Maxim Grammar Book 5_Sunil_2075

REVISED AND ENLARGED MA IM OF ENanGdLCISoHmGpRoAsiMtiMonAR A Basic Skills Course in English Grammar and Composition 5Book Editor/writers D N Mukhiya Sarah Matchett Anand Arora

Published by: TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 e-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com © Copyright, Publisher 2073 BS First Edition : 2066 BS Revised and Enlarged : 2072 BS Reprint : 2073, 2074 BS Revised and Enlarged : 2075 BS Reprint : 2076, 2077 BS Reprint : 2078 BS Readmore always welcomes constructive suggestions regarding its textbooks. Layout: Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange our textbooks from your nearest book distributor if any technical errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to the deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

Preface First Edition 2066 BS MA IM of English Grammar and Composition has been designed to give students systematic guidance on grammatical concepts and various functional contexts following the appropriateness of both inductive and deductive approaches. The series has sound coverage of all grammar topics, supported by grammar notes, language notes, vocabulary activities, writing composition skills and reading comprehension techniques for developing the four skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) of the English language. The grammatical activities in the series represent a blend of both functional and traditional approaches of teaching English grammar. The activities based on functional grammar are meant to improve communicative competence of students by showing them how texts work in real life situations and how grammar works in the context of different text types. On the other hand, traditional approach to English grammar serves to provide students with the terminology and rules needed to talk about grammar; and help them deal with the terms and typical questions of grammar in various English language tests. The exercises are designed to help students understand grammatical concepts in functional context reinforcing the learning of English in the classroom. Many of the exercises incorporate learner-centered activities that include various learning materials and help students get ample practice in applying grammatical concepts in real-life oral and written English. We are really grateful to all the teachers and students of government and private schools who helped us in piloting the series. We feel privileged to extend our sincere thanks to the publisher who thought of publishing this series, and more importantly we are thankful to D N Mukhiya, who revised and edited the series in accordance with the English curriculum of Nepal, following a new approach to the teaching of current English usage. Any constructive suggestions for the betterment of the series will always be welcomed. Authors Revised and Enlarged Edition 2075 BS We are pleased to publish the revised and enlarged edition of the Maxim of English Grammar and Composition series (Revised and Enlarged). The series has long been one of the best and most representative of all English Grammar books in Nepal, and has continually been enjoyed by English teachers, students and parents since its original publication in 2066 BS. This new edition selectively excludes and includes grammar topics and exercises, makes necessary corrections, and adds colourful illustrations to make the series more classroom friendly and purposeful. We acknowledge with appreciation the assistance of all the teachers and experts who have given their valuable suggestions for the revision of the series. D N Mukhiya

Contents 1. Sentence ................................................................ 5 Vocabulary Practice............................................... 13 Grammar in Context............................................... 14 Guided Composition............................................... 15 2. Nouns........................................................................ 16 3. Article ....................................................................... 30 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 39 Grammar in Context .............................................. 42 Guided Composition .............................................. 44 4. Pronouns .................................................................. 45 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 53 Grammar in Context .............................................. 54 Guided Composition .............................................. 55 5. Adjectives ................................................................. 57 6. Degrees of Adjectives ............................................ 63 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 69 Grammar in Context .............................................. 74 Guided Composition .............................................. 75 7. Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative ........................ 76 8. Tense ........................................................................ 84 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 106 Grammar in Context .............................................. 108 Guided Composition ............................................. 109 9. WH Questions .......................................................... 110 10. Tag Questions .......................................................... 118 11. Prepositions ............................................................ 123 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 135 Grammar in Context .............................................. 136 Guided Composition .............................................. 137 12. Conjunctions ............................................................ 138 13. Reported Speech .................................................... 144 Vocabulary Practice .............................................. 150 Grammar in Context .............................................. 160 Guided Composition ............................................. 164

Read the story. 1Sentence The woman who never lied A wise woman named Akhilya lived in a far away land. All the people knew that she never lied. One day the king of that country decided to cause her to tell a lie. He ordered his subjects to bring her to the palace. Akhilya came to the palace. The king held his horse by the mane. His left foot was already on the stirrup. He ordered Akhilya, “I’m going for hunting now. Go to my palace and inform the queen about it.” Akhilya bowed down and went to the queen. Then the king laughed and said, “We won’t go hunting and now Akhilya will lie to the queen. Tomorrow we’ll laugh on her behalf.” But Akhilya went to the palace and said, “Your Highness! Maybe the king will go for hunting.” “Will he go for hunting or not? What did he tell you?” asked the queen. Akhilya replied, “I don’t know whether he put his right foot on the stirrup, or he put his left foot on the ground after I left.” “The wise Akhilya, who never lies, lied to you yesterday, didn’t she?” the king asked the queen next day. But the queen told him about the words of Akhilya. The king realized that the wise people never lie. They say only what they see. He said, “How wise she is!” ? Discuss in groups. question mark How many sentences are there in the story? ! How many sentences end with a full stop? How many sentences end with a question mark? .exclamation mark Is there any sentence that ends with an exclamation mark? Underline a sentence that starts with an auxiliary verb. full stop Circle a sentence that starts with a main verb. 5 5Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Falling Rising Akhilya was a wise woman. Are you telling a lie? She came to the palace. Are you wise? She never told a lie. Did she tell a lie? Go to the palace. Do you like reading stories? The wise woman’s name was Akhilya. She was a wise woman, wasn’t she? This is good! Was the king clever? What a wise woman! Wow! That woman was wise, wasn’t she? Which is your favourite story? ABC Grammar Practice: Tick ( ) the groups of words that make complete sense. the Akhilya to came palace. Everybody waited for the king. came Akhilya to palace the. Everybody for the king waited. Akhilya came to the palace. waited for the Everybody king. Akhilya to the palace came. waited Everybody for the king. What is a sentence? A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense. The words in a sentence are grouped in a certain order so that it gives a complete meaning. akhilya the queen lie to will YES NO YES NO Does this sentence make any sense? YES NO Does it start with a capital letter? YES NO Does it end with punctuation? Are the words arranged in proper order? It is not a sentence because it doesn’t have the following qualities: • A sentence makes complete sense. Akhilya will lie to the queen. • Its words are arranged in proper order. • It starts with a capital letter. What Do not make a noise. lovely dress! a • It ends with punctuation. Do you have a pen? Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five 6

ABC Grammar Practice: These sentences are from the story. Rearrange the words to make sensible sentences. Use a suitable punctuation mark. a. All the people knew that she never lied. b. her to tell a He decided to cause lie c. He bring her to the ordered his subjects to palace d. Akhilya to the palace came e. The the mane king held his horse by f. went to the Akhilya bowed down and queen g. we will laugh on Tomorrow her behalf h. What did he tell you? i. But the words of Akhilya queen told him about the j. The people never king realized that the wise lie ABC Grammar Practice: Tick ( ) the groups of words that make complete sense. a. intelligent sister Her is an girl. b. Kabir can play the guitar. c. beautiful What a it is picture! d. red dresses likes Nisha. e. movies watching you Do like? f. go to next Pokhara Anita week will. g. the street dog barking is The in. h. playing The football are boys. i. man An sitting old is on bench the. j. play road not on the Do. k. me water a glass Give of. l. The with a stick boy the hit dog. m. in the morning What time you do get up? n. Saturday book reads a She story every. 7Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Types of sentences The words in a sentence are arranged in different orders to express various functions. Words are generally arranged in four different ways that make four different kinds of sentences. Assertive: Noun/pronoun + verb +……........................(full stop) n It asserts something YES or NO. Suman is from Dhangadhi. He works in a school. n It starts with a noun or a pronoun. He has a daughter. n It ends with a full stop. Her name is Archi. Interrogative: Auxiliary/WH + noun/pronoun + verb+………….? n It asks questions. Are you from Dhangadhi? n It starts with an auxiliary verb. Do you like it? n It starts with a WH word. Where are you from? n It ends with a question mark (?). How old are you? Imperative: Verb/Don't + .................................... (full stop) n It starts with a verb (Go, Do, Have, Let, etc). Come here. Do your work. n Use an imperative sentence to make a request Have a seat here. or to give a command. End it with a period (.). Let me sing a song. Do not sit here. Exclamatory: What/How.......................................! Interjections...........................! n It starts with an interjection or ‘What/How’. What a nice dress! Ouch! It hurts. n Use an exclamatory sentence to express strong How strong he is! feeling. End it with an exclamation mark (!). Bravo! You did well. Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five 8

ABC Grammar Practice: Write the types of the following sentences. a. How far is it? b. Get me some water. c. How clever she is! d. Can he speak English? e. Come here and sit down. f. What a quiet place it is! g. Where did they go? h. Don’t make a noise. i. Leave that cat alone. j. How wonderful you look! k. What did Mina tell Neha? l. Did she pass the test? m. Get under the tree. n. Don’t shut the door. o. How did he do that? p. When does school start? q. Is that blue or green? r. Are you going to the zoo? s. Who broke the glass? t. What a stupid man he is! u. Is the computer working? v. Let him sing a song. w. Mina doesn't like milk. x. Stay where you are. y. Where were you yesterday? z. How intelligent they are! Speaking Practice: Fill in the speech bubbles with the correct sentences. Don’t open the window. Whose book is this? What a beautiful picture! Can I use your camera? Give me your pen. He is an inspector. 9Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Punctuate the following sentences. a. how old are you b. why was he weeping c. the doctor told me to take these vitamins d. haven’t you solved the puzzle yet e. anil, hand me your drawing f. send her a nice gift g. please let me see that picture h. give me time to read all the questions i. do not go out j. wow, that’s an exciting prize k. where do you live l. what a thrill it would be to win a lottery m. please help me write a poem n. what a beautiful picture o. can I use your camera p. is Chandra Dangi the world’s shortest man Test Yourself 1 Complete these assertive sentences. a. Ricky Thomas Ponting was .............. in Tasmania. b. Tasmania is the smallest .................... of Australia. c. Ponting is a former Australian ......................... player. d. He is one of the ....................... batsmen in the world. e. He ....................... playing cricket at the age of 17. best born cricket started state Test Yourself 2 Complete these assertive sentences. a. Sachin Tendulkar was ....................... in Mumbai. b. Mumbai is the ....................... city in India. c. He is a former cricket .......................in India. d. He is one of the best ..................... in the world today. e. He started playing cricket at an ....................... age. player born largest early batsmen 10Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 morning brush Complete these imperative sentences. speak lose a. Always ....................... the truth. b. Never ....................... your patience. homework c. Be ....................... and courageous. walk d. Get up early in the....................... . e. Wash your face and .......................your teeth. exercise f. Clean up your ....................... . brave g. Have a long ....................... . pluck h. Do ...................... and yoga to keep yourself fit. drink i. Don't ....................... flowers. keep j. Always ....................... clean water. room tease classes k. Always .......................your classroom neat and clean. l. Attend your .......................regularly and punctually. m. Do your .......................carefully. n. Don't .......................dogs. going Test Yourself 4 write give Complete these interrogative sentences. start white a. What time does your school .......................? like b. Have you .......................Pokhara? Where c. Why didn’t she .......................anything? visited d. Did he sing a pop .......................? new e. Can you .......................a picture? drive f. When are they .......................to visit? draw g. Where is he .......................right now? early h. Did she .......................a letter? song i. Who is the man with the.......................hat? coming j. Why don't you get up .......................? class k. How often do you have an English .......................? say l. Do they buy .......................dresses? m. Will you....................... me your pen? n. ....................... is the car? o. Does he ....................... a bus? p. Which doll do you ....................... ? 11Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 5 Complete the following exclamatory sentences. Fill in ‘What’ or ‘How’. How + adj+ ............................! What + (a/an) + (adj) + nouns/pronoun + ……..! a. ...................... a difficult task! b. ...................... boring! c. ...................... difficult it is! d. ...................... a boring film! e. ...................... silly he is! f. ...................... nice! g. ...................... a silly boy he is! h. ...................... a nice picture! i. ...................... beautiful she is! j. .................. an interesting fellow! k. ...................... a beautiful girl she is! l. ...................... interesting he is! m. ...................... a beautiful girl! n. ...................... honest he is! o. ...................... an awful mistake! p. ...................... a funny picture! q. ...................... intelligent they are! r. ...................... dangerous it is! s. ...................... a beautiful garden it is! t. ...................... strong he is! u. ...................... a lovely dress! v. ...................... a clever boy! w. ...................... wonderful! x. ...................... a dirty place! y. ...................... an adorable child! z. ...................... delicious! Test Yourself 6 Choose the suitable sentences to complete the dialogues. A: What a beautiful dress!....................................... B: Yes, it’s mine. I bought it last week. A: ……………………………………………....... B: Six hundred. …………………………………. A: Yes, I like it very much. I think I’ll buy one for me. How much did you pay? Is it yours? Do you like it? A: Where are you going? B: …………………………………………..……… A: What have you got in your hand? Where is Tina? B: It’s a camera. A: …………………………………….…………… I’m going to the park. B: No, it’s Tina’s camera. Is it yours? A: …………………………………………………… B: Look! She is buying a film at the studio over there. 12Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Vocabulary Practice Interjections Read the examples and use any four intersections in your own sentences. Meanings Examples Ouch! That hurts! OOuucchh expressing pain Ouch! You stepped on my foot! AAlalas s Ouch! It really hurts! AAhha expressing grief or pity Alas! she's dead now. AAhah Alas! he failed the exam. Oh, O expressing pleasure Ah, that feels good. Oh expressing realization Ah, now I understand. O expressing surprise Ah well, it can't be helped. HHi i Ah! I've done it! Hey expressing surprise Oh! You're here! Hey expressing pain Oh! He won the match. HHmmmm expressing pleading Oh! I've got a toothache. Dear Oh, please say 'yes'! Dear expressing greeting Hi! What's new? EEr r UUhh Hi! Where are you going? WWeellll calling attention Hey! Look at that! Bravo Hey! What’s that? Wow expressing surprise, joy etc Hey! What a good idea! Hey! Whose car is this? expressing hesitation or doubt Hmm. I'm not so sure. Hmm. I’m not convinced. expressing pity “Oh dear! Does it hurt? expressing surprise Dear me! That's a surprise! Dear me! Aren't you ready? expressing hesitation This belongs to Riya….er…..Rosy! expressing hesitation Uh...I don't know the answer to that. expressing surprise Well I never!” introducing a remark Well, what did he say? approving something Bravo! You did it well. expressing surprise Wow! What a fantastic boat! Wow! You look terrific! 13Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar in Context Read and answer Reena : What a lovely dress! When did you buy it? Aruna : Last week. I bought it at a supermarket. Reena : How much did you pay for it? Aruna : It’s expensive. I paid two thousand rupees for it. Reena : Hey! Look at these buttons. They are really beautiful. Aruna : Yes. Do you like the dress? Reena : Yes, it’s really nice. Aruna : Then, why don’t you buy one for yourself? Reena : That’s a good idea. Are you free tomorrow? Aruna : Yes, I am. I’ll come to your place at 10. Reena : OK, I’ll be waiting for you. Don’t be late. Aruna : Sure. Bye! Reena : See you! Bye. A. Find the sentences of the following types from the above conversation. Assertive Interrogative Imperative Exclamatory B. Write the types of the following sentences. a. What a lovely dress! b. When did you buy it? c. I bought it at a supermarket. d. Look at these buttons. e. They are really beautiful. f. Do you like the dress very much? g. Don’t be late. C. Answer the following questions. a. Who had a lovely dress? b. When did she buy it? c. How much did she pay for it? d. What will they do tomorrow? e. Where will they meet? 14Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Guided Composition Read and write. Myself I am Hemant. I am ten years old. I live in a small village called Sundar Nagar. I study in Grade five in Bright Future School. There are four members in my family. They are my parents, my elder sister and me. My father is a teacher. He teaches in a school. My mother is a housewife. My elder sister is a student. She is an SEE candidate. I have many interesting hobbies. I like reading, listening to music and meeting friends. I like playing badminton and basketball. After school, I play games on the school playground. On Saturdays, I sometimes go to play basketball at my friend’s house. Now write a short essay about yourself. Use the following guidelines. First Paragraph Give your short introduction. Second Paragraph Write about your family and what they do. Third Paragraph Write about your hobbies. 15Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

2 Nouns Read the text and underline the nouns. It is Saturday. Tina and her cousin, Muna are in the living room. Muna is from a village named Shantinagar. Tina and Muna are watching a Tom and Jerry cartoon. Muna is watching Tom and Jerry for the first time. Tina is drawing a picture of Tom and Jerry. Tom and Jerry is a famous cartoon. It is popular in many countries. Tom is a cat and Jerry is a mouse. The mouse is very intelligent and gives the cat a difficult time. Tom always tries to catch Jerry but he fails. Tom sometimes succeeds in catching Jerry. Tom sometimes beats Jerry, usually when Jerry becomes a great troublemaker. The words Saturday,Tina, Muna, room, Shantinagar,Tom, Jerry, cartoon, etc are naming words. They are called nouns. • A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing or animal. Add two words to each type from the above text. People: Tina, Muna, Nina, Riya, boy, girl, brother, ............................................. Places: Nepal, Kathmandu, India, Birgunj, village, country, ............................... Things: cartoon, book, pen, pencil, chair, desk, water, bag, ................................ Animals: elephant, dog, cock, bull, parrot, frog, tiger, lion, ................................ 16Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these words after your teacher. Types of Nouns Proper: Tina, Neha, Muna, Ashok, Pukar, Tom, Jerry, Brooma, Peter, Anita, Susan, Kathmandu, Sunday, Koshi, June, etc. Common: boy, girl, brother, father, man, country, city, village, river, day, month, noodles, animal, dog, cat, parrot, pen, etc. Collective: team, class, bunch, fleet, army, galaxy, herd, family, crowd, choir, pack, school, audience, etc. Material: water, ice, sand, milk, gold, silver, oxygen, dust, powder, mutton, butter, air, wood, plastic, etc. Abstract: love, happiness, beauty, truth, honesty, education, etc. Grammar Study: Proper and common nouns n A proper noun is a special name we give to a particular person, place, animal or thing. (Ram, Kathmandu, Kirtipur, Tommy) n A common noun is a word that we use every day to talk about a person, place, animal or object. ( boy, village, country, dog, book) Read and learn. n Both girl and Archi are nouns. n When we say girl, it can be any girl. My name is Archi. n When we say Archi, we say about I am a girl. one particular girl. n So girl is a common noun. Archi is a proper noun. • A proper noun always begins with a capital letter. • A common noun begins with a capital letter only if it is the first word of a sentence. Riya is from Janakpur and Pasang is from Dharan. proper proper proper proper Dogs are domestic animals and tigers are wild animals. common common common common 17Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Read and answer. Incorrect Correct It is saturday. It is Saturday. Tina and muna are in the living room. Tina and Muna are in the living room. Muna is from a village named shantinagar. Muna is from a village named Shantinagar. Muna is from a village named a Shantinagar. Muna is from a village named Shantinagar. Work in pairs and discuss: Why are the sentences in the left column incorrect? Write YES or NO. a. Saturday, Tina, Muna and Shantinagar are proper nouns. b. The first letter of a proper noun is always capital. c. The first letter of a proper noun is always small. d. We do not use ‘a/an’ with a proper noun. Now correct the following sentences. a. He lives in dharan. b. His sister’s name is Binita and her brother’s name is anup. c. Are you from butwal? d. She has a dog named tommy. e. I saw rita at the bus stop. f. sohan is from dharan. g. did you meet binita yesterday? ABC Grammar Practice: Think of a proper noun (a special name) for each of these common nouns. Kitty the cat ……………………….the dog ……………………….the elephant ……………………….the horse ……………………….the rhino ……………………….the cow ……………………….the parrot ……………………….the pigeon ……………………….the mountain ……………………….the river 18Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Write a common name for these groups of words. Proper nouns Common nouns Neha, Bina, Nina, Sabnam, Suntali girl Deepak, Kundan, Kabir, Bhola Kathmandu, Biratnagar, Dharan Nepal, India, China Sunday, Monday, Tuesday June, July, August Mayos, Wai Wai, Ra Ra Speaking Practice: Work in pairs. Ask and answer these questions. What is her name? What is her job? Where does she work? What is she wearing? What is his name? Sunita What is his job? (nurse) Where does he work? Kundan What is he wearing? (policeman) Speaking Practice: Talk about the following people in groups. Names Places A: Where is Pasang from? B: He is from Doti. Pasang Dot i Mingma Dolpa Nima Solukhumbu Sumnima Jhapa Dorje Terhathum Balaram Saptari Chetnath Chitwan Tshring Rolpa Tenzing Rasuwa Prepare a similar list about two of your friends and tell the class about them. 19Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Collective and abstract A noun which denotes a group of people, animals, birds or things is called a collective noun. a herd of antelope a colony of ants a sloth of bears a hive of bees a swarm of bees a flight of birds a swarm of butterflies a herd of cattle a parade of elephants a school of fish a shoal of fish a herd of kangaroos a pride of lions a plague of locusts a litter of pigs a flock of sheep a team of athletes a blush of boys a troop of boy scouts a board of directors a staff of employees an orchestra of musicians a panel of experts a crowd of onlookers a band of robbers a crew of sailors an army of soldiers a choir of singers a class of students a flock of tourists • A collective noun can be both singular and plural. There is a choir of singers. There are some choirs of singers. An abstract noun is a noun that you cannot see or touch. It is the name we give to an emotion or idea. kindness fear intelligence beauty childhood failure happiness sadness love hate anger peace pride sympathy bravery loyalty honesty success courage music justice truth faith liberty knowledge information education friendship Writing Practice: Use the following words in your own sentences. a. honesty ................................................................................ . b. music ................................................................................ . c. happiness ................................................................................ . d. a herd of cattle ................................................................................ . e. a choir of singers ................................................................................ . f. a class of students ................................................................................ . 20Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: How to form plurals? We generally add -s or -es to form plurals. Add: Words end in: Examples -s elephant-elephants cow-cows -es -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh box-boxes church-churches -f/-fe watch-watches bush-bushes leaf-leaves wife-wives -ves self-selves knife-knives consonant +-y Exceptions: roofs, giraffes, handkerchiefs, etc -ies vowel +-y baby-babies enemy-enemies vowel +-o tray-trays key-keys -s Musical instruments radio-radios studio-studios ending in -o piano-pianos cello-cellos n Words ending in -o: -os -oes -os or -oes buffaloes/os casinos echoes mangoes/os mosquitoes/os kimonos heroes volcanoes/os zeros/oes logos potatoes tobaccos tomatoes n Irregular plurals mouse - mice louse - lice goose - geese man - men child - children person - people woman - women foot - feet penny - pence n Compound plurals men-servants women-servants man-servant women-students woman-servant woman-student n The following nouns have the same singular and plural form. aircraft deer salmon dozen sheep thousand n The following nouns have no singular form. alms riches bellows scissors binoculars shears glasses pliers spectacles thanks measles trousers 21Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Choose any ten words and change them into plurals. calf child city computer kilo country cub day door fax fly foot fox stamp knife lady library loaf louse man aircraft ass baby pin bag bamboo bed bike book boss buffalo bus match monkey moose question half ox party piano potato radio river room shoe store supply tax time tomato tooth topaz watch worry bush author chair jacket switch deer Grammar Study: Singular and plural words Study the table. Plural Singular these/those this/ that some/ many /several/a few/a lot of a/an two/ three/ all one/each/every other another there are/were + plural noun there is/was + singular noun kinds of/types of + plural noun a kind of/a type of + singular noun This book is mine. These books are mine. That watch is beautiful. Those watches are beautiful. He eats an apple. He eats some apples. Several students passed the exam. Each boy knows Mr. Bean. All the boys know Mr. Bean. There is a ball in the bag. There are some balls in the bag. Now look at these sentences. I like this book. I like that watch. I like this books. I like these books. I like that watches. I like those watches. I like these book. I have a book. I like those watch. I have an apple. I have a books. He comes here every year. I have an apples. All the students passed the test. He comes here every years. This is a kind of tree. All the student passed the test. This is a kind of trees. 22Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Choose the correct words for the blank spaces. a. What kind of .............................. do you need? (thing, things) b. Do you know all the .............................. of the world? (capital, capitals) c. This .............................. is attractive. (picture, pictures) d. I will buy another .............................. (pen, pens) e. That .............................. belongs to Reeta. (house, houses) f. Six .............................. are in the kennel. (puppy, puppies) g. A lot of .............................. serve Indian dish. (restaurant, restaurants) h. There are several .................... that are very expensive. (school, schools) i. The elephant drinks with its .............................. (trunk, trunks) j. Japan is a big.............................. (country, countries) Grammar Study: Countable and uncountable nouns Countable n Countable nouns refer to things that we can count. I have a pen. She has a doll. Many boys are there. They have ten pencils. n Such nouns can take either a singular or plural form. A pen is on the table. A lot of pens are on the table. There is a bench. There are six benches. n We can use a or an with a singular countable noun. an apple an egg a book a bench n We can use number words with countable nouns. six apples one egg three books twelve benches Uncountable n Uncountable nouns refer to things that we cannot count. water tea sugar coffee ice milk n Such nouns take only the singular form of a verb. Water is essential for us. Milk is good for health. n We do not use a or an with uncountable nouns. a water an ice n Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form. waters milks 23Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Uncountable nouns include the following nouns: Liquids : juice, water, coffee, milk, tea, blood, oil. Gases : oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, hydrogen. Foods : cake, bread, meat, fruit, rice, mutton, pudding, jam. Particles : dust, salt, sand, sugar, powder, flour. Solid elements : gold, iron, silver, metal, diamond. Activities : football, basketball, jogging, dancing, farming, singing. Diseases : typhoid, malaria, cancer, tuberculosis. Abstract ideas : education, truth, honesty, music, intelligence, love. Others : furniture, money, advice, news, information, homework. Grammar Study: Unit nouns Uncountable nouns can be measured but cannot be counted. We use the following expressions to show the quantity of uncountable nouns. • Container words: I bought two boxes of cereal. a can of, a box of, a She has a bowl of rice. bowl of, a glass of, a cup of, a bottle of, ... I will have a glass of juice. • Piece words: Who needs a piece of paper? a piece of, a slice She gave me a slice of cheese. of, a bar of, a cake Here is cake of soap. of, a log of,... • Measurement words: She has to get two quarts of milk. a quart of, a litre of, a Can I have a litre of oil? speck of, a lump of, ... I didn’t see any specks of dust on the floor. ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in suitable unit nouns in the blank spaces. a ……….. of bread (loaf, bag) a ……….. of cheese (pound, bar) a ……….. of grapes (piece, bunch) a …….. of toothpaste (tube, quart) a ……….. of onions (roll, bag) a ……….. of lettuce (head, bar) a ……….. of oil (bottle, lump) a ……….. of cereal (box, piece) a ……….. of juice (quart, loaf) a ……….. of cake (piece, litre) a ……….. of toilet paper (roll, bag) a ……….. of soap (bar, litre) a ……….. of toast (slice, litre) a ……….. of cake (slice, quart) a ……….. of bread (piece, quart) a ……….. of sugar (lump, speck) a ……….. of salt (pinch, speck) a ……….. of luck (spot, litre) a ……….. of watermelon (slice, litre) a ……….. of chalk (piece, quart) a ……….. of water (glass, piece) a ……….. of tea (cup, bottle) 24Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Choose the correct words. a. Her mother bought three ………........of onions. (pieces, bags) b. A ………........of wood is floating on the water. ( log, slice) c. I tasted a ………........of cake. It was delicious. (lump, slice) d. I bought a toothbrush and a ………........of toothpaste. (jar, tube) e. Do you like to have a ………........of tea? (cup, tin) f. There is a slice of ………........on the bench. (cheese, sugar) g. Don't forget to buy a bottle of ………........ (tea, oil) h. Look! There is a ………........of grapes. ( slice, bunch) i. There is a ………........of luck for her; she may win. ( spot, head) j. He always drinks three …........of water when he gets up. (glass, glasses) Grammar Study: Quantity words The following chart shows which quantity words go with which kinds of nouns. much, less, little, some, any, many, both, each, a little, a great most, more, several, a few, one every, deal of, a great all, a lot of, lots of the, a couple of, any, amount of, a bit of, no, a great number of, one of none of the a dozen countable singular countable plural uncountable She has some story books. Can I have some water? Each student has a book. All the students have books. She stayed in Pokhara a couple of days. He spends a great amount of money. Now work in pairs and discuss why the following phrases are incorrect: each students some book some waters a few milk a lot of book a number of water every children a great amount of books most child a couple of day one of the book a little books 25Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Correct the following incorrect phrases. much books less boys a little puppies some child most country more boy all the student many cow both boy several dog a few teacher every students each books one of the student a couple of day a great deal of moneys a great amount of waters a great number of student ABC Grammar Practice: Now choose the correct words to complete the sentences. a. Can I have .......................... chips? (some, a little) b. I have fewer .......................... than you. (pencil, pencils) c. There are a dozen .......................... in the vase. (flower, flowers) d. They are sitting on the .......................... . (grass, grasses) e. I have three .......................... of toast everyday. (slice, slices) f. He has to buy a new .......................... of toothpaste. (tube, tubes) g. All the .......................... are here. (child, children) h. There’s a little .......................... left. (sugar, books) i. None of the .......................... is left. (milk, boys) j. A large number of .......................... are there. (boy, boys) k. Several .......................... were destroyed. (house, houses) l. Who has got six .......................... ? (book, books) m. He earns .......................... money. (much, many) ABC Grammar Practice: Read the text and complete the table that follows. Goma has two sons, Sabin and Dorje. She’s teaching the boys about basic personal hygiene. They write a shopping list for hygiene products. Sabin needs a new toothbrush, a tube of toothpaste, mouthwash, and dental floss. Dorje needs shampoo, soap, and conditioner. Goma writes on the list, too. She takes Sabin and Dorje shopping. They buy the hygiene products at a store. At home, the boys sit together at a table. Mother gives them a pen and a sheet of paper. They write a basic personal hygiene routine. I should take a bath every day. I should brush my teeth with toothpaste. I should use dental floss and mouthwash. I should brush or comb my hair. Goma smiles at the boys. 26Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Now complete this table. uncountable countable nouns (singular) countable nouns (plural) ABC Grammar Practice: Read the text and complete the table given below. Yesterday I went to the zoo with my friends in the afternoon. I saw many animals in the zoo. There were elephants, rhinos, tigers, lions, monkeys, crocodiles and horses. I also saw seveal birds. There were peacocks, pigeons, sparrows, crows and mynas. In the evening, I went to the supermarket with my parents. We bought many things. My father bought a radio and some CDs and my mother bought some spoons and dishes. I bought a lot of dolls and a few story books. countable nouns (singular) countable nouns (plural) uncountable Speaking Practice: Say what they are. 27Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Choose the correct words. a. The boy has a lot of ............................. (pencil, pencils) b. How many ............................ of sugar are there? (bowl, bowls) c. The library is a quiet .......... for children to come and read. (place, places) d. Many small ..............................were destroyed. (village, villages) e. It was autumn, and the ............................. were falling. (leaf, leaves) f. We’ve got some .......................... for breakfast. (egg, eggs) g. Three ............................. came to our school. (policeman, policemen) h. There’s one .......................... of juice. (bottle, bottles) i. All the ......................... were tired yesterday. (boy, boys) j. How many ......................... do you have in your bag? (book, books) k. Do you have a ............................ with long brown hair? (dog, dogs) Test Yourself 2 Choose the correct words. a. How many ............................of furniture are there? (piece, pieces) b. We have several English ................................ (book, books) c. My sister has a new............................. (computer, computers) d. He ate three .................................. of cheese. (piece, pieces) e. I have two .................................... (sister, sisters ) f. There are three ................................ in the room. (window, windows) g. Is there a place for ................................... here? (child, children) h. Susan has four ...................................... (poster, posters) i. There is one ................................ on the floor. (pen, pens) j. All living ................................ breathe air. (being, beings) k. There are five ............................ on my desk. (pencil, pencils) l. The traffic did not move for three.............................. (hour, hours) Test Yourself 3 Choose the correct words. a. I’m waiting for some ............................ from my friend. (letter, letters) b. How many bags of .......................... are there? (money, moneys) c. The two .......................... cost the most money. (lamp, lamps) d. My brother has two little............................ as pets. (mouse, mice) e. All his ........................... have gone to Damak. (friend, friends) f. There’s one .......................... of sugar. (bowl, bowls) g. Have you got any ...........................? (stamp, stamps) h. There are six .......................... in the pond. (duck, ducks) i. A few ............................. are in the hall. (child, children) j. I had many ............................... for my birthday. (present, presents) k. All the ........................... are expensive. (book, books) 28Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 4 Choose the correct words. a. I have ............................... friends. (many, much) b. Only ........................ tickets were sold for the concert. ( a few, a little) c. Not ........................ birds can fly. (a , all) d. ............................ boy was tired yesterday.(Every, All) e. I play the flute for an hour every ............................. . (day, days) f. Every ................................. in this office is broken. (chair, chairs) g. They have got .............................. money. (much, many) h. They eat ................................. fish and meat. (much, many) i. They have more than one ............................ nowadays. (car, cars) j. All the ....................................... were late. (boy, boys) k. How ............................... police were there at the scene? (many, much) Test Yourself 5 Choose the correct words. Crocodile Alligator Both alligators and crocodiles are reptiles. Though they are very similar, there are ................ (some, a) differences between them. They are heavy and slow but both of them can suddenly move quickly. Their prey is smaller animals that they can eat very easily in a single bite. Like ................ (all, every) reptiles, they have quite a small brain, but it is more advanced than in ................(other, another) reptiles. No alligator can live in salt water, but some crocodiles can. ................ (Every, All) alligator has a broader snout than a crocodile. ................(No, Each) alligator larger than 5.8 meters has been found. In alligators, you can only see................(half, no) teeth when the jaw is closed. In crocodiles, ................(both, each) the upper and lower teeth can be seen. ................(Every, All) crocodiles and alligators can replace their teeth regularly. In fact, young reptiles can make one new tooth ................(all, every) month. But as they get older, this slows down. This means that................(each, all) crocodile or alligator can make at least 3000 teeth in its lifetime! ................(Each, All) tooth is hollow, and the new one grows inside the old one. In this way a new ................ (tooth, teeth) is ready if the old one is lost. 29Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

3 Article Read the text and underline the articles. Christopher Columbus was born in Italy in 1471. He was not only an explorer but also a good sailor. He was the first person from Europe to discover America. He believed that the earth was round and he wanted to prove this. In 1492, he set sail from Spain with three small ships: the Pinta, the Niña, and the Santa María. He sailed across the Atlantic Ocean hoping to search for a quicker sea route to Asia. He reached the lands that were unknown to Europeans. Those lands were later named the Americas. Work in groups. From the above text, note down the articles that come with the following nouns. Some nouns do not come with any articles. ................... explorer ................... good sailor ................... first person ................... Italy ................... Europe ................... America ................... Earth ................... Pinta ................... Santa Maria The words a, an and the are called articles. They come with nouns to point out general and specific meanings. There are two types of articles: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an). Indefinite I saw an old man. A/AN There is a parrot. A cat is an animal. Article Definite The sun rises in the east. THE The boys of this school are intelligent. Mt. Everest is the highest peak. 30Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: A or AN A and an are used with a singular noun when the noun is general. • a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy, a cat, a doll. • an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant, an owl. • Always use an with singular countable nouns that start with a and i because they always give vowel sounds. an axe an apple tree a an ant an aggressive person an alien an arrow an inkpot an insect i an idol an interesting story an ice-cream an intelligent student • These words start with vowel letters but give both vowel and consonant sounds. vowel sounds consonant sounds an envelope an engineer a ewe e an elephant an energetic person a European an egg an easy task an orange an ox a one rupee note o an owl a one way ticket an old man a one legged man an octopus an old friend an umbrella an urn a useful car u an uncle an ugly girl a united team an untidy girl an unwanted thing a uniform a university teacher Singular countable nouns that start with the letter h come with a when it is pronounced but they come with an when it is silent. h is silent h is pronounced The consonants are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, an hour a hamburger q, r, s, t, v, w, x,y, z an honest person a horse an honourable teacher a hunter The vowels are: an heiress a hammer a , e, i, o , u an heir a hat He is an honest teacher. He eats a hamburger. 31Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

A or An doesn’t come with uncountable and plural nouns. We drink water everyday. a water Cows give us milk. an ice Ice melts when you heat it. a books Sugar is sweet. an apples Glass is made of sand. Is there any rice left? Bees are insects. Apples are good for our health. Books give us knowledge. Parrots are birds. Note also that in English, a/an are used to indicate membership in a profession, nation, or religion. I am a teacher. Shishir is an inspector. Brian is an Irishman. Sabnam is a Muslim. Seiko is a practising Buddhist. If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a or an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article: a broken egg an egg a boiled egg an unusual problem a problem an old problem a European country a country a beautiful country ABC Grammar Practice: Use a or an in the blank spaces. .......…boy .......…intelligent boy .......… very intelligent boy .......… inspector .......… Indian inspector .......… very good inspector .......… doctor .......… Indian .......… honest doctor .......… doll .......…beautiful doll .......… expensive doll .......… jacket .......… expensive jacket .......… leather jacket .......… watch .......… Chinese watch .......… expensive Chinese watch .......… octopus .......… small octopus .......… very small octopus .......… girl .......… intelligent girl .......… good girl .......… story .......… old story .......… interesting story .......… radio .......… small radio .......… Chinese radio 32Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Use a or an in the blank spaces where necessary. He had .......…accident. He had .......…very bad accident. I have .......…big house. I have got .......…important question. He lives in .......…small village. His father is .......…police officer. I bought .......…big hat. I bought .......…cheap umbrella. This is .......…dangerous animal. I saw .......…European last week. Have you seen .......…US ship? The Nile is .......…African river. My sister lives in .......…big flat. She has got .......… nice coat. He has got .......… paper bag. This is .......…open window. She is .......…intelligent girl. She is looking for .......…new job. The Ritz is .......…expensive hotel. This is .......…used napkin. She is .......…engineer. She is .......…housewife. I have .......…old book. I talked to her for half .......…hour. Grammar Study: THE The is used before the names of: • newspapers (The Himalayan Times, The Rising Nepal) • holy books (the Ramayan, the Bible, the Geeta, the Quran) • single universal objects (the sun, the moon, the sky) • rivers, seas, oceans (The Nile, The Atlantic Ocean, The Red Sea) • mountain ranges (the Himalayas, the Annapurna, the Alps) • musical instruments (the guitar, the drum, the keyboard) • Internal parts of the body (the heart, the brain, the lungs, the kidneys) • parts of the day (the morning, the afternoon, the evening) • Ordinal numbers (the first, the second, the third, the fourth) • Names of ships (the Titanic, the Mary Celeste, the Black Queen) • Names of historic events (The Education Day, The Martyrs Day) • plural names of places (The Netherlands, The United States, The Alps) • Names of directions (the east, the west, the north, the south) • points on the globe (the Equator, the North Pole) • geographical areas (the Middle East, the West) • well-known buildings (the Taj Mahal, the Pashupatinath Temple, the Kasthamandap, the White House, ) Note: Do not use ‘the’ if the first word is the name of a place. Oxford University, Buckingham Palace 33Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

The is used with superlatives. Anu was the youngest in her family. She is the most intelligent girl in her class. The biggest dinosaur has a small head. This restaurant is the best in the town. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas. This is the most delicious chocolate cake I’ve ever eaten. The is also used with: • nouns that are already mentioned I met a boy in the street. I gave the boy some food. Once upon a time, there was an old man in a village. The old man left the village when he saw a bull in the village. A businessman came to a hotel with a bag and booked a room. The man left the bag in the room and went away. • definite nouns The book that I bought yesterday is expensive. The milk in this packet is fresh. The apples in this basket are ripe. The students of this school are intelligent. Grammar Study: No article Do not use articles before the names of: • sports volleyball, hockey, baseball • academic subjects mathematics, biology, history • days and months Sunday, Monday, June, August • meals breakfast, lunch, dinner • languages and nationalities Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian • continents Asia, Europe • cities, towns, or states Kathmandu, Biratnagar • streets New Road, Pemba Street • lakes and bays Lake Phewa • countries Nepal, India, China (Except- the Netherlands and the US) • mountains Mount Everest, Mount Fuji [Except- with ranges of mountains like the Andes She plays basketball well. or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn] They take breakfast early. Nepal lies in Asia. Her best subject is Science. Mt. Everest is the highest peak. Can you speak Chinese? Have you visited Pemba Street? 34Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 1 Fill a or an where necessary. a. …….eagle is …….bird. b. …….giraffe has …….very long neck. c. We can ride…….horse. d. …….tiger is …….dangerous animal. e. …….owl hoots at night. f. …….ant is …….insect. g. …….donkey is …….stupid animal. h. …….cat mews and …….dog barks. i. …….dog is …….faithful animal. j. …….monkey likes to eat…….banana. k. …….elephant is …….large animal. l. …….rabbit eats grass. m. …….mouse is…….small animal. n. …….zebra has black and white stripes. o. …….ox is…….domestic animal. p. …….camel has …….hump. q. There are some differences between ……. alligators and ……. crocodiles. r. ……. cow is ……. large mammal. Test Yourself 2 Fill a, an or the where necessary. a. Harry is …….funny person. b. Nishant looks like ……..film actor. c. Pemba looks like …….European. d. Arbind plays ……. flute well. e. I need …….bottle of water. f. She is ……. prettiest girl in the school. g. Suresh is……. young man. h. Sumnima is ……. most intelligent girl in her class. i. She is ……. tallest girl in her class. j. Goma was wearing ……. old dress. k. ……. Sahara is ……. world’s biggest desert. l. That's …….very funny joke. m. The bus travelled at 40 kilometres ……. hour. n. It is …….oldest restaurant in the valley. o. Kathmandu is the capital of …….Nepal. p. Miss Lin speaks ……. Chinese. q. My daughter is learning to play ……. violin at her school. r. Napoleon was ……. great soldier. 35Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 3 Fill a, an or the where necessary. a. …......…..elephant is …......…..big animal. b. …......…..astronomer studies…......…...stars. c. I have …......…..computer. d. …......…..horse neighs. e. I need …......…..eraser but she needs …......…..sharpener. f. …......…..owl is hooting on the tree. g. There is …......….. blackboard on the wall. h. …......…..old woman has …......…..large comb. i. Anita is …......…..good girl. j. Do you have …......…..pen or pencil? I do not have any. k. There is …......…..tie on the floor. Whose tie is this? l. I want to draw …......…..picture. Do you have …......…..colour pencil? m. Jerry is …......…..mouse. n. She has …......…..umbrella and …......…..hat. o. I have…......…..apple and…......…..orange. Which one do you like to eat? p. There is …......…..egg in the nest. Test Yourself 4 Fill a, an or the where necessary. a. There was …................... small hole in …................... bucket. b. …...................best cooks use …................... wooden spoon to stir the sauce. c. Her sister is …............air-hostess for …............famous international airline. d. …...................dolphins are …...................warm blooded animals. e. Have you ever climbed …...................tree? f. He bought …................... jug and …...................iron. g. Nikhil can play…...................guitar very well. h. Can you play …...................volleyball? i. …...................cheetah is …................... fastest animal. j. Riya bought …................... video game for her brother. k. Yesterday he bought …...................plastic bucket. l. The new evidence proved his …................... innocence. m. Nehal found …................... hundred-rupee note in the park. n. Sunday is …................... first day of …................... week. o. Sabnam took …................... breakfast in …................... school canteen. p. His dog saw …................... thief. The dog barked at …................... thief. q. His granny recites …...................Geeta every morning. r. There is …................... post office near …................... bus park. 36Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 5 Fill a, an or the where necessary. Porcupine is ……… small animal. It is ……… beautiful animal. It is ……… true herbivorous animal. It is ……… endangered animal. It has ……… small head. Its body has ……… quills. It eats ……… soft roots, ……… shoots and……… fruits. It likes to hide in ……… tall grasses. ……… antelope is……… plant-eating animal. It is ……… mammal. It is also ……… beautiful animal. It is ……… herbivorous animal. It has ……… horns. ……… largest and tallest antelope is the African giant eland. ……… smallest is the African royal. It eats ……… plants and grass. ……… doe is ……… female antelope. ……… baboon is ……… large monkey. It lives in……… woodlands, grasslands, and ……rocky hills. It sleeps in ……… trees and on cliffs. It looks like ……… dog. It eats plants and ……… animals. It lives and travels in ……… large group. ……… female baboon gives birth to a single young. ……… infant baboon stays with its mother. 37Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Test Yourself 6 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary. Perman is……….famous cartoon show. It is popular in many countries. It is about……….group of kids - two boys, ……….girl and……….monkey. They are elected by……….mysterious masked man named Super Perman to be……….protectors of their city. The main character is……….young boy, Mitsuo. He is the Perman and the leader of his group. All the members of the group own……….special ‘Perman Kit’ that has……….helmet with ear-caps, ……….cape and……….emblem button with……….‘P’. ……….helmet gives them a super strength, ……….cape gives them the power of flight, and ……….emblem button helps them to communicate with one another. Each of them has……….robot. The robot has……….very interesting function. It transforms into……….exact copy of……….person by pulling……….button in its nose. It is very useful when they have to go fighting crime. ……….robots replace them both at……….home and school and help them with different things. Mitsuo usually hides his robot in……….closet of his sleeping room. It is very funny to see him often take advantage of the situation and let his……….robot do the boring stuff around home. This show has a lot of action but is also charming and funny. The stories are often based on dealing with the small and big problems of daily life. 38Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Vocabulary Practice A. Name the following storybook people. king pirate giant vampire elf prince witch queen fairy princess monster dwarf B. Tick ( ) the correct words. 1. You can listen using them and nobody else can hear. a ball-point pen a cup headphones 2. You can drink from it or you can win it at football. a ball-point pen a cup a good dictionary 3. You use this to type information into the computer. a keyboard a mouse a cup 4. It's a big noise that comes from the sky. movies earthquakes thunder 5. It makes a lot of noise, it eats bones and it chases cats. a cat a dog thunder 6. It likes milk, it sleeps a lot and it chases mice. a cat thunder the wind 7. It contains lots of words, it is expensive and you must have one! a cat a dog a good dictionary 39Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

C. Tick ( ) the correct words. 1. A plumber is a person who 2. An electrician is a person who sells meat. sells glasses. fixes broken pipes. fixes your light switches and sockets. 3. A teacher is a person who 4. A butcher is a person who helps people with legal problems. sells flowers. helps people to learn things. sells meat. 5 A soldier is a person who 6 A florist is a person who works in the army. sells flowers. helps people with legal problems. sells fruit and vegetables. 7. A greengrocer is a person who 8. A baker is a person who fixes things that are not working. dispenses medicine. sells fruit and vegetables. sells bread and cakes. 9. An optician is a person who 10. A sailor is a person who sells glasses. works in the army. sells fruit and vegetables. works on a boat. 11. A dentist is a person who 12. A hairdresser is a person who helps people with their teeth. cuts people's hair. fixes broken pipes. helps people with their teeth. D. Gender 1. My father’s brother is my…………………….……(uncle, aunt) 2. Suman’s …………………….……is called Shamant. (father, mother) 3. Kamala has two children, a son and a………………….(daughter, girl) 4. The girl sitting on the bench is Kunal’s………………….(nephew, niece) 5. …………………give us milk. (Cows, Bulls) 6. His father is a ………………… . (policeman, policewoman) 7. Atul has a…………………(brother, sister) called Pinky. 8. Jeevan got married last year. His ……………(husband, wife) is a nurse. 9. Karim is Kunal’s father and Salim’s…………………(grandfather, grandmother) 10. The prince became…………………(king, queen) at the end of the story. 11. The ……………………………………(bridegroom, bride) looks very beautiful in her long wedding dress. 40Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

E. Some proper nouns Remember we always use capital letters with proper nouns. Names and titles of people Winston Churchill the President of the United States the Headmaster of Shikhar Academy Doctor Sagun Professor Sthapit Titles of works, books etc. War and Peace The Merchant of Venice Muna Madan Months of the year January, February, March, April, ….. Days of the week Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,……. Seasons Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter Holidays Chhat, Losar, Dashain, Christmas, Names of countries and continents England, China, India, Nepal,……. Names of zones, districts etc. Africa, Europe, Asia, …….. Bagmati, Saptari, Lalitpur, ………. Names of cities, towns, villages etc. London, Kathmandu, Birganj, Budhha Nagar,….. Names of rivers, oceans, seas, lakes the Atlantic , the Pacific, the Dead etc. Sea,… Lake Fewa, the Nile,…. Names of geographical formations the Himalayas, the Alps, the Sahara Adjectives relating to nationality Chinese radio, Indian food, French nouns music, German literature, Arabic writing Names of streets, buildings, parks etc. King’s Way, New Road, Central Zoo Now add a few proper nouns to the above list. 41Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar in Context 1. Read the conversation and do the activities that follow. Priyanka : How much does this cost? Shopkeeper : Fifty rupees for each packet, please. Priyanka : Give me two packets of biscuits. Shopkeeper : What else do you need, Madam? Priyanka : Well, a tube of toothpaste, a pound of bread, a cake of soap, and a bottle of mustard oil. Shopkeeper : Here they are. Anything else, Madam? Priyanka : I need two kilos of potatoes, one kilo of apples and one kilo of mangoes. Would you put all these things in a box? Shopkeeper : Oh, sure. Here you are! Priyanka : How much do I need to pay? Shopkeeper : Altogether, it’s nine hundred and forty rupees. Priyanka : Here is the money. Shopkeeper : Thank you, Madam. A. Read the conversation and choose the correct words from the brackets. a. each……………………….(packet, packets) b. two……………………….(packet, packets) c. two……………………….(kilo, kilos) d. one……………………….(kilo, kilos) e. a……………………….(box, boxes) f. nine hundred and forty ……………………….(rupee, rupees) B. Answer the following questions. a. How much do the two packets of biscuits cost? b. What did she buy two kilos? c. How many items of things did she buy? d. How much money did she pay? 42Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

2. Read the text and do the activities that follow. Roger had a job in a national park. His room was near the lake. His friends Pujan and Ribaj did not want to sleep in his room. He snored a lot while sleeping. He had a very deep sleep. Nobody could wake him up so easily. Nidhur, the cook of Roger slept one night with him. After that, Nidhur didn’t come to sleep again. Roger had a problem. Every morning when he got up, he found his bed wet. He was also thoroughly wet. He didn’t know how it happened. One night he didn’t sleep. He lay awake. Nothing happened. Next night, he slept soundly. He thought nothing would happen. When he got up, he was again wet and his bed was also wet. He lay awake next night. Nothing happened. When he was awake, nothing happened. When he slept, he got wet. He never knew about it. Actually there was a pit of a big python. When Roger slept, he snored a lot. His snoring disturbed the snake’s sleep. It used to throw out spittle through the window in his bedroom. A. Name the following people. a. Who worked in a national park? ..................................................... b. Who were Roger’s friends? ............................. and ........................... c. Who was his cook? ..................................................... B. Read the text and complete the table. Countable (singular) Countable (plural) Uncountable C. Answer the following questions. a. Why did Roger’s friends not want to sleep with him? b. What problem did Roger have? c. Why did the python throw out the spittle? 43Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Guided Composition A. Read and write. My School The name of my school is SB Academy. It lies at Kirtipur. I study in Grade two in this school. I like my school because it is big and has many good things for students. My school is a big building. There is a big gate at the main entrance. When we enter the gate, we walk along the big playground to get to our classrooms. It has spacious classrooms for the students of Grade one to ten. We learn a lot of good things at school. We read books and play games. Our teachers teach us Science, Maths, Nepali, English and other subjects. We enjoy reading books in our school library and doing experiments in our science lab. My school is my second home and I feel glad that I am the student of this school. Now write a similar essay about your school. B. Read and write. My Classroom My classroom is big and colourful. It is painted in pink. In the classroom, there are two windows and a door. There are posters on the wall. These posters are very attractive and teach us very good things. There are twenty-four students in our class. There are sixteen boys and eight girls. There are eight benches. We sit three on each. There is a bookshelf near the door. There is a dustbin. We keep our classroom neat and clean. Now write a paragraph in short on ‘My Classroom’. 44Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

4Pronouns Read the text. Many people are in Dr. Shrestha’s office today. Mina has a cold. She is sneezing, and she has a light fever. Kumar has a sore throat, and he has a headache. Binit has a broken finger. It hurts a lot. Pukar has a swollen knee. It hurts very much. Gita has a cut on her hand, and she is crying. Nina has an earache. Miss Shivani has the flu. Mr. Yadav has a backache, and it hurts a lot. Mr. Paswan has allergies, and he is not happy. Mr. Paswan asks, “What should I do?” Dr. Shrestha smiles and says, “You should take an aspirin and call me in the morning. Take care of yourself.” The words she, he, it, I, yourself, etc are pronouns. They are replacing words. Pronouns are words we use in place of nouns. • Pronouns are useful because they help us avoid repeating the same words over and over again. Mina tried to carry Mina’s bag but Mina’s bag was too heavy for Mina. The sentence sounds strange because the same words are repeated. If we use pronouns, the sentence sounds much better. Mina tried to carry her bag but her bag was too heavy for her. 45Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Listening Practice: Repeat these pronouns after your teacher. subjective objective possessive self forms First Singular I me my mine myself Persons Plural we us our ours ourselves you your yours yourself Second Singular you you your yours yourselves Persons Plural you him his his himself her her hers Singular he it herself them its its itself Third she their theirs themselves Persons it they Plural Repeat these sentences after your teacher. Riya is my friend. She always helps me. I am Runal. Sunil is my brother. I have painted this picture myself. This is my pen and that is yours. These are his books and those are hers. She reads and writes herself. ABC Grammar Practice: Underline the pronouns in the following sentences. a. Why are you so angry? b. Can you write your name here? c. She gave me two dolls. d. We do homework ourselves. e. She has lost her diary. f. They love cooking and they do it everyday. g. Can you do your work yourself? h. Miss Rai is a teacher. She teaches us English. i. Where do you come from? j. Atul takes care of his brother. k. He will teach us Science. 46Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Use of pronouns Subject Pronouns I, we, you, he, she, it, they Use subject pronouns before the verbs. Riya is a good girl. She studies in Grade V. Anup is a good boy. He studies in Grade V. Riya and Anup are students. They are in Grade V. Object Pronouns me, us, you, him, her, it, them Use object pronouns after verbs and prepositions. I met Riya yesterday. I gave her a doll. I met Anup yesterday. I gave him a book. I met Riya and Anup yesterday. I gave them some chocolates. She wrote a letter to Anil. She wrote a letter to him. Possessive Pronouns my, our, your, his, her, its, their They come with nouns. mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs They come without nouns. This is my book and that is yours. His dress is black and mine is white. Riya is my sister. Anup is my brother. Self Forms myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves I do my work myself. He does his work himself. She does her work herself. They do their work themselves. Can you do it yourself? ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in the correct pronouns. a. She is reading ……...........….. book. (her, him, its) b. Mina cooks food ……........….. . (himself, itself, herself) c. He gave …….........….. brother a pen. (his, her, it) d. She gave a pen to …..........…….. . (me, your, his) e. This is your dog and that is …..........…….. . (your, she, mine) f. Can you do it ……...........…..? (himself, yourself, herself) g. His father is a doctor and ….........…….. is an engineer. (you, her, mine) h. Sita visits ……...........….. aunt every Saturday. (he, her, its) i. I have found …….........….. book. (my, herself, myself) j. Mr. Hemant teaches ….....…….. Maths. (themselves, us, his) k. Give ……............….. your book. (our, your, me) l. Look at ……........….. photographs. They are nice. (my, I, we) 47Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Grammar Study: Replacing nouns Look at these examples: Riya is a good girl. Riya studies in Grade five. I met Riya yesterday. Riya is a good girl. She studies in Grade five. I met her yesterday. Anup is a good boy. Anup studies in Grade five. I met Anup yesterday. Anup is a good boy. He studies in Grade five. I met him yesterday. Riya and Anu are friends. Riya and Anu study in Grade five. I met Riya and Anu yesterday. Riya and Anu are friends. They study in Grade five. I met them yesterday. I bought a book. The book is very interesting. I gave the book to my friend. I bought a book. It is very interesting. I gave it to my friend. ABC Grammar Practice: Replace the underlined parts with suitable pronouns. a. Ali and Anu are my friends. Ali and Anu study in Grade V. b. Mina went to the park but the park was closed. c. Mohan bought a new cap last week. Mohan wore the cap yesterday. d. Bina has lost Bina’s pen. Bina had kept Bina’s pen on the table. e. The dogs were sleeping in the garden but I did not see the dogs. f. I looked for these books in the library. These books were not there. g. Suman sent his sister to the market. His sister bought a paper for Suman. h. The old man opened the box with a key. The box was empty. 48Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

Writing Practice: Read the sentences and answer the questions. 1. Rahul went to see Gita. She was very sick. A: Who was sick? B: 2. I saw Anita with her dog. It was black. A: Who was black? B: 3. Anil told Anita and Binod a story. They liked it. A: Who liked the story? B: 4. She gave Hari a book. He studies in Grade V. A. Who studies in Grade V. B: 5. Kamal is a lazy boy. Riya is his sister. She does her work herself. A: Who does her work herself? B: 6. Sunita drew a painting. It was beautiful. A: What was beautiful? B: 7. His father works in a factory. It is big. A: What is very big? B: 8. Tina bought a doll for Suman. He was happy. A: Who was very happy? B: 9. Nina went to meet the Principal. He was in the office. A: Who was in the office? B: 10. Suman met Anu and Rahul. Suman gave her a pen. A: Who got a pen? B: 49Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five

ABC Grammar Practice: Fill in correct pronouns. A: Is this your book? B: No, it’s Riya’s book. ............ is standing there. A: Is she a student? B: Yes, but she’s not wearing ............ uniform today. A: What time is ............? B: It’s half past one. A: Good. Now we’re going to watch a movie. Do ............ like to come with us? B: I’m afraid. I’m in a rush and I have to go to see ............ uncle at hospital. A: Oh, really! What has happened to him? B: Yesterday ............ fell off his bike and broke ............ leg. A: How long has ............ been in hospital? B: For two weeks. Now he’s getting better. A: When do you do ............ homework? B: I usually do it in the morning before ....... come to school. A: What do ............ do in the evening? B: I take supper and watch TV. I go to bed early. What about ............? A: I usually go to bed early and do ............ homework there. A: Have you just been to the supermarket? B: No. I went this morning with ............ mom. A: Did ............ buy many things? B: Yes, but everything was much expensive. I didn’t buy any pant but .......... bought two T-shirts. A: How much did you pay for ............? B: Rs. 600/- 50Maxim of English Grammar and Composition Book Five