Children’s Illustrated World Atlas_clone

Children’s Illustrated World Atlas Consultant Dr Kathleen Baker Senior Lecturer in Geography, King’s College London (retired) Senior Visiting Fellow, London South Bank University Written by Simon Adams • Mary Atkinson • Sarah Phillips • John Woodward A Dorling Kindersley Book

This EdiTion Contents iv dK dElhi vi ACTIVE PLANET Senior editor Rupa Rao PLANET PEOPLE 1 Editor Neha Ruth Samuel MAPPING THE WORLD Jacket designer Dhirendra Singh Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma NORTH AMERICA 2 Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal 4 DTP designer Jaypal Chauhan WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA 6 Managing jackets editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya EASTERN CANADA 8 Pre-production manager Balwant Singh USA: NORTHEAST 10 Production manager Pankaj Sharma USA: SOUTH 12 Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal USA: MIDWEST 14 Managing art editor Govind Mittal USA: WEST 16 USA: SOUTHWEST 18 dK london MEXICO 20 Senior editor Anna Streiffert Limerick CENTRAL AMERICA 22 THE CARIBBEAN Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook US Senior editor Shannon Beatty SOUTH AMERICA 24 26 US Editor Karyn Gerhard NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA 28 Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford BRAZIL 30 SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 32 Senior jacket designer Mark Cavanagh ATLANTIC OCEAN Jacket editor Claire Gell Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard Producer Gary Batchelor Managing editor Francesca Baines Managing art editor Philip Letsu Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler Art director Karen Self Design director Philip Ormerod Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf FirsT EdiTion Project editors Lucy Hurst, Sadie Smith, Shaila Awan, Amber Tokeley Art editors Joe Conneally, Sheila Collins, Rebecca Johns, Simon Oon, Andrew Nash Senior editor Fran Jones Senior art editor Floyd Sayers Managing editor Andrew Macintyre Managing art editor Jane Thomas Picture research Carolyn Clerkin, Brenda Clynch DK Pictures Sarah Mills Production Jenny Jacoby DTP designer SiuYin Ho Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford Cartographer Ed Merritt Digital Cartography Encompass Graphics Limited Satellite images Rob Stokes 3D globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London First American Edition, 2003 This edition published in the United States in 2017 by DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, NewYork, NewYork 10014 Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2011, 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001—305057—July/2017 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-6238-1 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, NewYork, NewYork 10014 [email protected] Printed and bound in Hong Kong A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com

ASIA 74 T CURKEY AND THE AUCASUS 76 R KUSSIA AND AZAKHSTAN 78 THE NEAR EAST 80 THE MIDDLE EAST 82 CENTRAL ASIA 84 I SNDIAN UBCONTINENT 86 WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA 88 EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA 90 JAPAN 92 AFRICA 34 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 94 36 MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA 96 NORTHWEST AFRICA 38 INDIAN OCEAN 98 NORTHEAST AFRICA WEST AFRICA 40 CENTRAL AFRICA 42 SOUTHERN AFRICA 44 EUROPE 46 AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100 48 102 S FCANDINAVIA AND INLAND 50 SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 104 THE BRITISH ISLES 52 AUSTRALIA 106 THE LOW COUNTRIES 54 NEW ZEALAND 108 FRANCE 56 PACIFIC OCEAN GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 58 110 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 60 ANTARCTICA 111 ITALY 62 ARCTIC OCEAN CENTRAL EUROPE 64 112 SOUTHEAST EUROPE 66 GAZETTEER 134 BULGARIA AND GREECE 68 INDEX 136 UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA 70 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS 72 EUROPEAN RUSSIA

Active Planet Active Planet DOWN TO THE CORE Earth formed from iron-rich asteroids Earth is a dynamic planet that is always that smashed together to build the planet. Early in its history it melted, changing its form. Heat generated by nuclear allowing the heavy iron to sink reactions deep below the surface creates hugely and create a metallic core. This is powerful currents that keep Earth’s rocks on surrounded by lighter rock, with the move, triggering earthquakes and volcanic the lightest forming Earth’s crust. eruptions. Meanwhile, solar energy striking the Most of the water on the planet planet in different ways creates currents in the air, lies in great oceans, and above driving the atmospheric turmoil of the weather. This them is the layer of air that changes with the seasons and from place to place, forms the atmosphere. creating an enormous range of climates and habitats for the most dynamic element of all—life. Lower atmosphere, 10 miles (16 km) thick Crust, 5–45 miles Liquid outer Solid inner (8–70 km) thick core, 1,400 miles core, 1,515 Mantle, 1,800 miles (2,250 km) thick miles (2,440 (2,900 km) thick km) across North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST American Plate Heat generated deep within the planet creates currents in the mobile mantle rock beneath the crust. These Eurasian Plate currents drag some sections of the cool, brittle crust apart while pushing other parts together, fracturing Caribbean Pacific the crust into separate plates. The biggest of these span Plate Plate oceans and continents, but there are many smaller Indo-Australian plates. At their boundaries the plates may be diverging Cocos Plate Plate (pulling apart), converging (pushing together), or sliding past each other at transform faults. African Plate Pacific South American Antarctic Plate Key to map Plate Plate Nazca Transform Divergent Plate fault boundary Uncertain Convergent boundary boundary WHERE MOVING PLATES MEET 1 Continental crust, much 5 Oceanic crust formed from 9 Hot-spot volcano erupting The boundaries between the plates are thicker than oceanic crust heavy basalt rock over mantle plume volcanic earthquake zones. The plates move very slowly, pulling apart at divergent 2 Broad basin formed near 6 Upper mantle, mainly solid 10 Ocean trench marking boundaries. This allows hot rock below to uplifted area but very hot convergent plate boundary melt, erupt, and cool to form new crust— especially at the spreading rifts that form 3 Ancient converging 7 Mantle, solid but mobile 11 Volcano erupting over mid-ocean ridges. Meanwhile at convergent boundary, now inactive owing to heat currents convergent boundary boundaries, one plate slides beneath another, pushing up mountain ranges and 4 Mountains created when 8 Spreading rift forming 12 Earthquake zone—one plate making volcanoes erupt. Other volcanoes plate boundary was active a mid-ocean ridge grinding under another erupt over hot spots in the mantle below the crust. 13 Plates pulling apart, creating a rift valley 2 8 10 11 4 9 5 13 6 iv 1 12 7 3

Active Planet THE SEASONS North Pole March is the December is Earth spins on a tilted axis, so as it orbits the Sun once northern spring the southern a year the North Pole points towards the Sun in June and South Pole summer and away from it in December. This means that in regions Earth’s axis northern winter north of the tropics it is summer in June but winter in December—and the opposite to the south of Arctic Circle, the tropics. Near the Equator it is always warm, where Sun’s rays but there are annual wet and dry seasons. are dispersed Cold air (in blue) becomes chilled in June is the The Sun upper atmosphere northern summer and Warm air (in red) southern winter heats up near Earth’s surface Equator, where Sun’s rays are concentrated Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Descending cool, COLD POLE dry air over The tropics are the hottest part of the desert zone planet because the Sun’s rays strike them directly, concentrating the heat energy. Sahara Desert JUNGLE AND DESERT Near the poles the same amount of heat Rainforest, Concentrated sunlight near the Equator heats energy is spread out over a broader area, Borneo Earth’s surface, warming the air above. The warm air rises, carrying moisture with it. This forms huge so it does not have as much heating clouds that spill tropical rain, fueling the growth effect, even in summer. At midwinter, of rainforests. The dry, cooling air then flows north the entire polar region is in permanent and south and sinks over the subtropics, creating darkness, so it gets no solar energy at deserts. Similar air circulation patterns affect the climate in the far north and south. all and is bitterly cold. Rising ANNUAL RAINFALL Key to map warm, Some parts of the world get far more rain than others. Less than 20 in (50 cm) moist air The wettest regions are mainly rainforest zones, where 20–79 in (50–200 cm) near year-round rain and warmth promote lush plant growth. More than 79 in (200 cm) Equator Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and grasslands, although much of this land is now used for farming. The driest regions may be too dry for many plants to grow, creating deserts—but they also include some northern forest zones and polar tundra. Atacama Desert, Chile Cool, dry air sinks over desert zone v

Planet People Planet People POPULATION IN BILLIONS 10 In 2050 there are expected to The number of people on the planet has quadrupled since 8 be more than 9.5 billion people 1900. Much of this growth has taken place in the developing world, 6 which is now home to more than 80 percent of the population. 4 Many of these people are very poor and do not experience the 2 living conditions that most citizens of the developed world take for granted. This is changing, however, especially in nations such as 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 China, India, and Brazil. Here, new technology and international trade are fueling rapid economic growth that is transforming how YEAR people live. But as more of the planet’s people demand more of its scarce resources, there may be some difficult challenges ahead. POPULATION INCREASE For centuries, the number of people on the planet stayed the same, at roughly 300 million. But since the 1750s, better living conditions and health care have allowed more babies to survive, causing a population explosion. Since 1950, the population has soared from 2.5 billion to nearly 7.5 billion today. It will keep growing, but probably not quite so fast. POPULATION DENSITY Canada United Russia China On this map the area of each Kingdom EUROPE ASIA part of the world is adjusted to reflect the number of people who NORTH United Japan live there. For example, Japan’s AMERICA States Philippines population of 127 million is far bigger than that of Australia, with India Indonesia 23 million, so it is shown much AUSTRALASIA larger here despite being a smaller SOUTH AFRICA Pakistan country. More people live in AMERICA Nigeria Nigeria—186 million—than in all of of Russia. But the nations with the biggest populations by far are India and China, each with far more than 1 billion citizens. FAMILY SIZE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE All over the world, some women have more 4.7 children children than others, but the average varies from per woman 2.2 children 2.2 children 1.9 children 2.4 children 1.6 children continent to continent. European women have per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman 1.6 children on average, so two families may have three children between them. This is far fewer than in Africa, where the population is growing faster despite higher death rates among children. Worldwide the average is 2.5—more than enough to replace both parents. BIRTH AND DEATH RATES A country with few young people If the birth rate is the same as the death rate, the population is said to have an aging population. stays the same. But in most countries, the birth rate is higher. But these school children in Burundi, In Niger, west Africa, there are 44.8 births but only 12.1 deaths east Africa, are part of a youthful per 1,000 people, and the population is growing at 3.2 per cent population, with fewer old a year. Brazil’s population is also growing, with 14.3 births people. Both situations against 6.6 deaths. By contrast, Lithuania has a shrinking population, with 10 births outweighed by 14.5 deaths. can cause problems. LITHUANIA NIGER BRAZIL vi

Planet People CITY POPULATIONS 38,000,000 As populations grow, people tend to move from the country 21,000,000 20,999,000 to a city to find work. Today, one-third of the world’s people 18,770,000 18,590,000 live in cities, which grow bigger every year. Some are colossal, 10,310,000 like Tokyo—the largest city in 4,500,000 Asia. The other cities shown here are the most populous on each continent. They are vibrant centers of civilization, but some cities are fringed by sprawling shantytowns, where poor people live in makeshift shacks with no proper services such as clean water. TOKYO SÃO PAULO MEXICO CITY CAIRO NEW YORK LONDON SYDNEY Christianity LANGUAGES CHINESEHINDI ARABIC SPANISH 2.2 billion These are the 10 most common languages worldwide, sized in proportion to the number of native speakers. ENGLISH PORTUGUESE RUSSIAN Chinese outstrips the others because China has such a JAPANESE BENGALI PUNJABI huge population. But Spanish comes next because it is the main language of many Latin American countries, such as Mexico. English is almost as common, thanks mainly to being the language of the United States. It is also used as an international language for trade. Islam 1.6 billion Hinduism Others 23 million 1 billion Sikhism 19 million Juche 15 million Buddhism Chinese Spiritism 14 million 487 million traditional Judaism 7 million 300 million Baha’i 4.2 million Indigenous African Others Jainism 4 million 300 million traditional 97.7 million Shinto 4 million 100 million Cao Ðái 2.6 million Zoroastrianism 2 million Tenrikyo 1 million Neo-Paganism 800,000 Unitarian 600,000 500,000 Universalism Rastafarianism Scientology RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS AFRICA 29% EUROPE 74% SOUTH AMERICA 67% MIDDLE EAST 57% Almost three-quarters of the world’s population are followers of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. But many people follow other faiths, particularly in China where the traditional folk religion, Shenism, is practised by nearly one-fifth of the huge population. The “indigenous” and “African traditional religions” data points are both groupings of different, but similar, religions. Others are listed at far right, in order of popularity. ONLINE ACCESS ASIA 46% CENTRAL AMERICA 53% % of population Over the last decades, the Internet has become a vital using the Internet tool for global business, education, and politics, so % of population the more people who can use it, the better. These not using the charts show the percentage of people with Internet Internet access both worldwide and in particular regions. Australia, North America, and Europe lead the field, AUSTRALIA 92% NORTH AMERICA 89% WORLDWIDE 50% but the number of Internet users is growing fastest in the Middle East and Africa. vii

Planet People WEALTH A country’s wealth is often measured in terms of the money it earns in a year divided by its number of inhabitants. This is called its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. Both Norway and Qatar make lots of money from exporting oil and gas, and since they have small populations their GDP per capita are very high. Burundi in east Africa has only one-twentyfifth of the income of Qatar divided between five times as many people, so its GDP per capita is very low. Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Qatar Norway $277 $3,076 $14,147 $32,477 $43,248 $73,653 $74,400 BUSIEST AIRPORTS Air travel has expanded enormously since the 1950s, when international air travel was a luxury enjoyed by a few wealthy people known as the “jet set.” Today, flying is often the most economical way to travel, as well as the quickest. This is reflected in the vast number of passengers who pass through the world’s airports as they travel for business or pleasure. The world’s busiest airport is Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta, with more than 100 million people arriving and departing each year. The graphics below show the busiest airport in each continent, and number of passengers. N. AMERICA: Hartsfield-Jackson, Atlanta, USA ASIA: EUROPE: AIRBUS A380 Beijing Capital, China Heathrow, London, UK The growth in air travel has led to the development 75 million of giant airliners such as the Airbus A380. When it entered service in 2007, this was the world’s largest passenger plane, capable of carrying up to 853 people. 101.5 million AUSTRALIA S. AMERICA: AFRICA: & OCEANIA: Guarulhos, São Tambo, 89.9 million Kingsford Smith, Jo’Burg, Sydney, Australia Paulo, Brazil South Africa 39.9 39.2 19.1 million million million TRADE Although air freight is an important element of international trade, about 90 percent of cargo by weight is transported by sea. Altogether, this adds up to around 11 billion tons of freight. Much of this is transported in containers, carried by more than 5,000 container ships.The busiest shipping routes link Europe and North America with the Middle East and Far East, with ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Dubai, and Rotterdam handling most of the trade. Traffic in millions of tons 400+ 300–400 200–300 100–200 20–100 10–20 5–10 viii

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Central Asia Herāt sthanisd, ywbitahcskhgaroduonwds coonlotrh.e T o r k ewAnhiAchfgthoabnremaaknthceaTrRr6iaems bardeaandfwasitt.h celeDbreastpeitime tphoerthaonrtroIsrlsaFmoEfSicrTefIcGeVesAhntōiLtvrSyaīāelIsNan,rnsAo,FtthGabeHlAyAfENgihIdSaTunAls-NFsittirll, Kūh-e BMābaāīdān Shahr Ja(KlāĀlāTBboOwāLdMr)aeghhtoaurBdLāīālmā SMeurhrgehtaābbat Mā -ayīemMaonraghh2Aral Sea todayARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan dayolisfufoelraoecgnaattzeceottlhtoearetrbsoaerncdtdieorannt.oTinhhdeeelrpex tiso A F G H A N I S T A NPoarlcerogpreleanndis. usuallySeglsrealseshl-ayNnedSafīd KūhAChfgilhdarneinstiannK, mabaudle, LIFE EXPECTANCY wPehotiocpghleemtvhiaesrirkt. TsfrhtiheeneaderstnoadnfodsftoftahrmyetSeihlhlyolīinlnayndgmdasntoeidlanlttfhlaoofuefrsiRtsihavmeesmaidneaanl. Ghaznī Gardēz K35h4y3bfetr(P10a8ss0m)3he five central asian nations rise up from hot desertsUstyurtAralKAZAKand Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving 1 Dary in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east. Plateau Sea n d 2 help you access information. Darker greens usuallySinTdHAiceartāethomeless by war ApaevsoearparlgeeesiunolftAoofngf hlwyaa5nr1i,sdytaeronaurcsg,ahontn,eeaxnopdfecAtphtfoetgvohleoalriwntvyeei,sstatanlnif,eas does the attan, the naRtūiodnal dance. An Afghan man carries bread with h KhōsGthōrīān H4The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as otherHSfreshwater lake full of fish. Over the years, 3 natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture the rivers flowing into it were diverted 4 wWohoitdeesdhloawnds loarnpdaustnudree.r A F G H Aeixscpaoeenmxctdtrpae7nlnmeuctyeersllryyeaschteoaigslrlehain.paHsvtheaedeialalwatbnholderslefdteor.vwIhincetefralsapnihnttahemvdeeosdraiotclamkclti.ootysrst CAhohfgmilhdearlneeinsDstianansK,hmatbFa-auderle,āKhhāsh wDihlāicrhāmto break the Ramadan faDsatr.yā-ye Arg SZhaarghhrūn5is limited. The four northern nations wereMo’ynoqlaTAor drained to provide irrigation for A man in front of 5 permanent cover by snowMany children have been orphaned or s by war Lashkar Gāh GALeIsFrEaesrEheXksPuEltCoTfAwNaCr,Ydrought,Qaanldātpoverty, Shīndand6once part of the Soviet Union and are crops. The sea has now shrunk to his home, called 6 Kandahār and ice.madaebhleotmoegloestso, ascnhdofoelw. have been HŞāāmbūenrī-e ZaDCrahanajskhht-āensMūār rgow paeevxoeprpealcgeteainnocfAyofngralhytae5ns1iisnytaetShnapreīcsn,waonBonūreellxddop.afeIkncthtfaetnoltolmiwveeosrattnalilfitey RūFdarāh Dilārām7now independent nations. Afghanistan iswNless than one-tenth of its original 7 8 Daryā-ye HDelīmshanūd KDūarcwhēnāgasiehyscsāaoetnmxātdrpnenlmeuteersllyyeschoaiglrleha.paHsveaedialalatbnhldesefteorvwhiceterlsapihntahevdeesdaioclmkct.oosrst Dasht-e Khāsh TshileksSialkndRGooetahrdee8a landlocked country and three-quarters size, reducing the numbers of fish, a yurt, in western 8 KanFOREIGN NAMES Chāgai HR Manmy cahdaielbdhlreoetnmoheglaoevsetso,basecnehdnofooe0rlw.pkhmhaanveedboe1er n00 HŞ2āā0mb0ūenrī-e ChakhānsLūarshAksaiaawrloaGnnāgdhaitnthsiermoMuptoiedr,dt9 Pamir, Tajikistan 9 and leaving former fishing villages and FFlaoebaLretaeluekxrdaeemsiononpntlEhet,nehigtlealwinmsohgauu-psladpsgeabeareoek:figntehgnacetorcuaolnluytnritersy. The letters and numbers arounPd AtheKouItsSidTe oAf thNe pageB C D E USING THE GF RID REFERENCESG illsH SCAI LE0 miles 100J DaryZāa-yDrea2an0Hj0sDehlīmstha-neūdKMārgo SamKDaaūanrrqrcRcowhhawēnniāgtadesUehyc,Nstāwut84rusting ships stranded inland. 85 o Chimboy K Y R G YT Z iS TeA Nn S h a nNaONvuAqoLartyioonydtsgaahrakro’lJKizof(nMvfTir’1zioslhol0iahowlema0’ixyngTnGknteghemAYou(aoeqT)fralSAlOiianyssrHwStag6oHalK2iyynSOKmEoeEali’NNml.leTsTa)lBiqekKCAohhbnGuoiogrisSrj1dnaic(art44nahMe4,gnc7g8reni0ae2deqn5stemfahntos)eNfs1QLshaCh9eaomr6Fndhi0anei’ansqsakrtpiskngoTnhoKaagg’nollol’wiaaRnsnarnnTaggaKAeshhan-riKdaOzuK-imBBjsDoahyIRznASlrhtaHaalZKanKlE-hgAAKrebebaKKedtëkMK-HAeoBNmrlatdaTiSlonryoy-knkTcTmhoyoaAkN Taxtako’pir Sarygamyș Nukus Köli Takhiatosh Köneürgenc‚ T u r an Kyzyl Kum Tyup Dzhergalan L of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was GaplangUycr‚taPglaantoGsyumy U Z B E K I S T A NGubadag Uchquduq Ozero Issyk- Karakol MOUNTAIN LIFE invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, The two small eastern republics of prompting a continuous series of civil Gurbansoltan Eje Urganch Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both wars. The 2001 invasion by American Dașoguz Kadzhi-Say Jengish Chokusu/ very mountainous and are subject and other Western forces overthrew Tömür Feng Xiva To’rtko’l Zarafshon 24,406ft to earthquakes and landslides. Üngüz Gazojak Only about six per cent of Tajikistan Türkmenbașy Lebap Kara-Say (7439m) can be used for growing crops, Türkmenbașy whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile. Angyrsyndaky Karakol u a oksha the fundamentalist Islamic regime Aylagy Balkanabat Amu Darya K a l - T andāb and led to democratic presidential Garagum Chatyr-Tash elections, but Afghanistan is still Derweze unstable. Wrecked by more than Hazar Gazli Bereket T U R K M E N I S T A N G’ijduvon Buxoro Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta LOCAL WEALTH Serdar Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable 30 years of warfare, it is one of Kopetd a g GGeeorks-TheBipaeharlyAbadAaSn HGAGBAaTr Seýdi Kogon Samarqand U˘ roteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash PAKI the poorest and most deprived Magtymguly nations on Earth. Caspian a g Galkynyș Farāh Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the Sea Türkmenabat g Pa u m T A J I K I S T A NP aKoQsoanrshiBQoKDuy˘itesrougnbnGhoovi ns tseDapUrpaSRHaAnNgBNDeEoanragkhKaru˘alobSurQkhaolb’aikhumBart2Qa4nu,5ll9a0i fGItsm(h7ou4˘i9dli5aSmro)amQonaírSoMakru˘ulirkgho ol bC world’s sixth largest producer— as well as fruit and vegetables. Saýat H The three countries are also Gora Chapan (AŞGABAT) BayramalGy aragKume lCi af nalAAmtaymdeyrraýat INA rich in mineral deposits, such 9478ft (2889m) Uzboyy Range as gold, mercury, sulphur, and One of the world’s largest Kaka Tejen Mary uranium, and have reserves gold mines is at Muruntau Murgab of coal, oil, and natural gas. mTermiz Jarqo’rg’on Murgap Moskva Khorugh Dzhelandy Harvesting cotton Feyz_ābād in Uzbekistan iĀqchah Qizilrabot in the Kyzyl Kum desert Andkhvoy Du˘ stí Farkhor mir THE TAJIKS in Uzbekistan. Garabil rBalkh The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian Sarahs Kunduz in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to Belentligi Tāloqān sKhulm Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly Shibirghān Mazār-e Ishkoshim Baroghil Pass of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m) Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic K u s hSharīf tension between the two groups. Civil war d uPul-e Khumrī between the government and Islamic rebels Bālā Murghāb Maīmanah Baghlān Serhetabat Torkestan in the east of the country during the 1990s FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Dary oH i nMu Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Towraghoudī ā - ye Morghāb ntains celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Kūh-e BDāabryāā-ye KahCmhaārdrīkār Barīkowt_ which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh KABUL Mah¸mūd-e Rāqī People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal Ghōrīān Herāt Harīrūd (KĀBOL) Asadābād together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Mehtar Lām led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians, Farāh who had moved into the country when it An Afghan man carries bread with AFGHAN Maīdān Shahr Jalālābād was part of the Soviet Union. which to break the Ramadan fast. ISTAN Children in Kabul, Khyber Pass Afghanistan, made 3543ft (1080m) homeless by war Shīndand Gardēz Ghaznī STAN LIFE EXPECTANCY Tajik horsemen As a result of war, drought, and poverty, Khōst in Pamir, Tajikistan people in Afghanistan can expect to live an andāb average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life Farāh Rūd Daryā-ye Argh expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality PAKI Farāh Dilārām Zarghūn is extremely high. Health services have almost Dasht-e Khāsh Shahr completely collapsed and few trained doctors and nurses are available to help the sick. Gereshk Qalāt Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century Many children have been orphaned or Hāmūn-e Lashkar Gāh Islamic religious school in made homeless, and few have been Şāberī Kandahār able to go to school. Chakhānsūr o w Samarqand, Uzbekistan Kūchnay Zaranj Mā r g Darwāshā Spīn Būldak Dasht-e Rēgestān THE SILK ROAD The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought Daryā-ye Dīshū silks and other fine goods from China through central Helmand Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan), 0 km 100 200 an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and Chāgai Hills 0 miles 100 200 Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic architecture in the world. Many of these cities are PAKISTAN now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites. A BCDE FGH I J K LMNO P Lago on Spanish-speaking countries 9 form a grid to help you find places on the map. For Each map features a scale that shows Chāgai Hills Lac on French-speaking countries example, to find Kabul, look up its name in the gazetteer how distances on the map relate to (see pp.112–133), and you’ll find the reference 85 J7. The miles and kilometers. The scale guidPe However, if a feature is well-known first number is the page, the letter and number refer to A K I S T A N or mentioned in the main text on the the squarBe made by followinCg up or down from DJ and can be used to see how big a country page, it will appear there in English 84 A across from 7 to form J7. Eis. Not all maps inFthe book are drawnG so that readers can find it easily. H to the same scale. KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS PHYSICAL FEATURES COMMUNICATIONS LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAMES continued BORDERS Mountain Highway Equator PHYSICAL Landscape Depression Major road Tropics/Circles features International border: Volcano Minor road Andes Border between Pass/Tunnel Rail NAMES Island group countries, which is Airport Ardennes mutually recognized. DRAINAGE FEATURES REGIONS Balearic Islands Island TOWNS & CITIES Lake/River State border: Major river FRANCE Country Majorca /Canal Border used in some Minor river More than 500,000 large countries to show Seasonal river 100,000 – 500,000 JERSEY Dependent Lake Baikal internal divisions. Dam 50,000 – 100,000 (British Crown territory Canal Less than 50,000 PACIFIC Disputed border: Waterfall Dependency) OCEAN Border used in Seasonal lake National capital practice, but not Internal KANSAS Administrative Gulf of mutually agreed MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES administrative Mexico between two capital region countries. Site of interest Polar research Bay of Campeche Ancient wall station D o r d o g n e Cultural region Claimed border: Chile Rise Border that is not TOWNS & CITIES Sea features mutually recognized— where territory PARIS National capital Undersea belonging to one feature country is claimed SAN JUAN Dependent by another. territory capital city Ceasefire line Seattle Other OTHER FEATURES Graticule text Undefined boundary towns Tropic of Cancer Limón & cities Genk San José 1

North America NORTH AMERICA The North American continent extends from the frozen wastes of Arctic Canada to the Caribbean islands and the tropical jungles of Panama. It is dominated politically by the United States, the richest nation on Earth, yet life in countries such as Mexico and Nicaragua is still a struggle. The data below is arranged in order of each nation’s size. Canada Mexico Honduras 3,855,103 sq miles 758,449 sq miles 43,278 sq miles 9,984,670 sq km 1,964,375 sq km 112,090 sq km 35,363,000 123,167,000 8,893,000 Ottawa Mexico City Tegucigalpa Spanish, Nahuatl, Mayan, Spanish, Garífuna (Carib), English, French, Punjabi, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, English Creole Italian, Spanish, German, Totonac, Tzotzil, Tzeltal Cantonese, Tagalog, Arabic, Inuktitut, Cree United States Nicaragua The warm seas and of America glorious beaches of 50,336 sq miles the Caribbean make 3,796,742 sq miles 130,370 sq km islands like St Lucia 9,833,517 sq km 5,967,000 magnets for tourists. 323,996,000 Managua Washington, DC Spanish, English Creole, The wealth they Miskito bring is vital to the English, Spanish, Chinese, French, German, Tagalog, local economy. Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Russian, Polish Cuba Panama Dominican Republic 42,803 sq miles 29,120 sq miles 110,860 sq km 75,420 sq km 18,792 sq miles 11,180,000 3,705,000 48,670 sq km Havana Panama City 10,607,000 Spanish English Creole, Spanish, Santo Domingo Amerindian languages, Spanish, French Creole Chibchan languages Guatemala Haiti 42,042 sq miles 10,714 sq miles 108,889 sq km 27,750 sq km 15,190,000 10,486,000 Guatemala City Port-au-Prince Quiché, Mam, Kakchiquel, French Creole, French Kekchí, Spanish Costa Rica Belize 19,730 sq miles 8,867 sq miles 51,100 sq km 22,966 sq km The Statue of Liberty 4,873,000 353,800 in New York Harbor San José Belmopan has long been a potent symbol of freedom, Spanish, English Creole, English Creole, Spanish, especially for those Bribri, Cabecar English, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib) arriving here by ship to seek a new life. 2

El Salvador Dominica 8,124 sq miles 290 sq miles 21,041 sq km 751 sq km 6,157,000 73,700 San Salvador Roseau Spanish French Creole, English The St Lucia Antigua and Bahamas Barbuda 238 sq miles 5,359 sq miles 616 sq km 171 sq miles 13,880 sq km 164,500 443 sq km 327,300 Castries 93,600 Nassau English, French Creole St John’s English, English Creole, English, English Patois French Creole Jamaica Grenada 4,244 sq miles 133 sq miles 10,991 sq km 344 sq km 2,970,000 111,200 Kingston St George’s English Creole, English English, English Creole Much of Canada is still Barbados St Vincent and St Kitts and untamed wilderness—a the Grenadines Nevis 166 sq miles land of huge, dramatic 430 sq km 150 sq miles 101 sq miles landscapes like this lake 291,500 389 sq km 261 sq km Bridgetown 102,300 52,300 high up in the rugged, Bajan (Barbadian English), Kingstown Basseterre frost-shattered English English, English Creole English, English Creole Rocky Mountains. Trinidad and Tobago 1,980 sq miles 5,128 sq km 1,220,000 Port-of-Spain English Creole, English, Hindi, French, Spanish 3

North America BCDE FGH Western Canada and Alaska Canada is a huge country—its western half FORESTRY stretches from the flat prairies in the east to the towering Large parts of western Canada are covered in forests and lumbering is Rocky Mountains in the west, and from the relatively a major part of the local economy. mild south to the permanently frozen area north of the The trees are used to make buildings, furniture, and paper. In the past, whole areas of trees were cleared but now 2 Arctic Circle. Harsh conditions over much of the region sustainable methods, such as selective mean that most of the population is concentrated in cities cutting and replanting, are practiced. in the south, such as Vancouver, Calgary, and Winnipeg. Felled trees transported down The Prairies—once a vast expanse of grassland—are now a river near Vancouver used mainly for growing wheat on huge mechanized NIsIelsafalRanarandrtmsdnnsdaasamst.pnumOaoiarnofjariAtioltnlvtitkraeahordainetdnfeuysdstsothoetIhnurfeseailreuAlrtcUsueceal.ranrstnaasPoiIatltskrdileirgavwabendisae’ldsoosasfSrplaktsearoeoteipfmsolS.euNapTiunnoIhnKstdlriewavLtPniataagldakhwinGtlIlieisanrntlmeurganmeBibonncAekedealrllaAisknNalwgnoaurSKsetkuGoktlsnrrlkaa.aoSykT,ilowitnhuigmnDeWdeMseaeYrtlueisnksognAWARlievaveLroskKk(iACtvoaaDUhleiSKnnSRuao)alikKkarPinocnMeiAhngsctBiKeLFrviaainoSlylileroeebRykaiavPnsUaekBrrmsRkairaarYFtoonuwrktgoPnerudMhcoPKehAaBekkFartlosyaoorvvtniikk A R C T I C3 Prince Patrick B eSrei an g O C EB eAaSuNe fao r t4 Island Mould Bay Col O C E A NAAlrecxhaipnedleargo Sachs Harbour Banks IC (Ikaahuk) Island A l e Tuktoyaktuk Amundsen u Gulf Holman A n d Inuvik I r Yukon River s e Paulatuk la 5 Umnak Island Dutch Harbor Bristol Iliamna (Mount McKinley) Fort Kugluktuk Bay 20,433ft Good Hope (Coppermine) Lake AnchoSruasigtnea (6194m) Unalaska Island Y U K O MNackenzie (Rádeyilikóé) Great Unimak Island Ma Bear Belkofski Alaska Peninsula Hope Gulkana Echo Bay TOTEM POLES Valdez Chitina ckenzie Lake RThe native peoples of British Mountains Shumagin Kodiak Cordova NORTHWEST Columbia use totem poles to record k TERRITORIES otheir clan history. Each carved and Islands Kodiak Island Katalla Mount Logan 19,551 ft cpainted totem describes (5959m) Whitehorse 6 a real or mythical event Gulf of Tungsten Edzo and often features P Alaska Yakutat Yellowknife animals that the A IF y Fort Simpson clan has a close Great Slave C Haines Fort Providence Lake connection with, Gustavus Atlin such as the Fort Liard eagle (left). Juneau Mountains Hay Coast BRITISH River DOGSLED RACING Kake Ware Fort Nelson Fort The state sport of Alaska Vermilion is dogsled racing. Here, Port COLUMBIA competitors take part in the Alexander Fort A Fort annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Ketchikan C St. John McMurray Race, a grueling run across the Mountains rugged landscape for drivers and their teams of dogs. Prince Rupert ALBERTA Queen Kitimat Grande Prairie Charlotte Ocean Falls Queen Athabasca Islands VANCOUVER Prince EdmAothanbatsoc n Northa This city’s vibrant cultural mix is George 8 typical of Canada’s diversity. Many Mount Robson 9 South Asian, Chinese, as well as other Charlotte    Mount 12,972ft ethnic groups live here and reflect Sound Waddington (3954m) Leduc Vancouver’s historic role as 13,176ft     a destination for migrants. Port Hardy (4016m) Red Deer Hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics raised its Campbell River Kamloops Calgary profile and its bustling economy, mild climate, Vancouver Vancouver Kelowna and cultural links Island make it an attractive Nanaimo Lethbridge Victoria Cranbrook Milk River place to live. UNITED 4 BCDE FGH

Western Canada and Alaska I J K LMNO P 0 km 200 400 0 miles 200 400 NATIVE PEOPLES 1 The native peoples of Alaska 2 Ellesmere Island Nares Strait are the Aleut, and those in the 3 north of Canada are the Inuit. 4 5 Native peoples are often called 6 “First Nations” because they were the first to live in North America. Much of their land was later taken by European settlers. First Nation culture has revived Axel Heiberg and Nunavut is now Island a self-governing Inuit territory. The Inuit have Ellef Ringnes adapted to the harsh Island environment and often Inuit children outside combine modern their summer camp technology with their Amund on Baffin Island traditional lifestyle. Ringnes CENTRAL STATES Island Grise Fiord Baffin Large parts of Alberta, (Ausuituq) Saskatchewan, and Manitoba Queen Elizabeth Islands have rich soils and form one Bay of the greatest wheat-growing Bathurst Devon Island nd Davis Stra areas in the world. More wheat Melville Island Cornwallis is grown here than Canadians Island Island Lancaster So u can consume, so vast amounts are exported. Wheat is used VMisSceoolvuuinnlldte Resolute to make flour for staple foods (Qausuittuq) such as bread. Once harvested, Somerset wheat is stored in grain Prince of Island PBernodineusur la Baffin Island it elevators, waiting to be Gulf transported by truck or train. M’ClintockWales Island Channel ofoothia Boothia Peninsula B Igloolik Cumberland Sound Melville Iqaluit Victoria Kugaaruk Peninsula Nettilling (Frobisher Bay) King William(Pelly Bay) Lake Island Island Gjoa Haven Foxe Amadjuak (Uqsuqtuuq) Basin Lake Cambridge Bay (Ikaluktutiak) Repulse Bay Hudson Strait Southampton Island Burnside NUNAVUT Grain elevators dominate Dubawnt Coral the skyline of the prairies. Garry Lake Harbour Back Baker Lake (Salliq) Rankin Inlet Coats Mansel Canada has a population Island Island Reliance Whale Cove of 35 million people, but only (Tikiarjuaq) Lutselk’e Arviat H u d s o n about 30 percent of them live (Snowdrift) Fort Smith Churchill Bay Belcher in western Canada—most Lake Athabasca Islands live near the US border. A Reindeer Akimiski Grizzly bear Lake Island Wollaston Lake Southern elson Indian Lake N A DLynn Lake N Buffalo Thompson Narrows SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA Flin Flon hewan The Pas Saskatchew Saskatc Lake ROCKY MOUNTAINS Winnipeg The rugged Rocky Mountains stretch south through western an Prince Albert Canada and into the US. Every year they attract millions of Saskatoon visitors who enjoy walking, hiking, and canoeing in the Kindersley Yorkton Lake dramatic scenery. Tourists Regina Qu'Appelle Manitoba sometimes see wildlife such Brandon Winnipeg as the grizzly bear, black Weyburn bear, elk, moose, and wolf. Medicine Hat Estevan Melita STATES OF AMERICA I J K LMNO

North America BCDE GH Eastern Canada Maple sap Charles collected from cuts Island The most industrialized and heavily populated in the tree trunk Ivujivik parts of Canada are in its eastern half. Ottawa, the capital, Ungava is located here, along with other important cities, such as Peninsula Toronto, Montreal, and Québec. Some of the earliest settlers 2 were French, and many people speak French as their first MAPLE SYRUP language. The Great Lakes—the largest system of lakes in The colorful maple trees of Québec and Inukjuak the world—and the St Lawrence Seaway link the interior Ontario are tapped for maple syrup, a (Port Harrison) to the coast. The most easterly parts of Canada, the Atlantic major export, and a popular topping on Provinces, have rugged coastlines and dramatic scenery. pancakes. The maple leaf is the national symbol of Canada and is featured on the nation’s flag. However, soils are thin, so commercial agriculture is limited 3 to a few areas. Fishing used to be the main activity, but fish stocks have been so depleted that few people Hudson Lac are now employed in the industry, despite recent Minto environmental efforts to rebuild the stocks. A growing oil and gas industry and new Fort Severn B a y Belcher Islands Severn high-tech businesses are attracting Peawanuk younger workers, although many 4 people still migrate to the bustling James cities further inland. Bay Sandy Lake Winisk A Attawapiskat Akimiski QU Attawapiskat Canadians have a high C IO NIsland Rivière de Rupert 5 life expectancy—the any Fort Albany ONTAR Alb average person lives Moose to be 82 years old. Moosonee Lac Seul Armstrong Longlac Kenora Dryden Harricana Lake of Lake Hearst the Woods Nipigon Fort Frances Atikokan Nipigon Marathon 6 Thunder Bay Kapuskasing Cochrane Réservoir Tip Top Mountain Timmins Amos Gouin TORONTO 2100ft (640m) Foleyet Rouyn-Noranda Wawa Toronto is Canada’s most Lake Superior Kirkland important economic center. Val-d'Or Lake Located on Lake Ontario, close to the US border, it is not only an industrial and commercial center but is also home to a Sault Ste.Marie wide diversity of ethnic and Sudbury 7 cultural groups. The Canadian North Bay National (CN) Tower, which ICE HOCKEY GBeo Pembroke Gatineau dominates the Toronto skyline, Sports and leisure are important to Hull is one of the world’s tallest Canadians. A popular sport is ice hockey, Manitoulin towers at 1,815 ft (553.33 m), which thousands of people enthusiastically Island rgiaayn OTTAWA play or watch. Teams of skaters use long, and locals and tourists can curved sticks to try to get a hard rubber Lake Midland get an impressive view of disc, called a puck, into the opposing team’s Huron the city and Lake Ontario goal. Both the men’s and women’s national Peterborough Kingston ice hockey teams won gold medals at the from the top. Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Brampton TorOosnhatowaOLnatakreio Kitchener 8 St. Catharines Niagara Sarnia Hamilton Falls CN Tower Windsor London Leamington Lake Erie 9 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 6A B C D E F G H

Eastern Canada I J K LMNO P Baffin Resolution ATLANTIC PROVINCES 1 Island Island Nova Scotia, New 2 Button Islands Brunswick, Prince Edward 3 Hudson Strait Island, and Newfoundland 4 and Labrador attract 5 Akpatok tourists for their landscape, 6 Island wildlife, and quaint seaside 7 villages. Icebergs are a 8 Ungava regular sight off the coast 9 Bay of Newfoundland and Labrador as they drift 7 south from the Arctic. Rivière aux k esFeuill FISHERIES Kuujjuaq The Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland, are shallow waters that once r contained huge stocks of fish. Stocks have declined, Koksoa a Baleine Nain however, due to overfishing, and now catches are severely D restricted. Tourism has been a valuable alternative for RLHopedale those who relied on fishing for their livelihood. a French Rivière à l b r Makkovik signs in Caniapiscau a Cape Harrison dor Cartwright L aLac bBienville Québec city Schefferville N Lake Melville & S e ar a d oRéservoir de Smallwood E W F OUN D Reservoir L A B É B E CCaniapiscau St.Anthony Churchill RADO L A in N St Strait of Belle Isle A D AChEibasMotLmuaiagJsctoaamnsSsqaitnLu-uMJiaieLcèaarnneaRicéousCueBharravgioicaeeionr-CunotmimteRiaiiGvuiaaèRgr.ienLmn-aodwonuMrue-snLakMcoteiauPnpSéeoenGpitnua-ÎsslepunsélBeatdtehGauarHsspitaévÎrnleEeS-MPSDdtsÎtRa.l’-WeAPdGIsLieNnelAduaerteCìrwliRneclfEaeoDrosetfni CcaeCboortneSrt Gander St.John’s FRENCH CANADA Cape Race Québec province is the main Grand Falls French-speaking part of Canada. With a different language and Brook Newfoundland cultural traditions from other parts of the country, there have been calls Channel-Port in the past for Québec to become aux Basques independent from the rest of Canada. rait ST PIERRE & MIQUELON (to France) La Tuque Edmundston ISLAND Glace Bay Sydney NEW Charlesbourg BRUNSWICK Charlottetown Cape Breton Island Québec Moncton Amherst New Glasgow Trois-Rivières St-Georges Fredericton Oromocto Truro Laval Drummondville Saint John dy NOVA SCOTIA Sable Island Dartmouth Bay of Fun Halifax Montréal Sherbrooke AN Liverpool Yarmouth OCE ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY Stretching far inland, the ATLANTIC St Lawrence Seaway provides a link from the Great Lakes to the 200 Atlantic. A series of huge locks descends from Lake Ontario to sea level, allowing ocean-going ships to transport their cargo as far inland as Lake Superior. Large amounts of iron ore, for example, are transported inland from Labrador to Ontario for processing. 0 km 100 200 Corn, soy, and other agricultural products 0 miles 100 move in the opposite direction, from the prairies east to the markets of the world. I J K LMNO P

North America BCDE FGH USA: Northeast The northeastern united states is a heavily populated THRIVING CITY Lake Hudson NewYork is the largest city in the US. area that is steeped in history. This is traditionally the main Ontario River Historically it grew because it has a immigration point into the States, with the Statue of Liberty good harbor and sits at the mouth lighting the way for those arriving into New York by boat. of the Hudson River. Immigrants from 2 People from all over the world have settled in this region to live and work, creating a “melting pot”of cultures and ethnic overseas flooded into the city in groups. Important historical events, such as the signing of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, took boosting its population and economy. Today, it is the main financial center, not just of the US, but of the world. place in Philadelphia. These documents set the foundations for American life today. It is also here that the capital and center 3 of government were established. Today, while industry and agriculture are still important, finance and commerce are the New York driving forces of the economy. Appalachian City Mountains A D A wrence Ogdensburg WTahsehWinhgtioten,HDo.uCs.ehinas C A N4 St. La O N TA R I O A dMi roounndtaaci kn s been home to every Watertown president except George p p aL a k e O n t a r i o Oswego Boonville whoWmasthheincgittoyni,sanftaemr ed. A5 Mohawk River PITTSBURGH Niagara Rochester Syracuse Once a major steel manufacturing center with Falls Newark Utica a polluted environment, Pittsburgh is now a Lockport thriving financial center with a large number Niagara Avon N EW YORK of corporate headquarters. Bridges span the Falls three rivers that run through the city, Buffalo Oneonta Erie Hamburg Dansville connecting the core downtown Ithaca area (above) to the suburbs. Lake Dunkirk Binghamton Catskill e ny Mountains Jamestown eau CENTER OF GOVERNMENT Erie P lA la lt e g h Elmira All three branches of the federal 6 government, the executive, Warren Mansfield Sayre legislative, and judicial, reside Middletown in Washington, D.C. The United States Congress Meadville Wilcox Scranton Wilkes Barre (the legislative branch) P E N N S Y L V A N I Ao u n t a i n sLock Haven Milford Du Bois meets here in the Capitol Mercer building. Many of the State College city’s residents work OHIO AllegRhivenery Butler for the government. Milton Stroudsberg Indiana 7 Capitol building, Allentown the seat of government Aliquippa Pittsburgh MAltoona Harrisburg Reading Trenton Washington Appalachian Philadelphia Bedford Carlisle Lancaster NEW Uniontown York Wilmington Cherry Hill Hagerstown Aberdeen 8 Cumberland Towson Vineland W E S T Oakland Baltimore Dover VIRGINIA Columbia Annapolis DELAWARE V I R G I N I A WASHINGTON D.C. Cambridge Ocean City 9 MARYLAND Salisbury Chesapeake Bay 8A B C D E F G H

USA: Northeast K LMNO P Madawaska NEW BRUNSWICK MAINE 1 Although Maine is a large state, 2 Presque Isle it is relatively sparsely populated. 3 Early settlers were attracted to its Mars Hill coastline, and fishing communities 5 gradually sprang up. To this day, 6 fishing remains an important 7 activity, while colorful foliage attracts tourists in the autumn. Mount Katahdin Houlton 5266ft (1605m) CRANBERRIES M The northeast USA is a major o Moosehead Lincoln Calais cranberry-growing region. Cranberries untains Lake grow in flooded bogs, and once Jackman harvested—often with high-tech Penobscot River equipment (above)—they can be Milo eaten in pies and sauces. MAINE Machias QUÉBEC Bangor Millbridge Newport Waterville Searsport Bar Harbor Bay of Camden Mount Desert Fundy V E R M O N TPlattsburgh Island Lake Champlain Berlin Augusta Burlington i a nMontpelier Mount Lewiston Bath e Maine (above), Washington Gulf of Main famous for its 6289ft (1917m) clam chowder and lobsters (right) l a c hRutlandChelsea H NEW RE Portland THANKSGIVING AMPSHI The first Thanksgiving was held in Green Mountains Lebanon Laconia 1621 as a gesture of friendship between Biddeford American Indians and the Pilgrims after the Connecticut River Pilgrims’first successful harvest. Americans Rochester honor that tradition every November by gathering with family and friends to give Glens Falls Concord Portsmouth thanks for life’s blessings and to share a meal. Hillsboro The Statue of Liberty has stood in New York Manchester OCEAN Harbor since 1886. Nashua Lawrence Cape Cod SchAelnbTearcontayyPdiyttsfieldGreWenofirecLldeoswteelrl Boston Hudson River M A S S AC H U S E T T S Provincetown Orleans Springfield Pawtucket Providence Windsor Kingston Bristol New Bedford HIGHER EDUCATION Hartford Warwick Martha's Vineyard A large number of universities are located in this region, including two of the most famous—Harvard CONNECTICUT RHODE Nantucket Nantucket Island (above) and Yale. As well as studying, students enjoy Waterbury Groton ISLAND a full campus life, including taking part in sports. Links between industry New Haven TIC and education are strong, so many Yonkers Bridgeport high-tech companies have been established here. PatersonStamford Long ATLAN Island New York Newark Middletown 0 km 50 100 150 JERSEY 0 miles 50 100 150 Atlantic City 8 NEW YORK CITY The center of US commerce and business 9 is NewYork City. People living here have a fast-paced lifestyle, and many travel 9 by train or ferry from the suburbs to work in the towering high-rise office blocks of Manhattan. People traveling by boat across the harbor pass the Statue of Liberty, a huge monument that represents freedom and opportunity to Americans. I J KLM

North America BCDE FGH USA: South 0 km 50 100 150 200 0 miles 50 100 150 200 The southern states of the US have a varied landscape and an interesting Cincinnati mix of people, both culturally and economically. Some areas of the region are poor, especially the Appalachian Mountain communities, while other parts, such as the Newport Florida coast, are wealthy and attract many people from other states and countries. 2 The cultural mix includes people of Latin American origin, African Americans, Cajuns INDIANA (French Canadians), and European Americans, giving rise to diverse music styles, dialects, pastimes, and food. While coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains Louisville Frankfort EvaOnwsveinllseboroLexington Henderson Elizabethtown Richmond has declined in recent years, agriculture is still Paducah Gr rK Eeen River N TUCKY Te important, as are tourism and industry. Tourism MISS OURI Hopkinsville Somerset Kentucky is particularly important in Florida and in Rogers Bull Shoals Mountain Pocahontas Bowling eau New Orleans near the mouth of the mighty Lake Home Lake Green Mississippi River. Union Clarksville 3 OKLAHOMA Fayetteville City Nashville Cookeville Mississippi RiveN S A SWalnut Ridge Murfreesboro Fort Smith Boston Mountains Blytheville Dyersburg Franklin Cumberland Plat SEE ARKA Jonesboro T ENNES Maryville Jackson Cleveland MOouHuaRoncutthsSasipeitnrallisvnLigliltsetleNBReonoBrPttclohikunnSfeefLairatcnFtysolaesrrReRivsot cCMkitCyelmaWrpkehssdirstalSepHrMiGonlrgeleysnmTaudCppaoehrlionisth Lawrenceburg Columbia Dalton nnessee Rive Chattanooga COTTON CROPS er Florence Huntsville 4 Cotton was once Ark Decatur Scottsboro the mainstay crop r of the south and Hamilton Cullman Rome Red Ouachita R Marietta was grown by River Gadsden Atlanta African-American Texarkana ive Greenwood Anniston Camden Columbus slaves. Today, cotton is still important for El Dorado Greenville Tuscaloosa Birmingham the economy of the Shreveport Ruston Bastrop MISSISSIPPI Alexander City Griffin region and is grown ALABAMA in large fields and Monroe Yazoo City 5 harvested with huge Demopolis machinery. Cotton Bossier City Tallulah Clinton Canton Opelika has many uses, Meridian primarily as the raw TEXAS Prattville Phenix City material for textiles. Sabine River Montgomery Columbus Mississippi Riv Tombigbee River abama River L O U I S I A N A Vicksburg Jackson er Chattahoochee Natchitoches Pearl River River Red River Laurel Natchez Troy Alexandria Brookhaven Hattiesburg Andalusia Ozark Albany De Ridder McComb Prichard Al Brewton Dothan Bainbridge Bogalusa Mobile Crestview Lake Seminole Opelousas Baton Rouge 6 Fort Walton Gulfport Biloxi Lake Charles Lafayette Pensacola Beach Tallahassee New Orleans New Iberia Metairie Panama City The Mississippi Cotton pod, or boll Morgan City Chandeleur Cape San Blas Jazz musician on Islands Bourbon Street, Venice is the largest river in G u l f o f M e x i c oHouma Apalachee New Orleans Bay North America and Mississippi River 7 the third largest in Delta the world. Chef holding CAJUN CULTURE a skillet of The Cajuns in this region are French-speaking people who were jambalaya, a expelled from Canada in the 18th Cajun dish century. They mixed with other cultures in Louisiana, but their French influence can be seen in the music, food, and place names, such as Lafayette. 8 MUSICAL ORIGINS The southern US is famous for its music, much of which reflects the cultural mix of the region. New Orleans and other parts of Louisiana FLORIDA EVERGLADES are the birthplaces of jazz and Cajun The increasing population music, while bluegrass and country of Florida means that the have origins in Nashville and Memphis. Everglades, swampy plains These music styles started here, but inhabited by alligators and quickly spread throughout the country other wildlife, are under threat 9 and developed even further in the cities. as land is needed for houses and farms. However, the Everglades National Park protects part of this important ecosystem. 10 A B C D E F G H

USA: South I J K LMNO P PENNSYLVANIA 1 Parkersburg Clarksburg Winchester WASHINGTON D.C. Spruce Knob Dale City MARYLAND W E S TO H I O 4862ft (1482m) Arlington V I R G I N I APortsmouth Mountains Huntington Harrisonburg Fredericksburg Ohio River Staunton P Saint Albans Charleston CharlottesvilleRiv ac otom er 2 V I R G I N I APikeville Chesapeake Bay KENTUCKY DERBY 3 4 London Beckley Richmond Every year on the first 5 Bluefield LynchJbaumregs River Cape Charles Saturday of May, the 6 Petersburg Kentucky Derby takes place 7 Pulaski in Louisville. This horse race, 8 Roanoke Newport News Norfolk and the festivities based around 9 Portsmouth Virginia Beach it, mark the beginning of spring for people in the area. The best 11 S O U TNHO RC AT RHOCL AI NRAO L I N AGMKaiinAdnGodeGrlsxrGpeevBesveirrelbSeilpninsepAoeltvlearnoesoaivrwhlltillaeeollenvoKbidaliulnUerGgngc6M6saiopo8Rshu3tonofontrctnti(k2MWi0aaHi3t7ciiSlmhnlea)slllteoCmnhaGDrrlaeoneHPtvtnoiielgilsenFhbLltaoourrerCoinnacbreDyuFurgarJRyhaaecakltmestoReiGgnovoavihRnllidWllooleksecebilkNmoGyerriowMneegOoBntnuBeovHsnarnillnyatolevwePlEoaSlmciokzluianbethCHCaaiptttyeerasn horses and jockeys, as well as massive crowds of spectators River from around the country, travel here for the event. d co TOURISM Tourism is an important industry in A NAthens the south, especially for Florida. As Clark Columbia Cape Fear well as warm weather and appealing Hill Lake Myrtle Beach scenery, tourists are attracted to the Lake Marion Long Bay theme parks around Orlando. Jobs and Aiken income are generated by tourism, with EAugusta many people working in retail outlets, Orangeburg Georgetown restaurants, hotels, and theme parks. Kumba roller coaster, ATLANTIC a popular ride at Busch G E O R G I A an North Charleston OC Gardens Tampa Bay, Florida Milledgeville nah Rive Macon Sav Statesboro r Charleston Dublin Vidalia Hilton Head Island MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR Cordele Altamaha Martin Luther King, Jr (left) was born in Atlanta in 1929. Savannah In the 1960s, he led many peaceful protests to end the laws that discriminated against black Americans. King Hinesville River Tifton was assassinated in 1969 and has since been seen Waycross Brunswick as a symbol of the struggle for racial equality. Many African Americans live in the southern US where, before the Civil War (1861–65), their Valdosta ancestors were forced to work on cotton plantations and farms. Thomasville Okefenokee Swamp Jacksonville Lake City Saint Augustine Gainesville Lake Daytona Beach George Ocala De Land Spring Hill Deltona Martin Luther King, Jr, speaking at the final rally of the March Against Fear, Mississippi, 1966 Orlando Cape Canaveral Clearwater Lakeland Melbourne Largo Tampa Lake Kissimmee FTampa Saint Petersburg A Fort Pierce FLORIDA’S SUNSHINE COAST Bay Hutchinson Florida’s sunny weather and sandy beaches Sarasota LORID Island have traditionally attracted many retired people, many of whom live in apartments along the Port Charlotte Lake West Palm coast in resorts such as Miami Beach (right). Charlotte Harbor Okeechobee Beach Florida also attracts young people, particularly Boca Raton to the vibrant city of Miami, where many Fort Myers The Everglades immigrants from Central America, Cuba, and other Caribbean islands live, and Spanish is Naples Big Cypress Pompano Beach spoken by half the population. The Florida Keys, Swamp Fort Lauderdale an island chain in the south of the peninsula, Miami Beach is also popular with tourists, and contains some of the largest living coral formations Miami in North America. Cape Sable Key Largo of Florida Florida Key Bay s Florida Key West Straits I J K LMNO P

North America BCDE FGH USA: Midwest The american midwest is dominated by the Great Plains, CAN AD SASKATCHEWAN once the home of cattle ranches, cowboys, and American MANITOBA Lake Indian peoples. However, the discovery of gold in South of the Dakota brought a rush of settlers to the area. This, combined Woods Red Rive r 2 with a decline in buffalo numbers, led to the eventual A Williston Minot Grafton International 3 4 displacement of the American Indians from the Plains. The Devils Lake Thief River Falls 5 area is prone to dramatic weather—tornadoes, freezing N Grand East Falls Upper 6 blizzards, and blazing hot summers. To the west, vast areas s N O RTH Forks Grand Forks Red Lake 7 of farmland generate more wheat and corn than 8 anywhere else in the world. East of the Mississippi the TA Lake Carrington Crookston Lower 9 landscape varies and, although farming is still important, and Sakakawea Red Lake it is an industrial heartland. The greater Detroit area and Belfield Dickinson 12 other parts of Michigan make up a big manufacturing Bemidji center, with other hubs in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Jamestown Valley City Fargo Leech Grand N Bismarck Lake Rapids l D A K O T AMandan O West Fargo Detroit Lakes Moorhead River ad M Wahpeton Fergus Falls Brainerd MissourBi Mille Lacs Lake Alexandria Little ttleLi Buffalo Falls Moreau River Selby Aberdeen MINNESOTA Lake Oahe Morris Saint Cloud BUFFALO ON THE PLAINS WYOMING Black HillsN E D BS A OR K UA O TS T HKA A I O WGerinSgidAnNlSleoicarytohnStPcptlesaebtStaetlWCruuCRRfihhfriiaivfsgttaeehpyidrRsiHirSdvoernOaigelnRaillvladeslLraexPNiPlnoaigerttttrheorNKenieoGabrFrranarLCarneaaankdysceeRiIsisvlaeHrnaudHpstRuiPnirSYlvCoaSgoMetaWotnrsieuVnLoliRtuatekiihvcutmrntehemorYxSNcberniotioolueloFlrNlubskilPwaOonoxraFlnanrWplmCrfsseoikMilSotmlaalyhikraoMhtBoeCdhDnlrnaioiditoHesMnSCtnyooonaigtinnaokitreBtsrlyiCouoveasnihnnolnxgdlaeSuseDlvpFolnuaWeeCceiBnADNsriUlMeMclmalloCebgoelMrBFImadwooisironoonnntlgnAnoduoerAmdkenCBttOainrnfaiaalNrubFnefAikCwtnensaoRoeeraimesoatrgMrnrntLaypiClstttoebaaytsphoeaFsoLnomvaCfindisaeuidnloionelalaitlllnssyltnasrediBig SRiiovuexr Up to 100 million buffalo once grazed on the Great Plains. Cheyenn James River They provided local American Indians with food for the family, and skin for clothes and tepees. The Dakota people Great used buffalo bones to make shields and tools, and the animal’s bladder into a bag for carrying water. But over-hunting and the destruction of the buffalo’s habitat by early European settlers drastically reduced the number of animals. The buffalo is now a protected species and lives in reserves. MiRssivoeurriLo COLORADO McCook Plains Beatrice Maryville Colby Concordia Saint Joseph Buffalo herd on a reserve, Goodland Hays SSaJulinnacMtiMAoanncPhChKaieattyStrnassonasnRivKTeOAroatttpncahewsiaksaosanCiItnydepeSEnpxcrdienelsginsocre South Dakota Scott City KAN Great Bend MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was created as a Garden City Hutchinson Emporia Newton MIS tribute to the American presidency. Four of the United States’greatest Dodge Pratt Wichita Iola City El Dorado presidents—(left to right) Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Chanute Fort Scott and Lincoln—were carved into the granite cliff between 1927 and 1941. Teams of workers hung from saddles Liberal Wellington ArkansaPsaCristPoyinttssCbaurrtghageSpringfield anchored to the mountain to complete the O K work, often enduring harsh winds or blazing sun. Today, it is a popular Each carved face is about L AHOMA Joplin Aurora tourist attraction. 60 ft (18 m) high. Ozark TORNADO ALLEY Dramatic tornadoes, or “twisters,”regularly tear through the states of Kansas and Oklahoma along a path known as Tornado Alley. Tornadoes occur when warm and cold air masses meet. As the warm air rises it cools, and under the right conditions it can suck in more and more air until a whirling twister develops. The more air that is drawn in, the greater the power of the tornado. A BCDE FGH

USA: Midwest I J K LMNO P A RURAL AMERICA 1 Although most Americans today live in cities and large towns, there are still many small towns with populations of less than 10,000 people. These towns are often in farming communities and are where people go to shop or to attend church. Children, such as these boys from Iowa (left), often have to be taken to and from school by bus. The Great Lakes 2 ONTA contain one-fifth 3 Isle Royale of Earth’s 4 fresh water. 5 ChishVoirlgminia Lake Superior R 6 Eveleth Keweenaw 7 Apostle Peninsula IO 8 Hibbing Islands Houghton 9 eRang Duluth Gogebic Marquette 13 Ironwood Sault Sainte Marie Superior Cloquet Ashland aint Croix River Woodruff MIron Saint Ignace Rice Lake Cheboygan S Mountain Rhinelander Escanaba Petoskey I Lake Huron NSSIAJFLAoRPeeIaaeuowOKwfolbiMsflOMwilsnaWsOtKceaCrtHFRkRiQkoathrnatneoaaoMaaitaesWscnvuoERoelubolnvvloPdleotCaviunoskimesennUnnMPaWlraoartWuillrmreioicletwtenlCsbuloakKeyyiyyaepFissriabWnxMaanliCtdcFllrrliyaoRigoklacEaeoiaAoSrMonFunwrrlaudepmoMiBrooLsBusoanniLarJrlanWnsiuvuucIPtoatoainMarWaCeonrefcsddDlMCRPgrDlRnfdckmlrigRJiylaItesraainareasSaRDtuvcsoJofiTpybaxotMigoactmeSddoaGinvbrtoiernasknpnesitdieecisniisSAImaarsosuslvCsevltksErsilloeioilndehineiasdlnqoBeaaelntsnnILtlCAsOisOosisehEeuspgnnvnlbthWPlnfaWpelsiupfiNSWteLenlPaSShpPDlaardGnCkvtoodaiAeRmLgkekleuiVeMiuigaFeSiineulnrIooseCrnvuosloepSohpEcttAteatoKLakesathIrurcsneaaoltBraarNuLBJunlnaerohOgekodtdmitioNcoblniennsoosaosbrungietfuonlhntknantoooaiOWrLninadaeasmuyarwdktgiOkdnBIieaeIaannhnellnegBGeioLdoSbMtKaaoRWraoEfiegyermaInaalCvoiaelnVcylianniEunweihoaGVnTonntIvkraliTsigitsNPpDeaasnhaeecaepeRtatvWecNornAgaaoConrueireowyoviarryaarnnnnngsekesiorsrlnDnKAsveCdLumoiomeeHualliseCbalMesKedidWSlarIiBnaletiiasEuCuoelngnyoPlKalEsAuoaygtaulkFLonMlCeeyclltkmauetoaRkGoaNWinhohghmNoAnsnnraaaruaeomatdbcarspzBnnnbtMKDSriuAiToonttiinenapasdeaodusnnngrthsyUintdaARTnLetBcotloogiMrpioiWvVPseGiCfilnecwniaooeAdorenenAglednnlmriaralnOeStBCdSPtKbnoinMmngahiMaiaohdaodFnigyroioan00cllntarFlriniRaCCeiYniniwHnkcmoiniWymvotCaSoustiBndyelatfiewiarrlllhlnsDoayWmeueLeDdynalvHiemuedknaOP1Celseutgaork0aSbrAtnwrlry0maooaettHuikasnnbinnmirnrts1treoWCidgo0AdZIlnLu0tatgaaWohti2anerhrenEO0herkn0ueseOCvseenciaYhllliilinoneodEtguornnig2e0s0townGreen BayCIGA N Malden H GREAT LAKES Several large cities are located Lake Michigan Sagi on the shores of the Great Lakes, including Chicago on Lake Michigan. Mi s sissippi Ri Burned to the ground in the late 19th century, it is now a leading industrial PENNSYLVANIA and financial center and the third-largest city in the country. The Great Lakes and their lakeside Illinois River WEST VIRGINRIivAer retreats are also a popular tourist destination for vacationers who like watersports. Wabash River FOOTBALL The first official game of football was played between Princeton pi River and Rutgers universities in New Jersey on November 6, 1869. Since then, college and professional teams have been founded all over the country, and playing and watching football has become one of America’s favorite pastimes. Rive Kennett TENNESSEE AGRICULTURE Caruthersville The Great Plains extend across the west of this region and are important ARKANSAS for agriculture. Rich soils support crops of wheat and corn, while livestock grazes on the extensive grassland. Millions of people live on the Great Plains, many on family-owned and -run farms. I J K LMNO P

North America BCDE FGH USA: West Vanco S t r ait of uve The rocky mountains separate Georgia CA r the coastal region from the drier Anacortes C O L RUiverM B I A inland states. Large and StdraeiFt uocfaJuanIsland BRITI S H fast-growing cities such as Sandpoint Libby San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oak Harbor BSekallginit gRihvearm C olumbia and San Diego hug the Pacific Port Angeles Puget Mount Vernon coast, and have attracted many migrants because of good job Olympic Sound Everett opportunities. Inland, blazing Seattle 2 desert and towering mountains Mountains Lake Pend 3 provide some of the most dramatic Bremerton Bellevue Oreille 4 landscapes in the country. National Range Spokane 5 parks such as Yellowstone in Olympia Auburn Wenatchee Coeur 6 northwestern Wyoming and Montana Tacoma Ellensburg SMaiondst'cAJooleweRniveer 7 and Yosemite in central California Aberdeen Lewiston 8 protect some of these wilderness areas. 9 Further east, the foothills of the Rockies Centralia W A S H I N G T O N Clearwater give way to vast plains grazed by large McMPSNinLoaenorwlvnetibgllmlaeveirnegwdVWaKGnoecroolesduosbvhuearrnCmolTuhmeKbieDRaniaRcYnlhPileaveleweasknrniidcmdkleHatoePnramscisPLotauoWWlnGlmaarllallaaannde Mountains 14 herds of cattle. Salmon River Albany LebanonCascade Jo hn Day River Rocky Snake River Corvallis NORTHERN FORESTS RDievsecrhutes Colu m b i aBaker The coastal areas of Oregon and Washington contain Eugene Bend Salmon River large forests. These produce Mountains economically important timber, Coos Bay OR but much land is also left in Coast Springfield EG O N its natural state and is popular with hikers. Most people here P Burns Caldwell Boise live in large cities like Seattle, and in the fertile inland valleys. Cape Blanco Roseburg Upper SuLmakmeer Harney Owy heeRi NampaP l a t Se a Grants Klamath Basin ver nuake River Crescent City Pass Arcata Lake Independence Medford Klamath Falls Mountains Ashland GLoaoksee ACIFIC Yreka Desert Klamath Mountains Ranges Eureka Winnemucca Wells Redding Rock The American ReeHsuembRiolvdetrRiver Indian name CentralSusanville Black Ruby Mountains Pyramid Creek Range S a c r a m e nStaocraVmaenl tloeRyiverHoney Lake Chico Lake for Death Valley Ukiah Yuba Reno Sparks Carson Great is Tomesha, City Sink CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE which means Santa Rosa Lake Carson City N E California is warm, fertile, and, Napa Tahoe V A D A with irrigation, ideal for agriculture. “land where the South Lake Tahoe Grapes are an important crop north ground is on fire.” Berkeley SacramCeintrtuos Heights Ely of San Francisco in the Napa Valley. Walker Further south, citrus crops such as Francisco S Lake Basin Schell oranges also flourish. Premium farming Fairfield land is under threat, however, as the Palo Alto Stockton i Mono Hawthorne population expands. Sunnyvale Lake San Oakland e Modesto r Yosemite San Jose National r Tonopah Park a V OCEA Santa Cruz Gilroy Madera N Alamo Monterey Bay al Salinas e l Monterey S Fresno vada Mount Whitney ey 14,495ft a n Joaquin Visalia (4418m) Death Val Las SantRaaLnugceia Hanford Vegas -282ft Porterville (-86m) Delano Ridgecrest Atascadero Val leHy enderson San Luis Obispo l e y Bakersfield N SaSnaLtnoamtMapaoBrciaaLrobSasaCrnaARaAnfageleOLMlxetsnIsL. aanrFdcaPsOtaesraRdBaeSrMnNastaonojwaIBveeDArnesaerrt dino o CRoilvoerrad Riverside isthhoTeLmhOsieesScstoAopnNrmdaGwilgEalirrLnagEngeSstcstitifnyro—tmheaUHll SouAvne—rtLinogntgoSnBaOeBnaceecaEDhancncihesinidgitSAeaoasnnatEaElsScCaolaStPnojeaonadlnmidSoprBinrBgalywstlheey the world, as well as from other states El Centro in the country. Sandwiched between the Chula coast and the mountains, the city has massive Vista MEXICO air pollution problems. This mostly arises from the exhaust fumes from the high number of cars used by commuters on the city’s highways. A BCDE FGH

USA: West I J K LMNO P 0 km 100 200 300 CATTLE RANCHES Many people who live in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, 0 miles 100 200 300 and Colorado work in the booming farming and mining 1 industries. Much of the land on these foothills and plains 2 NADA is grazed by cattle on huge ranches, originally established 3 ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN to provide food for the flourishing east coast. Modern 6 cowboys may use horses, trucks, or even 7 helicopters to watch over the cattle. 8 9 Eureka Lewis Range Shelby Havre Milk River Malta Whitefish 15 Kalispell Baldy MountainFort Peck Missouri River NORTH Flathead 6624ft Sidney DAKOTA Lake (2019m) Lake Glendive MissOourclaharHdeHleonmaesMi Great Falls ver MONTANA Lewistown iver PlainBoulderssouri River Yellowsto Miles City Bighorn River Anaconda Butte Powder Riv er ne RiBillings Bitterroot Pioneer e Missouri RiverBozemanLivingston Laurel Mountains SOUTH Dillon Bigh Sheridan Littl DAKOTA Rang Absaroka RangCody Powell orn Mountains Gillette Cloud Peak Lemhi e 13,166ft (4013m) Worland R ge an Rexburg DEATH VALLEY The driest place in the US I D A H O Idaho Falls e G is Death Valley, which TwinSFnaalklse R Blackfoot WYOMIN Douglas also holds the highest Pocatello recorded temperature Mountains American Falls Lander Riverton Wheatland NEBRASKA Burley Reservoir in North America Bear Casper Lara of 134°F (56.7°C). Although seemingly Lake mie Mountains Torrington Rawlins inhospitable, its Brigham City Logan Green River canyons, formations Great Evanston Rock Springs Cheyenne of rock, and sudden Salt Lake Ogden Laramie spring blooms make it Great Bountiful CraigMStoSeupnatrmLiEnablbgkoeBBLsraoertoLotnowuogLvlmimeodtltfieoaoleenrndtldtdonFoErtnAGDBgCrruelieoegrnewlohlvlitorenoeaFoysnordrtSMteorlrignagn popular with tourists. Salt LakMe agna YELLOWSTONE Salt Lake City 1C4,432Oft (43L99m)O R A D O The first national DeseTrot oeleUtah park in the world, Sandy City Vernal Yellowstone was Orem established in 1827 Lake Provo in Wyoming and KANSAS COLORADO Montana to protect the PriceGreen River Grand The Rocky Mountains abundant wildlife and Junction cut through this region. hydrothermal activity. UTAH The stunning terrain and the The United States Sevier Pikes Peak Colorado Springs light, dry snow that falls here now has 413 national Lake Moab Gunnison 14,108ft Pueblo Lamar support the skiing industry parks, which attract Richfield (4300m) in Colorado. Resorts such millions of visitors Montrose San JuCaannoSnanCgriety La Junta as Aspen are popular with every year. Cedar City Mount Ellen Colorado River Uncompahgre Mountains Rio de Americans as well as Tourists watching 11,522ft Peak 14,308ft Trinidad with overseas visitors. Old Faithful geyser, (3512m) Cristo Mountains Yellowstone     (4361m) Gran de National Park Saint George Lake Durango Alamosa Powell OKLAHOMA Lake A R I Z O N A NEW MEXICO Mead Silicon, an element, EARTHQUAKES is used in many San Francisco in computer products. California suffers SILICON VALLEY frequent earthquakes The area between Palo Alto and San Jose has due to its location on the been nicknamed “Silicon Valley” because of the San Andreas fault line. many companies engaged in high-technology Modern skyscrapers are research and manufacturing here. It is the center designed to withstand of the world’s computer industry. tremors, but many houses, especially those on typically steep streets, are still at risk. I J K LMNO P

North America BCDE F GH HOT PLACE TO LIVE USA: Southwest The climate across much of the Southwest is hot and dry, with summer The southwest is an area of great contrasts. Much of temperatures often reaching 100°F (38°C). Although water can be scarce, many people have a swimming pool in their backyard so they can cool off. Oklahoma and Texas consists of flat, rolling grasslands and huge farms, while both Arizona and New Mexico are hot, arid, and mountainous, with vast canyons and river valleys carving 2 their way through the land. Since the discovery of oil in 1901, Texas has become the country’s top oil producer Suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona with Houston as the center of the billion-dollar UTAH San Ju a n River COL industry. Tourism is also important to the Lake Powell Southwest, as visitors flock to see the Mountains Grand Canyon, the Painted Desert, N E V A D A Lake San JuanPage C o l o r aCdhuosSkhaiFparormckingtAozntec 3 and other natural wonders. Buildings Mead GranCdoCcoanniynoon Plateau Bloomfield Wheeler Peak MountainsPlateau Los Alamos 13,159ft here reflect the mix of Latino, American Painted DesertTuba City (4011m) Indian, European American, and CALIFORNIA Espanola modern American cultures. Humphreys Peak R o c k y Santa Fe Kingman 12,365ft (3851m) Gallup DESERT LIFE Hualapai Flagstaff Sanders Corrales The saguaro cactus can Peak Sedona 8419ft (2566m) Grants Albuquerque M o u n t a i n s4 reach up to 50 ft (15 m) Lake Havasu Prescott Holbrook tall, grow as many as City 40 branches, and live for Belen Vaughn 200 years. Cacti, yucca, ARIZONA Willard Colorado River and other plants have Black RangeWickenburgShow Low Socorro all adapted to the hot, Rio Grand SMaoc ru an tmaei nn tso N E W M E X5 dry desert conditions Glendale Scottsdale e found in the Southwest. Elephant So, too, have many Signal Peak Phoenix Mesa GlobeSan Carlos Butte animals, including the 4879ft Reservoir deadly rattlesnake. Clifton Yuma (1487m) Casa Safford Alamogordo Grande Eloy Somerton Gila River Sonoran Desert Ajo Saguaro cacti in the Tucson Willcox Las Cruces Organ Peak Sonoran Desert Deming 8871ft (2704m) Sierra Benson Vista 0 km 50 100 150 200 Nogales Bisbee El Paso Douglas 6 0 miles 50 100 150 200 M E X I CFabens THE GRAND CANYON AMERICAN-INDIAN CULTURES The Grand Canyon in northern Arizona is one of the natural wonders of the American Indians, including Navajo, Hopi, world. This incredibly deep gorge was slowly cut out of the rock, beginning and Apache, used to live across the Southwest 6 million years ago, by the Colorado River. People can hike around its edge but are now concentrated in reservations set up O or venture down into the canyon to camp for the night. by the US government. The largest of these is in Arizona and New Mexico, and is home to the 7 Navajo people. The Navajo farm the land and produce crafts, like the woven blanket wrapped around these Navajo children. 8 9 Kachina doll made by the Hopi 16 A B C D E F G H

USA: Southwest I J K LMNO P ADOBE HOUSES Astronaut leaving the 1 Traditional homes of the Pueblo peoples of shuttle by means of a the Southwest were made from adobe bricks manned maneuvering of sun-baked earth and straw covered with unit (MMU) plaster. Dwellings had a flat roof and smooth walls. Modern adobe-style buildings can still be seen in the Southwest, but are often made of concrete and then painted to look like adobe. Here, a woman demonstrates baking bread in an adobe oven. 2 ORADO KANSAS Miami MISSOURI Raton Beaver River Alva ArkaPoncaCitySnpsarsinRBigavserrtlesvTilulelCslaareVminoitrae Clayton Guymon Woodward i Sand Sangre de Cristo Mountains Boise City Enid Perryton Stillwater Sapulpa Broken Arrow 3 Tahlequah 4 Dalhart Taloga 5 6 Dumas The Village Okmulgee Muskogee 7 8 Lake Borger Clinton El RenoMoore Oklahoma City Warner ARKANSAS NASA 9 Elk Eufaula Houston, Texas, is the center of the Meredith Pampa City Shawnee United States space program. After a rocket River Lake has blasted off from Cape Canaveral in Canadian Norman Florida, its journey is controlled by Tucumcari Chickasha Ada McAlester the National Aeronautics and Space Canyon Amarillo Administration (NASA) from Houston. Altus O K L A H O M A Hereford Lawton Duncan Astronauts are also trained at the Red Lake center and new space technology Clovis Tulia Childress Vernon R ver Ardmore Texoma Hugo Idabel is developed here. Muleshoe Burkburnett Durant Plainview Wic hita River Wichita Denison Paris Falls Gainesville Sherman Texarkana Denton Atlanta Greenville Sulphur Springs ICO Plano The GrandRoswell Littlefield Lubbock Levelland Llano Canyon is upArtesia to 1 mile (1.6Hobbs Estacado Brownfield Mineral Wells ArlingDGtaoalnlralasndTLyaleker Tawakoni Marshall Lamesa Snyder Fort Worth Longview Abilene Seminole Sweetwater Ennis Athens Henderson Cleburne Stephenville Coleman T E X A S km) deep, 18Carlsbad Andrews Big Spring Colorado Corsicana Jacksonville LOUISIANA City Trinity R ver Toledo Brazos River Nacogdoches River miles (29 km)Guadalupe Peak Bend Midland i Reservoir Odessa Ballinger Waco Brownwood 8750ft (2667m) Monahanswide, andVan Lufkin Pineland stretches forHorn GMuelxfi coof 2(31479mkimle)s.S FDoa7rAv8tEi2lsFmp5Pofoitenrr(ytce2o3PS8setS5aokmPct)koltaocntketaounMcCameSyaDnelARniEogdARewemlsoaeisrrtvadodisrEaPglleSaBPartaanUesHdsvaoyAaKnuldedneroBCrtuvoociplhlnPLpeaSLBeaenciarkahoraakReraneeusAosTNranturClefzualnKoewvdsvleissentRaKeniondAiGclSnyklSueteoaagednuBaCnlieRMTonllaiotTavryoeaerelnrcrodmooCrSpsRotEliaEevlleldtCrVeinaogiRacmneotBPpsoHreoorBynrioratabAenuLennarhsggvaBCtalHemociattuayyonnntCsoAvLLnillivaFlrveirokinPeneeaegJNpBssTatoeaeacocrGxkdhyntaestaesosolnnCvwiaetnysBtoePnaourmt AornthturPecos RiverSabine River ierra Vieja upe Riv nio S Beeville Port O’Connor io G rande Robstown Portland SPANISH INFLUENCE OIL FIELDS R Alice Close to Mexico and Central America, the Southwestern The oil industry has provided Texas with much of its wealth. Corpus states have long been settled by Hispanic people, whose Oil lies deep underground and is brought up to the surface Kingsville Christi by massive oil jacks, known as nodding donkeys. influence can be seen—and heard—throughout the Laredo Southwest. Spanish is widely spoken, and the Roman Catholic religion that the Spanish brought is evident Laguna Madre Padre in the churches scattered throughout the region. Island Norias Harlingen Edinburg San Benito Mission Brownsville McAllen 17I J K L M N O P

North America BCDE FGH Mexico ALONG THE BORDER In 1994, Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which effectively bound its economy Once home to the great Aztec and Mayan civilizations to that of the US. A large and then the focus of Spanish conquistadors who came in industrial area has developed along the Mexican border with the US. search of wealth, Mexico today reflects its colorful past through its culture and architecture. The majority of Mexicans 2 is mestizo (mixed race), of Spanish and native Indian descent. Mexico City, site of the Mexicali U NSan Luis Río Colorado ITED STA TES ancient Aztec capital, is Tijuana today one of the largest Desierto de Alt deRl NiooRBritroeavGorande cities in the world, with Rosarito a population of around Nogales Ensenada Colorado River Ciudad Juárez OF Río Conchos PSeiderrroaMSáarntir ar Agua Prieta Samalayuca Cananea 3 21 million. Despite oil and natural 4 Caborca Magdalena Río Bavispe Nuevo Casas Grandes gas reserves, and a plentiful supply Cumpas El Sueco Ojinaga of labor, large numbers of Mexicans are still poor, especially in the rural aja Isla Ángel San Pedro El Sáuz B de la Guarda de la Cueva areas and the urban slums. Bahía Sebastían Vizc Hermosillo Río Yaqui Chihuahua Isla Guadalupe alifornia Isla Cuauhtémoc Delicias C Tiburón Empalme Sierra Madre Occide Isla Cedros aíno Guaymas Ciudad Camargo Esperanza Guerrero Negro San Ignacio Gulf Ciudad San Francisco Jiménez Obregón Navojoa del Oro Hidalgo Huatabampo Santa Barbara del Parral DAY OF THE DEAD One of the biggest festivals in 5 Mexico is the Day of the Dead. o Gómez Palacio f San Blas It is believed that once a year Sierra Califo Los Mochis the souls of the dead can come de Loreto Guasave back and visit their loved ones. la In celebration of this, special Giganta M Efood is prepared to welcome the souls, and offerings of flowers, candles, and incense are made at the gravesides. Bahía r Guamúchil Culiacán de La nia PA Isla Magdalena Paz Navolato Durango Isla Santa Margarita El Dorado C I n t a6 F I lLIFE IN THE CITY La Paz CMexico City is the political, economic, and cultural The volcano hub of the country, and is home to some 16 million Popocatépetl is the highest peak Opeople. Its site, in a basin surrounded by mountains, around the city. Cmeans that expansion is difficult. Air pollution Efrom factories and cars cannot escape, so on Amost days a thick layer of smog builds up Nover the city. Attempts to deal with the Tropic of Cancer Miraflores Mazatlán Escuinapa Santa Genoveva 7894ft (2406m) Acaponeta Tuxpan 7 pollution, including banning cars Islas Tepic from some parts, have had Marías limited success. Puerto Vallarta WORKING ON THE LAND Agriculture employs 6.5 million people – about one-eighth of Mexico’s work force. However, only 12 percent of the land is suitable for farming because it is so mountainous Mexico City and dry. The peasant communities of 8 Manzanillo is contained the south rely on farming for their within a ring food, while communities of mountains. in the north are more industrialized. Here, the agave plant is being harvested near the town of Tequila. 9 18 A B C D E F G H

Mexico I J K LMNO P Mexican selling CHEWING GUM Chicle is a latex produced baskets, Puerto by the sapodilla tree, Escondido native to theYucatán 1 Peninsula. In 1867, 2 American inventor 3 Thomas Adams added 4 sugar to chicle pellets and 5 invented an early form of 6 chewing gum. This worker 7 (right) is stretching heated 8 chicle with a stick, 9 preparing it to be made into chewing gum. TOURIST INDUSTRY One of Mexico’s largest employment sectors is tourism. The tourists are attracted by the numerous beautiful beaches on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, as well as Mexico’s rich blend of history and culture. Popular FAMILY TIES A tourist sites include the archaeological remains Mexico has a large population, almost M of the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, half of which are 24 years old or younger. Very often extended families live together such as the Mayan ruins of the in one house, with the mother at the center of the family. Mother’s Day E city of Palenque. remains one of the most important R I CVilla Acuña dates in the Mexican calendar. Boquillas A Rio G MEDIEVAL RULERS The Aztecs ruled a large part of this Piedras Negras region from about 1428 until 1521, when they were conquered by the San Miguel rande Spanish. Their capital, Tenochtitlán, was located on the site that is now Nueva Rosita Sabinas Nuevo Laredo Mexico City. The influence of this great civilization has left its mark on Mexico – more than 1 million Mexicans speak Monclova Sabinas Ciudad Nahuatl, the native Aztec Hidalgo Miguel Alemán language. This feather headdress is thought Reynosa Matamoros to have belonged to Río Moctezuma, the last TorrSeaónnPedroSaltillo Aztec ruler. Bravo Aztec headdress Matamoros Monterrey Ciudad Lerdo Montemorelos Linares X I C O Mexico is the world’sJuan AldamaSierra Madre Oriental Miguel Asua main producerRío Grande Ciudad Victoria Tropic of Cancer Yucatán Channel Rio Lagartos Cancún moifonsfeidtlhvieenr,ctowhuehnictcrehyn.tiesrGMue lxfi coofTCTYAlTeiZauaqegaJhqducacuuiauolCalpaaadmeoatlGsieTpcGlácZaFuiucaamnauxVraqpalpeziisalouaemdslAatnnnGeLinagáltiteuuunlliecleaiaóoSlsvUidjlnaaLMlaHZraaanuarliougdamaMrpLoapeoeulsaongrindaoorsIGreeRdaPíuloHDpeioaBRauoiCantdíMlaolsouTaoaatsjsoleVoruEgQeírleaT(ouXsnMurtadcoaIxeÉPaeCvcXraoéaIOcChtcOCaauPCi)rTIcuáCgoaanIZdiuTumuaaaccdYadoCalaPatzTTHuoeMdupuupuoancelaxVaaaucCcjtpnuTahTénPiptaátullaaPeeclalptenalierlmdueaxno1san7cegpt,d8aePTLboi8calao7PTMalgofmtzaeau(iaa5Tnzpa4iadhe5aRuu2hdentimXaeclrTuCt)áaaoulaónalxactreádppnoaeVbceIasrATatABnmSuclvdraaxaounryrtaézldadsoeoCfToCeahatzMumaaCicpnnooeatmaectalpihcltceoleaFácsTlrcnoeToanuptexartalVaLTialéMglCarPudSmahanhCacelaiaCeeunnamnLadsormpqCaemsrpaumsrponoieCseatestaócMónashnPRbaríeUoéaoUsUxglrmOmsriuFeádxmrasnkaaloauncitnszitPasccYaCeobhTunETMiiccsehucciokáéltnaarunxcl-sPteItegáuztaáonl aTBiVziaEmlLlíPFCanIeuhdZleieoprttleioudCmararIClislolloazumel Chilpancingo Oaxaca Ocozocuautla UATEMALA Lázaro Cárdenas Chiapa de Comitán E Matías Romero Corzo Ixtapa Tecpan Monte Alban Ixtepec Caribbean Sea Tehuantepec Arriaga Presa de la Acapulco Pinotepa Nacional Miahuatlán Juchitán Pijijiapán Angostura G Salina Cruz 0 km 100 200 Puerto Escondido Gulf of Escuintla Tapachula Tehuantepec Huixtla Puerto Angel Ciudad Hidalgo 0 miles 100 200 19I J K L M N O P

North America BCDE FGH Central America Corozal Lake Nicaragua is the only V freshwater lakeolcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes Caledonia Orange Walk in the worldthreaten the livelihoods of people in the MEXICO Indian Church San Pedro that containshere have also struggled with poverty and sharks.2 civil war. In more recent years, however, peace and economic recovery have offered hope, and education is now free in all countries. Remains of the ancient Mayan civilization that flourished until the 16th century, when the Spanish invaded, 3 can be seen throughout the region. Large numbers of the native seven countries of Central America. People Hill Belize City Bank Carmelita ze Beli Santa Elena uras San Ignacio BELMOPAN BELIZERío UsumacinStan Flores Dangriga BarillasBenito a ChisSeaLcyaaSLDxaicobnhleéoLrrtueaissdPuPnutaerMGtMoooauSrBydnaaatanarriAniosnstonTMioGooSwnuanklnef yPoRfeivdHPeruoroenrdto de la Bahía S Islas Roatán Iriona Trujillo Cortés La Ceiba Limón Tela Tocoa G U A T E M A L Apopulation died after the Sula Savá Jacaltenango Morales El Progreso San Esteban Amates Yoro invasion, mostly from disease. Today, Spanish is the main H O N D U R A Slanguage of the region. 4 Huehuetenango i e r r a Chajul CSoabláanmáRíoLMaIZzgoaoatbacdagaeulpa aGuaLloáns La Unión Gualaco Nebaj Catacamas Santa Cruz del Quiché M a dRarbeinal Quezaltenango San Marcos Chiquimula Santa Rosa Siguatepeque Juticalpa de Copán Comayagua GuaimacaCampamento GUATEMALA CITY Bocay Jutiapa La Esperanza Escuintla Santa Ana Metapán TEGUCIGALPA Danlí Jalapa Chalatenango Gulf SAN SALVADOR San José Ahuachapán Río C Ocotal Sonsonate San Vicente holuteca Somoto FAUNA AND FLORA San Miguel EL SALVADOR5 Condega Ecotourism, which encourages visitors but aims to protect and preserve the UsouflFuotnásnecaCholuSteocmaotillo Estelí Jinotega environment, is increasingly important Sébaco in the region. In Belize, tourists can dive in Matagalpa Ciudad Darío Muy Muy N I C A Rlargest barrier reef, and there are wildlife treks to many forest areas. Animals include jaguars, P Ahowler monkeys, and butterflies. the clear, warm waters off the world’s second Chinandega Corinto Lago de Managua Boaco León Tipitapa Juigalpa CTEMPLE PYRAMIDS MANAGUA I6 Between 250–900 ce, the Maya Masaya Fdesigned ceremonial centers filled Jinotepe Granada Nandaime Isla de Belén Ometepe with temples, courts, and plazas. OCEAN Without metal, they shaped IC Rivas DECORATED CHURCHES tools from the solid lava The Spanish colonizers of the 1500s, of volcanoes to carve the and the missionaries who came with limestone buildings. One them, converted the native population and La Cruz of the largest sites is at established Roman Catholicism throughout Golfo de Tikal (left), in Guatemala, Central America. They also built many Papagayo Liberia where temple remains 7 lie in a huge area of fabulously decorated churches. Filadelfia The one shown here, El Merced, tropical rainforest. is built in a low, squat style to Nicoya resist the ever-present threat Península of earthquakes. The majority de Nicoya of people still follow the Roman Catholic faith. Pyramid with nine VOLCANIC REGION sloping terraces Central America is an unstable area because Steps leading up it lies along the meeting point of two of to the temple at Earth’s tectonic plates. There are at least the top 14 active volcanoes here, including Volcán de Pacaya (right). Although this makes it a dangerous place to live, the volcanic soil is very fertile and good for crops. DE FGH

Central America IJ K LMNO P FOOD MARKETS Coffee, bananas, and sugar NATIVE PEOPLES 1 cane are all key exports from These Cuna Indians of Panama wear 2 here to the food markets of traditional embroidered clothes. the world. Most are cultivated Native Indians and mestizos on large plantations. However, (people of mixed heritage) form food for the local population, a small minority in the region, such as potatoes, avocados, although the ethnic mix varies rice, and corn, is grown from country to country. on small farms and sold at In Guatemala, more than local markets. half the people are direct descendants of the Maya Indians. Río PatucaBrusLaguna de Caratasca BANANA INDUSTRY 3 Laguna Puerto Lempira The hot, wet climate of Honduras is perfect 4 for cultivating fruit, such as bananas. These 5 Bonanza Río Coco Cayos are often grown on huge plantations, 6 Siuna Waspam Miskitos which employ local people who may 7 work long hours for very little pay. 8 Yablis Tuapi Markets selling fresh fruit Once cut down, the bananas are 9 Puerto and vegetables washed, inspected, and packed into Mosquito Coast Cabezas boxes to be sent abroad. Bananas are a major export for Honduras. Prinzapolka As bananas grow, they begin to point upward. La Sirena Barra de COFFEE BEANS Río Grande Costa Rica was the first country in Central America AG UA Laguna de Perlas to grow coffee and today produces more than El Rama 165,000 tons each year. Coffee is harvested Bluefields from the fruit of the coffee bush. Once Lago de Punta picked, the beans are Nicaragua Gorda left to dry in the sun. This worker is raking the beans as they dry. San Carlos San Juan Upala Río San Juan del Norte Bagaces Puerto Viejo C O STA R IC A C a r Si be ba e a nGPouCnañtaasreAndlaaeQjsuCueoelQrapoBuonaesahsdaCíHaodeSreaBrAorPue1CC(Cae23GdNhaol,8nm5irir1rraa3otr9tn0aJiaméspdfrOtgsóeA)SSoiiSurqerÉusTLCiaraolrareCdmsoilanlLnecriceamapdcóeiónnBGouVqauoAlbecdálitmtneeoLCBiarahgariuúnCrnit1qoae1ur,í4d0i1lflte(r3a47MC5moeG)nsuqtrluafAiPltagonuPaaemdnauoClncaoLenamagCloériGsCPtCaoóotaúrblptnBóaoiarlnbalbeoloaAdercIlahsPCtsimpAIPSiToéeaNClYradnlogaeArsodPMMiallniEegAarlamuPoddáeeerIllvsiSeRltLaanoaCenyihrPBiamLllaamásgGnoaaBraAaEycllaihRngdieoeanl aDSnéeldrrOíaPnbuYaealrdvtioízaaGDualrfi lfo de Nicoya of en ulce íaarién PANAMA CANAL LOMBI A Forming a vital link P A N A M APenínsula de Osa between the Atlantic David and Pacific Oceans, the Panama Canal is one of the world’s Golfo D Golfo Santiago Chitré busiest waterways. After de Chiriquí sharing the canal with Guarumal Ocú of Gulf Jaqué the US, Panama took full Las Tablas Panama control in 1999. Over the 0 km 50 100 150 200 CO years, trade has made Panama Península de City a major financial center. Isla Azuero 0 miles 50 100 150 200 Isla de Coiba Cébaco 21I J K L M N O P

North America BCDE FGH The Caribbean UNITEDSTATES GrandBahama Island OF AMERICA Marsh Harbour This region consists of thousands of islands stretching from Freeport Great Abaco Northeast Providence Channel Cuba in the west to Trinidad and Tobago in the southeast. European Bimini colonists wanted control of the islands in the 1500s, but the diseases Islands Berry Islands they brought wiped out most of the local Carib and Arawak peoples. orida Nicholls NASSAU Eleuthera Island ApoTacwtcFhloorrfeafhe eouuroeiinimsnrpmmcceichatlseherapnmAdiEsjleoaofsusartrarylhi,renancmsodevadodspeeneptueptseansoor,aerg.ctkdirnn.Eremieaitdsncpnoypuigornomilylwntgir.sutoehdeorsred,nitfSfotepofraetwnhnioetsrhpk,oaopLnnaudFdlépaePltllaiainRonJaíuontvrIaeAs(nlLatarHtAAciurdNhoCdArdeeHuitoepneeVlAnimdvSéssBAaouli,eaAslrGaaNgNsrcoeeicAAródope)nennllaoaTCdsMrcGaoCepyeauiacoddtanoLaCfnaCanfrialraerrnogzbecnoooaeacrsfmscauoleCagárodcshSeintnorasSaspSi ítaSrSsniatagcountufsiaPtFAallalancCgeGCultAraaaialnsrlnmAadadnrCaoedCMsagryTiIooüessoslrgeawóTndAoyonnderwdcChneaipmÁiéavGlgialürTPageENeroaxyoutCGNvuHReEaiemevdayxwoigeasutrngEagmceseeda Rock Sound 2 ExSumouand Cat Island 3 San Salvador C U B A4 BAHAMAS Rum Cay Town Long Island Island PassCargoeoked n Island Clarence Island Island l Range Town a Crooked e CYhuacna tn Acklins e na IslaMnda yPaagsusaa g Bahía de Co Archipiélago de Las Tunas Holguín Lake Rosa Matthew los Jardines de la Reina Town Bayamo Passage Manzanillo Guantánamo Cayman Palma Soriano Little Cayman Brac Grand Cayman Santiago de Cuba ard Guantánamo Bay Windw GEORGE (to US) GTOWN rCAYMAN ISLANDS 5 e(to UK) NAVASSA ISLAND Île de la Gonâve aMontego Bay (to US) Jérémie tSpanish Town amaicaJ e rJAMAICA CUBA Cayes Cuba is the largest island and the only communist country Channel C a r i b b e a n S e a ACuba specializes in in the region. It was supported by the communist superpower, KINGSTON the USSR, until the USSR collapsed in 1991, at which time many Cubans suffered great economic hardship. The Cuban government invested its money in improving social services. 6 The people benefit from a good health service and a high literacy rate. Children who complete pre-university education making top-quality cigars. are awarded the Bachillerato. 0 km 50 100 150 200 JAMAICA The most 0 miles 50 100 150 200 The Rastafarian religion began in Kingston, densely populated Rastafarian, whose Jamaica, in the 1930s. Followers worship CARIBBEAN CROPS religion forbids him Haile Selassie, the former emperor of country in the The semi-tropical climate here creates ideal conditions 7 from cutting his hair Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), and believe that God Caribbean is for many crops, especially sugar. The growing and will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the processing of sugar is an important industry in Cuba, Barbados. Jamaica, and many of the Lesser Antilles, providing Promised Land. Jamaica is also home jobs and income for the region. Fermented cane sugar to reggae music, a rhythmic is used to make rum and is a major export. blend of African, European, and South American Sugar cane Breadfruit styles that can be heard Plantain across the island. The lyrics often tell Sweet potato of hardship and political struggle. 8 Papaya Okra 9 Mango Ginger Chilli Banana 22 A B C D E F G H

The Caribbean I J K LMNO P HURRICANES 1 The Caribbean islands can 2 be devastated by hurricanes between May and October each year. These powerful and damaging storms occur when a normal storm builds up energy as it moves across the Atlantic Ocean. Eventually, violent winds and torrential rain are released on the islands. Tropic of Cancer FAMILY LIFE Family is very important here, TROPICAL ISLES 3 and is usually the center of White sands and warm MCaaiycoasguPaanssaage TURKS everyday life. Some Caribbean seas attract vast numbers & CAICOS of visitors to these islands. ISLANDS people migrated to other Tourism is important to the countries, such as the UK, but economies of many countries (to UK) including the Bahamas and return when they retire— the Dominican Republic. Many often bringing considerable people work in tourism-related jobs, such as in hotels. money back with them. COCKBURN TOWN Little Inagua Great Inagua DROEMPIUNBILCIACN A T L A N TCap- 4 IHaïtien 5 Monte Cristi Puerto Plata Leew a r d BRITISH VIRGIN CSantiago Gonaïves San Francisco de Macorís VIRGIN ISLANDS ANGUILLA Islan HAITI CCoerndtirlle La Vega La Romana ISLANDS ANTIGUA & SAN JUAN (to UK) (to UK) BARBUDA d Mayagüez (to US) ROAD TOWN THE VALLEY Barbuda Sint Maarten ST JOHN’S (to Netherlands) Antigua ra a Passage CHARLOTTE OCE A N s a Ant i l l e s l PORT-AU- SANTO Caguas AMALIE Saba Jacmel PRINCE DOMINGO Ponce Isla Saona Mon Isla PUERTO RICO (to Netherlands) Mona St Croix BASSETERRE (to US) L e s s e rSAINT KITTS & NEVIS BRADES GUADELOUPE n t Isla Beata e s MONTSERRAT Grande Terre (to France) (to UK) ill Pointe-à-Pitre Marie-Galante BASSE-TERRE 6 HAITI Basse-Terre DOMINICA Haiti was the first ROSEAU Caribbean country to become independent. Martinique Passage Islands However, political unrest, MARTINIQUE FORT-DE-FRANCE combined with poor soil (to France) Channel and natural disasters, St Lucia have made Haiti one of the poorest countries ST LUCIA CASTRIES 7 in the world. Health care Saint VincenVtiePuaxssFaogret BARBADOS and sanitation levels are poor and, as a result, life expectancy is low. Saint Vincent BRIDGETOWN KINGSTOWN SAINT VINCENT & THE GRENADINES The Grenadines Windward Haitian man ARUBA Lesser Antilles GRENADA ST GEORGE'S 8 selling flowers 9 (Netherlands) CURAÇAO BONAIRE OLOMBIA ORANJESTAD (Netherlands) (to Netherlands) A TIME TO CELEBRATE KRALENDIJK The celebration of Diwali (Hindu), Eid ul-Fitr Tobago WILLEMSTAD (Muslim), and Christmas (Christian) reflect the varied religions of people in Trinidad and Tobago. TRINIDAD & The woman above is dressed for Carnival in TOBAGO Port of Spain to mark the beginning of the PORT-OF-SPAIN Christian season of Lent. Gulf of Trinidad Paria C VENEZUELA San Fernando 23I J K L M N O P

South America SOUTH AMERICA Although South America is much poorer than its northern neighbor, it is rich in natural resources. Its mineral wealth led to its invasion by the Portuguese and Spanish in the 1500s, and their languages and culture still shape the lives of the people here. The nations below are listed in order of area, headed by Brazil—the world’s fifth largest country. Brazil Venezuela Latin American culture is world famous, thanks 3,287,957 sq miles 352,144 sq miles to its infectious music 8,515,770 sq km 912,050 sq km and dance. Here a 205,824,000 30,912,000 couple in Buenos Aires, Brasília Caracas Argentina, demonstrate Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Amerindian the art of the tango. Spanish, Polish, Japanese, languages Amerindian languages Bolivia Chile 424,164 sq miles 291,933 sq miles 1,098,581 sq km 756,102 sq km 10,970,000 17,650,000 La Paz Santiago Aymara, Quechua, Spanish Spanish, Amerindian languages Argentina Paraguay Ecuador 1,073,518 sq miles 157,048 sq miles 109,484 sq miles 2,780,400 sq km 406,752 sq km 283,561 sq km 43,887,000 6,863,000 16,081,000 Buenos Aires Asunción Quito Spanish, Italian, Amerindian Guaraní, Spanish, German Spanish, Quechua, other languages Amerindian languages Peru Guyana Uruguay 496,225 sq miles 83,000 sq miles 68,037 sq miles 1,285,216 sq km 214,969 sq km 176,215 sq km 30,741,000 736,000 3,351,000 Lima Georgetown Montevideo Spanish, Quechua, Aymara English Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Spanish Amerindian languages, English Colombia Soccer is a national Suriname passion in Brazil. 439,736 sq miles Most of these barefoot 63,251 sq miles 1,138,910 sq km boys on Ipanema beach, 163,820 sq km 47,221,000 Rio de Janeiro, will be 585,800 Bogotá dreaming of playing for Paramaribo Spanish, Wayuu, Páez, and Brazil in the World Cup. other Amerindian languages Sranan (creole), Dutch, Javanese, Sarnami Hindi, 24 Saramaccan (creole), Chinese, Carib

Hidden high in the Andes, the ruined city of Machu Picchu is a spectacular symbol of the Inca empire of Peru that was destroyed by the Spanish invasion. 25

BCDE FGH I Northwest 1 South America South America H2 igh mountains and plateaus, dense tropical rainforest, and coastal swamps are found in this region. In the 16th century, 2 promises of untold riches attracted the Spanish to the countries 3 here. They found the vast empire of the Incas, which stretched from 4 what is now Peru into northern Colombia. To the north and east, 5 other colonizers—Dutch, English, and French—arrived. Today, 6 3 although the countries are independent, with the exception of 7 French Guiana, Spanish remains the main language. The population 8 is mainly a mix of native peoples and Europeans, except along the ANDES MOUNTAINS Caribbean coast where descendants of former African slaves live. The Andes, the world’s longest mountain chain, extends 4,505 miles (7,250 km) down the western edge of South America. Barley, wheat, and potatoes grow well in highland areas, and are cultivated on the terraced hillsides. C a r i b b e a n4 S e a5 V E N E Z U E L A GUYANA6 C O L O M B I A B R A Z SURINAME7 EdEqSseumaatlnooertsroaCDlodolaomsTruaPinBmdAguoaIboNcesoanAraGrMvauPPQelaNfonUsuopttqfCMIoTuMauTCBDMTaDuAríyOeoaaaaualráPracrbStndllrmnCáienuieaeirtneonriniáeaebgezMClcQnarnalieaeííroSialuuqnPlaanceoecioPausabaljialeostIidmGbiaFdalBlYóallaiiaoaetArarNgozdlrragóMluuSeeCuonaméTainauavcuncSaOcrVahaCalinttianacaarúGBjZalaCJBiulicoORpeiVaanusuíadévrioGdtiloqruadlhaaBaaurOeqpSEaednuvilolacruTccMiVahgOrcaaÁiYaBRaegRPjbéSrLVíeomíínuoaaoaróaepdeaAVicmpornradrpaailMeqmtasloeuaoapzoCpCoruéenraarsiaísijigoPrassbMuaatiiemnóMmtcatRbaoBiPíaetoaiúauFsEtRbAlieGqrjopíuorioouaCntutroAoeoaarrAVIsnarnRuocíaaícrSoaairladMreeaniLgenCtFauMceAairPalAPnaRaluVuayreAaPenaarlaltCrdesccoctauoAaudoCcaeyaShrCroEenuBlñRMmíaToPoaroiOagricIrBCrgonsleiraalnoiaeaálrmuoRIoilcsPdítAídolaoPnanevaunrsaOaaaBeaLdarrlckriaanoRtnaoAoqcCrosuEuLaaMEHidllnmar(eliVDúacoGbameiaCfoEpuóCitnlsrsGrUrnuaaesiFAeaieuuzaupnngdrqKyluTglazíMdaouoseEaenutnillTlmabaaThcaoCoouRTdcTawbaIulprORarNaelilPaGiiiBnlgnIvtmsaDenAateoiutodtsAGgroaea)aaDaOfrdlKilys&nunMaMRrsnuiiAdanLpadgteeuLutetrihkhnoaeserdrwamiesCnOChrAaGerRaiEtAllyaOCNAAARmeSp(wTGcSsoloutaeeEtrimrinrnaTdeeaaOsdmTsmbeuWy)mPuFIoitiwTAFsNnshniAcrRrntgho-eageSEl1eHinpnyRocN9oSnodicuvhrt6cufnAAcuhCeem-oa8ytLi-mrHuhlts,GaMMaGnhefrtcOsauAe-oshureG(TatFGciftaMdSrriAeinmilraUceulea(anfRoltiUbobtoEsrnnionIedhRmuinCLtluyaAEnuatrigs-FIssisns-ieaSINrFrNecAithcdaotcoBmasradaoAnaoeAfpSanECN,betiOcvtdlintihneatey)onteoKHiaAc)snseanKrndenoANdyloamla.auaCSCymunuroa.prodnAarNmoaTue.Srccut,yoYhOe-pGuIEieaNonCraNgreyEs C CourantyneC e n t r a l Río Essequibo River I ío Caroní F Río Caura N u PCAECAI GRRío Orinoco umayoa O Pastaza í A n o z a rdillera m A - a í IL Manta E C U A D O R Río Put Río Caquetá Venezuela’s population is growing rapidly and more Ambato Río Napo Amazon than 89 per cent of its people now live in cities. The oil Portoviejo industry brings in considerable wealth, but many people Riobamba Iquitos are still poor. Although Caracas,Venezuela’s capital city, is Guayaquil Milagro an important financial center, it has many shantytowns. Cuenca Río 8 Machala Tumbes Loja

Sullana Chulucanas rañón Nauta Río Ma Piura RíoUcayal ANGEL FALLS Each year thousands of i tourists visit the spectacular Rio Yavari Angel Falls on the River 9 Ferreñafe dChachapoyas Tarapoto Churún in eastern Venezuela. 9 n The Falls were spotted by an 10 A 0 km 100 200 300 400 American pilot, Jimmy Angel, 11 in 1935, and later named 12 Chiclayo Cajamarca 0 miles 100 200 300 400 after him. The water drops 13 for 2,648 ft (807 m), making 14 San Pedro PERU Río Huallaga Angel Falls the highest 15 de Lloc uninterrupted waterfall Trujillo Pucallpa in the world. Chimbote Aguaytía RioFAobrutnaãleza Huaraz 10 Huarmey Chiquián Huánuco Cerro de Pasco Huacho s Cordi Huancayo Cobija Dios Riberalta e ío Madre Rio Guaporé Callao LIMA Magdalena B R A Z I L11 Puerto R de Trinidad Maldonado Río Beni A n B O L I V I A 1f5r,o8Tm0h7Lefirtma(ia4lw,c8la1imy8 bms )P A C I F I12 Quillabamba uel Río Mamoré Pisco Ical l Ayacucho era O Cusco Reyes Nazca c c i d Ayaviri Lomas e n t a Juliaca Lake Nevado Pupuya Río San Mig 19,088ft (5818m) l Nevado Ampato PunoTiticacaCopacabana 20,702ft (6310m) Camaná LA PAZ Arequipa San Matías Moquegua CoNSaecjvahamdaoa bamObaruroBuena Vista Montero d San José Tacna 21,391ft Lago Uncía Aiquile Santa Cruz Puerto (6520m) Poopó Suárez Altip l a n o OCEAN e Sabaya SUCRE C CH Potosí into the Andes and is the highest in I Villa Uyuni Monteagudo AGUAY the Americas. Martin 13 L MACHU PICCHU The conquering Spaniards never found the remains of this E s Tupiza Villazón Tarija PAR important Inca city—it remained a secret until Hiram Bingham, an ARGENTINA THE INCAS Northwest South America American archaeologist and explorer, discovered its ruins hidden in Tropic of Capricorn The Incas first lived in the mountainous the forest in 1911. Situated on a high ridge northwest of Cusco, this area near Cusco in Peru. By the time of magnificent ruined city covers 5 sq miles (13 sq km), and has small 14 houses, temples, and stairways built around a central square. MINERALS LAKE TITICACA Quechua the Spanish invasion, the Inca Empire Many countries in this area At 12,507 ft (3,812 m), woman in extended north into southern Colombia have extensive reserves of Lake Titicaca is the highest Peru and south through Bolivia and into gold, silver, copper, and gems. navigable lake in the world. It Argentina and Chile. The Quechua Colombia produces more than is also South America’s largest Indians were the most powerful group half the world’s emeralds. The lake. The Uru people live here in the empire, and theirs was the Incas made good use of these in houses built on huge, official language. The Quechua 15 resources and created many floating reed islands. They and Aymara peoples now live on beautiful golden objects, such grow potatoes, hunt birds, the high plains in the Andes. as this llama. and catch fish, using boats made from tightly LIFE ON THE HIGH PLAINS bundled reeds. The Altiplano is a cold plateau at high altitude between two ranges of the Andes Mountains in southwest Bolivia and southern Peru. The native peoples who live here graze sheep and llamas on the windy plains. They have generally retained their own language and customs. 16 16 27 A BCDE FGH I

South America BC D FGH Brazil VENEZUELA GUYANA The vibrant culture of brazil— IA ui G with its fusion of music and dance—reflects Pico da Neblina Uraricoera the rich mix of its ethnic groups. The country 9888ft (3014m) also boasts immense natural resources with M B a n a Boa Vista 2 well-developed mining and manufacturing industries. Brazil grows all its own food R H i Caracaraí and exports large quantities of coffee, sugar cane, soya beans, oranges, and COLO ora i gh l a n d s cotton. However, the wealth is not evenly distributed, with some people ma living in luxury while most struggle 3 with poverty. São Paulo is home to more COFFEE Equator Represa than 21 million people, but poverty and Brazil produces about one-quarter Balbina lack of housing means that many live in of the world’s coffee, which is Rio Negro shantytowns without running water or grown on large plantations in the Rio Japurá sanitation. Brazil was colonized in the 16th states of Paraná and São Paulo. century by the Portuguese, who established However, because world coffee Rio Içá Tefé Amazon Manaus 4 their language and their Roman Catholic prices go up and down so much, faith. It remains a deeply Catholic country Brazilians are now growing other io Juruá Coari ra with a strong emphasis on family life. crops for export as well. rus 5 Rio Javari Madei R Rio Pu i nRio 6 A m o n s az Ba Humaitá Japiim Feijó BR recisAcreRio AbunãPorto Velho PERU B O L I V I AR o nGduCaôhponarpéiaad a AMAZON RAINFOREST dos Vilhena Rio Juruena Covering more than one-third of Brazil, the rainforest is home to a Pa huge variety of animals and plant life. At one time, more than 5 million native Indians also lived here, but now only about 200,000 remain. Over the years, vast areas of forest have been cut down to provide timber for export, to make way for farmland, or to mine minerals such as gold, silver, and iron. The Kaxinawa Indians (left) still cultivate root vegetables as a food crop. 7 Brazilian morpho butterfly BRASÍLIA with brilliant blue wings Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as Brazil’s capital lives in rainforests from in 1960 as part of a scheme to develop the interior of the country. Situated on land that was once Brazil to Venezuela. rainforest, the city is laid out in the shape of an airplane. Government buildings are in the “cockpit,”and residential areas are in the“wings.” 8 PEOPLE OF BRAZIL Brazilians come from a variety 9 SOCCER ENTHUSIASTS C of different ethnic groups, Brazilians are passionate about soccer, 28 which is played everywhere from beaches including descendants to shantytowns. There is fervent support for the of the original native national team, which has won the World Cup more times than any other country, most recently in 2002. Indians, the Portuguese colonizers, African AB slaves brought over to work in the sugar plantations, and European migrants. DE FGH

Brazil IJ K LMNO P FRENCH 0 km 200 400 GUIANA SURINAME (to France) 1 2 0 miles 200 400 3 4 T uMmouucn-tHaui nms a c T L A N T I C O C E A NtMheouAtmhsaozofnA 5 Amapá 6 Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora Equator 7 Ilha Baía de Marajó 8 Amazon 9 Altamira de Marajó Belém Alenquer BSaãíao dMearcos 29 Santarém Parnaíba São Camocim Luís Itaituba Represa de Fortaleza AMAZON TRANSPORT Tucuruí Piripiri The Amazon River provides Brazil Bacabal with its most important transportation io Tapajós Rio Xingu Marabá Imperatriz Teresina Mossoró Cabo de link, not only for tourists but also Ceará São Roque for trade. Large boats can travel as á Maranhão far inland as the city of Manaus. Floriano Assu Araguaína R Pa r LCarolina Rio Grande do NorNteatal João Serr I rNnJoaurmatzebeuicroCPoAaalmargpaoiaínsbaaRGeracnifdee Pessoa A Za do Cachimbo s Balsas Picos Cachimbo Gradaús Rio Tocantin do Piau í Juazeiro Pe Rio Represa de Sobradinho São Serra Formosa Palmas RioD iSaãomCFhransiscoa p a daan t i n a Maceió do Tocantis Manuel dos Estância Aracaju T o c a n t i n s Barreiras M Serra Taguatinga Feira de Santana a Rio Araguaia t o G rosso Cuiabá i á s B ahia Salvador oBsaSíaandteosTodos RIO CARNIVAL Vitória da During the five days leading up to Lent, G o Planalto Conquista Itabuna Rio de Janeiro celebrates Carnival. There BRASÍLIA are street parties, balls, and parades in the streets, and samba schools compete for Anápolis Central Janaúba Canavieiras awards for best costume and best float. Caravelas Rondonópolis Jataí Goiânia M i n a s Montes Claros São Paulo has the world’s G e r a i s Araçuai Mato Grosso Araguari Pantana l do Sul Uberlândia Governador largest Japanese community Uberaba Valadares Espírito outside Japan. Campo Santo Grande São José do Rio Preto Belo Horizonte Divinópolis Aquidauana Ribeirão Preto Vitória Presidente Epitácio Juiz de Fora Campos dos Marília ulo Campinas Goytacazes São Paulo PAR Londrina Nova Rio de Janeiro Maringá Iguaçu Tropic of Capricorn AGUAY Pa r a n áSão Pa Santos Represa AOTCLEAANNT I CPonta Grossa de Itaipú Saltos do Rio Iguaçu Curitiba Iguaçu Joinville Santa Catarina Blumenau Passo Fundo Florianópolis Rio Grande Canoas BEACH CULTURE Santa Maria Wide, sandy beaches along the Porto Alegre eastern coast of Brazil provide a do Sul playground for large numbers of Brazilians who come here to relax, URUGUAY Bagé Lagoa dos Patos meet friends, and play volleyball or football. By far the most popular beach Rio Grande is Copacabana (right) in Rio de Janeiro. Only the strongest swimmers brave Mirim Lagoon the strong tides of the Atlantic. I J K LMNO P

BCDE FGH I Southern South America A mix of Colonial 1 South America Spanish, Italian, and Art Deco styles of architecture Towering mountains, vast grassy plains, and hot shows Montevideo’s rich history. deserts create a very diverse geographical landscape. The four countries in this region—Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina—were once Spanish colonies but gained 2 their independence in the early 1800s. Each country 2 has an elected government but their economies remain fragile. Most of the population speak Spanish and PERU Cordillera Occidental ITAIPÚ DAM The enormous Itaipú dam on the are mestizo—of mixed Spanish Arica Paraná River in Paraguay is one BOLIVIA and native Indian descent—except of the world’s largest hydroelectric 3 for Argentina, where up to 97 percent projects. It generates 75 percent of Capitán the electricity Paraguay needs as Pablo Lagerenza well as large amounts for export. C 3 hac o are descended from Europeans. Iquique Desert General Eugenio A.Garay ATACAMA DESERT Lagunas Fuerte Olimpo URUGUAY’S CAPITAL Sandwiched between the high Andes and the sea, the Tocopilla Atacama Desert in northern Chile is one of the hottest and The capital of Uruguay, Montevideo, driest areas in the world. Rain hardly ever falls here. This Mejillones is home to nearly half the country’s 4 harsh landscape, however, is rich in copper deposits. Chuquicamata La Mariscal population. It is also the main 4 Quiaca Estigarribia Pedro Juan port and economic center. Calama P A R A G U A YSan Ramón de la Caballero This lively capital lies on the east bank of the Río de Nueva Orán la Plata, and is a popular holiday Antofagasta Pilcomayo Concepción a Nevado de Chañi San SalvadorG Río Bermejo Las Lomitas Tropic of Capricorn resort because 20,341ft (6200m) de Jujuy r of its white E a Rosario Salta n sandy beaches. m Paraguay 5 Taltal ca 5 6 L 7 8 a Cafayate Metan ASUNCIÓN Coronel Oviedo s Ciudad Chañaral t Cerro Galán Formosa Villarrica Caazapá del Este 21,654ft (6600m) A San Miguel de Tucumán Yuty aná Eldorado San Fernando I del Valle de e Catamarca Cerro Ojos La Rioja Caldera del Salado Santiago Resistencia Pilar San Juan Par del Estero Bautista Encarnación Copiapó 22,572ft (6880m) Posadas CH Corrientes And 6 Añatuya Vallenar Domeyko Z ILa Serena Frías Río S alado Santo Tomé uay Mercedes Reconquista L Vera Paraná Goya Urug 7 U R U G U A YB R AVVSiñCaaPanoilcpqhAdaiuelnerRLSOiltamamaIaoMlvíluLlnasnabaimogacilpooluaareeanglcuaLaaMCoanSlteAeAr(2c6a2CoP9N,nea86cr30tar5Tmrogfiut)aIaAGGMoSOdeaSonnaydnJoCuRzrauaanfzaeDlCSeaóJánenrsLdúFuVsuoViMnisilbellalasaaríMaMRaeRíroruícafieCnduoeasRrPtaSeofLMaraagneaJgaruutlamaCnnahíiFninqeuoGitua aRZPleoáagrsrCauaMaotnaDreonyáoinccoltohoerrúedCsaiBasTeUrMrioPnEesaidrSNycaaesdOaldtneoSsdúAFAlIorRRTrtíiiaodgEcaaNuSseaRgrirevomerbaó CHILEAN EDUCATION Melo Mirim Chile has a relatively high literacy rate Chuy Lagoon (ability to read and write). This may be because between the ages of 6 and 18 8 schooling is both free and compulsory. m p a sCuricó P aTalca Realicó Lomas de Zamora La Plata ver MONTEVIDEO General Alvear Ri(Río

Parral Linares Santa Rosa Trenque Pehuajó de la PPlaltaat)e Talcahuano Chillán Lauquen Dolores Azul Olavarría 9 Río Concepción Tandil 9 A R G E N T I N A I C10 10 Lebu Bío Los Ángeles o ío Colorado Balcarce 11 R Cipolletti 12 Bío Tres Arroyos Mar del 13 R Plata 14 Temuco Zapala Bahía Blanca Neuquén Punta Alta Coronel Necochea Dorrego Loncoche Choele Choel Bahía Blanca San Antonio Río Negro Valdivia TOsorno Lago Oeste Nahuel Huapí Viedma N NPuerto Varas APuerto Montt de BarilocheCorcovado San Carlos Maquinchao Golfo San Matías A Ande s Ancud Peninsula L E Castro Golfo Valdés T Isla de Chiloé Nuevo C Golfo Esquel Trelew A O 11 WINES FROM CHILE About 90 percent of Chileans live in Río Chubut Rawson the central region, where the rich soil Paso is ideal for a wide range of agriculture. de Indios Vines were brought to Chile by the P a t a g o on Chicoi a Spaniards, and the country now has C Lago an important wine-making industry Musters Rí Comodoro DANCING THE TANGO that exports wine all over the world. deAlrocshiCpihéolnaogso Puerto Aisén Sarmiento Rivadavia Popular around the world today, the tango originated in the slums of Buenos Aires in 12 0 km 200 400 H Coihaique Lago Golfo San Jorge the late 1800s. This passionate dance with its Chile Chico Buenos Aires characteristic rhythm is accompanied by music Cerro Perito Caleta Olivia on a type of concertina known as a bandoneón, together with piano and violin. 0 miles 200 400 San Valentín Moreno ío Desead 13,314ft Chile has a large de Penas (4058m) Cochrane I Puerto Deseado Cerro ANDES MOUNTAIN WEATHER Golfo Mellizo Sur concentration of The Andes stretch the entire length of 10,007ft (3050m) astronomical South America, and this has a major Río Chico observatories 13 effect on the weather. As westerly air from L Puerto San Julián because of its the Pacific Ocean rises over the mountains, Río Sa nta Cruz its moisture can fall as rain and snow. By the Isla El Calafate Bahía BUENOS AIRES time it reaches the eastern side, the air is Wellington More than one-third of Argentina’s much drier and the landscape is more arid. population lives in or around the capital E Buenos Aires. A thriving port on the River Plate estuary, it is the largest city in Grande Argentina. The colorful La Boca district exceptionally Cerro Paine with its painted walls is home to the clear skies. Southern South America 8760ft (2670m) Río Gallegos descendants of Italian immigrants. Puerto Natales PACIFIC 14 Strait of Magellan Punta Arenas Porvenir Tierra del Fuego Isla Gaucho herding de los Estados cattle in the Ushuaia Pampas region OC E15 Beagle Channel 15 A Cape Horn N (Cabo de Hornos) PAMPAS 16 Vast, treeless plains called the Pampas— which means “flat” in Spanish—cover much of southern and western Argentina. 16 The Pampas are used to grow cereals and raise cattle. Gauchos, Argentinian cowboys, work on large ranches, or estancias. 31 A BCDE FGH I

Atlantic Ocean BCDE FGH Atlantic Ocean GREENLAND Fishing for PHlaatitenras The largest island in the world, halibut The world’s second-largest ocean, the Atlantic Greenland is a self-governing part of Denmark. Most NORTH separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. The Greenlanders live on the AMERICA Atlantic is the world’s youngest ocean, starting to form southwest coast. Mainly about 180 million years ago, as the continental plates Inuit, with some Danish- BERMUDA 2 began to separate. This movement continues Norwegian influences, today, as the oceanic plates that meet at they make their living (to UK) the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continue to pull by seal hunting, fishing, apart. The Atlantic is a major source of fish and fur trapping. Gulf of but, due to overfishing, stocks are now low. Mexico Many shipping routes cross the Atlantic, TOURISM 3 and pollution is an international problem The volcanic islands and black Greater A n t i l l e s PTureerntochRico as ships dump chemicals and waste. There beaches of the eastern Atlantic, are substantial reserves of oil and gas in especially the Canaries (left), Caribbean Sea the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Madeira, and the Azores, are Africa, and in the north Atlantic. popular with tourists, who are attracted by the scenery and subtropical climate. Colombian illes 4 Basin Lesser Ant WARM CURRENTS Mid-Atlantic Tristan da Guatemala The Gulf Stream flows up the Ridge Cunha island Basin east coast of North America and across the Atlantic. It brings Panama warm water and a mild climate Basin to northern Europe, which would otherwise be cooler. Galápagos Islands (to Ecuador) 5 At the center of the ridge is a valley P e r u - C h i lreuTBr eanscihn at least 10 miles (16 km) wide. Pe S O U T H UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS A The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a great 6 underwater mountain chain that runs n the entire length of the Atlantic. It was 7 formed by magma that oozed up from PACIFIC d WHALES the sea bed, cooled to create solid rock, OCEAN Many whales and gradually built up to form a ridge. es live in the Atlantic, Some peaks are so high that they break ATLANTIC FISHING INDUSTRY Chile Peru-Chile Trench migrating from the surface to form volcanic islands, such The Atlantic Ocean contains more than half the Basin summer feeding as the country of Iceland. world’s total stock of fish. Herring, anchovy, sardine, grounds in the cold polar Humpback whale cod, flounder, and tuna are among the most important Chile Rise regions to warmer waters fish found here. However, overfishing, particularly of cod in the Caribbean for the breaching and tuna, has caused a significant decline in numbers. 8 winter. They give FALKLANDS birth and mate Set in the windy south Atlantic again before off the coast of Argentina, returning the Falkland Islands belong north. to the UK but are also claimed by Argentina. 9 Fishing and sheep farming are important. The land is rocky, mountainous, boggy, and almost treeless. 32 A B C D E H

Atlantic Ocean I J K LMNO P E U R O P EL aBbaLrsaaibSdnreaoadrorChaGrlRi(et-EoRGEDeibByeNbnaksmsLjFaiaArnnrakcNe)tsuDDreenIZmBcoRaenarlEeskaiYnnISKdCRtrJoEacAikLtaVlAlIBKNa DF(tBoAIrDRsieOltneimEsshaIrSkNL)SAoeNratDh S Ba 1 BReirsemuda Newfoundland Bay of Alps Mineral-rich waters 2 Biscay in the Blue Lagoon, Mid-GNraewndfoBuanndklasnodNf ewfoundland Iceland, are said to c Azores be beneficial to RidgeBasin Medite people’s health. (to Portugal) Mountains nk ltic Sea Sohm t i East Azores Fracture Zone r r a n e Plain t l a nGreat Meteor Madeira a n Sea ICELAND Sargasso A Tablemount (to Portugal) Iceland is situated in the north Atlantic on Atlas the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As a result, it has at Canary Islands least 20 active volcanoes and suffers frequent Madeira (to Spain) earthquakes. There are numerous thermal 3 springs with boiling mud lakes and geysers. 4 Nares Sea Plain S a h a r a Water from hot springs (above) is used to 5 provide hot water and heating for much of Plain Cape Verde Kane Plain Iceland’s population, most of whom live Fracture Z o n e Cape Verde PRAIA on the coast. The warm Gulf Stream Basin ensures that the country’s ports stay ice-free in winter. DPleaminerara CAPE Sahel The Atlantic A T L A N T I C VERDE AFRICA covers one-fifth Doldrums Fracture Zone Sierra of Earth’s Leone Sierra surface. OCEAN Rise Leone Basin Amazon Fan Mid Guinea Gulf of Basin Guinea Ceará Pla Fernando de Pernambuco Ascension Fracture Zone in Noronha Plain Atlantic - AMERICA (to Brazil) ASCENSION ISLAND (to UK) ICEBERGS Icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean are Brazil Angola formed when icesheets and glaciers reach the sea. Parts break off and start Basin Basin to drift, driven by winds and currents. ST HELENA 6 (to UK) Zubov Seamount Ilha da Vitória Trindade Ridge Walvis Ridge Seamount (to Brazil) Santos Orange Fan Plateau Cape Basin Rio Grande 7 Rise TRISTAN DA CUNHA Cape of (to UK) Good Hope Argentine Gough Fracture Zone Gough Island (to Tristan da Cunha) Gulf of San Matías Basin Gulf of San Jorge FALKLAND ISLANDS Zapiola Ridge (to UK) S c o t i a SOUTH SANDWICH BOUVET 8 ISLAND S e a ISLANDS (to Norway) Cape SOUTH GEORGIA (to UK) Horn S O U T H E R NDrake Passage OCEAN (to UK) East Scotia Basin 9 I J KLM

Africa AFRICA Covering one-fifth of the world’s land area, Africa has a rapidly growing population. Many of its 53 nations—listed below in order of size—are desperately poor. This is partly due to hostile climates, especially in and around the vast Sahara desert, but also because of a history of political turmoil, ethnic tension or conflict and, in some countries, war. Despite this, African culture is among the most vibrant on Earth. Algeria Chad Ethiopia Namibia South Morocco Sudan 919,595 sq miles 495,755 sq miles 426,373 sq miles 318,261 sq miles 172,414 sq miles 2,381,741 sq km 1,284,000 sq km 1,104,300 sq km 824,292 sq km 248,777 sq miles 446,550 sq km 40,264,000 11,852,000 102,374,000 2,436,000 644,329 sq km 33,656,000 Algiers N’Djamena Addis Ababa Windhoek 12,531,000 Rabat Arabic, Tamazight (Berber: French, Sara, Arabic, Maba Amharic, Tigrinya, Galla, Ovambo, Kavango, English, Juba Arabic, Tamazight (Berber), Kabyle, Shawia, Tamashek), Sidamo, Somali, English, Bergdama, German, Afrikaans Dinka, Nuer, Zande, Bari, French, Spanish French Arabic (Oromu) Shilluk, Lotuko, Arabic Congo, Dem Niger Mauritania Mozambique Madagascar Zimbabwe Rep of the 489,191 sq miles 397,955 sq miles 308,642 sq miles 226,658 sq miles 150,872 sq miles 905,355 sq miles 1,267,000 sq km 1,030,700 sq km 799,380 sq km 587,041 sq km 390,757 sq km 2,344,858 sq km 18,639,000 3,677,000 25,930,000 24,430,000 14,547,000 81,331,000 Niamey Nouakchott Maputo Antananarivo Harare Kinshasa Hausa, Djerma, Fula, Hassaniyah Arabic, Wolof, Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Malagasy, French Shona, isiNdebele, English Kiswahili, Tshiluba, Tuareg, Teda, French French Lomwe, Portuguese Kikongo, Lingala, French Congo, Angola Egypt Zambia Botswana Ivory Republic of Coast 481,354 sq miles 386,662 sq miles 290,587 sq miles 224,607 sq miles 132,946 sq miles 1,246,700 sq km 1,001,450 sq km 752,618 sq km 581,730 sq km 124,504 sq miles 342,000 sq km 20,172,000 94,667,000 15,511,000 2,209,000 322,463 sq km 4,852,000 Luanda Cairo Lusaka Gaborone 23,740,000 Brazzaville Portuguese, Umbundu, Arabic, French, English, Bemba, Tongan, Nyanja, Setswana, English, Shona, Yamoussoukro Kikongo, Teke, Lingala, Kimbundu, Kikongo Berber Lozi, Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele Akan, French, Kru, French Voltaïque Sudan Mali Tanzania Somalia Kenya Burkina Faso 718,723 sq miles 478,841 sq miles 365,755 sq miles 246,201 sq miles 224,081 sq miles 105,869 sq miles 1,861,484 sq km 1,240,192 sq km 947,300 sq km 637,657 sq km 580,367 sq km 274,200 sq km 36,730,000 17,467,000 52,483,000 10,817,000 46,791,000 19,513,000 Khartoum Bamako Dodoma Mogadishu Nairobi Ouagadougou Arabic, Nubian, Beja, Fur Bambara, Fula, Senufo, Somali, Arabic, English, Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Mossi, Fulani, French, Soninke, French Kiswahili, Sukuma,Kichagga, Italian Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba Tuareg, Diyula, Songhai Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Yao, Sandawe, English Libya South Africa Nigeria Central African Cameroon Gabon 679,362 sq miles Republic 1,759,540 sq km 470,693 sq miles 183,568 sq miles 103,347 sq miles 6,542,000 1,219,090 sq km 356,669 sq miles 240,535 sq miles 475,440 sq km 267,667 sq km Tripoli 54,301,000 923,768 sq km 622,984 sq km 24,361,000 1,739,000 Arabic, Tuareg Pretoria 186,053,000 5,507,000 Yaoundé Libreville Abuja Bangui Bamileke, Fang, Fula, Fang, French, Punu, Sira, 34 English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, French, English Nzebi, Mpongwe Afrikaans, Sepedi, Setswana, Hausa, English,Yoruba, Igbo Sango, Banda, Gbaya, Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati, French Tshivenda, isiNdebele

Guinea Malawi 94,926 sq miles 45,747 sq miles 245,857 sq km 118,484 sq km 12,093,000 18,570,000 Conakry Lilongwe Pulaar, Malinké, Sousou, Chewa, Lomwe,Yao, French Ngoni, English Uganda Eritrea Togo 93,065 sq miles 45,406 sq miles 21,925 sq miles 241,038 sq km 117,600 sq km 56,785 sq km 38,319,000 5,870,000 7,757,000 Kampala Asmara Lomé Tigrinya, English, Tigre, Ewe, Kabye, Gurma, Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Afar, Arabic, Saho, Bilen, French Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, Kunama, Nara, Hedareb English Ghana Benin Guinea- Burundi Swaziland Comoros Bissau 92,098 sq miles 43,484 sq miles 10,745 sq miles 6,704 sq miles 863 sq miles 238,533 sq km 112,622 sq km 13,948 sq miles 27,830 sq km 17,364 sq km 2,235 sq km 26,908,000 10,741,000 36,125 sq km 11,099,000 1,451,000 795,000 Accra Porto-Novo 1,759,000 Bujumbura Mbabane Moroni Fon, Bariba,Yorùbá, Adja, Bissau Kirundi, French, Kiswahili English, siSwati, isiZulu, Arabic, Comorian, French Twi-Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Houeda, Somba, French Portuguese Creole, Balante, Xitsonga Adangbe, Gurma, Dagomba Fula, Malinké, Portuguese (Dagbani) Senegal Liberia Lesotho Rwanda Gambia, The Mauritius 75,955 sq miles 43,000 sq miles 11,720 sq miles 10,169 sq miles 4,363 sq miles 788 sq miles 196,722 sq km 111,369 sq km 30,355 sq km 26,338 sq km 11,300 sq km 2,040 sq km 14,320,000 4,300,000 1,953,000 12,988,000 2,010,000 1,348,000 Dakar Monrovia Maseru Kigali Banjul Port Louis English, Sesotho, isiZulu Kinyarwanda, French, Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diyula, Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Kiswahili, English Jola, Soninke, English Tamil, Chinese, English, Mandinka, Malinké, Soninke, Grebo, Kissi, Gola, Loma, French French English Tunisia Sierra Leone Equatorial Djibouti Cape Verde São Tomé Guinea and Príncipe 63,170 sq miles 27,699 sq miles 8,958 sq miles 1,557 sq miles 163,610 sq km 71,740 sq km 10,831 sq miles 23,200 sq km 4,033 sq km 372 sq miles 11,135,000 6,019,000 28,051 sq km 846,700 553,400 964 sq km Tunis Freetown 759,400 Djibouti City Praia 197,500 Arabic, French Mende, Temne, Krio, Malabo Somali, Afar, French, Arabic Portuguese Creole, São Tomé English Spanish, Fang, Bubi, French Portuguese Portuguese Creole, Portuguese 35

Africa BCDE FGH Northwest Africa Four countries, plus the disputed area of Western Sahara, make up this part of Africa. Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia have rich supplies of oil and natural gas that boost their economies. Morocco relies on tourism, phosphates used for chemicals and fertilizer, and 2 agriculture. In the fertile valleys of the Atlas Mountains, farmers grow grapes, citrus fruit, dates, and olives. The area also attracts tourists to its colorful SUN AND SEA markets, historical sites, Many tourists visit Tunisia and Morocco each year to enjoy and sandy beaches. The the warm climate and sandy beaches. Tourism provides jobs for the local people and brings much-needed income. Sahara Desert dominates Tizi Ouzou 3 the region, particularly in A NE TAMINCO R O C C OAEsgTsaaizodnuiiitCrrSaEaal-fisJMaadbKaidlhraaRronaAuckKSraBteisrbaaAcirgtSh-TToaeafMOall-GénKuoiAagebBhrrbiezaaeainlrtKmtrzaia-réMmtlneeeiatldClraCTahiFaleseeG(ètfuEtoIcrostBh-UaRaRuKMoaA(a)tcuoLnhOeTiSnJdApoeuiaarRajiM(ndtdu)oaaeBSlnpiélalcaihntHG)OaaFrTaruirgltaaesuAinmPnigSltdalcnitdaeeEasinusCMBrxShgeCaoAllhehsOAoLfatEta(crbGtlAgiceGbecLIaiGoèBhnEGdnlDhsLélCReEieajaadenhRgmSrlaehfd)taroaaguluïaait Algeria and Libya. L ARAB INFLUENCE AT Arab invasions during the OC 7th and 11th centuries have influenced the culture, religion (Islam), architecture, 4 and language of northwest Africa. Today, Arabic is the main language, and MOROCCAN MARKET more than 95 percent In a souk, or market, craftworkers of the people here sell handmade products to are Muslim. tourists. Goods are displayed in booths along the bustling streets. 5 Tan-Tan Hamada du Dra ALGER LAÂYOUNE Tindouf Adrar Plateau Smara El Mahbas Reggane du Tademaït Boujdour Bou Craa rg Iguîdi S I-n-Salah 6 Erg Che a Galtat-Zemmour ‘E M A U R I T A N I AMuslims going to worship at the Hassan II ch mosque in Casablanca, Morocco WESTERN SAHARA Ad Dakhla (disputed territory under Moroccan occupation) BERBERS The Berber people were the 7 original inhabitants of northwest Tropic of Cancer Tan Africa. Most now live in the M A e z r Atlas Mountains or the desert. o Although most Berbers u f Lagouira t converted to Islam when the Arabs arrived, they kept their L own language and way of life. Berber woman I In 2001, Algeria recognized working on Berber (Tamazight) as an 8 official language. the land in the Atlas Mountains 9 36 A B C D E F G H

Northwest Africa I J K LMNO P DATE PALMS ANCIENT RUINS 1 Dates are an important Phoenicians, Romans, and Greeks 2 crop for Algeria and Tunisia. from ancient times have all left their Date palms are often grown mark on this part of Africa. Today, at oases, where water lies tourists come to admire the historical close to the surface of the sites along the coast. These ruins desert. Here, the clusters of dates of Carthage, near Tunis, date from are shown ripening beneath 146 bce, when Romans laid waste polythene. Leaves from the trees to this city. The Romans went on to can be used for thatch and the control all of the north African coast. trunk is cut for timber. M edit erra n e a The seeds from dates Sea can be roasted and Bizerte n Annaba Carthage 3 4 Sétif Constantine TUNIS ground to make a 5 traditional date coffee. 6 Batna Kairouan Sousse 7 8 TUNISIABiskraMCehlgTohottKizraesusrerinGeaGfsaabèMsahGdioalfSe fÎdlaeexdGeaJebrèbsa TRIPOLI Al Bayd¸ ā’ Darnah Ruins of a Roman bath at Carthage Chott el Jerid Médenine Zuwārah (T¸ ARĀBULUS) Al Marj Akh¸dar T¸ ubruq Al El Oued Al Khums Benghazi Jabal al SURVIVAL IN THE SAHARA Touggourt The Sahara Desert covers almost one-third Az Zāwiyah Mişrātah Gulf (Banghāzī) Cyrenaica of Africa and is an inhospitable place to of Sirte Yafran Gharyān ( Khal īj Surt) live with high daytime temperatures and Ouargla tal Nālūt Surt Ajdābiyā Wādī al H¸ amīm Grand Erg Orien Al Jaghbūb freezing nights. The Tuareg are nomads for Marsā al Burayqah whom the desert is home. Traditionally, IA they keep camels for transport and to Bordj Omar Driss Tr i p o l i t a n i a Marādah Jālū EGYPT provide meat, milk, and hides. Many Tuareg now live in mountain areas Waddān Great Sand Sea or dwell in the cities. LIBYA Tiguentourine Birāk Sabhā Awbārī Rabyānah Tassili-n-Ajjer Zawīlah Ramlat L aF e z z a n h Al 'Uwaynāt r i b y a n Ahaggar a Al Kufrah TrCoapnicceorf Tahat 9573ft (2918m) Djanet Idhān Desert Murzuq Tamanrasset Picco Bette SUDAN ER Tuareg nomads in the Sahara IG C H A D7500ft (2286m) carrying salt to trade in markets N 0 km 100 200 0 miles 100 200 Libyan oil field LIBYAN OIL RESOURCES 9 The discovery of oil and gas in 1959 brought considerable wealth to Libya, and by 2010 oil and gas made up 95 percent of the country’s exports. Since 2015, however, civil war, political chaos, and low oil prices have made life hard for Libyans. 37I J K L M N O P

BCDE FGH I Northeast Africa RIVER NILE 1 Africa The Nile is the world’s longest river. It flows north from 2 Burundi to run along the Tanzania–Rwanda border, then 3 through Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt to the 4 coast. Most of Egypt’s population lives around the valley 5 This region, known as the Horn of Africa, contains the oldest and delta of the Nile, which provides the region’s water. The 6 river also provides irrigation for local crops, such as cotton. 7 8 civilizations in the continent, and some of its poorest countries. The borders that divide the countries today were mostly created by colonial rulers in the last hundred years. Pastoral nomads with their herds of 2 animals often cross these borders in search of pasture. Most people still live in the countryside and farm the land, but many people now live in the cities. Tourism and agriculture are important sources of income for Egypt and Kenya, two of the richest and fastest-growing countries in the region. Elsewhere, tribal rivalries and disputes over land and resources have sometimes erupted 3 into full-scale war and these, Aeldexiant dSerirea raaDNenillteae together with drought and an poverty, have blighted the M lives of millions of people Damietta Sīdī Barrânī (Dumyāt) Port Said in this region. Al ’Alamayn Suez Canal SUEZ CANAL Az Zaqāzīg Al Ismā‘īlīyah The Suez Canal, opened in 1869, 4 Qattara Suez is one of the world’s longest and Depression -436ft Giza most important artificial waterways. (-133m) CAIRO Sinai It links the Mediterranean Sea with the Great Beni Suef Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, providing Sīwah Gulf of S Gebel a crucial shortcut from Europe to India Sa Mûsa and east Asia. The tolls from the canal Al Minyā 7497ft are a great source of income for Egypt. Sand Bawītī h Mallawī Nile uez(2285m) Hurghada a (Al Ghurdaqah) ( Wr āe’s Qasr Asyūt Akhmīm a te S ea l Farāfirah Sawhāj Al Khārijah Luxor r Isnā nGDheas Qinā 5 Tropic of Cancer r Tropic of Cancer e bīy P T Idfū Aswan Dam Aswān rt) Lake Nasser E GaY LIBYA Gilf Kebir (Hala’ib Triangle) Plateau Red Plowing fields in Ethiopia lk Jabal al Wadi Oko 6 ‘Uwaynát Wadi Halfa 6257ft 7 (1907m) Akasha N u b i a n ABU SIMBEL Desert Port Tourists come to Egypt to see the Delgo Sudan pyramids at Giza and the temples Argo Abu Hamed along the Nile, such as these two Dongola Suakin built at Abu Simbel, south of Aswan. Tourism brings in money CHAD El‘Atrun Merowe Shereik Tokar Sea to preserve these historical sites. Ed Debba Haiya di Atbara 8 S U D A N E R I T R E AHowar el Mi Ed Damer LOSING FARMLAND Wadi Omdurman Nile Shendi As the population grows in Ethiopia, forests are cut down for firewood, or to cultivate new areas for food Wā KHARTOUM Kassala ASMARA Massawa crops. The soil, no longer held firm by the trees, is easily Umm BDurauElrFafshuerr Khashm Teseney Zula blown or washed away, and valuable farmland is lost. Kebkabiya el Girba Sodiri Mek’elē Da Wad Medani Maych’ew Sennar Gedaref n ak il El Geneina El Obeid Umm Lake Tana D Aseb Ruwaba (Tāna Hayk’) of Aden Bahir Dar Shimbiris 7897ft (2407m) Ed Damazin esert Blue Nile Nyala Er White Nile Gonder DJIBOUTI Gulf Caluula Rahad Obock DJIBOUTI Boosaaso Ed Da‘ein Dilling Lalibela Weldiya Karin El Muglad Ch’ok’ē Desē Dikhil CITY

Kadugli Burē Ábuyé Méda Berbera Bandarbeyla hite Nile 13,123ft (4000m) Sumeih Ethiopian CENTRAL AFRIC Dirē Dawa Highlands ADDIS ABABA Mī’ēso Āwash (ĀDĪS ĀBEBA) Nazrēt Gorē Āgaro Jīma SS UO DU AT HN E T H I O P I A SOMALIASomaliland Puntland9 Malakal Hārer Hargeysa Dooxo Nug a al e Sinujiif 9 Duk Faiwil Oga Garoowe ed 10 Raga Jur d d W Kongor 11 Sue S u d e n AN REPUBLIC Wau Tonj Great Rift Valley Gaalkacyo Juba Rumbek Shilabo Gellinsoor N Shebeli Dhuusa Marreeb Tambura Bor Elemi Triangle Ābaya Hāyk’ A Amadi (administered Negēlē N by Kenya) I JUBA Kapoeta Beledweyne A Xuddur 10 Yambio Maridi Lotagipi Yabēlo Doolow D Busy street Kinyeti Swamp Lokitaung E bazaar in Cairo Lake Luuq Buulobarde N CAIRO Turkana C The largest city in Africa is Cairo, the capital of Egypt, with a population of more than 18 million. DEM. REP. Arua 10,456ft Marsabit Baydhabo I Here, Arab, African, and European influences exist CONGO (3187m) O alongside more traditional Egyptian customs. Gulu Lodwar KENYA Jawhar Wanlaweyn Lira Baardheere MOGADISHU Lake Albert Masindi (MUQDISHO) Marka UGANDA Mbale Baraawe 11 KAMPALA Eldoret Afmadow Jilib Jinja Kisumu Jamaame Equator Meru Equator Kismaayo Lake Edward Masaka Entebbe Nakuru Kirinyaga 17,060ft (5200m) Garissa Young Mbarara Lake Nyeri Dinka man NAIROBI Buur Gaabo Water makes upRWANDAKabale Victoria Great Rift Valley Lake Kivu almost one-fifth ofKIGALI Bukoba Musoma Garsen Kilimanjaro Biharamulo Mwanza Arusha 19,341ft (5895m) Malindi theofsuUrgfaacnedaar.ea12 Malagarasi Nyantakara 12 Shinyanga THE DINKA OF Great BUJUMBURA Moshi SOUTH SUDAN BURUNDI Masai There are more than Nzega Steppe Mombasa 500 tribes in Sudan and Kasulu Pemba South Sudan. They speak Kigoma Tabora Singida Tanga T A N Z A N I Amore than 100 languages and dialects. Like many Lake Zanzibar tribal people here, the Tanganyika Zanzibar Dinka are nomadic – their R i f t ZA DODOMA Morogoro Coptic cattle graze on the plains Great Ruaha DAR ES cross RELIGIOUS BELIEFS east of the Nile. Cattle SALAAM The Ethiopian Orthodox are central to their lives – Kipili Iringa Union Church has existed young Dinka men officially Mafia since the 4th century ce. It is become adults with an a branch of the Coptic Church initiation ceremony in and mixes Christian beliefs, such which they are given as Catholic saints, with some an ox of their own. traditional African spiritual beliefs. M B I13 Lake Rukwa Rufiji 13 Sumbawanga Sao Hill Mohoro NjombLeuwego V Mbeya Kilwa Kivinje alley Lindi A14 Nyamtumbo Mtwara Masasi MALAWI Songea Tunduru Newala Q U E 14 Lake Nyasa Z A M B I MO TEA IN KENYA Kenya is an important world producer of tea, which is grown on plantations in the highland areas (such as this one below). High rainfall here ensures a good MOUNTAIN GORILLAS Kenyan workers crop. Coffee is also a valuable export. Northeast Africa carefully select tea The Volcanoes National Park 0 km 200 400 leaves for picking. in Rwanda is one of the few 15 places where you can still see 0 miles 100 200 300 400 15 a mountain gorilla (right) in the wild. These animals are threatened with extinction because of poachers and the destruction of their habitat. Tanzania and Kenya also have many important game reserves, which preserve the 16 wildlife of the savanna. 16 39 A BCDE FGH I

Africa BCDE FGH West Africa 0 km 100 200 300 400 400 0 miles 100 200 300 Dramatically different climates and landscapes influence life in guîdi west Africa. In the hot, dry north, it is difficult to grow crops. Only oases in the Sahara and seasonal rainfall in the Sahel make growing crops ‘Aïn Ben Tili I possible. To the south, the climate is warm and wet, and crops Bîr Mogreïn ' Erg Ha het yyék such as cocoa and coffee are grown on large plantations. This El n 2 Kâg CEhregc h Mre M A U R I T A N I SA a3 Taoudenni region also has many valuable minerals. Despite these rich WESTERN Tropic of Cancer resources, most countries are poor. Since independence SAHARA Fdérik Zouérat from colonial powers, there has been much political unrest, (disputed territory often sparked by poverty and tribal rivalries in the region. under Moroccan occupation) Touâjîl uar â n e West Africa is also divided by religion, with Islam Nouâdhibou r Choûm O dominant in the north and Christianity in the south. Chinguetti Akc h â Atâr GAMBIA Akjoujt Oujeft El In recent years, tourism has become increasingly important to the economy of Gambia.Visitors come to NOUAKCHOTT Tidjikja Tîchît see wildlife along the Idîni Boutilimit Magta‘ Gambia River and to visit the Lahjar Atlantic coast beaches. These safari tourists are admiring Rkîz Aleg Boûmdeïd A o u SENEGAL4 Kaédi k â r Oualâta a giant termite mound. Rosso Seneg Matam Tâmchekket Kiffa Lac Richard Toll Dagana al ‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs Faguibine Louga Néma Goundam Saint Louis Timbedgha Mékhé Kobenni Amourj DAKAR Thiès Mbaké Sélibabi Bassikounou Mbour Nioro Sokone 5 PEOPLE OF GHANA Diourbel Kayes S aMopti Family ties and a sense of community are Kaolack Ténenkou BANJUL GAMBIA Niger important to the people of Ghana, and TGaammbbiaacounda Toukoto Kolokani Kita Ségou ceremonies throughout each year mark the Bignona Kolda Bafing Bani events of childbirth, puberty, marriage, and Koulikoro San death. About half of Ghanaians are Ashanti Ziguinchor Sédhiou Bafatá BAMAKO people whose ancestors developed one of the richest and most notable A BISSAU Gaoual Koutiala GUINEA- Boké Labé Bagoé civilizations in Africa. BISSAU G U I N E AKindia Dinguiraye Bougouni Sikasso Pita Tikinsso Siguiri TL Bobo-Dioulasso 6 O Mamou Faranah Kankan Tengréla Komoé CONAKRY Tokounou Odienné Ferkessédougou FREETOWN Boundiali Korhogo Katiola A LS IEEORNREA CÔTEMakeni C Kissidougou Beyla E D'IVOIREBo Kenema N 7 A Nzérékoré (IVORY COAST) Lac de T Gbanga Danané Kossou N Tubmanburg YAMOUSSOUKRO IC MONROVIA Harbel Gagnoa Ban Zwedru S Buchanan LIBERIA dama assandraDivo Cavalla Abidjan Sassandra San-Pédro Harper 8 9 DIAMONDS AND GOLD West Africa has many valuable 40 A B C minerals, including diamonds, uranium, copper, and gold. In Sierra Leone, where diamonds (left) provide crucial income, the mines were a focus of fighting in the civil war between rebel groups and the government. E FGH