Maxim Book Four_Sunil_2075_final

REVISED AND ENLARGED MA IM OF ENanGdLCISoHmGpRoAsiMtiMonAR A Basic Skills Course in English Grammar and Composition 4Book Editor/writers D N Mukhiya Sarah Matchett Anand Arora

Published by: TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 e-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright, Publisher 2073 BS First Edition : 2066 BS Revised and Enlarged : 2072 BS Reprint : 2073, 2074 BS Revised and Enlarged : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076, 2077 BS Reprint : 2078 BS Readmore always welcomes constructive suggestions regarding its textbooks. Layout: Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange our textbooks from your nearest book distributor if any technical errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to the deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

Preface First Edition 2066 BS MA IM of English Grammar and Composition has been designed to give students systematic guidance on grammatical concepts and various functional contexts following the appropriateness of both inductive and deductive approaches. The series has sound coverage of all grammar topics, supported by grammar notes, language notes, vocabulary activities, writing composition skills and reading comprehension techniques for developing the four skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) of the English language. The grammatical activities in the series represent a blend of both functional and traditional approaches of teaching English grammar. The activities based on functional grammar are meant to improve communicative competence of students by showing them how texts work in real life situations and how grammar works in the context of different text types. On the other hand, traditional approach to English grammar serves to provide students with the terminology and rules needed to talk about grammar; and help them deal with the terms and typical questions of grammar in various English language tests. The exercises are designed to help students understand grammatical concepts in functional context reinforcing the learning of English in the classroom. Many of the exercises incorporate learner-centered activities that include various learning materials and help students get ample practice in applying grammatical concepts in real-life oral and written English. We are really grateful to all the teachers and students of government and private schools who helped us in piloting the series. We feel privileged to extend our sincere thanks to the publisher who thought of publishing this series, and more importantly we are thankful to D N Mukhiya, who revised and edited the series in accordance with the English curriculum of Nepal, following a new approach to the teaching of current English usage. Any constructive suggestions for the betterment of the series will always be welcomed. Authors Revised and Enlarged Edition 2075 BS We are pleased to publish the revised and enlarged edition of the Maxim of English Grammar and Composition series (Revised and Enlarged). The series has long been one of the best and most representative of all English Grammar books in Nepal, and has continually been enjoyed by English teachers, students and parents since its original publication in 2066 BS. This new edition selectively excludes and includes grammar topics and exercises, makes necessary corrections, and adds colourful illustrations to make the series more classroom friendly and purposeful. We acknowledge with appreciation the assistance of all the teachers and experts who have given their valuable suggestions for the revision of the series. D N Mukhiya

Contents 1. Nouns ....................................................................................... 5 2. Uncountable Nouns ....................................................... 14 3. Plural Nouns ..................................................................... 20 4. Article .................................................................................. 26 Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 37 Grammar in Context ....................................................... 41 Guided Composition ....................................................... 43 5. Pronouns ............................................................................... 44 6. Self Pronouns ..................................................................... 51 7. Possessive and Apostrophe .......................................... 53 8. This, That, These, Those ............................................... 57 Vocabulary Practice ....................................................... 63 Grammar in Context ....................................................... 65 Guided Composition ....................................................... 67 9. Adjectives .............................................................................. 68 10. Comparison ........................................................................... 73 Vocabulary Practice ......................................................... 79 Grammar in Context ........................................................ 82 Guided Composition ....................................................... 84 11. Yes/No Questions ............................................................. 85 12. WH Questions .................................................................... 89 13. Be Verbs ................................................................................ 92 14. Action Verbs ........................................................................ 96 15. Simple Present ..................................................................... 101 16. Simple Past ............................................................................ 106 17. Present Continuous ............................................................ 110 18. Simple Future ....................................................................... 114 19. Present Perfect ..................................................................... 117 Vocabulary Practice ......................................................... 122 Grammar in Context ....................................................... 124 Guided Composition ....................................................... 125 20. Prepositions .......................................................................... 126 21. Conjunctions ........................................................................ 136 Vocabulary Practice .......................................................... 144 Grammar in Context ......................................................... 147 Guided Composition ....................................................... 149

Read and underline the nouns. Nouns 1 Pemba's Family Pemba lives in Kathmandu with his parents and sister, Sony. He has two cousins, Tina and Pukar. They live in Dharan. They have come to visit Kathmandu. Pemba and Sony are having breakfast with Dad, Tina and Pukar. Pemba’s mother, Reshma is serving food for them. Pemba has a dog and a Mom : What do you like to have for rabbit. They are good pets. breakfast? His dog’s name is Bobo and his rabbit’s name is Bunny. Pemba : I’ll have two eggs, two pieces of bread and some bananas. Dad : I’ll have a cup of tea and some cookies. Sony : I’ll have some apples and bread. Tina : I’ll have a sandwich. What about you, Pukar? Pukar : I like a glass of apple juice, three pieces of bread and some jam. Write any two people, places, things and animals from the above text. People Places Things Animals n Pemba, Sony, Tina, Dharan, sister, apples, etc are naming words. n They are called nouns. They name people, places, things or animals. n A noun is a name of a person, place, animal or thing. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 5

All naming words are nouns. People : Pemba, Tina, Neha, Alan, Peter, boy, girl, brother. Places : Kathmandu, Dharan, Nepal, India, village, school. Things : tea, cookies, book, pen, pencil, chair, desk, water, bag. Animals : dog, rabbit, cock, bull, parrot, frog, tiger, lion. Listening Practice: Repeat these words after your teacher. People : boy, girl, child, father, son, uncle, woman, Tina, Neha, Alan, Peter, Anita, Susan, Rahul, Sikha. Places : country, city, village, river, Kathmandu, NOUNS Dharan, Nepal, India, Bhojpur, Koshi. Things : books, pen, pencil, chair, desk, water, bags, ice, snow, sugar, hamburger, sandwiches. Animals : bird, insect, cock, bull, parrot, frog, tiger, lion, elephant, ostrich, peacock. Grammar Study: Nouns name different things. There are four members in Pemba’s family. It is the name of a person. He lives in Kathmandu with his parents and sister, Sony. It is the name of a city. These words name people. He has two cousins Tina and Pukar. They live in Dharan. These words name people. It names a city. I’ll have some apples and bread. I saw a dog in the garden. These words name things. It names an animal. It is a place. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 6

ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the nouns in the following sentences. a. Sumnima is pushing a wheel barrow. b. Biratnagar is a big city. c. Rahul is holding his bag. d. Aryan wants to be a doctor. e. The elephant is a big animal. f. Atul is washing his dog. g. This pen does not write. h. Tina has a red cap. i. The baby is sitting on the pushchair. j. The dog is sitting in the pavement. k. Pasang has an umbrella. l. Reeta lives in Kathmandu. m. Rohini is feeding the birds. n. Jack doesn’t like Maths. o. Pokhara is a nice city. p. A parrot is sitting on the tree. q. Anita is cutting the hedge. r. The baby has a ball. s. His mother has a pram. Nouns can be grouped easily. Put any five nouns from the above sentences in each column. People Places Things Animals Sumnima Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 7

Grammar Study: Special names and common names Naming words have special and common names. Special names are called proper nouns. Common names are called common nouns. People Here are the pictures of four people: Gaurav David Sikha Rosa They are boys. They are girls. Gaurav is a boy. Sikha is a girl. David is a boy. Rosa is a girl. Here boy is a common name. Here girl is a common name. The first boy’s special name is Gaurav. The first girl’s special name is Sikha. The second boy’s special name is David. The second girl’s special name is Rosa. Places Here are the pictures of four places: Kathmandu Janakpur Lumbini Dharan Kathmandu is a city. Lumbini is a city. Janakpur is a city. Dharan is a city. They are cities. Here city is a common name. Kathmandu, Janakpur, Lumbini and Dharan are special names of four cities. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 8

Pet animals We give special names to our pet animals. Common names Special names cow Rani parrot Mithoo Mithoo Sassy cat Sassy dog Zhooma Rani Zhooma Some other special names Common names Special names (proper nouns) Days Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Months January, February, March, April Festivals Dashain, Tihar, Holi, Christmas, Eid, Chhath, Lhosar Newspapers Kantipur, Rising Nepal, Gorkhapatra Books Ramayan, Bible, Quran, Geeta Foods Mayos, Wai Wai, Chocofun Things Sunsilk, Starline, Chelpark ABC Grammar Practice: Look at the pictures. Their proper names are given. Write down their common names. Neymar Nepal Rajesh Hamal ................................... .................................. .................................. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 9

Bhanubhakta Janakpur Pashupatinath .............................. .............................. .............................. Speaking Practice: Answer the following questions. Use special names. a. Who is your best friend? b. What is the capital city of Nepal? c. Where are you from? d. Who is your best cricket player? e. Where is Davis Fall located? f. Where is the Eiffel Tower located? g. What is the name of your school? Vocabulary Practice: Person or thing? Do these words refer to a person, a thing or both? actor .............................. grinder .............................. speaker .............................. photographer .............................. conductor .............................. cooker .............................. teacher .............................. computer .............................. cleaner .............................. waiter .............................. doctor .............................. hanger .............................. grocer .............................. printer .............................. passenger .............................. iron .............................. driver .............................. newspaper .............................. radio .............................. foreigner .............................. dancer .............................. traveller .............................. farmer .............................. projector .............................. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 10

Grammar Study: Capital letters sikha is from janakpur. Today is saturday. Read the sentences. She was born in may. Sikha is from Janakpur. She was born in May. The name of her pet dog is Zhooma. Alan and Peter are Shikha’s friends. Today is Saturday. Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. ABC Grammar Practice: Correct the following sentences. Use capital letters. a. deepa doesn’t like rain. …………………………………………………. b. anita is looking at a toadstool. …………………………………………………. c. ben is from mexico. …………………………………………………. d. On saturday we visited buckingham palace. ……………………… ………………………… ABC Grammar Practice: Write a proper name for each of the following pets. ................ ................ ................ ................ ................ ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the nouns in the following sentences. a. Miss Rai is a teacher. b. Pasang is an intelligent boy. c. The Ramayan is a holy book. d. Sabnam is from Birgunj. e. Pasang is an intelligent boy. f. Sunday is the first day of the week. g. Albert Einstein was a great scientist. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 11

Now write the underlined nouns in the correct columns. Proper Common Miss Rai teacher Writing Practice: Study the chart and write in sentences. Amit His name is Amit. Doctor Nepal He is a doctor. He treats patients. Nehal He is from Nepal. Cricketer Nepal Mohan Painter India Chang Actor China Sony Singer Nepal Now write similar sentences about one of your favourite friends or actors. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 12

Test Yourself 1 Fill in with suitable naming words. a. The name of my English teacher is .................................................... (proper name of a person) b. The name of my school is ................................................................. (proper name of a place) c. The name of my country is ........................................... (proper name of a country) d. We borrow books from a.............................................. (place) e. You trim your nails with a............................................. (thing) f. The name of my Science teacher is....................................................... (proper name of a person) g. We wait for a bus at the ............................................ (place) h. You cut vegetables with a............................................ (thing) i. You comb your hair with a........................................ (thing) j. We watch movies on ............................................. (thing) k. We buy medicine from a ........................................ (place) l. The......................................is the fastest animal. (animal) m. The................................. is the smallest bird. 13 (bird) Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

2 Uncountable Nouns Look and read. Can you count the books? Can you count the milk? I saw the milk spill. There are three books. We cannot count milk. We can separate them. We cannot cut milk. We can take them away one by one. We cannot say How Many. We can say How Many. We cannot say one milk or two milks. We can say one book or two books. The word milk is an uncountable noun. The word book is a countable noun. n Countable nouns are nouns that we can count - pen, boy, fly, book, baby, tree, hen, desk, parrot, doll, rupee, etc. n Uncountable nouns are nouns that we cannot count - ice, milk, sugar, water, hair, paper, salt, blood, sand, butter, etc. Uncountable nouns include: Liquid : milk, water, oil, blood, honey, tea, coffee. Solid : wood, iron, gold, silver. Gas : air, oxygen, hydrogen. Grain : rice, wheat, barley, maize. Powder : flour, dust, sand, cement. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 14

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. He drinks water. He eats an apple. She cooks food. She cooks potatoes. They eat meat. They eat bananas. I like tea without sugar. I like oranges and grapes. Riya has some rice. Neha has some biscuits. Peter likes chicken. Alan likes mangoes. ABC Grammar Practice: Choose any six countable and six uncountable nouns from the following list and write in the table below. air bread butter camera cap chicken coffee curd dog dust flour fruit gold ice ink iron jam juice meat metal milk mud mutton oil oxygen pot powder rice salt sand soup sugar watch water nest Countable Uncountable Grammar Study: Quantity of uncountable nouns We use measuring words to say the quantity of uncountable nouns. a piece of - wood, bread, cake, meat, land, paper, chalk a cup of - tea, coffee a glass of - milk, juice, water a drop of - dew, water, blood, sweat a bar of - soap, chocolate, gold a grain of - rice, wheat, sand a pinch of - salt, chilli powder a bottle of - milk, juice, oil a lump of - sugar, clay a tube of - toothpaste a plate of - rice, meat a loaf of - bread a log of - wood Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 15

ABC Grammar Practice: Complete the phrases of quantity. a……………...... of blood a……………......of bread a……………...... of cake a……………......of chalk a……………...... of clay a……………......of coffee a ……………......of dew a……………......of sweat a……………...... of glue a……………......of gold a……………...... of juice a……………......of land a……………...... of meat a……………......of milk a……………...... of oil a……………......of paper a……………...... of rice a……………......of salt a……………...... of sand a……………......of soap a……………...... of sugar a……………......of wood Use any two expressions in your own sentences. Speaking Practice: Say what they are. ab c de f gh i Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 16

Grammar Study: Words with countable and uncountable nouns Study the table. Countable Uncountable many, a few much, a little a/an no a/an singular and plural always singular, no plural She does not read many books. She does not drink much milk. She reads a few books. She drinks a little milk. He is eating an apple. He is drinking milk. A cow is an animal. Snow is white. Cows are animals. A lot of water is in the river. Study these examples. countable countable Incorrect Correct A girl wears a skirt. much pens many pens many water much water singular singular a milk milk countable countable a little dolls a few dolls Girls wear skirts. a few water a little water a lot of waters a lot of water plural plural • A countable noun has both singular and plural forms. • An uncountable has no plural form. It is always singular. ABC Grammar Practice: Correct the following sentences. 17 a. She has bought a little pens. b. I do not drink much waters. c. She drinks much milks. d. Who has a lot of moneys? e. Did he give you much dolls? f. A curd is made from milk. g. Riya has much balloons. h. Ankit drinks a juice everyday. i. There is a few water in this glass. j. Much sugars was added in the tea. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Test Yourself 1 Write whether the underlined words are countable or uncountable. a. Snakes are animals. b. Give me some pens. c. Give me some water. All plural nouns are countable nouns. d. Are you a dentist? Nouns with ‘a/an’ or e. Are they students? number words are often countable. f. Is it cold water? g. Can you give me a cup of tea? h. A nurse works in a hospital. i. A dog is an animal. j. There is some chalk. Test Yourself 2 Write whether the underlined words are countable or uncountable. a. Give me a glass of water. b. Sony has a skipping rope. c. They wear uniforms. d. Water is important for us. e. There is a little sugar in my coffee. f. He has a lot of dolls. g. An elephant has a trunk. h. He does not drink much milk. i. A girl is squeezing a tube of toothpaste. j. Kumar writes a letter with a pencil. Test Yourself 3 many + countable much + uncountanle Fill in many or much in the blank spaces. a. Do you have ………..........…… books? b. Do you have ………..........…… curd? c. He has not eaten ………..........…… apples. d. He has not eaten ………..........…… curd. e. ………..........…… students are not absent. f. ………..........…… sugar is in the tea. g. She doesn’t eat ………..........……bread. h. She doesn’t eat ………..........…… apples. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 18

i. Have you bought ………..........……pens? j. Have you bought………..........……cheese? Test Yourself 4 Choose the correct word. a. Would you like a ………..........…… of coffee? (bar, cup, plate) b. Have you got long ………..........……? (hair, hairs) c. I haven’t got ………..........…… money. (much, many) d. ………..........…… water is in the glass. (A few, A little) e. There are not …….........…… books on the table. (much, many) f. A lot of ………......… are going on excursion. (student, students) g. His tea hasn’t got ………..........…… sugar in it. (much, many) h. Her tea has ………..........…… in it. (milk, a milk) i. They haven’t got much ………..........…… (moneys, money) j. We need ………..........…… to survive. (an oxygen, oxygen) Test Yourself 5 Fill in the blanks with correct words. Riya has a lot of ….................. (friend/ friends). Today is her birthday. She has invited her close friends. Her mom has cooked a lot of delicious ……….…… (food/ foods). There are also different kinds of fruit. Anu ate two ………........…(bananas/ banana) and an ……….....…… (apple/ apples). Suman ate a lot of…….... (orange/ oranges) and a cup of ………(tea/ teas). Binit ate two ………........…......……(banana/bananas) and some ……….......…… (breads/ bread). Agni ate three ………..........…… (orange/ oranges) and one …….......……(apple/ apples). All of them ate the birthday cake. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 19

3 Plural Nouns Read and underline the plural words. Giant pandas are bear-like animals. They have thick white fur. They have got black fur on ears, eye patches, legs, and shoulders. They have got short tails. They have large teeth and strong jaw muscles for eating bamboo shoots. They also eat roots, eggs, and some small mammals. The octopus is unique for its appearance. It has a large head. It has two large eyes and eight arms. It has a hard beak with its mouth at the centre point of the arms. It has three hearts. Two pump blood through each of the two gills, while the third pumps blood through the body. Female octopuses lay about 150,000 eggs in two weeks. They guard their eggs for the next 50 days. Now list down any eight plural words from the above text and change them into singular. Pandas – Panda ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ n The words pandas, animals, ears, limbs, eyes, tails, rivers, eggs, etc are plural nouns. They refer to more than one. n The words panda, animal, ear, limb, eye, tail, river, egg, etc are singular nouns. They refer to single or one. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 20

Singular and plural n A noun that refers to one thing, person, animal or place is in the singular number - bat, bus, baby, leaf, child. n A noun that refers to more than one thing, person, animal or place is in the plural number- bats, buses, babies, leaves, children. Grammar Study: Rules to form plural nouns Add ‘-s/-es/-ies/-ves’ to singular nouns to change them into plural. We add -s to the singular boy - boys bird - birds day - days in most cases to make bed - beds egg - eggs plural. rose - roses class - classes church - churches We add -es to nouns bus - buses box - boxes ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, bush - bushes potato- potatoes -x. switch - switches mango -mangoes We add -es to nouns hero - heroes ending in -o. buffalo - buffaloes We change the -f or -fe tomato - tomatoes mosquito- mosquitoes to -ves for nouns ending calf - calves thief - thieves in -f or -fe. leaf - leaves wolf - wolves knife - knives loaf - loaves We change the -y to fairy - fairies fly - flies -ies for nouns ending in city - cities lady - ladies ‘consonant +y’. story - stories baby - babies key - keys toy - toys We add -s to nouns boy - boys monkey - monkeys ending in ‘vowel +y’. donkey - donkeys valley - valleys child - children These are some irregular man - men foot - feet plurals. woman - women tooth - teeth mouse - mice goose - geese ox - oxen Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 21

Listening Practice: Repeat these words after your teacher. /s/ /z/ /iz/ caps dogs benches rats rooms dishes cocks hens buses roofs balls switches ABC Grammar Practice: Change these words into plurals. horse ……h…or…se…s ..... lady ……………..... switch ……………..... woman ……………..... tooth ……………..... fox ……………..... mouse ……………..... child ……………..... knife ……………..... cock ……………..... man ……………..... fly ……………..... dress ……………..... foot ……………..... brush ……………..... baby ……………..... key ……………..... donkey ……………..... tomato ……………..... bus ……………..... leaf ……………..... glass ……………..... bush ……………..... jacket ……………..... watch ……………..... skirt ……………..... shirt ……………..... river ……………..... Grammar Study: Words with singular and plural nouns Study the table. singular plural this, that these, those a/an many, some, a lot of, a few This book is expensive. These books are expensive. That shirt is black. Those shirts are black. I have a doll. I have a lot of dolls. He has an apple. He has some apples. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 22

Study these examples. Incorrect Correct Incorrect Correct many pen many pens that pens that pen a pens a pen a few pen a few pens an oranges an orange those pen those pens this pens this pen ABC Grammar Practice: Correct the following sentences. a. These bag are made in China. b. A tall men is dancing. c. This houses belongs to Riya and Anand. d. Many student learn to play the guitar. e. Those car is expensive. f. This chairs are made of wood. g. She wrote a lot of poem. h. A girls wears a skirt. i. Do you have an umbrellas? j. Have you bought these shirt? k. Do you have a lot of book? l. These book belong to me. Speaking Practice: Look and say what they are. Use plural words. What are these? These are switches. abcd e fgh Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 23

Test Yourself 1 Fill in correct plural words. sesatasrosnsfinmgeemrbsberrsandcahyesbs enclheettsseidresslegmsosntathtses hands trees districts planets seven ……............…. in a week twelve ……............…. in a year eight ……............…. of an octopus four ……............…. in a year twenty six ……........ of the English alphabet three ……............….of a clock ten ……............…. in your hands five……..........of the pentagon twinkling ……............….in the sky small …...........…. in the garden seventy seven ……............….of Nepal five ……..........…. in the family all the..........…. of the solar system fifty …….... of the United States small ……............…. of trees wooden ……...... in the classroom Test Yourself 2 Use plural words to name the following pictures. ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................ ............................ ............................ ........................... ........................ ......................... ......................... rats trousers glasses scissors teeth feet skirts girls goggles pliers Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 24

Test Yourself 3 Change these words into singular. days calves babies children trees ...d..a..y........... .................. .................. .................. ............... cartoons pots branches switches watches .................. .................. .................. .................. ............... mice cooks donkeys caps boxes .................. .................. .................. .................. ............... bushes leaves stories oxen valleys .................. .................. .................. .................. ............... Test Yourself 4 Change these words into plural. knife leaf switch potato ..k..n..i.v..e..s....... .................. woman dog .................. .................. watch foot .................. .................. .................. .................. glass bottle bus man .................. .................. .................. .................. ox bench cup phone .................. .................. .................. .................. cave baby comb box .................. .................. .................. .................. doll range toy library .................. .................. .................. .................. dress brush movie name .................. .................. .................. .................. animal bicycle poster child .................. .................. .................. .................. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 25

4 Article Read the text and underline a, an, or the. This is Rowan Atkinson. He is one of the best comedians. He is an interesting person. He lives in the United Kingdom. He is better known as Mr. Bean. Everybody likes his role in a television serial, Mr. Bean. In the serial, Mr. Bean is an unintelligent person. He does a lot of funny things. Although he is a grown-up person, he behaves like an innocent child. He tries to solve various problems but fails. He lives alone in a small flat. He always wears a tweed jacket, a white shirt and a red tie. He rarely speaks. He sometimes mumbles a few words. Mr. Bean has a teddy bear. It is his best friend. He has also an old model car. His car is green in colour with a black bonnet. He has fitted the door of his car with a padlock. The words a, an and the are articles. n A and an are called indefinite articles. n The is called a definite article. a Read the above text again and fill in correct articles. Remember some nouns do not take any articles. ........... interesting person .......... television serial ........... best comedian ........... old model car .......... teddy bear ............ United Kingdom ........... innocent child ........... padlock ............ Mr. Bean b Discuss in pairs when we use ‘a/an’ and ‘the’. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 26

Listening Practice: Repeat these words after your teacher. a boy a cat a dog a fan a goat a jug a kiwi a lamp a mug A a horse a pig a quilt a rabbit a ship a net a van a watch a yacht a zebra a tree an apple an axe an ant ATHEAN an egg an engine an eagle AN an inkpot an insect an ice-cream an orange an owl an ox an umbrella an urn an ugly girl the sun the moon the sky the guitar the flute the drum THE the Nile the Amazon the Titanic the east the Ramayan the Pacific Ocean the Bible the Kantipur the Gorkhapatra ABC Grammar Practice: Read the above lists again and complete the table. three words starting with vowels: (a, e, i, o, u) three words starting with consonants: (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) two newspapers: two musical instruments: two holy books: two big rivers: Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 27

Grammar Study: A or An? A goes before words that begin with consonants. An goes before words that begin with vowels. a dog a Chinese boy an egg an English girl It starts with a consonant. It starts with a vowel. It starts with a consonant. It starts with a vowel. Read these examples: a dog an apricot an apple a green apple a purple dress an axe a buffalo an elephant an umbrella a red umbrella a big apple an inkpot an egg a boiled egg a doll an insect an insect a small insect a fan an owl a goat an orbit an orange a sweet orange a yak an ugly girl a nest an umbrella A and an are not used with uncountable nouns and plural nouns. a water a books an ice an eggs A and an are used in the sense of one. They are always used with singular countable nouns. a baby an intelligent boy an intelligent boys a pen an ox a small key an egg Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 28

ABC Grammar Practice: Supply either a or an. ........slice of cake ........ape ........monkey ........nice picture ........airplane ........brave man ........eggplant ........envelope ........angry boy ........bingo game ........historian ........Indian mechanic ........fifty-paisa coin ........fine opera ........good boy ........animal ........fat man ........apple ........couch ........early bird ........movie ........teacher ........map ........chalkboard ........hotel ........icicle ........idea ........elephant ........engineer ........red apple ........intelligent man ........interesting book ........mistake ........grade ........ horse ........owl ........singer ........loaf of bread ........pinch of salt ........pair of shoes ........ paper clip ........plant ........discharge ........kind man ........rotten mango ........new house ........empty basket ........basket ........plum ........table ........bus driver ........comb ........clean house ........sick man ........television set ........story book ........umbrella ........illness ........vitamin ........architect ABC Grammar Practice: Supply either a or an where necessary. ........ milk ........ trees ........ red book ........ orange ........ sweet curd ........ rice ........ potatoes ........ salt ........ tea ........ wood ........ hen ........ glass ........ ink ........ inkpot ........ rats Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 29

Grammar Study: The We use the before the following nouns. Rules Examples Directions the east, the west, the north, the south Parts of the day the morning, the evening, the afternoon Ordinal numbers the first, the second, the third, the fourth Internal parts of the the brain, the kidney, the heart body Parts of the house in the kitchen, in the bathroom, in the bedroom Sacred books the Vedas, the Koran, the Ramayan, the Bible, the Newspapers Geeta the Rising Nepal, the Himalayan Times, the Gorkhapatra Rules Examples Universal objects the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the universe, the galaxy Superlatives the richest person, the tallest building, the longest river Musical instruments the guitar, the madal, the flute, the harmonium, the tabla, the keyboard, the drum, the cornet Rivers, seas and the Bagmati, the Nile, the Pacific Ocean, the Black oceans Sea Mountain ranges and the Himalayas, the Annapurna, the Sahara, the deserts Gobi Famous buildings the Dharahara, the Eiffel Tower, the Taj Mahal, the Gateway of India, the Victory Tower Countries with the United Kingdom, the United States of common nouns America, the People’s Republic of China Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 30

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. a. He can play ……… flute very well. b. ……… sun rises in ……… east. c. ……… horse has ……… tail. d. His father is ……… wealthy person. e. They live in ……… big building. f. ............... heart purifies blood. g. Sabnam lives in ……… large family. h. Ravi and Mona are looking at ……… moon. i. Grandmother is reciting ……… Geeta now. j. There are many stars in ……… sky. k. Who is .................. tallest girl in this school? l. Do you have .................. ruler and ................. pencil? m. Her mother is ……… teacher in ……… boarding school. n. Mount Everest is ……… tallest peak of ……… Himalayas. o. ……… Himalayan Times is ……… English newspaper. p. ……… Pacific Ocean is ……… deepest ocean in ………world. q. Neil Armstrong is ……… first person to land on ……… moon. r. ……… Statue of Liberty lies in ……… United States of America. Grammar Study: A/An or The We use a/an when we use a noun for the first time. We use the when we use the same noun the second time. It comes here the first time. A thief broke into Riya’s house. Her dog saw the thief and barked at him. The same word is repeated here. A man bought a parrot . After some days, These words come the parrot began to scold the man . here the first time. Rahul bought a camera and a radio last The same words week. He gave the camera to his brother are repeated here. and the radio to his sister. These words come here the first time. The same words are repeated here. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 31

Grammar Study: No article We do not use articles with the following nouns. n Proper nouns Add four words each to the list. Indira lives in Biratnagar. Country Nepal Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal. Susan is from Britain. n Names of languages City I can speak Nepali and English? Language Hindi is spoken in India. Can you speak Chinese well? n Names of days and months Subject Today is Monday. Day He was born in August. Month January is the first month of the year. n Names of subjects Science is a difficult subject for me. English is my favourite subject. They are good at Maths. Speaking Practice: Ask and answer. c d A: What is this? B: This is an alligator. ab Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 32

Writing Practice: Answer the questions for each of the following people. Who is he? What does he do? What does he have? Who is she? What does she do? What does she have? Vocabulary Practice: Name the following things with a or an. potty skipping rope hoop oar lantern easel funnel sieve tricycle dice escalator parachute Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 33

Test Yourself 1 Supply a, an or the in the blank spaces where necessary. a. ……… Nile is ……… longest river in the world. b. They live in ……… old house. c. ……… earth is round. d. Ali has …. dog and … cat. ........... dog is black and ….cat is white. e. I read ……… Kathmandu Post everyday. f. A is ……… first letter of the English alphabet. g. ……… tiger is ……… animal. h. Pasang eats……… orange daily. i. This is ……… ashtray. j. ……… milk is good for health. k. Anita is ……… good girl. l. Binay has got……… pencil,………ruler and ……… eraser. m. ……… owl is hooting on the tree. n. Can you play ……… guitar? o. Every bird has ……… beak. Test Yourself 2 Supply a, an or the in the blank spaces where necessary. a. ……… aeroplane flies in……… sky. b. Can I have ……… piece of paper, please? c. They like ……… oranges. d. She bought …….. umbrella, ……… camera and ……… radio. e. ……… Taj Mahal is ……… beautiful building. f. Where’s ……… nearest post office near here? g. Give me ……… red pen. h. ……… dog is sitting outside. i. Have ……… nice day! j. He lives in ……… Kathmandu. k. She drinks a lot of ……… water. l. ……… sun rises in ……… east. m. Rahul saw ……… doctor today morning. n. I am ……… tallest boy in my class. o. I like ……… mangoes. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 34

Test Yourself 3 Supply a, an or the in the blank spaces where necessary. a. ………tigers are………animals. b. I read ……… Himalayan Times daily. c. His uncle is ……… engineer. d. ........... Kantipur is……… popular newspaper. e. It was ……… gold ring. f. It’s ……… identity card. g. Jamaica is ……… island. h. I saw ……… old man. ……… dog was barking at ……… old man. i. Jerry is ……… mouse. j. Karma is ……… artist. k. ……… milk is white. l. Kathmandu is……… capital of Nepal. m. ………elephant is ……… big animal. n. Last week we were in ……… Pokhara. o. Mohan can climb ……… tree. Test Yourself 4 35 Supply a, an or the in the blank spaces where necessary. a. Where does ……… Eiffel Tower lie? b. I saw ……… ostrich last week. c. ……… Sunday is ……… first day of the week. d. Ravi has ……… camera. e. There is much ……… sugar in my tea. f. ……… camel has humps. g. Nina has ……… umbrella. h. She has bought ……… expensive camera. i. She works in .……… factory. j. ……… Annapurna range looks beautiful. k. The Koshi is ……… biggest river in Nepal. l. There is ……… blackboard on the wall. m. They speak ……… Nepali fluently. n. We will visit a park on ……… Saturday. o. They are ……… engineers. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Test Yourself 5 Supply a, an or the in the blank spaces where necessary. The Riddle of the Sphinx Long, long ago in ……… old city named……… Thebes, there lived ………monster called the Sphinx. She was cruel. Whenever ……… traveller passed by her, she would give him ……… riddle. If ……… traveller could not answer ……… riddle, the Sphinx would eat him up. Here is the riddle of the Sphinx, “What walks on four legs in ……… morning, on two legs in ……… afternoon, and on three legs in ……… evening?” Many people in Thebes were eaten by the Sphinx because they did not know the answer to …… riddle. They were much afraid of the Sphinx, and they did not know what to do. Then one day ……… clever man came along. His name was ………Oedipus. He was ……… most intelligent person. As he passed by the Sphinx one day, she stopped him and asked him her riddle, “What walks on four ……… legs in the morning, on two legs in the afternoon, and on three legs in the evening?” “That is ……… easy riddle,” said Oedipus. “The answer is man, for man crawls on all fours when he is ……… baby, he walks upright when he is ……… grown-up person, and he uses ……… cane when he is ……… old man.” This was the right answer. The Sphinx became so angry that she jumped off ……… cliff and killed herself. After that travellers could pass in safety. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 36

Vocabulary Practice A. Places Choose the correct answers. 1. Where could you buy a cake? a butcher a florist a bakery 2. Where could you buy chocolate? a sweet shop a butcher a florist 3. Where could you buy a magazine? a bakery a greengrocer a book shop 4. Where could you buy a necklace? a bakery a jeweller’s a chemist 5. Where could you buy milk? a dairy a butcher a florist 6. Where could you buy chicken? a butcher a florist a chemist 7. Where could you buy a newspaper? a sweet shop a dairy a stationery shop 8. Where could you buy a Barbie doll? a sweet shop a dairy a toy shop 9. Where could you buy butter? a dairy a toy shop a pet shop 10. Where could you buy fruit? a bakery a greengrocer a book shop 11. Where could you buy flowers? a butcher a florist a chemist 12. Where could you buy a Teddy Bear? a dairy a toy shop a bakery Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 37

13. Where could you buy sugar? a greengrocer a travel-agency a chemist a toy shop 14. Where could you buy cod? a fishmonger an optician a fishmonger 15. Where could you buy writing paper? a stationer’s a toy shop 16. Where could you buy bread? a bakery a stationer’s B. People Name the people. ………...........…………. a. a person who teaches you b. a person who cuts your hair ………...........…………. c. a person who flies an aeroplane ………...........…………. d. a person who brings your letters ………...........…………. e. a person who drives a bus ………...........…………. f. a person who repairs a car ………...........…………. g. a person who makes furniture ………...........…………. h. a person who sweeps the road ………...........…………. i. a person who grows crops ………...........…………. j. a person who takes photos ………...........…………. k. a person who acts in a movie ………...........…………. l. a person who treats patients ………...........…………. m. a person who designs buildings ………...........…………. n. a person who serves food in a restaurant ………...........…………. o. a person who plays football ………...........…………. p. a person who sells bangles ………...........…………. q. a person who sings pop songs ………...........…………. r. a person who sells meat ………...........………….. s. a person who cures animals ………...........………….. t. a person who goes into the space ………...........………….. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 38

C. Collective nouns Fill in the correct nouns in the blank spaces. a. a bunch of ................................ a hand of .................................... b. a colony of ................................ a library of ................................ c. a team of ................................... a crew of ................................... d. a bundle of ................................ a class of ................................... e. a clutch of ................................. a pair of .................................... f. an army of ................................ an orchestra of ......................... g. a herd of ................................... a litter of .................................. h. a bunch of ................................ a swarm of ................................ sailors, grapes, students, musicians, bananas, athletes, ants, firewood, flowers, shoes, soldiers, cows, books, puppies, bees, eggs D. Things around Name at least two things that: a. are red ................................ ................................ b. you can touch ................................ ................................ c. that you can count ................................ ................................ d. can walk ................................ ................................ e. you can eat ................................ ................................ f. are found in the kitchen ................................ ................................ g. are straight ................................ ................................ h. are sweet in taste ................................ ................................ i. are made of glass ................................ ................................ j. are found in a shop ................................ ................................ k. are found in a zoo ................................ ................................ l. have four wheels ................................ ................................ E. What are they made of? Rearrange the jumbled words and fill in the blanks. a. The chair is made of …….................…….. OODW b. The ring is made of .................................... DGOL c. The bucket is made of ................................ CAPLSTI d. Steel is made out of ................................... RION e. That basket is made from ........................... OMBABO f. The fabric is made of .................................... UUALMINIM Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 39

F. Gender Read the list of masculine and feminine gender. Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine man woman father mother husband wife brother sister son daughter boy girl nephew niece sir madam uncle aunt bull cow king queen horse mare cock hen dog bitch drake duck stag hind drone bee lord lady wizard witch milkman milkmaid monk nun grandfather grandmother peacock peahen landlord landlady stepson stepdaughter washerman washerwoman stepfather stepmother he-goat she-goat fisherman fisherwoman hero heroine he-bear she-bear Mr. Mrs. bridegroom bride prince princess widower widow host hostess lion lioness poet poetess priest priestess waiter waitress tiger tigress hunter huntress Group the following nouns under the suitable headings. teacher tiger dog widow poetess lady son uncle nun servant dancer wife niece doctor aunt monk bull nephew husband sweeper cow Male Female Either a male or a female (Masculine) (Feminine) (Common) monk nun teacher Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 40

Grammar in Context Read the text and do the activities that follow. There are six people in Richa’s family - mother, father, older brother, older sister, Richa and her younger brother. Richa has two brothers, Jimmy and Subin. Jimmy is older than her and Subin is younger. She has one elder sister, Preety. Richa is number three. It is Sunday. It is Richa’s birthday. She is ten today and she is having a party in her house. The room is decorated nicely. There are a few balloons and colourful lights. Richa has got a lot of gifts from her friends and family members. She has got a watch from Dad, and a skirt from Mum. She has also got some birthday cards, sweets, a board game, jigsaw, a pair of shoes from her friends. Everyone is happy. Richa is blowing out the candles. There are ten candles. Everybody is singing and clapping. A. From the above text write the words that come after the following words. six ...................... two ................... a few .................. a lot of ....................... some ............... ten ..................... B. Write the special names of these people. a. The birthday girl ...................................................... b. Richa’s elder brother ...................................................... c. Richa’s younger brother ...................................................... d. Richa’s elder sister ...................................................... C. Use the following words in your own sentences. d. cards a. family b. birthday c. balloons Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 41

D. Write YES or NO. a. Richa has only one brother. b. She has an elder sister. c. Richa is ten years now. d. Her elder brother’s name is Jimmy. E. Answer the following questions. a. How many members are there in Richa’s family? ___________________________________________________________________________ b. How many brothers does she have? ___________________________________________________________________________ c. How old is Richa now? ___________________________________________________________________________ d. How many candles are there? ___________________________________________________________________________ e. What is everybody doing? ___________________________________________________________________________ F. Now answer about yourself. a. How many members are there in your family? ___________________________________________________________________________ b. When is your birthday? ___________________________________________________________________________ c. Do you have an elder sister? ___________________________________________________________________________ d. Do you have an elder brother? ___________________________________________________________________________ e. What is your position in your family? ___________________________________________________________________________ f. How old are you? ___________________________________________________________________________ Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 42

Guided Composition Read and write. About Myself I am Anand Baskota. I am a student. I study in Grade four in Everest School. There are four members in my family. We live at Kirtipur. My father’s name is Bishnu Baskota. He is a teacher. My mother’s name is Nirya Baskota. She is a housewife. My brother’s name is Arjun Baskota. He is a student. He studies in Grade seven. My best friend’s name is Sunil. My favourite food is rice and curry. I like to play snakes and ladders. Now write about Puran Sahani: Name : Puran Sahani School : Janaki Higher Secondary School Address : Janakpur Father : Arbinda Sahani (farmer) Mother : Januka Sahani (housewife) Brother : Kiran Sahani (Grade eight) Best food : Chapati Best game : football ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... Now write a paragraph about yourself. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 43

5 Pronouns Read and act out the conversation. It is Wednesday evening and Sikha is already in bed. Her small cousin Rahul is asking Sikha a lot of questions. She does not want to answer his questions. She is feeling sleepy. Rahul : Where’s Mummy? ..... You know where Mummy is. Sikha : I do not know where she is. Rahul : Where’s Daddy? You know where Daddy is. Sikha : Sorry I do not know where he is. Rahul : Where’s your Daddy? Sikha : My Daddy’s in the bedroom. Rahul : Is he sleeping? Sikha : No, he is watching TV. Why don’t you go and watch TV? Rahul : I don’t like watching TV. Do you like it? The words he, she, it, I, you, your, his, her, etc are pronouns. They are called replacing words. They replace naming words. n Pronouns are used in place of nouns. They enable speakers to refer to something or someone without having to repeat its name. Read these two groups of sentences. Subin is from Dharan. Subin always visits Kathmandu to see Subin’s aunty. Subin’s aunty is a nurse in a hospital. Subin’s aunty’s hospital lies at Baneshwor. Subin is from Dharan. He always visits Kathmandu to see his aunty. She is a nurse in a hospital. It lies at Baneshwor. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 44

Listening Practice: Repeat these pronouns after your teacher. I me my mine myself we us our ours ourselves you you your yours yourself he him his his himself she her her hers herself they them their theirs themselves ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the pronouns in the following story. Long ago there was a farmer. He was hard working. He had four sons. They were always quarreling among themselves. They were lazy and did not like to do work. The farmer was very sad. One day, the farmer called them in his room. He said, “Bring me a bundle of sticks.” He placed the bundle into the hands of each of them one by one and said, “Can you break it?” His sons tried to break the bundle in pieces. They tried with all their strength, but were not able to break it. He next opened the bundle, took the sticks separately, one by one, and again put them into his sons’ hands, upon which they broke the sticks easily. He then said, “My sons, if you unite and help each other, you will be as this bundle, uninjured by all the attempts of your enemies. But if you are divided among yourselves, you will be broken as easily as these sticks.” Now list out any six underlined pronouns from the above story. Use any four of them in your own sentences. 45 Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four

Grammar Study: Personal pronouns Pronouns that take the place of persons or things are called personal pronouns. I am Lisa. I have a I am Peter. I have a brother. His name is sister. Her name is Peter. We have a pet dog. Lisa. I am ten and my Its name is Kimono. sister is six. Peter and Lisa Peter and Lisa are brother and sister. They are from Britain. They dog are students. They have a pet dog. It is sitting between them. They like their dog very much. Peter Peter is a boy. He is ten. He likes reading books. Lisa is a girl. She Lisa is six. She likes watching TV. They study in London Academy school School. It lies near their house. It is a very big school. It has rooms more than forty rooms. They are spacious and airy. The words he, she, it, they, I, we, his, them, etc are used for people, places or things. They are personal pronouns. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 46

Personal pronouns are either singular or plural. Personal pronouns have three persons - first, second and third. Singular personal pronouns First persons Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive Second persons I me my mine myself you your yours yourself Third persons you him his his himself he her her hers herself she it its – itself it Plural personal pronouns First persons Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive Second persons we us our ours ourselves Third persons you you your yours yourselves they their theirs themselves them Use subject pronouns when the pronoun refers to the doer of the action or the main topic (subject) of the sentence. They are used before verbs. I am Pukar. Subject Predicate I have a cousin, Nima. verb object She is an intelligent girl. I We are students. We can play basketball. I study in Grade three. You She studies in Grade four. He I have a younger brother, Rahul. She He studies in Grade one. They We play games. Rajan We visit parks. Aryan We watch cartoons. Neha Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 47

Use object pronouns when the pronoun refers to the receiver of the action or is the object. They are used after verbs and prepositions. Miss Rai teaches us English. Subject Predicate We like everything about her. She helps me a lot. verb object My friend Rahul met her yesterday. She gave him a story book. Ali and Anu will meet her tomorrow. She will give them drawing books. me. us. Aryan will help you. ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in correct subject pronouns. him. her. them. I We You He She It They A : How old are you? Rahul is a student. …….. is B : …….. am ten years old. twelve years old. …….. has a A : How old is your brother? sister and a brother. B : …….. is six years old. His sister’s name is Anu. A : How old is your sister? …….. is eight years old. His B : …….. is two years old. brother’s name is Pukar. …….. A : Anil and Mona are twins. is three years old. How old are they? When Rahul asks Pukar, “How B : …….. are five years old. old are you?” A : How old is your pet cat? Pukar says, “…….. am three B : …….. is seven years old. years old.” Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 48

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in correct object pronouns. a. My parents love …….. Our Science teacher is Prem b. I have a sister. I help …….. a lot. Basnet. He teaches …….. c. She has a brother. She helps Science. We like everything …….. a lot. about …….. . He helps …….. d. Ali and Anu are my friends. a lot. I met …….. yesterday. I will see …….. tomorrow. He gave me a project book. My e. Anjana has many friends. She friend Rina met……..yesterday. He gave her a Science book. invites …….. on her birthday. Ali and Anu will meet …….. f. I have two grandparents. They tomorrow. He will give …….. Science practical books. tell…….. a lot of stories. Speaking Practice: Say who they are and what they do. ABC Grammar Practice: Rewrite the following sentences replacing the underlined parts with suitable pronouns. a. Riya is a good girl. Give Riya some books. Riya is a good girl. Give her some books. b. Anita and Mona are dancers. Tell Anita and Mona to dance. …………………………………………...................………………… c. Sabina is my friend. I met Sabina yesterday. …………………………………………...................………………… d. Peter is a strong boy. Tell Peter to lift the bag. …………………………………………...................………………… e. Sangita is a singer. Sangita sings pop songs. …………………………………………...................………………… Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 49

f. Alan is from Britain. Alan is six years old. …………………………………………...................………………… g. A dog is a pet animal. A dog lives in a kennel. …………………………………………...................………………… h. I have a camera. The camera is very expensive. …………………………………………...................………………… i. Sachin is a football player. Sachin plays football well. …………………………………………...................………………… j. Riya is my friend. I gave Riya a doll. …………………………………………...................………………… k. I met Suman yesterday. I gave Suman a book. …………………………………………...................………………… l. My father will come tomorrow. I will show my father my report card. …………………………………………...................………………… Writing Practice: Read and write. This is Amit Basnet. He has a son and a daughter. His son’s name is Kishan and his daughter’s name is Mona. Kishan is six years old. He studies in Grade two. He likes apples. Mona is eight years old. She studies in Grade five. She likes oranges. This is Mrs. Aryal. She has two daughters - Pinky and Archi. Pinky is seven years old. She studies in Grade three. Archi is ten years old. She studies in Grade four. Now write a similar paragraph about your brother or sister or friend. I have a………………………………………………………………......… ………………………………………………………………… Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Four 50