines is his last one. lt is the only one of his designs that was a true glider and showed the beginnings of controlled flight. Over the next four centuries, scientists and engineers tontinued to work on the idea of a flight machine. But it was only in r78: that the first hot-air balloon was successfully launched in France. Almost eighty-five years later, a powered monoplane model flew a few dozen feet at an exhibition at the Crystal Palace in London. Q fi\"l 1t1 11r. correct options. There may be more than one correct answea a. Leonardo da Vinciwas i. an artist. ii. a doctor. III*{. *tiIII

b. As models to imitate flying, he suggested i. kites. ii. balloons. iii. bats. I c. The first successful powered plane to take off into the air was launched in i. lialy. ii. France. iii. England. I i Answer these questions. a. How do you know that Leonardo da Vinci had rare natural abilities? b. What did he seek to design? c. What is the legend about one of his students? d. sSuugggegsteastittaletifotlrethtoe rtethxteatnedxgitvaenadregaslvonetao rjuesatifsyoyonutroclhuoiscetrryyourcnolce. words.@ find *ords in the passage that mean the same as these words. I a. captiivvaattiinngg b. coppyy c. mmytyh th I I I I Read this ppasasasges. aee. I worstThe opening of the school in the Kanawha Valley'brought to me one of the I I Idisappointments that I ever experienced. I had been working in a salt-furnace for several earnings. Imonths and my stepfather had realised how valuable lwas to the family work.So, when the school opened, he decided that he could not spare me from my all IIThis decision seemed to cloud my every ambition. The disappointment was made passing Ithe worse because from my place of work I could see the happy children to and from school, mornings and afternoons. Despite this disappointment' however, something. III was determined that I would learn After a while, I made arrangements with the teacher to give me some lessons at night, afterl Ithe day's work was done. These night lessons were so welcome that I think I learned more theday. Iat night than the other children did during lBut my heart was still set on going to the day-school and I argued for it every chance I got IFinally Iwon and was permitted to go to the school in the day for a fdw months However, II had to promise to rise early in the morning and work in the furnace till nine otlock. I also had to return immediately after school closed in the afternoon, for at least two more hourl ,l].il:\",nrr.. \"nlI Ith\".\"hool -as some distance from the furnace. As I had to work till nin\" otlo.k nine, I found myself in a opened at difficulty. School would always be begun itbefore lreached I Frrr no rr-l

To solve this problem, I did something whiih most people would disapprove of. There was a large clock little office in the furnace. i got to reach school on time in a to move the clock hands fro'm the idea ihat the way for me otlock mark. was eight up to ihe nine half_past This I found myself doing morning after morning, till the furnace .boss, discovered that something was wrong and locked the clock in a case. I did not mean to bother anybody; I simply meant to reach that schoolhouse on time. *Kanawha Valley is a district in West Virgina, USA. An extract from Up /rorn Sloverg: An Aufo6iog rophg bg Booker T Washington Complete these sentences. The speaker could not go to school in the beginning because... The speaker used to take lessons at night because... c. The speaker moved the hands of the clock because... A Answer these questions. a. Why was the speaker not allowed to go to day-school? b. l-.low did the speaker learn when he was working during the day? c. Under what conditions was the speaker allowed to go to school? d. Why was the speaker unable to reach school on time? e. What did the speaker do to get to school on time? o What can these words from the text be replaced by? a.o isappointments i. failures ii. setbacks iii. regrets, ambition i, cunning ii. enthusiasm iii. aspiration c. difficu lty i. struggle ii. dilemma iii. crisis d. cloud i. affect ii, wreck iii. darken bother i, nuisance ii. inconvenience iii. annoy IIfri.rriffi,,r,fff

rl ! Read the passage. lopened a book and in lstrode Now nobody can find me. 1 I've left my chair, my house, my roao, My town and my world behind me. l'm wearing the cloak, l've slipped on the ring, l've swallowed the magic potion. l've fought with a dragon, dined with a king And dived in a bottomless ocean. lopened a book and made some friends. lshared their tears and laughter And followed iheir road with its bumps and bends To the happily ever after. lfinished my book and out I came. The cloak can no longer hide me. My chair and my house are just the same, But I have a book inside me. Juliq Donqldson Q Mark these sentences as true (T) and not true (NT), a. The speaker really goes into the book; the poem is about magic. b. The speaker has entered the world of dreams. c. The.line 'l've fought with a dragon, dined viith a king, tells you that the speaker gets really involved with the stories she reads. d. The characters in the books are the new friends the speaker has made. I e' 'l have a book inside me'means the speaker knows so much more thanks to the book. I Q Answe. these questions. 'l a. What happens to the speaker when she opens a book? c IfI In II T n

b. Who are the friends that the speaker has made? What does she share with them? What happens when the speaker finishes reading her book? @ Complete this table with rhyming words. 4. laughter ! Read the passage. Long ago, the Persians were at w€r with Greece. With a mighty army and a fleet of ships, the Persians crossed the sea to Greece. ln those days, Greece was divided into many small - ''Sparta, Corinth, Thessaly, and so on. The combined states_Ath-ens, arrnl, or the Greeks waited in the hills of l,larathon to fight the invaders. Only the Spartans had not come. The Greek army commanders were worried. ,,We must send a messenter to Sparta and there is not much time left. Who get help. Sparta is far awav and willgo with the messaee?i they asked the soldiers who stood belore them- A youth stepped forward, a lad still in his teens. His name was pheidippides. \"l will run for Greece,\" he said. Pheidippides ran across the countryside, through valleys and over the hills. He had only one thought in his mind-',1 must save my people.,, It was evening before he reached Shp\"a.ortarl.dHeh\"w.adslypa'\"nft.in\"kg laan\"dilh\"isgh\"e\"a.'r1t ,w,a,rsnb*e*agti.ng fasi. Sweat poured down his body and to the king of Sparta and his advisors. The spartans did not answer for a whire. pheidippides trembred as he waited..,We cannot come now,\" said the Spartans finall,. Tears of disappointment rose in the boy's throat, but he swallowed them back. There was no time to waste on tears. He must run again and give the a.ry _rr\"na\"., the messase. rII 173 III

I H\" turn\"d and ran back until he reached Marathon' He had run for two days' The Greek armies fought without the Spartans There was a fierce battle and the Greeks won. Pheidippides was the first Marathon runner. The Marathon is run even today i ou\"r. ii.tance of about 4z km. lt is a mark of respect to that first runne6 who ran to sav\"e his countrY. *Pheidippides pronounced as feg-dipi-dees Q Comnlete these sentences. a. The Greeks were being attacked by the b. Only the were missing from the Greek side. c. The battle was taking place in the hills of d. The only thought in Pheidippides' mind as he ran was that he @ An\"wer these questions. a. Why did the Greek armies want to send a message to Sparta? b. How did the Greek armies send their message to the Spartans? c. Why did Pheidippides almost crY? d. How long had Pheidippides run? What gave him the strength? e. Why do we run the Marathon even today? 6 Cross out the odd one in these groups of words. a. fearsome powerful proud tough mighty b. swift rapid quick sudden sP'eedY c. faint-hearted lionhearted plucky valiant brave d. admire esteem regard respect praise III 174 II

You will listen to a short talk that explains what the Duty of Care means in caring for animals. Read these points. As you listen, complete the sentences with one or two words. t. lf we have an animal in our care, we are to look after it in five ways, z. The animal must have a good diet and water to maintain and health. The animal needs to be kept tn a suitable resting place. of pain or injury through quick We must ensure attention. 5. The animal must keep with others of its kind. 6. We must not allow it to feel and distress. !f Listen to a passage and complete these sentences with linkers. Pronunciation and enunciation have to do with how vo,, words. Both are very important trov 5suuccLeLssefusls.rur to what you say , especially in public speaking, ano now you because people will pay closer attention 3-.=.........-.say it when you are speaking pronunciation has to do with a1=_=...=-saying a word the way 5_Some errors in pronunciation woujd tell you it should be said. you are u[j'n Ji:il\"Iil!\"toullllJfi],if, ::iiabout a 6res-s.=ra.m.i.r.ia....s..o..-.'.,,'\". which is new to you. lt is natural that you might new vocabulary in your research. However, you must be aware of those new words and be careful to discover the s e.-pronunciation before your presentation. The most way of doing this is to look up the word in the dictionary. practise the correct over and over until you comfortable with the word. III 175,ffiffi$Il

Listen to a passage about four different people. After you listen, write the name next to the person being described. l. wants an inexpensive holiday z. loves the sea g. wants to go abroad 4. doesn't want to go anywhere 5. wants to watch cricket 6. wants to go to China 7. loves cricket 8. the uninvited guest o Listen to a conversation and answer these questions. z.here does the conversation take place? What does the customer want? J. What does'todayi special' include? 4. How much does it cost? 5. Flow much does the trimming cost? 6. How much time does the customer have? G-. l Circle the words vou hear. - t. shoes shoots z. shirt short g. ship sheep 6. full fool 4. pull pool 5. clerk clock 9. match march 7. rule rude 8. boat boot io. shot short Anant and his companions are visiting the lligh Valley School to participate in their inter-school meet' The secretary of the school gives them the schedule for the day. Listen to the schedule and help Anant make notes to give Bela, who misgel the b.iefing. meet the Principal and staff Main Hall III 1i6 III

l2:OO Face painting Crack the code Western music/Antaks ha ri @ li\"t.n to these announcements and update this notice board. Train no; : 1,.* : :;;l i'' dql.lgfii i; 9]tatus Name' . ,' ,., r':,. 12623 Trivandrum Mail Thiruvananthapuram 7:15 a.m. 126t5 7:3O a.m. r6222 New Delhi 4 Chennai Mysuru Mysuru Express Train Name To Siatus number Bengaluru 2639 Brindavan . Express 7 2164 7:5O a.m. 2071 Shatabdi Vijayawada Express delayed by 2675 Kovai Coimbatore l2o min Express @ tisten to this taped message and answer these questions. t. Where is the most likely place to find a book on learning to speak French? a. Level t b. Level z u. Where would you find a January 1996 issue of lndia Today magazine? a. Level t b. Level 3 c. Level 4 ITNI EMI

3. How much would you have to pay in late fees if you had a book that was 45 days overdue? b. Rs lo c. Rs 15 a. Rs 50 4. When does the library close on Friday nights? I a. 8:5o p.m. b. lo'oo p.m. c. 9:3o p m' Listen to this conversation between friends. After you listen, choose the correct answers. t. What does Sushma have to do on Saturday morning? c visit her grandmother a. bathe the cat b. clean the house z. Where does Sushma have to go at tz,3o? a. to school b. to the dentist c. to the science museum 3. What time is Sushma meeting with Julie? a. l2:OO P.m. b. t,oo p.m. c. 2:OO P.m. 4. What will Susan do after soccer practice? c' call a friend a. clean the dishes b. go for a dance show 5 Why can't they watch a video at Susan's house? a. They can't decide on a videc. b. Susan's mother is going to use it. c. The machine isn't working. Your class is going to visit the art museum in your city' Listen to your Desk of the museum' teacher talkiig to the officer at the Information and put a cross (x) Asyou listen, fut the rule is correct a tick (/) if if it is not. t. School groups to the museum have a choice of themes' z. There is no entrance fee charged for the person escorting the group' g. There will be a security check for all visitors' 4. Students can bring their own food with them' 5. Students can also bring paper to sketch on' 6. Students can take photographs in the museum with permission' Z The museum has strict rules about behaviour' 8. The museum is friendly towards people with disabilities' III fig III

'Lw 27 Writing Letters and Email ln{ormal Letter We write informal letters t9 friends or family. Informal letters should include- t. the address of the person who is writing. z. the date when the letter is written. 3. the greeting or salutation-l.,1y d--ar friend / Dear Father / Dear Ashutosh/ Dear Ma, and so on. A. the body of the letter, consisting of an introduction, main part and conclusion. 5. subscription or the complimentary close-Yours affcctionately / Affectionately / Affectionate y yours / Yours oving y / Your affectionatc sistcr / Love, for members of the family and Vourrs sincerely / Sincerely / Vours truly / Yours faithfu ly, for friends and acquaintances. 6. the signature of the person who is writing. l.lere is a sampNe of an informal letter\" Butterfly Residential School Dhanbad - 826 ooa 'lo October 2o2o Dear Maya, Thank you very much for the lovely birthday card and the letter. lt was great to hear from you after so many months. You seem to be having a great time in Sikkim. Thanks a lot for the photographs from your school trip to Bandhavgarh. I absolutely loved the snap of the tiger crossing the forest path. lt must have been an incredible raffi 179

ilr- sight! Tigers look so stunning against the dark green backdrop of the forest, don't they? Someday, I would definitely lcve to go there. There isn't much happening lrere. ljust got my results for the half yearly exams. N'la is happy that I did well in the exams. She is going to come down to Dhanbad next week during the parent-teacher meeting. I cannot wait to see her By the way, are you coming to Patna in December? lf you are, let me know when so that we can plan to meet up. Hope to see you soon. Love, Aditi o Write letters as instructed, t. Write a letter to a friend you haven't seen or spoken io in a long time. Tell him/her about what you have been doing and ask them how they are and what they have been uo to recentlv. 2. Write a letter to a friend you know has been having some problems at school. Ask him/ her how they are getting on and maybe give some helpful advice. 5. Write a letter sympathising with a friend who is in hospital. l-le/She has been unable to take the final exams at school. lnformal Fmail Electronic mail or email is used to send letters or messages using the lnternet. Emails are easy to use and they can reach the person you are sending it to within mrnutes. An informal email is one which we mav send to a friend or a familv member. lt good to follow the rules of grammar and punctuation when sending emails. Here are some points to keep in mind while sending emails. a meaningful subject line This is especially important while writing formal letters. The subject line should sum up the body of the mail. A subject line which, for example, states Meeting rescheduled is preferable to a simple Hello. tEm 180

2. Keep the message focussed and readable lf it is a formal letter, address only one topic. l-{owever, if there are various issues to be presented, then ensure that they are numbered and presented neatly, one below the other. Sentences must be short, and the language could be relatively informal; however, this does not call for the use of slans. f,. Keep the message short. 4. Avoid attachments, as far as possible. 5. Avoid using fancy typefaces and capitalising the whole text capital letters Use only plain text instead of bold font or large size. All-caps or typing is seen as shouting or raising your voice. 6. Sign off appropriately Your email address might not contain your full name and might be something like [email protected] or [email protected] which the receiver might not identify. 7 Proofread the letter for language before hitting the send key Remember, even though the email is informal, it follows ail the formal rules of a letter. B. Respond promptly. Here is a sample of an inform.;l r\"rnail. 7 From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Hi Preetika, How are you? lt's been just a few days since you left town to visit your grandmother in Ooty, but I already miss you. How is the weather there? Are you enjoying yourself? Was your grandmother happy to see all the paintings you had made for her? Write to me all about it. Something interesting happened here yesterday. I had gone to the library to return my books and to take some new ones. While I was there, I ran into Amita. Remember, she studied with us in Classes 5 and 4? | happened to see her after more than three IilN

years. She was as surprised as lwas. lt seems they have moved to Delhi, and she is here visiting her cousins for the holidays. Then, we exchanged phone numbers and email lDs and have promised to keep in touch. She remembers you, too. We have planned to meet up tomorrow and spend time together. lam excited about it! | will teli you all about it in my next mail. Write soon. Bye, Smita o Write informal emails as instructed. '1. Write an informal email to your cousin thanking him/her for sending you a book that you have wanted for a long time. Remember to include details about whether you were surprised to receive it, how excited you were when you did, how thoughtful the gift was, and so on. 2. Write an informal email to your uncle asking him to plan a visit to your city during a festive week. Remember to include details about the plans you have made for the visit, the events that are taking place in the city during the weekend, how much you are looking forward to the visit, and so on. 3. Write an email congratulating your cousin, who is taking up his/her first job. Remember to give him/her your good wishes. 4. Write an email to your friend informing him that you have taken up advanced guitar lessons and have joined a rock group in your city. Formal Letter ,,,*r We write formal letters to people who we do'not know very well. These include letters to teachers and principals, letters to editors of newspapers or magazines, letters of invitation or complaint, letters to officials and letters {or job aoolications. In formal letters, the address of the person we are writing to must be included as part of the letter itsell Whereas, in an informal lettel this address will be written only on the envelope and not in the letter. 182 ffil

'Letters to the Editor' is a column in newspapers or magazines where readers respond to a topic recently discussed in the newsiaper. The letter to the editor is a type of formal letter. It includes- t. your address, but not your name. 2. the date of the letter with the full form of the month and the year to avoid confusion. g. the name of the newspaper, if you know it, and the address of the editor you are writing to. 4. a salutation or greeting-Dear Sir / Madam / Dear Editor / Dear Ms Karnad / Dear Mr Nair 5. tha subject ofthe letter 6. tho body of the letter consisting of an introduction, main part and conclusion. The introdqction identifies the topic and the writer's opinion about the topic. lt may also refer to an earlier letter or articre. ' I am pained to see the tax-payers' money being wasted... ' Your article condemning the truckers'strike was so true... The main part of the letter is a series of logical arguments or evidence ro suppon ' Strikes result in a huge loss of resources... The conclusion sums up your view lt may even contain a suggestion for action, a warning or a humorous comment. ' The need of the hour, then, is to encourage youth to take up sports. 7 a subscription or complimentary close To end the letter, you would normally write- Yours sincerely (if you have started the letter with the name of the person) or Yours faithfully (if you have started with Dear Sir/Dear Editor). 8. your signature Your signature followed by your full name and position or designation, if applicable. III ffiII

f{ere are some.points to remember when writing to the editor. t. Keep the letter short and to the point since space on the editorial page is always limited. z. Keep your language plain and simple. The language should reflect your view, but should not be too emotionar. 3. Make a reference to the article or editorial recently published, if applicable. 4. Write your major points in the first two paragraphs. 5. Sign with your name; include your address. 6. Do not deal with more than one issue at a time. Flere is a sample of a letter to the editor. tz, Shivaji Avenue Adyar Chennai - 6oo ozo 25 July 2o2o The Ediior The City Express t26, M G Road Anna Nagar Chennai - 6oo o4o Subject: Problems of noise pollution in my neighbourhood Dear Sir, The article on Festivals and Music (t4 July) was very thought-provoking. There has been a great deal written about loud music blaring from all corners and at any time of the day or night. I share the sentiments and sympathise with those who suffer on account of such noise pollution. People pre most welcome to listen to any kind of music they want; but they have no right to disturb others. Festivity need not mean noise! lt is time the government realised this and took strict measures to curb this. Perhaps, for a start, loudspeakers could be banned during the election campaign? Thanking you, Yours faithfully, Vivek Mathur 184 ffir|

@ W.it. letters to the editor as instructed. L Write a leiter to the editor stating your own response to Vivek lYathur's letter Remember to introduce the topic and your opinion at the beginning of the letter, and to keep your language formal. 2. Write a letter to the editor on the topic Habitat Under Threat. You can use the clues in the box. Sanjay Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary - home to several animals - on the outskirts of Mumbai - city expanding - cutting down greenery - several new buildings - many people living nearby - children, cars, noise - animals come into close contact with humans - creates panic - unsafe - people should be discouraged from building houses here - saving the habitat is important - strict laws 3. Write a letter to the editor about a problem that affects the residents of your colony or area. Formal email An email is usually considered more informal than a letter, but we can also use it to send a formal letter or a letter of complaint, where necessary. We must use both grammar and punctuation accurately in our emails. Flere is a sample of a formal email. From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Subject: Letter to the Editor Dear Sir/Madam. I am writing with regard to the Livelg EqrtA cojumn that is published weekly in your magazine. I read the column every week, and I appreciate the articles greatly. They are very informative and easily understandable even for a schooistudent like me. I have come to learn a lot of new things about little known plants and animals from across the world. There is so much beauty on Earth, and the articles make me realise how important it is to preserve life. Humans have caused such destruction, EN 185

tmiy\"h\"oaaf\"\"ln,t\".yif'I.-\"\"uoUr,nf\"tdllmiJ.ret..ytrr\"s.f*ttra\"\"iren\"lnfdp-tdry\"stgS,htahlaottn\"ytdoh*oue\"hurr.orn.p.\"celen,oebldttutom'\"t,o\"rnettisatuaa\"dnviidemllwtw,aoilsrel*ehl\"ihvoatiofnpvgtehtlh\"ettahnomnigntkeigi\"ntsyh\"ote'ihs'ureihfmsoectrmaolpmraetaleildnbdtigahaatenwedbweorleheonkaenesvddn' eeatr-ifnnluuimtlrooaadlrstuiccfilenedds i- Yours faithfully, Naina Jacob o Write emails as instructed' t. Wo..orrsi\"ete,siagfofor rttmh\"era;lr*ee.msida'enilntytosotuhinreatehrdeeiainoeRroiegfmhyboeomuurbrlheoorcoatdoI,ninehcowlwusdpIeoand'gpeettahriteloscparoobmbo|upetmlathinheaapsbrbooebueltetnmhtesheirte, possible solutions if you have any, and so on' WriLe a for mal email to the ed,tor of a rnagarine pointing out a factual error 'n one o[ include details about ihe correct fact' the source from ii\",2. *0.i\".. n.t.mber to which you have taken the inlormation, and so on 3. Write an email to the manager of Magic Words Language Centre' requesttng information on their courses in French' 4- . Wriie an emaiI to the CircuIation Manager of Teens,.a youth' magazine to which you that you have not received the latest issue' ,rlr.rib., \"o.plaining fFffiffi _\"_.__,,:.ll 186

28 Making a Poster about {A poster is used to announce an event or a product, to raise awareness a specific topic and to extend invitations. lt usually combines both text and colourful visuals to make the topic both interesting and attractive. llere are some points to keep in mind when designing a poster. ' A poster has no fixed format. ' The text of a poster need not be in complete sentences. ' The message conveyed by a poster should be in Iarge letters so that it can be seen Trom a qtstance. ' The text must be clear and precise, ' The visuals or words should attract people. \\t,* g ktkr't.tu intbdkYt* I 187 II

Jl Iaen rr-t t. Design a poster for a dance competition that is to be held in your school date time - venue - rules for participation, if any poster for the opening of a new bookshop in your locality books for all ages - books on every subjeci - read more books 3. Design a poster against animal cruelty. be klnd to animals - all life is important - animals have rights too - say no to zoos say no to circuses - preserve animals in natura habitats 4. Design a poster for your school notice-board urging the students and the staff to keep the school pren'rises clean. throw garbage/paper only into dustbins - chewing gums to be wrapped and thrown, not stuck on furniture paper cups and plates only in bins in canteen used paper to be recycled 5. Design a poster asking people to save trees. produce oxygen - clean soil control noise pollution clean the air - provide shade prevent soil erosion - give fruits iltl 188

29 Writing a Paragraph A paragraph is a group of sentences about a particular idea. Every paragrapn nas ri one main or topic sentence. This sentence contains the main idea of the paragraph. All the other sentences are connected to each other and give details to supporr ano develop the main idea of the paragraph. They follow the tJpic sentence and make up the body of a paragraph. The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of the paragraph. Linkers are words that relate one idea or sentence of the text with anorner. They connect the ideas- logica lly. They give direction and are used to guide the reader through the ihoughts of the writer. They make the meaning very clear to the reader. We use linkers to introduce ideas, add a point, to compare and contrast, to give an example, to summarise our thoughts, and so on. Some of the common linkers used are first of all, also, in addition, similarly, moreover, however, although, yet, on the other hand, for example, then, after this, so, therefore, as a resqlt, since, finally, to summarise, and so on. While writing a paragraph, we should remember to- . write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and the closing sentence . write clear and simple sentences to express meaning . focus on the main idea of the paragraph . use a dictionary or thesaurus to help us find additional words to express our ideas l.{ere are some sample paragraphs. r. AN ADVENTURE SpORT Orienteering is a challenging outdoor adventure sport that exercises both the mind and the body. The aim is to navigate in sequence between control points marked on a unique orienteering map and decide the best route to complete the course in the quickest time. It does not matter how young, old or fit you are, as you can run, walk or jog ih\" .orr\". ano progress at your own pace. rIr 189

2. TREESAREIMPORTANT Trees are very important for us. lt is unfortunate that we are ignoring their significance. We must remember that trees take nothing from us but give us so many things in return on which our existence depends. Trees produce oxygen in the presence of sunlight and we depend on the oxygen for our survival. Trees also maintain the ecological balance of nature and bring rain throJgh the process of iranspiration. They also purify the air We should all have plaits in the hJuse. Tiees are also homes to many birds and animals The roots of a tree bind the soil and prevent erosion. Therefore, we should prevent cutting down trees. The greenhouse effect' is caused by the steady loss of vegetation across the globe' The Jrnlight heats up the surface of the earth where the trees once stood' This causes globalwaiming. So we should plant more and more trees around us to save our planet' Write paragraphs on these toPics. t. A treasured belonging z. My dream house 3. Memories of a place lvisited as a child 4. The inside of a spaceship 5. A character from a book, film or television 6. A breathtaking view 7. A visit to the Book Fair 8. A rainy day 9. The Republic Day Parade to. My favourite festival IIIreoIII

30 Writing Notice A notice is written to make an announcement or to give information to a group of people. Here is the {ormat for writing a formal notice for an official event. Name of issuing authority NOTICE Date of Notice Title/Subject of the Event BODY (Date/Time/Duration/Place/Venue) Authorised signatory (Name, designation, signature) o Write formal notices for the notice-board. '1. A blood donation camp organised by Jivan Flospital., 2. The Water Department wants to suspend water supply for eight hours to conduct repairs. 3. Art classes are to be held during the summer holidays. Tryouts for the basketball team are on Wednesday. III 191 iIII

l.lere is the format for writing a notice for a missing object. Notice Lost and Found . article lost / found . date / time / place ' identification mark . contents . whom to contact / when / where . promise of a reward @ W.it\" lost-and-found notices for the notice board. t. You have lost you r wrist watch on the school premises. z. A pair of tennis shoes has been found on the sports field. 5. You have lost your umbrella on the school bus. III w: III

31/ Writing a Biographical Sketch A biographical sketch is the account of the life and activities of a person. E Y It includes information such as the person's name, place of residence, education, professional life and achievements. Points to remember while writing a biographical sketch- ' Write in the third person. ' Be descriptive. You need not keep to the order of the points for a smooth flow of the write-up. Add any other interesting or relevant information that you may have about Ine person. Here is an extract from a biographical sketch. Thomas Alva Edison was one of the greatest inventors known. Edison was more responsible than anyone else for creating the modern world. f.le made t,o93 inventions. Apart from electric light, he invented the gramophone, a moving picture camera, the first workable telephone system, a cement mixer and the automatic telegraph and many, many other things we use today. Little Al' Edison, who was the last of seven children in his familv, did not learn to talk until he was almost four years of age. But soon a{ter this, he began pleading with every adult he met to explain the workings ofjust about everything he saw. lf they said they didn't know, he would look them straight in the eye with his deeply set and bright blue-green eyes and ask them'Why?' At age seven-after spending tz weeks in a noisy one-room schoolhouse with 38 other students of all ages-Tom s overworked and short-tempered teacher finally lost his patience with the child's constant questioning. Noting that Tom s forehead was unusually broad and his head was much larger than average, he told everyone that the hyperactive youngster s brains were 'addled' or scrambled. When his mother became aware of this, she promptly withdrew him from school and began to'home-teach' him. Not surprisingly, she was convinced that her son! slightly IIT II198