Maxim Grammar Book 5_Sunil_2075

Grammar Study: Simple future tense Read the text. Tomorrow I will get up early in the morning. I will call my friend Raman at my home. We will go to visit my grandmother. She will give us letters. We will take them to the post office. We will put stamps on them. We will post them. Next week there is my birthday. I will invite my closest friends. They will come to me in the afternoon. We will go to watch a movie. We will have a party in the evening. We will sing, dance and enjoy a lot. Tomorrow I won't go out. I will stay home. I will revise Science and English. My exam is near. My friend Sony will come to me. We will study together. The sentences with the structure ‘sub+ shall/ will + v1 + obj’ are in the simple future tense. They show future time. The simple future tense is used with ‘tomorrow, soon, tonight, next, etc' to show future time. She will buy some postcards soon. Will you meet me tomorrow? They will go for swimming next week. His brother will read a story tonight. I shall buy you an ice-cream. We shall arrange a party. 101Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Affirmative Negative Interrogative Sub + shall/will +v1 +obj. Sub + shall/will + not +v1 +obj. Shall/will +sub + v1 +obj +? I shall buy a pen. I shall not buy a pen. Shall I buy a pen? They will read books. They will not read books. Will they read books? He will call me. He will not call me. Will he call me? We shall visit a park. We shall not visit a park. Shall we visit a park? ABC Grammar Practice: Complete these sentences with the simple future tense. a. Tina ...................... to school. (go) b. Suresh ......................beautiful poems. (write) c. I ...................... a holiday next year. (have) d. They ...................... a park tomorrow. (visit) e. We ...................... a song tomorrow. (not sing) f. You ...................... him later. (help) g. I ...................... dinner. (make) h. The Principal ......................here at 10 tomorrow. (arrive) i. We ......................at home all day tomorrow. (be) j. They ......................at home. (not be) k. I ......................you some coffee. (get) l. She ...................... you when I arrive. (call) m. Don’t worry. I ...................... careful.(be) n. They...................... before me. (finish) o. They...................... arrive here on time. (arrive) p. I ...................... television tonight. (watch) q. They ...................... here soon. (come) Speaking Practice: Look at the chart and say what they will do tomorrow. Anita visit a park. Sunil watch a movie. Neha read a story. Bina buy a dress. Ashish meet some teachers. Kumar go to the zoo. Anjali visit her grandmother. Bhola go for shopping. Sabnam go for swimming. Pemba eat some Chinese food. Aruna write a poem. 102Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Change the forms of verbs as indicated in the brackets. a. (hear) I….....already …... the story five times. (present perfect) b. (write) I ………….a letter tomorrow. (simple future) c. (visit) I………....…. my grandmother next week. (simple future) d. (do) I……..............….. my work now. Do not disturb me. (present continuous) e. (climb) Look! The boy………....….the hill. (present continuous) f. (discover) Scientists………....….a new planet. (present perfect) g. (dance) She caught them while they ………................…..(past continuous) h. (come) She never ……….........….late to school. (simple present) i. (cook) She………..................….food daily. (past continuous) j. (go) She………...............….to London yesterday. (simple past) k. (come) The manager…….................…....….soon. (simple future) l. (see) We……....….already........................that film. (present perfect) m. (watch) I did my homework when I …….....…....….television. (past continuous) n. (finish) I ...............just ………...…. doing this exercise. (present perfect) o. (understand) I’m sure they ………....…. the problem. (simple future) p. (stay) Maybe we ………....….at home. (simple future) Test Yourself 2 Change the forms of verbs as indicated in the brackets. a. (watch) I ...................... TV tonight. (simple future) b. (call) If I arrive late, I ...................... you. (simple future) c. (cook) Perhaps Anita ...................... food for you. (simple future) d. (buy) I ...................... the tickets. (simple past) e. (win) I think the team ...................... the match. (simple future) f. (go) They .................. just ..................... to the party. (present perfect) g. (give) She ....................... him the apple. (simple past) h. (eat) They ........................... fish. (present perfect) i. (listen) We ........................... to the radio. (present continuous) j. (answer) I ................................ the question. (present perfect) k. (send) We .............................. the postcard. (simple past) l. (catch) They ........................... the ball. (simple past) m. (go) The moon ...................... round the earth. (simple present) n. (not work) We ...................... at night. (simple present) 103Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 Change the forms of verbs as indicated in the brackets. a. I buy a newspaper. (simple future) b. She cleans her room. (future continuous) c. They play football. (future perfect) d. He goes to school. (simple past) e. She writes a poem. (future perfect continuous) f. His father works in a factory. (simple past) g. He asked me a question. (simple future) h. She was sleeping under the tree. (present continuous) i. I collect stamps. (present perfect) j. He wants to read comics. (simple past) k. They help their parents. (simple past) l. They have opened the windows. (past perfect) m. She takes nice photos. (simple future) n. I am watching TV. (past continuous) o. She has bought a dress. (future perfect) p. They will sing pop songs. (simple present) q. We wrote three letters. (simple present) r. She has collected stickers. (past perfect) s. They have played a game. (simple present) t. He is wearing his uniform. (past continuous) u. They are waiting for me at the bus stop. (simple past) v. She has been writing a letter. (past perfect continuous) w. They were dancing in the hall. (future continuous) x. We have cooked dinner. (simple future) y. She will be singing a song. (present continuous) z. They will have bought a house. (present perfect) Test Yourself 4 Look at the time adverbials and apply the correct tenses. simple present present present simple past simple future continuous perfect always still just ago tomorrow never at present already yesterday soon seldom now yet last tonight generally Look! recently next sometime Listen! everyday usually 104Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

a. Every Monday, Ganesh ……………….his kids to school. (drive) b. She always ………………. at 7.30. (arrive) c. The weather forecast says the sun……………….tomorrow. (shine) d. We………….my aunt next week on Friday. It will be her birthday. (visit) e. He……………….……………….mineral water every day. (drink) f. He always……………….about everything. ( complain) g. We generally………………. English. (speak) h. They ………………. still ………………. football. (play) i. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John ……………….. (sleep) j. Most people ………………. already ………………. . (go) k. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It………………..(rain). l. He ………………. already ……………….out. (go) m. I ………………. just ………………. my homework. (finish) n. She often ……………….her homework in her bedroom. (do) o. The club ……………….at four o’clock. (close) p. The old beggar ………………. yesterday. (die) q. He always ………………. hard. (study) r. They ………………. in Grade VI by next year. (be) s. Listen! Someone ………………. . (sing) t. Yesterday I ………………. perfume. (buy) u. The family ………………. home last night at 10:30. (get) v. Owls usually ………………. at night. (hunt) w. Mohan ………………. to meet his friend tonight. (go) Test Yourself 5 Look at the time adverbials and apply the correct tenses. a. He often ………………. to school by bus.(go) b. They ………………. to Pokhara yesterday. (go) c. She …......…. already………………. a picture. (paint) d. They ………….just……........… out. (go) e. We ……………….a park tomorrow. (visit) f. She ………………. me everyday. (phone) g. I ………………. an apple last week. (eat) h. They ………………. a house very soon. (build) i. Last night, she………………. mutton. (cook) j. She never ………………. her book. (forget) k. The bus often ………………. here at 10. (come) l. They ………………. songs now. (sing) m. Look! The baby ……………….. (crawl) n. Anita ………………. a movie tonight. (watch) o. They ……………….pictures at the moment. (draw) p. I………………. my room now. (tidy up) q. They ……………….the room yet. (not clean) 105Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Vocabulary Practice 1. Write the past participle forms of these verbs in the blanks. a. climb Have you ever……………………….. a mountain? b. meet Have you ever……………………….. a famous person? c. win Have you ever……………………….. money in a lottery? d. jump Have you ever………………………..from a parachute? e. ride Have you ever………………………..a horse? f. eat Have you ever………………………..Chinese food? g. drop Have you ever……………………….. a vase? h. write Have you ever………………………..a poem? i. teach Have you ever……………………….. your brother? j. speak Have you ever……………………….. French? k. drink Have you ever………………………..mineral water? l. dance Have you ever……………………….. in the party? m. swim Have you ever……………………….. in the river? n. watch Have you ever……………………….. an English movie? o. travel Have you ever………………………..by plane? p. study Have you ever……………………….. geography? q. eat Have you ever……………………….. an octopus? 2. Complete the following sentences with the words given in the box. shut woke understand cooked take singing split stole watched told stuck sweeping learn a. The alarm clock …………………….. me up at 5 o’clock. b. It is easy to……………………..his English when he speaks slowly. c. Nobody had……………………..me about the accident. d. They are going to……………………..Chinese at this school. e. They did not……………………..our cars. They took another one. f. They are……………………..diligently. The streets are going to be tidy. g. She …………………….. mutton for dinner. h. They……………………..the paper on the window. It was there for weeks. i. Somebody……………………..the jewellery. It is missing. j. The teacher……………………..up the class into groups of five. k. They……………………..a good film in the cinema yesterday. l. They are ……………………..many beautiful songs at this competition. m. Are you sure you have……………………..the door? 106Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

3. Fill the blank spaces with the suitable verbs. Add -s/-es to the verbs if necessary. watch study read have drive start use send get up eat drink wash finish cook buy take go listen like work a. Aman is an engineer. b. He always ……......……. early in the morning. c. He ………......….breakfast at home. d. He doesn't like to ……..…...…. coffee. e. He ………....…. the Kantipur daily. f. He generally likes to ….....………. a light lunch. g. He ……….....…. work at 10:30 am. h. He ……….....…. work at 5 pm. i. He ……….....…. on computer at office. j. He ………......…. emails to his friends. k. He often ……….....…. to soft music. l. He does not ………....…. dinner. His wife does it. m. He ………......…. television in the evening. n. He …….....……. a car to work. o. He doesn't ……….....…. the dishes. p. He likes to ……......……. English. q. He always ……......……. something at a supermarket. r. He ………....…. a shower everyday. s. He ………....…. to bed early. t. He ………....…. to play basketball. u. He ……….....…. for a holiday with his wife. v. He always …….....……. leather shoes and cotton socks. 107Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar in Context Read the text and do the activities that follow. David and Neelam sing well. They will sing a song tomorrow at the ceremony. They are now practising at home. Last week they took part in the competition. They won the first prize. The principal gave them a gold medal. David is a very intelligent boy. He can play the guitar very well. He can also dance beautifully. Neelam is good at painting. She has painted many pictures. David and Neelam live at Baneshowar. They are cousins. They go to school together. They go to school by bus. They help each other. David helps Neelam in maths and she helps him in English. A. From the above text, find one sentence for each of the following tenses. Simple present Simple future Simple past Present perfect B. Answer the following questions. a. What will David and Neelam do tomorrow? b. What are they doing now? c. What did they do last week? d. What is David good at? e. Who is David to Neelam? C. Fill in the correct forms of verbs. a. They……………………….. a song tomorrow. b. They ……………………….. part in the competition last week. c. They ……………………….. the first prize last week. d. They often ……………………….. to school together. 108Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Guided Composition Read and write. • Bhupal (Grade five) • Reading stories • Started 1 o’ clock • Now: 3 o’clock Bhupal studies in Grade five. Last year he was in Grade IV. Next year he will be in Grade six. He likes reading stories. Now he is reading a story. He started reading it at 1 o’clock. It’s 3 o’clock now. He has been reading it for two hours. • Anish (Grade six) • Playing football • Started: 8 o’ clock • Now: 10 o’clock He is ................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. • Raju and Rina (Grade four) • Drawing pictures • Started: 3 o’ clock • Now: 5 o’clock They are ................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................. 109Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

9 WH Questions Act out the conversation. A: Whose letter is this? B: This is Deepak’s letter. A: Where is he? B: He is at home. He is absent today. A: Why is he absent today? B: He is sick. He fell off his bicycle and broke his leg. A: When did it happen? B: Yesterday. A: What is this letter about? B: It is a sick leave letter. A: How many members are there in your family? B: There are five members in my family. A: What does your father do? B: He is a teacher. A: Where does he work? B: He works in SB Academy. A: What does your mother do? B: She is a housewife. A: What do you do? B: I’m a student. WH- Questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. Question Word Auxiliary Subject Verb Object Where do they go to school? When does Mina watch T.V.? What did you do yesterday? What time do they get up every day? Why does John come late? Who(m) did Anu go with? How often do they play basketball? • A question mark (?) is placed after a direct question. Where are you going? What are you doing? 110Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Questions Answers What is Archi doing? She is writing a letter. Who is singing that song? Suman is singing that song. Where are you going now? I’m going to the library. What is your favourite sport? Kung fu. What kind of food do you like best? I like Indian food. Whose pen is this? This is Mohan’s pen. Where does he live? He lives at Baneshower. Grammar Study: WH words WH Questions allow a speaker to find out more information about topics. When? Time When were you born? When does Riya come here? Where? Place Where do you live? Where did you buy it? Who? Person Who helped you? Who wrote it? Why? Reason Why was he sad? Why is she absent? How? Manner How did you do that? How does she write? What? Object/Idea/Action What did he buy? What will he say? Which (one)? Choice of alternatives Which one do you like? Which is your best dress? Whose? Possession Whose pen is this? Whose car is he driving? Whom? Person (objective formal) Whom did you meet? Whom will he invite? How much? Price, amount (non- count) How much money has he got? How much milk can you drink? How many? Quantity (count) How many books are there? How many students are there? How long? Duration How long does it take? How long did he stay here? How often? Frequency How often do you play basketball? How often do you visit a zoo? How far? Distance How far is it from here? What kind of book do you like? What kind (of)? Description What kind of dress has she got? 111Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Complete the questions with where, when, what or who. a. …W…h…at…is y…ou…r n…am..e..?...............…. (Pemba) b. …………………..were you born? (In 1998) c. ………….........…. is your birthday? (16th July) d. …………..........…. are you from? (Dharan) e. ……………......…. is your address? (Dharan) f. ……………......…. is your best friend? (Kunal) g. …………..........…. is your best fruit? (Orange) h. ……………......…. do you get up? (Early in the morning) i. …………….......…. does your father do? (He is a teacher.) j. ……………….....…. does your mother do? (She is a housewife.) k. .…………...........…. is your best teacher? (Miss Rupa) Writing Practice: Look at the answers and complete the questions. Fill in the blanks with ‘WH + auxiliary‘ a. …Wh…at…is.….. the capital of Nepal? Kathmandu. b. ……….….. Laxmi Prasad Devkota? He is a poet. c. ……….….. Nepali New Year? In Baishakh. d. ……….….. Mount Everest lie? In Nepal. e. ……….….. the Rising Nepal? It’s a newspaper. f. ……….….. the tallest peak in the world? Mt. Everest. g. ……….….. the Janaki Temple located? In Janakpur. h. ……….….. a bigger city, Kathmandu or Birgunj? Kathmandu Writing Practice: Add a subject and a verb to form a question. a. How old………………………? I’m ten years old. b. Where ………………………from? I’m from Biratnagar. c. What………………………? They are football players. d. When………………………born? I was born in 2001. e. When ………………… in the morning? I get up early in the morning. f. What …………………of your school? LMC Academy. g. Who ………………………? I’m Sonam. h. What ………………………? My father is a teacher. i. How old ………………………? My father is forty years old. j. Where ………………………? My best friend is in the park. k. Which fruit ………………………? I like apples. 112Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Writing Practice: Write questions for the following answers. A: How old are you? B: I’m ten years old. A: ………………………………………………………………. B: He lives at Kirtipur. A: ………………………………………………………………. B: Suman is my best friend. A: ………………………………………………………………. B: My mother is a nurse. A: ………………………………………………………………. B: She works in a hospital. A: ………………………………………………………………. B: She is forty years old. Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions. Use the following frequency words in your answers. always usually sometimes never a. How often do you eat fish? b. How often do you drink milk? c. How often do you watch TV? d. How often do you eat meat? e. How often do you go swimming? f. How often do you drink tea? g. How often do you read books? h. How often do you brush your teeth? i. How often do you take a shower? j. How often do you wash your face? k. How often do you drink coke? l. How often do you watch cartoons? 113Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Kuleshower, Kathmandu. From the kitchen. Fill in correct WH words. Two days ago. I have been visiting the city. a. …………… is your address? In China. b. …………… is that smell coming from? At a supermarket. c. …………… did you buy it? At Kirtipur. d. …..…...... have you been doing this week? Opposite the park. e. …………… were they made? At a restaurant. f. …………… did you buy that dress? She said she had a doll. g. …………… are you living now? At the bus stop. h. …………… is the main post office? Ten. i. …………… shall we eat tonight? Because he failed the exam. j. …………… did she actually say? Kunal. k. …………… do we get on the bus? Tina has got a camera. l. ……………books do you have? m. ……………is he weeping? n. ……………wrote this letter? o. ……………has got a camera? Test Yourself 2 Every Saturday. This is Neha’s pen. Fill in correct WH words. She gave me a book. Binita. a. ……………often do you go to a park? In Pokhara. b. ……………pen is this? Six. c. ……………did she give you? Fifty rupees. d. ……………drew this picture? My old photographs. e. ……………did you first meet Riya? Nice. f. …………… books did you buy? Behind the house. g. …………… did it cost? Dharan. h. ……………are you looking at? Near the park. i. ……………are you feeling today? Next week. j. ……………can I park the car? In Grade V. k. ……………do you come from? In my village. l. ……………is your school? This is her book. m. ……………will go to Pokhara? n. ……………class do you study? o. ……………did you learn to cook? p. ……………bag is this? 114Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 WHO Bibek is going to school. (Who) subject ……………..is going to school? (Remove the subject to form ‘Who’ questions.) Now make WHO questions. a. Anita did not eat anything. b. Binod is looking at his photograph. c. Goma has closed the door. d. Kajol will buy a dress. e. Bipin works in a bank. f. Suman came to the party alone. g. Jenny studies in Grade V. h. Urmila broke the vase. WHAT Priyanka is eating an apple. (What) sub aux object What is Priyanka eating? What + aux + subject (Remove the object to form ‘What’ questions.) Now make WHAT questions. a. Raju is eating an apple. b. She is watering the plant. c. He will buy a camera. d. Anu has lost her book. e. She was eating a sandwich. f. They can play football. g. The boys have found a purse in the street. h. Milan has written a letter. WHEN She will go to Pokhara tomorrow. (When) sub aux time When will she go to Pokhara? When + aux + subject (Remove the time to form ‘When’ questions.) 115Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Now make WHEN questions. (Use ‘did/does/do’ if there is no auxiliary a. They are coming to visit tomorrow. verb in the sentence.) b. Anu will visit her aunt next week. c. He came here at 2 o’clock. d. Riya goes to school at 9:30. e. Tina bought a doll yesterday. f. They will go out tonight. g. He was born in 1997. h. They do their homework at night. WHERE Priyanka is going to school. (Where) sub aux place Where is Priyanka going? Where + aux + subject (Remove the place to form ‘Where’ questions.) Now make WHERE questions. a. Raju is going to the library. b. I bought a shirt at a supermarket. c. She has gone to the park. d. She met her friends at the bus stop. e. Tina found her book in the garden. f. She has kept her umbrella under the chair. g. Jiya first met me at the airport. h. He will not go to school tomorrow. HOW OFTEN Priyanka visits a park every Saturday. (How often) sub aux frequency How often does Priyanka visit a park? How often + aux + subject (Remove the frequency words to form ‘How often’ questions.) Now make HOW OFTEN questions. a. Atul sometimes plays basketball. b. Yubraj brushes his teeth twice a day. c. Hem takes a bath every day. d. Kabir visits his grandmother once a week. e. She often goes to school by bus. f. They never play cricket. g. They always get up early in the morning. h. They go outside the country twice a month. i. She washes her hair every week. 116Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

HOW MANY Priyanka has bought six books. (How many) sub aux number How many books has Priyanka bought? How many + noun + aux + subject (Remove the number words to form ‘How many’ questions.) Now make HOW MANY questions. a. There are five members in my family. b. He will give me two umbrellas. c. There are twenty students in my class. d. Sudhir has bought six postcards. e. There are seven days in a week. f. She wrote five poems. g. Mina ate six apples. h. Anu will buy ten books. i. Arjun can speak three languages. j. Bipin is teaching twenty students. k. There are six cows in the shed. Test Yourself 4 Make questions. a. Mina has cooked some mutton. (What) ...................................................................................................................... b. The car is across the street. (Where) ...................................................................................................................... c. She is reading a story. (What) ...................................................................................................................... d. Anita went to the library. (Who) ...................................................................................................................... e. She goes to temple every day. (How often) ...................................................................................................................... f. His favourite game is cricket. (What) ...................................................................................................................... g. She met me in the park. (Where) ...................................................................................................................... h. They came here in the evening. (When) ...................................................................................................................... i. She has bought six dolls. (How many) ...................................................................................................................... j. He was born in 2001. (When) ...................................................................................................................... 117Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

10 Tag Questions Read the sentences. A: You wanted that dress, didn’t you? B: Yes. It was nice, wasn’t it? A: Yes, it was. Why didn’t you buy that? B: Actually, it was very expensive. A: It’s hot today, isn’t it? B: Yes, it’s very hot. You go for swimming today, don’t you? A: Yes. You’re coming with me, aren’t you? B: Of course. You have got a swimming costume, haven’t you? A: No, I haven’t. I will buy it today. The short questions ‘didn’t you?, wasn’t it?, isn’t it?, don’t you?, aren’t you?, etc are tag questions. • A tag question is added to a statement to turn it into a question. • It is added to a statement after a comma (,). • It starts with a small letter. • It consists of an auxiliary verb and a pronoun. • It ends with a question mark (?). She is an air hostess, isn’t she? She writes a letter, doesn’t she? Robin is an engineer, isn’t he? You are from Birganj, aren’t you? You come from Dharan, don’t you? (comma + aux + sub + question mark) 118Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Positive Statements + Negative Tags Negative Statements + Positive Tags It is warm today, isn’t it? It isn’t very nice, is it? The weather was terrible, wasn’t it? The house was not clean, was it? Tina has short hair, hasn’t she? She has never been there, has she? She eats meat, doesn’t she? You do not like meat, do you? I look funny in this dress, don’t I? She doesn’t live near here, does she? Positive statements have negative tags and negative statements have positive tags. Grammar Study: How to form tag questions? Auxiliary of the tag Use the auxiliary verb of the statement as the auxiliary of the tag. She has gone out, hasn't she? positive They can't do it, can they? auxiliary negative auxiliary If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use don’t, doesn’t, didn’t. She writes a letter, doesn't she? v5 They write a letter, don't they? v1 He wrote a letter, didn't he? v2 Subject of the tag Always use the pronouns (I, we, you, he, she, it, they, there and one) for the subjects of the tags. Kunal is a doctor, isn't he? (isn’t Kunal) The boys are clever, aren't they? (plural = they) There is a parrot, isn't there? He will come, won't he? Riya works hard, doesn't she? 119Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

The milk is fresh, isn't it? Somebody broke the bench, didn't they? If the subject is a pronoun, use the same pronoun. If the subject is a noun, change it to a pronoun. • Use 'it' for a singular non-living thing or animal or uncountable noun. Water is essential for us, isn't it? The book was there, wasn't it? The dog is barking, isn't it? • Use 'they' for plural nouns and for indefinite pronouns 'somebody, someone, nobody no one, everybody, everyone. Dogs are domestic animals, aren't they? These books are useful, aren't they? Somebody wrote a letter, didn't they? Somebody plucked the flower, didn't they? Nobody lived here, did they? • Use 'he' for a singular male and 'she' for a singular female. Ram works in a bank, doesn't he? Nitu studies hard, doesn't she? In the present tense, if the subject is ‘I ’, the auxiliary changes to ‘are’ or ‘aren’t’. I’m sitting next to you, aren’t I? I'm tired, aren't I? • Imperative With an imperative, the tag question is ‘will you?’. Close the window, will you? Sit down, will you? Never touch the live wire, will you? Bring me a glass of lemonade, will you? With let’s, the tag question is 'shall we?’. Let’s go to the beach, shall we? Let's play football, shall we? Let's open a club, shall we? 120Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Add suitable tag questions. a. He hasn't done the work yet, ………………………..? b. You're coming to the party, ………………………..? c. The party starts at eight o'clock, ………………………..? d. She has got a car, ………………………..? e. The movie was very long, ………………………..? f. These things looked terrible, ………………………..? g. You aren't still angry, ………………………..? h. His father is a doctor, ………………………..? i. It isn't very cold today, ………………………..? j. You don't smoke, ………………………..? k. He hasn't got any children, ………………………..? l. She is going to Pokhara, ………………………..? m. Neha plays the piano well, ………………………..? n. Give me your pen, ………………………..? o. He can come there, ………………………..? p. You haven't got a car, ………………………..? q. It wasn't very difficult, ………………………..? r. You’re the zookeeper, ………………………..? Test Yourself 2 Add suitable tag questions. a. You’ve not done it yet, ………………………..? b. She has done her homework, ………………………..? c. He will help me, ………………………..? d. She is going to Kathmandu, ………………………..? e. You haven't been to Kirtipur, ………………………..? f. She wrote a story, ………………………..? g. That’s a beautiful picture, ………………………..? h. You aren't going to Jhapa, ………………………..? i. There is some milk in the refrigerator, ………………………..? j. We don't need to go to the store today, ………………………..? k. Susan can bring some food, ………………………..? l. He has got a nice house, ………………………..? m. She is working now, ………………………..? n. You aren't from America, ………………………..? o. They couldn’t do it, ………………………..? p. My car keeps breaking down, ………………………..? q. You don’t have to say that, ………………………..? r. He will sing a song, ………………………..? s. They are not working, ………………………..? 121Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 Add suitable tag questions. a. You went to the supermarket, ………………………..? b. They’re not from Dharan, ………………………..? c. It won't be anything expensive, ………………………..? d. He is an engineer, ………………………..? e. That’s not really difficult, ………………………..? f. You haven't been on holiday, ………………………..? g. They were in the park, ………………………..? h. His father is very helpful, ………………………..? i. You don't like ice cream, ………………………..? j. This meal is horrible, ………………………..? k. That film was fantastic, ………………………..? l. You haven’t got a piece of paper, ………………………..? m. You don’t know where Kunal is, ………………………..? n. The meeting’s tomorrow at 9 am, ………………………..? o. He is a doctor, ………………………..? p. She comes from Butwal, ………………………..? q. Milan is really tired, ………………………..? r. We were working on a new project, ………………………..? s. They bring some snacks, ………………………..? t. There's a dictionary on the shelf, ………………………..? u. There's a lot of noise outside, ………………………..? Test Yourself 4 Add suitable tag questions. a. The dishes are dirty, ………………………..? b. Kumar won't be at the party, ………………………..? c. We can go tomorrow, ………………………..? d. This shirt is too big for me, ………………………..? e. You aren't twenty-one, ………………………..? f. My son can draw this picture, ………………………..? g. You don't know her, ………………………..? h. He's got my newspaper again, ………………………..? i. You are going to dance, ………………………..? j. You are Neha, ………………………..? k. The dog is in the kennel, ………………………..? l. His father has gone out, ………………………..? m. The bag belongs to Hem, ………………………..? n. You are in a lousy mood today, ………………………..? o. I didn't bring enough money, ………………………..? p. We can't keep our dog here, ………………………..? q. You’re the manager, ………………………..? 122Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

11Prepositions Read the text. Yesterday Mohan was at the bus stop. He was waiting for a bus that goes to Kirtipur. He was standing near the pole. Soon a girl came there with her dog. She asked him, “Are you waiting for the bus?” He smiled and shook his head. The dog stared at him. Just then a big elephant came along the road. The dog got scared and ran away. The dog jumped over a wall. It jumped into a garden. It ran out of the garden through the gate. It ran between the trees. It ran under a bridge. It ran towards Anita’s house. Now it is inside Mohan’s bedroom. The words in, at, for, between, over, under, into, out of, etc are prepositions. A preposition shows a relationship between its object and other words in a sentence. 123Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Prepositions show different relationships among nouns and other words. Relationship of place or position There is a book on the table. They live in a big house. A dog is sitting under the table. His head is above the water. Write your name below the line. There is a tree behind the house. SHHTRheheeeeclgwaametmaitosasennubshpoaherreirrnpeaivriobnlefyed1tfiioa9mnrt8eet0thet.eennmoo'oc’rlconlcionkcg.k.. SSHhheeechhaaamssebbeeheeennrerielolansdiMinncgoentThdiuaseyb.sdoaoyk. for two hours. Relationship of direction and motion The boy ran towards the house. He dived into the pool. She walked across the road. The children went to Dharan. Here is the list of common prepositions: at above opposite across from by along in front of into near out of down against during over for past in among round since around through inside to under before behind until below up beside next of on with between off within 124Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Prepositions of place We use prepositions of place to show the position of the noun. Prepositions of place usually come before the noun or pronoun. above The poster is above the sofa. across He walked across the street. against The bat is against the wall. around She walked around the park. at Is your house at the end of the street? behind The girl sat behind the two boys. below The desk is below the window. between Riya sat between the two boys. by The bookshelf is by the door. in They live in a big house. inside They are sitting inside the house. near I don't live near the supermarket. next to I live next to my best friend. on The book is on the desk. opposite The post office is opposite the park. outside The car is outside the house. under The ball is under the table. Look at the pictures and study the uses of place prepositions: The book is on the chair. The doll is under the chair. The dog is behind the chair. The car is at the house. There are five rooms in the house. Tom is waiting for his sister at the bus stop. Three players are practising on the field. Two cows are grazing in the field. 125Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Mohan Riya Mohan wrote his name below the line. Riya wrote her name above the line. The boy is running across the road. The girl is walking along the road. Suman is in front of Mohan. The rabbit is among the dogs. Mohan is behind Suman. The cat is between the two dogs. Rita is beside Suman. She always sits next to me. The clouds are above the plane. There is a poster above the desk. There is a desk below the poster. She was looking through a telescope. The boy went through the tunnel. 126Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Prepositions of time Time prepositions are used to define time. Prepositions usually come before a noun or pronoun. Prepositions never come after a verb. in months in July, in September, in May in year and longer time in 1985, in 1999, in the 1990s, in the next century, in the Ice Age, in the past/future seasons in summer, in the summer of 69 part of the day in the morning, in the afternoon, in the part of the day evening time of day at night, at noon, at midnight at festivals at 3 o'clock , at 6 o'clock, at midnight fixed time at Christmas, at Dashain, at Holi at the same time, at dinnertime, at bedtime days of the week at sunrise, at sunset, at the moment on date on Sunday, on Friday on 12 June, on 25 Dec. 2001 special holidays on my birthday, on Christmas Day, on New Year's Eve, on Independence Day Look at these examples: The shop closes at midnight. She was born in December. My school starts at 9:30 am. Her birthday is on 20 November. They went home at lunchtime. The stars shine at night. Do you work on Mondays? I stay with my family at Dashain. Where will you be on New Year's Day? I will see you on Monday. I don't usually work at the weekend. My plane leaves at noon. We finished the test at the same time. He likes to read in the afternoon. The week begins on Sunday. The book was published in 2005. The movie starts at 6 pm. Leaves fall in Autumn. The days are long in August. I worked there for five years. The flowers will bloom in spring. The film starts at eight o' clock. Their birthday is on the eleventh of July. I haven't seen her since April. We do not use at, in, on with the time expressions that come with last, next, every, this. I went to Dharan last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) I go home every Dashain. (not at every Dashain) We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening) 127Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Some more time prepositions: He wrote a letter in twenty minutes. in duration They painted the house in two days. She cooked all the food in three hours. I will be there after work. after later than something She came here after 2 o’ clock. They sold the house after July. We play games after school. I will be there before I go to school. before earlier than something She came here before 3 o’ clock. They sold the house before Monday. between time that separates I will be there between six and eight. two points She came here between Monday and Tuesday. by not later than a I will have done it by two o’clock. special time They will have painted the house by Monday. I will have revised this book by June. I have been reading the book for two hours. for period of time She has been living here for two years. I have learnt the guitar for six months. I haven’t met her since July. since point of time I have been reading the book since Monday. She has been living here since 2005. I have learnt the guitar since August. till / no later than a I will not be home until 7pm. until special time within during a period of time I will be there within 2 hours. Look at these examples: She has been here since July. I'm going to Pokhara for two weeks. We must finish the project within a year. 128Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Some other types of prepositions: Manner You can go by bus (car, train, ship, plane). by They went to Pokhara by plane. on He went on foot (horseback). Do you go to school by bus or on foot? in I like to travel on train (ship, plane). We came here in a taxi. They sat in the car comfortably. He speaks in a low voice. She left in a hurry. Agent or Instrument with She cut vegetables with a knife. I wrote it with a pen. His father chopped the log with an axe. by This poem was written by Devkota. The food was cooked by Sunita. Accompaniment with He went with her to the store. He came here with his uncle. Do you go out with these boys? Purpose I bought it for Sunita. for He went to market for some bread and butter. Source and origin from I got this book from Anita. They were interested in music from their childhood. Measure I want three quarts of milk and a pound of cheese. of Two-thirds of the pages were torn. Belonging The students of this school are talented. of The dresses of these girls are very expensive. 129Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Make sentences from the tables. The book is on the bag. in by beside near under Anita is sitting behind her brother. in front of beside near by Binod is in the car. inside outside in front of behind They walked across the park. around the park. under the bridge. down the street. up the street. over the hill. through the park. on the sidewalk. He came here at 10 o’clock. on Monday. before 6 pm. after 9 pm. in July. between ten to four. around 5 pm. 130Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Speaking Practice: How many of these things can you find in the picture? Say where they are. bed TV chair bookcase poster table doll books Speaking Practice: Ask and answer these questions with your friends. M A1 C 2 B Where is the number 1? N Where is the letter A? Where is the number 2? Where is the letter C? Where is the letter B? Is letter A opposite letter B? Where is the letter M? Is letter N in front of letter C? Is the number 1 between A and C? Is the letter C inside the circle? Is the letter M behind the letter C? Is the letter N outside the rectangle? 131Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions. a. The girl is sitting ........................ the two dogs. (between, among) b. A cow is grazing ........................ the field. (on, in) c. He was born ........................ 2000. ( in, on) d. There is a lot of food ........................the refrigerator. (on, in) e. He works ........................ a bank. (on, in) f. Albert Einstein was born ........................ 14 March, 1879. (on, at, in) g. He is standing ........................ his parents. (on, with) h. He lives ........................ a big house. (on, at, in) i. I have bought a pair ........................ socks. (on, at, of) j. He will go shopping ........................ the afternoon. (in, at, with) k. His father gave me a book ........................Wednesday. (on, at, in) l. I am waiting ........................ my friends. (for, at, with) m. There are kites ........................the sky. (on, for, in) n. He always goes to see my uncle ........................ Saturdays. (on, at, in) o. A girl is standing ........................the bus stop now. (on, at, in) p. He came here ........................ March 17th, 2006. (at, in, on) q. There is a beautiful picture ........................the wall. (on, for, in) r. ........................Monday I have to go to the doctor. (on, at, in) Test Yourself 2 Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions. a. A sheep is grazing ........................the six goats. (between, among) b. There is a blackboard ........................the wall. (between, on) c. He took out the book ........................ the bag. (on, at, from) d. I found the picture ........................the newspaper. (on, with, in) e. There is a party ........................4th July. (on, since, in) f. My birthday is ........................ July. (at, in, on) g. My book is ........................ my bag. (on, for, in) h. She is the tallest ........................ the girls. (on, at, of) i. The book is ........................ the table. (on, at, for) j. There are a lot of books ........................the library. (on, at, in) k. Are your children ........................their grandmother's house? (on, at, in) l. He came here ........................Monday morning. (on, at, in) m. Dinner will be ready ........................2 hours. (with, to, in) n. Will you wait for me ........................the bus stop? (on, at, in) o. He brought a book ........................me. (on, at, for) p. What do you usually do ........................ the weekend? (on, at, in) q. The blackboard is ........................ the chair. (above, below) 132Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions. a. The meeting is .................... the morning. (on, at, in) b. My friends are coming .................... Kathmandu in March. (to, at, onto) c. She comes ....................Pokhara. (on, from, after) d. My sister lives ………….the 6th floor. (on, at, with) e. Nobody is home ………….the weekend. (on, at, in) f. They live …………. India. (under, at, in) g. They sat …………. the chairs. (on, for, in) h. We are having a party …………. my house. (on, at, in) i. The factory was opened …………. 1987. (on, at, in) j. We are sitting ………….the park. It is a nice day. (on, at, in) k. The meeting finished …………. midnight! (on, at, in) l. She always meets me …………. the morning. (on, at, in) m. The thief ran away ………….the narrow path. (at, along) n. She left her job …………. August. (on, at, in) o. The train arrives …………. 10.05. (on, at, in) p. The cat is …………. the pigeons. (between, among) q. We sent the order …………. March 10th. (on, at, in) Test Yourself 4 Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions. a. At 7:30 …………. the evening, she will phone me. (on, at, in) b. Charlie Chaplin died ………….25 December, 1977. (on, at, in) c. The school opens …………. 9:30. (on, at, in) d. A dog is sitting …………. the two boys. (between, among) e. Computers were invented …………. the 20th Century. (on, at, in) f. She likes walking …………. the rain. (on, at, in) g. We sit …………. the room. (on, for, in) h. She lives …………. a hotel. (on, at, in) i. The bus arrives …………. 5 pm. (on, at, since) j. We went to the cinema ………….Wednesday evening. (on, at, in) k. The photo hangs …………. the wall. (on, at, for) l. The car stands …………. the end of the street. (above, at, in) m. An old man is standing …………. the two cows. (between, among) n. He comes home …………. 6 p.m. every evening. (on, at, in) o. She has been watching TV …………. six hours. (since, for) p. I met him …………. the airport. (on, at, above) q. The robber is …………. prison now. (on, at, in) r. I’m going to meet my uncle …………. Friday. (on, at, with) s. They live …………. the second floor. (on, at, under) t. The restaurant opens ………….8:30. (for, at, in) 133Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 5 Fill in the correct prepositions. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born..................(in, on, at) Kentucky ..................(in, on, at) February 12th, 1809. His family moved ..................(with, to, on) Indiana when he was eight years old. Lincoln loved to read. He only went to school ..................(since, for, on) a few months. He had to study and learn on his own. ..................(For, From, With) his childhood, Abraham Lincoln was hard working. He worked on a farm and ..................(in, at, under) a store and ..................(at, on, with) a boat. Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th President ..................(on, of, at) the United States ..................(in, on, at) 1860. He did many things as President. Many people think he was the best American President of all time. He is most remembered ..................(to, for, at) freeing the slaves. He was President of the United States ..................(in, on, during) the time the Civil War was fought. The Civil War was fought ..................(among, between, with) the Northern and Southern states. While attending a play ..................(in, on, at) April 14th, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was shot ..................(by, at, on) John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln died the next morning. Lincoln’s birthday is celebrated ..................(in, on, at) February..................(in, on, of) each year. 134Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Vocabulary Practice A. Seasons Years Spring April May June 12 (months) Summer July August September Autumn October November December Winter January February March Now look at the above chart and fill in the blank spaces. a. There are ............................. months in a year. b. There are ............................. seasons in a year c. Each season has............................. months. d. June is in ................................................. . e. February is in................................................... . f. November is in................................................... . g. My favourite season is.......................................... . B. Complete the text with suitable words. China is the world’s third-largest country. So many people live in China. It has a bigger ............................. than any other country. There are about 1.287 billion ............................. in China. A little more than one-third of Chinese people live in ............................. or cities. This is fewer than most other .............................. Beijing is the capital and most important ............................. centre. China is so vast that it contains all sorts of different .............................. But more than half the country is covered by ............................. and high plateau. Some of the world’s highest mountain ranges are found in the .............................. Two of the world’s longest ............................. flow all the way across China, from the plateau of Tibet to the Pacific Ocean. The ............................., and third-longest river in the world, is the Yangzi. It ............................. for 6,300 kilometres before ............................. into the ocean near Shanghai, China’s largest city. We can find different ............................. of animals in China. These warm ............................. are home to gibbons, macaques and many other kinds of apes and monkeys. Today there are fewer black bears and tigers, mainly because people have ............................. into the areas where they once lived. Some ............................. live only in China. The most famous of these is the giant panda, which lives in ............................. forests in some mountainous regions of the south-west. bamboo regions moved animals species emptying flows west longest mountains landscapes rivers cultural population countries towns people 135Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar in Context Read and do the activities that follow. Tower Bridge is a bridge on the River Thames in London near to the Tower of London. It was built one hundred years ago. When ships need to go underneath, the two sides lift up. There is an interesting museum inside the two tall towers. Its name is Tower Bridge Museum. Buckingham Palace is a very big house where Queen Elizabeth lives with her husband. Her husband is called Prince Philip. Every morning soldiers march in front of the Palace for the “Changing of the Guard.” Thousands of tourists watch the soldiers and take pictures. They hope to see the Queen. A. List any eight prepositions from the above text. B. Fill in the correct prepositions. a. Tower Bridge lies ............................ the River Thames. b. Tower Bridge Museum lies............................ the two tall towers. c. Queen Elizabeth lives ............................ her husband. d. They live ............................ Buckingham palace. e. The soldiers march ............................ the palace. C. Now answer the questions. a. What is the name of the river below Tower Bridge? b. How old is the bridge? c. What happens when ships go under the bridge? d. Where is Tower Bridge Museum? e. Who lives in Buckingham Palace? f. When do the soldiers march in front of the palace? g. Which city are Tower Bridge and Buckingham Palace in? 136Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Guided Composition Look and write. First the cat sat on the table. Then it jumped off the table. After that it went under the table. And then it sat on the mat. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 137Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

12 Conjunctions Read the text. Nancy and Kathy are twins. They look very similar. Nancy has straight hair and Kathy has straight hair, too. Nancy is fat and Kathy is fat, too. Although they look very similar, they are different in some ways. Nancy likes playing with dolls but Kathy doesn’t. She likes playing games on her computer. Kathy likes apples but Nancy doesn’t. She likes strawberries. But Kathy doesn’t like strawberries. When their mother asks them, “I’m going to market. Shall I buy strawberries or apples?” Nancy says ‘Strawberries’ and Kathy says ‘Apples’. Nancy doesn’t say ‘Apples’ because she doesn’t like them. Kathy doesn’t say ‘Strawberries’ because she doesn’t like them. Mother smiles and says, “All right, I’ll buy both apples and strawberries.” Although Nancy and Kathy are very naughty, their parents love them because they are very cute. Here and, but, because, or, although, etc are joining words. They join words, a group of words or sentences. They are called conjunctions. • A conjunction is a word that joins words, a group of words or sentences. Anu and Bini are twins. It joins two nouns. Anu is fat and Bini is fat, too. It joins two sentences. 138Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Read aloud these sentences after your teacher. Sabnam and Rohit are my best friends. Paul is a boy but Joe is a girl. Manoj came to the party although he was sick. I will give you his address so that you can call in and see him. He is studying English in order to get a good job. Neelam has not come because she is sick. The dog hopped and skipped about in the garden. We stayed at home because of the bad weather. If the weather is fine, I'll go to meet my aunty. Stay in the class until the bell rings. and but because as since either...or neither…nor although though in spite of therefore so however before after when while because of yet if ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the conjunctions in these sentences. a. She couldn't sleep because she was very worried. b. Anita is in a hurry because she is late. c. They wear torn clothes although they are very rich. d. Although he studied hard, he failed the exam. e. Mina gave both Anita and Peter some colourful pictures. f. He went to market in order to buy some vegetables. g. They were poor but happy. h. He went out before his mother came home. i. Take an umbrella with you so that you don't get wet. j. Since we are late, we have to go by taxi. k. She was so nervous that she couldn't say anything. l. Wait here until I come back. m. As soon as I have finished the letter, I'm going to post it. n. While I was going to school this morning, I saw a boy dancing on the road. o. Although it was raining on Monday, I didn't stay at home. 139Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Uses of conjunctions Reason Clauses: As, since, because, therefore are used to express reasons. As, since and because come with a complete sentence but because of comes with noun phrases. Mingma arrived late because the traffic was heavy. Anita didn't go to school because she was sick. As it was raining, she did not go out. As we are late, we have to go by taxi. Since I don't have any money, I can't buy this dress. Since the weather was not good, Sumnima did not go out. Sabnam did not go out because of the rain. Mingma arrived late because of the traffic. Concession Clauses: Although, though, in spite of are used to express concession. Although and though come with statements but in spite of comes with noun phrases. Although Bishal is very rich, he wears torn clothes. Although it was very cold, Peter went for swimming. Although it was raining, Mingma went out. He cannot lift the bag though he is very strong. He went out although it was raining hard. Mingma went out in spite of the rain. Purpose Clauses: Purpose clauses are so that, to, in order to, etc.The first form of the verb (v1) is used after in order to and to but a complete sentence is used after so that. In order to meet her uncle, she went to his office. They read English newspapers to improve their English. He works hard so that he can earn a lot. They got up early so that they could catch the early bus. I looked after my brother so that my mother could cook food. We are lining up so that our teacher can count us. Jimmy worked hard in order to pass the test. 140Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Conditional Clauses: If and unless are conditional clauses. They are used to express different types of conditions. If he passes the exam, he will be happy. If he's feeling better, he'll come. If I find her book, I will send it to her. If I left home at two o'clock, I could catch the bus. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. Unless my son was hurt, he would not cry. Unless she worked hard, she could not pass the exam. Unless we pay the bill, they won’t let us go. Other Clauses: He bought a doll and a watch. and Neha reads and writes nicely. but Riya and Mina are going to the zoo. after The food is hot but the milk is cold. before The old man is poor but happy. when She is tall but her sister is short. while He posted the letter after he had written it. either….or…. After she had locked the door, she went out. neither….nor…. They slept after they had finished the work. The patient had died before the doctor came. The train had left the station before I reached there. I had finished my work before he came. When he pushed me, I fell down. When you heat water, it boils. I was reading a paper when she phoned me. Pasang was sleeping while I was painting the room. I called her while she was reading a magazine. While they were playing football, it rained. Either Robin or his son will sing a song. He gave either an orange or a mango. She either writes or reads in the classroom. Neither Alan nor Susan was reading. I bought neither a pen nor a pencil. Mina neither sang nor danced in the party. 141Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Choose a suitable conjunction for each blank space to complete the sentences. a. .......... it was raining hard, the match was postponed. (As, But) b. He failed the exam ....................... his carelessness. (because of, and) c. ............... he was hungry, he didn't eat anything. (Although, As, Because) d. He was late .................. he missed the bus. (of, because) e. ...............I haven't much money, I shan't be able to buy a new house. (if, because) f. …….. Anna comes here, I will have left the place. (By the time, Where) g. Can you hold my bag .............. I fill in this form? (after, while) h. He bought a book, a pen ................. an eraser. (or, and) i. His teacher is angry .............. he has not completed his work on time. (although, because) j. I am not leaving ............. I see the doctor. (until, before) Test Yourself 2 Choose a suitable conjunction for each blank space to complete the sentences. a. I like Maths ............ my brother prefers English. (but, until) b. I lived in Pokhara ............. I left school. (because, until) c. I went to bed ............ he was tired. (because, because of) d. .............. you add one to two, it becomes three. (So, If) e. I will phone you .................... I arrive. (but, when) f. I will see you ............... you go. (so, before) g. ............ I knew the answer, I would tell you. (So, If) h. ......... we help Alan, he'll be really pleased. (So, If) i. Plants will die ............ they get water. (because, unless) j. Anu didn't come to school ...................... her sickness. (because, because of) Test Yourself 3 Choose a suitable conjunction for each blank space to complete the sentences. a. She did not go out ................. it was raining. (because, because of) b. She is crying ............. she lost her pen. (because, for) c. She put on a coat ............ keep warm. (so that, to) d. Sita is ...............tall nor fat. (either, neither) e. Wash your hand ............. you eat. (before, but) f. I like that book ....................... it is very useful for me. (because, for) g. The class captain will be ................ Suraj or Mina. (either, neither) h. Brush your teeth ....... you have eaten. (after, until) i. We will stay inside ............. it is very cold outside. (since, but) 142Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 4 Look at the chart and read what Robin and Sona bought yesterday. shoes trousers cap bat tie skirt Robin Sona A. Now answer the following questions. a. What did Robin buy yesterday? Robin bought a pair of shoes, a cap, a bat, and a tie. b. What did Sona buy yesterday? Sona bought a pair of trousers, ................................................................ c. What didn’t Robin buy? Robin didn’t buy ........................................................................... d. What didn’t Sona buy? Sona didn’t buy ........................................................................... e. What things did both of them buy? Both of them bought ................................................................................. B. Now fill in the blanks with correct conjunctions. a. Robin .............. Sona went for shopping yesterday. b. Robin bought a pair of shoes ................ he didn’t buy a pair of trousers. c. Robin bought a bat ................ Sona didn’t. d. Sona bought a skirt ................ Robin didn’t. 143Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

13 Reported Speech Read the sentences. I'm tired. I've written three letters. My brother is at school. I will buy a dress. I've got a camera. I'm writing a poem. We write the actual words spoken by somebody within quotation marks. This is called Direct Speech. Alan said, “I’m tired.” The sentences are within the Daniel said, “My brother is at school.” inverted commas. Peter said, “I’m writing a poem.” Sometimes we do not repeat the actual words spoken by somebody and we make some necessary changes while reporting.This is called Indirect Speech. Alan said that he was tired. The sentences are not within Daniel said that his brother was at school. the inverted commas. Peter said that he was writing a poem. 144Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Direct Indirect Riya said, “I’m tired.” Riya said that she was tired. Anil said, “I’m eating an apple.” Anil said that he was eating an apple. Pukar said, “My father is in the park.” Pukar said that his father was in the park. Rishi said, “I love dancing.” Rishi said that he loved dancing. Grammar Study: Direct and indirect Some changes occur while changing sentences from Direct to Indirect. Direct: Riya said, “I am tired.” Indirect: Riya said that she was tired. ‘That’ is inserted. ‘I’ changes to ‘she’. ‘Am’ changes to ‘was’. Now underline the changes in the following sentences. Direct: Anita said to Mohan, “I will give you a book.” Indirect: Anita told Mohan that she would give him a book. Direct: He said to me, “what is your name?” Indirect: He asked me what my name was. Direct: Rosy said,” I have bought a house.” Indirect: Rosy said that she had bought a house. Direct: They said, “We have done the work”. Indirect: They said that they had done the work. Direct: Rishi said to her, “Where do you live?” Indirect: Rishi asked her where she lived. Direct: He said to them, “I have bought some dresses for you.” Indirect: He told them that he had bought some dresses for them. 145Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Put the sentences within the inverted commas. I have a headache. My friend is dancing. It is raining outside. Anita Nina Robin Anita said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Nina said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Robin said, “…………………………………………………………………..” I will buy some apples. My brother is I have seen that playing basketball. movie. Nita Bishal Ankur Nita said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Bishal said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Ankur said, “…………………………………………………………………..” I am very tired. We are hungry. I will call you tomorrow. Kumar Pukar Ali Kumar said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Pukar said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Ali said, “…………………………………………………………………..” I bought a pen I will help my I have painted a yesterday. friends. picture. Ajeeta Bimala Nirya Ajeeta said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Bimala said, “…………………………………………………………………..” Nirya said, “…………………………………………………………………..” 146Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Look at the examples and punctuate the following sentences. He said, “I’m going to Pokhara.” comma inverted comma full stop inverted comma He said, “Where will you go?” comma inverted comma question mark inverted comma a. She said I love dancing ...................................................................................................................... b. Amita said to me have you eaten noodles ...................................................................................................................... c. Bibek said my brother is a doctor ...................................................................................................................... d. Mina said to him I will help you ...................................................................................................................... e. He said to me what is your name ...................................................................................................................... “How are you?” asked Riya. inverted comma question mark inverted comma full stop “Let’s run faster,” shouted Ashok. inverted comma comma inverted comma full stop f. Rita said I lost my book yesterday ...................................................................................................................... g. Give me some water begged the boy ...................................................................................................................... h. Where do you live asked Mahesh ...................................................................................................................... i. How old are you asked Rosy ...................................................................................................................... j. Are you a student asked Anil ...................................................................................................................... k. I have a brother said Riya ...................................................................................................................... l. My uncle is in the park said Sunil ...................................................................................................................... 147Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Changing tenses While reporting sentences, the tense changes as follows: Present/Future Past is, am, are was, were has, have had can could will would do not/does not did not v1/v5 v2 He said, “I’m tired.” He said that he was tired. He said, “I have a book.” He said that he had a book. He said, “I’ll sing a song. He said that he would sing a song. He said, “I can ride a bicycle.” He said that he could ride a bicycle. He said, “I do not like meat.” He said that he didn't like meat. He said, “I like noodles.” He said that he liked noodles. Now change the tenses of these sentences. a. He said to me, “I can solve this puzzle.” He told me that he ...................................solve that puzzle. b. She said, “My brother does not eat meat.” She said that her brother .................................................................... c. He said, “I will sing a song.” He said that he ............................................................................ d. She said, “My mother has bought me a pair of trousers.” She said that her mother .................................................................... e. Kunal said, “His father is a football player.” He said that his father ....................................................................... f. Riya said, “I am taller than my brother.” She said that she ................................................................................. 148Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Rewrite the following sentences changing the reporting verbs. a. He said to me, “What is your name?” (ask) He .......R..e..w..r..i.t..e...t.h...e. mfoellwowhiantgmsyenntaemnceews acsh.anging the reporting verbs. b. He said, “My name is Abhijeet.” (reply) He .......................... that his name was Abhijeet. c. The boss said, “Bring a glass of water.” (order) The boss .......................... to bring a glass of water. d. Riya said to me, “Please help me.” (request) Riya .......................... me to help her. e. The police said to them, “Do not sit at this place again.” (warn) The police ..........................them not to sit at that place. f. The teacher said to Gita, “ Read English newspapers daily.” (suggest) The teacher .......................... Gita to read English newspapers daily. ABC Grammar Practice: Change the following sentences into indirect speech. a. She said, “My father has gone to Pokhara.” b. He said, “I’ve bought a doll.” c. They said, “We’ve won the match.” d. Anu said, “I cannot do it.” e. Bishal said, “I will buy a toy.” f. He said to me, “I have taken your pen.” g. She said to me, “I will give you some books.” h. “I am going home,” she said. i. “I’ve broken the vase,” Kunal admitted. j. “I won’t go with you,” Anu said to Rojen. k. “I’m sorry for hurting you,” I said to her. 149Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Vocabulary Practice Nouns A. Choose a suitable word for each blank space from the box. hair ear hands neck leg head stomach eye nose toes tooth mouth a. I cannot see well because I have something in my right ……………….. b. Raman walks slowly because of his broken ……………….. c. Go and wash your ……………….. in the bathroom. d. She came to me and whispered something in my ………………... e. The baby is weeping and his ……………….. is running. f. She went to a dentist because one of her front ………….. was paining. g. Has Susan got curly ……………….. or straight hair? h. A small baby can’t put food in its………………... i. We have got ten fingers and ten ………………... j. The boy bowed his………………..in shame. k. Sony is wearing a beautiful gold chain around her ……………….. l. My …………….. is paining because I ate a lot of spicy food yesterday. B. Choose a suitable word for each blank space. 1. ……………………….. 1 20 2. ……………………….. 2 19 3. ……………………….. 3 18 4. ……………………….. 5. ……………………….. 4 17 6. ……………………….. 5 15 16 7. ……………………….. 8. ……………………….. 6 14 9. ……………………….. 10. ……………………….. 7 11. ……………………….. 12. ……………………….. 13 13. ……………………….. 8 14. ……………………….. 15. ……………………….. 12 16. ……………………….. 9 10 11 17. ……………………….. 18. ……………………….. 19. ……………………….. 20. ……………………….. ankle, back, belly, bottom, calf , elbow, finger, foot, forearm, hand, shoulder, head, knee, lower leg, neck, thigh, thumb, toe, upper arm, wrist 150Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five