7Test Yourself Complete the conditional sentences: Once upon a time the cat bit the mouse’s tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the mouse. And the cat said, “Well, I ………………. (give) you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.” The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat ………………. (give/only) me back my tail if I fetch her some milk.” And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you ………………. (get) me some hay. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.” The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow ………………. (give) me some milk. And the cow ………………. (only/ give) me milk if I get her some hay.” And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you ………………. (bring) me some meat. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.” The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if the cow ………………. (give) me milk. And the cow will only give me milk if she………………. (get) some hay. And the farmer ………………. (only/give) me hay if I get him some meat.” And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you ………………. (make) the baker bake me a bread. But that’s impossible to do for a little mouse like you.” The mouse, however, went to the baker. “The cat (give/only) me back my tail if I fetch her some milk. And the cow (give/not) me milk if I don't get her hay. And the farmer will only give me hay if the butcher (have) some meat for him. And the butcher will not give me meat if you (bake/not) him a bread.” And the baker said, “Well, I (give) you bread if you promise never to steal my corn or meal.” The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the mouse gave the butcher bread. The butcher gave the mouse meat, the mouse gave the farmer meat. The farmer gave the mouse hay, the mouse gave the cow hay. The cow gave the mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat milk. And the cat gave the mouse her tail back. But imagine what would have happened otherwise: If the mouse ……………….. (promised/not) never to steal corn or meal, the baker (not/give) the mouse bread. If the baker ……………….. (not/give) the mouse bread, the butcher ……………….. (refuse) to give her meat for the farmer. If the butcher ……………….. (refuse) her any meat, the farmer ……………….. (not/be) willing to give the mouse hay. If the farmer……………….. (not/be) willing to give the mouse hay, the mouse……………….. (not/receive) milk from the cow. If the mouse ………………. (not/receive) milk from the cow, she ……………… (not/get) back her tail. Book 9 101
Prepositions Read the text and circle the prepositions. Iceland is a small island nation in Northern Europe. It is located between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. It is northwest of the United Kingdom. Reykjavik is the capital city of Iceland. Iceland was founded by the Vikings. The Scandinavians were the first to settle in Iceland in 870. Later, Iceland was ruled by the Norwegians and the Danes. Iceland became independent from the Kingdom of Denmark in 1918 and is a republic since 1944. Iceland is called the city of ice and fire because it is full of glaciers as well as active volcanoes. Around 11% of Iceland is covered in glacial ice and is surrounded by water. There are many waterfalls, hot springs, mud pools and geothermal vents, where the heat of the earth comes out from the earth surface. Most Icelanders do not have a family name or surname. It is derived from their father’s first name. So if the father is called Jakob and his son’s name is Adam, his son is called Adam Jakobsson. If his daughter’s first name is Eva, she is called Eva Jakobsdottir. In their language, ‘dottir’ means ‘daughter’. In the telephone book everyone is listed by their first name. In the above text, in, from, of, by, between, since, etc are prepositions. They are short words that usually show relationship. A preposition shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other words in the sentences. In this sentence the preposition of shows the relationship between goddess and Greeks. Gaia was the earth goddess of the ancient Greeks. A prepositional phrase is composed of the preposition, the object of the preposition, and words that describe the object. In the example the phrase consists of the preposition of; its object, Greeks and the and ancient, which describe Greeks. The phrase acts as an adjective describing the noun goddess. Book 9 102
Here are some common prepositions: about behind from since above beside in through across between into throughout after beyond near to against by of toward among down off under around during on up at except over with before for past without Multiword prepositions are made up of more than one word but are treated as single words. Here are some common multiword prepositions: according to in addition to in spite of out of because of in front of instead of outside of by means of in regard to on account of prior to A preposition is a word that is generally placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with some other words in a sentence. • Relationship of time : in ancient times, on Monday, in 2004 • Relationship of place : into the forest, at the airport, in the garden • Relationship of direction : towards the hut, along the road • Relationship of motion : into the river, through the forest • Relationship of means and manner: by bus, with a knife GRAMMAR STUDY: Use of Prepositions AT at 5 oclock, at 2 pm, at 6:30 at mealtimes, at lunch time, at tiffin time fixed watch time at night, at midnight, at noon specific time at the weekend, at the end of this month parts of the day at Dashain, at ID, at Chhat, at Tihar expressions with ‘end’ at the end, at the entrance, at the top, at the bottom festivals and celebrations with the expressions of at the airport, at the table, at the park, at the bus stop place at work, at school, at play specific location at least, at the worst, at its best an activity at first, at last, at the first attempt, at the second attempt superlatives Look at me. She waved at them. order He died at ninety. Water boils at 100° Celsius. towards certain age/speed/ She bought some oranges at Rs. 50 a kilo. temperature rate/price Book 9 103
IN in May, in December, in Baishakh, in Ashwin in 2005, in 1985, in 1920s months in spring, in winter, in summer, in autumn years in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening seasons in a minute, in two weeks, in three years, in six months parts of the day duration/within a certain in Nepal, in Asia, in Delhi, in Singapore, in Britain time in the room, in the building, in the office, in the kitchen place thought of as an area the boy in the blue shirt, the girl in the red sari within a location in doubt, in a hurry, in love, in tears, in good health wearing He is standing in a queue. condition He printed his name in red in capital letters. in a line/row/queue/street He is in the army. Are you in the navy? colours and types He will come here in his car. a member of small vehicles ON on Sunday, on Friday, on Wednesday days of a week on May 20, on 5th December, on 22 June dates on my birthday, on New Years day, on Childrens Day special days on the table, on the wall, on the ceiling, on his shirt touching the surface of a book on engineering, a poem on child rights about on strike, on fire, on holiday, on sale, on credit a state or condition on the radio, on television, on computer through the medium of These insects live on potatoes. to talk about dependence or survival On reaching at the airport, I rang you up. as soon as something happens On returning, he checked his bag. Whats on TV tonight? to talk about films and plays Whats on at the Kumari? on a bus, on a train, on a ship large vehicles rides on a bicycle, on a horse, on an elephant physical positions on the right, on the left OF possession or belonging a friend of mine, the people of this village, the water of this river, the colour of this wall, the car of my father something made from a shirt of cotton, a sari of silk, a house made of brick containing a bag of potatoes, a box of chocolates, a bundle of sticks quantity two kilos of rice, five litres of milk, four kilos of apples measurement of uncountable a cup of tea, a log of wood, a blade of grass nouns location east of here, the middle of the road part of a group one of us, a member of the team, a student of this school Book 9 104
in the sense of ‘by’ I like to watch the recent films of David Dhawan. cause A lot of people per year die of this disease on average. TO destination I am going to Dharan. She has gone to Delhi. in the direction of Turn to the right. Turn to the left. until from Monday to Friday, five minutes to ten compared with They prefer tea to coffee. with indirect object Please give it to me. He sent a letter to them. as part of infinitive I like to play basketball. They wanted to meet me. in order to We went to the chemist to buy some aspirin. add Add ten to fifteen. purpose I invited all my friends to dinner. WITH He stayed with me. He came here with his aunt. accompanying Here is a book with a map of the island. having; containing Who is that boy with a black cat? I repaired the shoes with glue. by means of; using She cut it with a knife. He killed it with an arrow. manner He did it with pleasure/ease/ difficulty. because of We were paralyzed with fear. physical features and diseases The girl with brown hair is my friend. There is a man with a limp. the opposite of ‘against’ If he is with me, I can easily solve this problem. Are you with us or against us? giving assistance Can you help me with the washing up? She helped us with Science problems. doing things competitively They always argue with me. She is fighting with her elder brother. BY near There is a house by the river. He sat by his father. past He waved as he drove by the house. not later than Try to finish the work by next week. Can you finish this project work by to the extent of tomorrow? agent (passive) I beat Hemant by six marks. in units of The house was decorated by my father. means cheaper by the dozen, sold by weight, by the tons divide /multiply by cheque, by credit card, travel by plane, by bus manner Divide 50 by 10. Multiply 5 by 6. I caught the mouse by its tail. Book 9 105
FOR duration of time We walked for two hours. She has been ill for two days. purpose These books are for blind people. What is this tool for? I bought this dress for my Try to finish the work by next week. brother. in view of She is not fit for this post. distance I walked for five kilometres. in the direction of She left for Delhi last week. They will leave for America cheaper by the dozen, sold by weight, by the tons next week. in favour of I will vote for her. Are you for and against the motion? considering The boy is clever for his age. on behalf of We should fight for the poor. inappropriateness for This is not good for you. Its bad for you. something FROM place of origin They come from Nepal. She comes from Germany. start of a range From 10 to 15 protestors were arrested. . source This saying is from Austens novel. cause I knew it from her. He suffers from nervousness. getting safety Did he suffer from heart disease? He had to take shelter from the rain. being unlike The hunter saved the girl from the tiger. Her behaviour is different from her sister. after or onwards The park will be open from Monday. start of a period of time She was with me from yesterday until today. distance The bus park is very far away from here. Its a few minutes walk from here. GRAMMAR STUDY: Some More Prepositions about on the subject of : This poem is about tigers in the zoo. Is it about poverty? above approximately: There are about ten students in the hall. He is about 60. below over higher than: The clock hangs above my bed. The plane flew above the clouds. under earlier on a page: There is a heading above each diagram. lower than: This lake is 50 metres below sea level. later on a page: Footnotes are provided below the text. above; higher than: There is a bulb over that table. covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed. more than: It costs over five thousand rupees. beneath: There is a ball under the table. Who is that girl under the tree? less than: Under 15 students failed the final exam. Book 9 106
across from one side to the other side: We walked across the road. along on the other side of: There is a health post across the street. in a line; from one point to another: They’re walking along the road. after one follows the other: The cat ran after the dog. Is she always after you? before later in time: Did he come after lunch? They met me after 10. later in a series: D comes after C in the alphabet. between in pursuit of: He always runs after money. Several people are after this job. earlier in time: He came here before lunch. Do you come here before 4 pm? among earlier in a series: D comes before E in the alphabet. behind within a group of two: The books were divided between the two students. in front in-between location: Our school is between the hospital and the park. in-between time: He came here between June and September. of in-between in a series: M comes between L and N in the alphabet. in a group: The money was shared among five people. around at the back of: Our school is behind the hospital. Is a dog behind the gate? beside against ahead of: He stood in front of the class. There is a dog in front of the gate. outside inside in a circular way: They were sitting around the campfire. close to surrounding: There is a wire fence around the park. in different parts of: I looked around the room for the letters. near in the other direction: We turned around and went back home. next to approximately: He is around six feet tall. next to: Our house is beside the supermarket. off onto touching; supported by: He leaned the ladder against the wall. into in opposition to: Dowry is against the law. opposite opposite of inside: Can you wait outside? out of opposite of outside: You shouldn’t stay inside the castle. near: Our house is close to the supermarket. close to: Our house is near the supermarket. beside: Our house is next to the supermarket. away from something: The cat jumped off the roof. moving to a place: The cat jumped onto the roof. entering something: You shouldn’t go into the castle. on the other side: Our house is opposite the supermarket. leaving something: The cat jumped out of the window. to the outside of: She went out of the room. from among: We won two games out of three. material: The bridge is made out of steel. beyond: The child is not out of danger. Book 9 107
past up to and beyond: I walked past the post office. after (in time): It was half past three when I reached there. round in a circle: We’re sitting round the campfire. through going from one point to the other point: You shouldn’t walk through the forest. for the whole of a period: We slept through the night. by means of: Skill improves through practice. towards in the direction of : We ran towards the hut. up from low to high: He went up the hill. down from high to low: He came down the hill. The ball rolled down the stairs. beyond further than; exceeding: That was beyond my expectations. during throughout a period: She works during the night. except not including: I invited all except Jenny. per for each: He drove around 60 kilometres per hour. since from a specific time in the past: I had been waiting since two o’clock. from a past time until now: I have been waiting here since noon. throughout in every part of: This custom is found throughout the world. for the whole of a period: I faced that problem throughout the winter. till/until up to a certain time: They will stay here until Friday. up to as far as: I have read up to page 100. depending on: The decision is up to you. within inside of: I will be there within ten minutes. Mark within the circle. without not having: Do not leave without eating breakfast. He came here without his camera. Grammar Practice: Write the correct prepositions for the positions of ‘A’: A A A A A A on A A A AA A Book 9 108
1Test Yourself Complete the sentences with at, in or on: a. I bought this doll ……… 2014. b. Mina’s birthday is ……… July. c. I have known a lot about him ……… three years. d. I will arrive ……… six o’clock. e. Miss Rai is leaving ……… five minutes. f. We expect them ……… Wednesday. g. Rosy will call us ……… half an hour. h. Kumar’s birthday is ……… the 8th of January. i. I’m going to Biratnagar ……… Saturday. j. I have a small party ……… Friday evening. k. The school is closed ………Christmas Day. l. He was born ……… the 29th of March. m. His family likes to go away ……… Easter. n. The kids are not allowed to go out ……… night. o. These shops close ……… 10 pm. p. Sabina was born ……… 2004. q. Are you free ……… the weekend? r. I’m in a hurry. Do it ……… once! s. Can you come to lunch ……… Sunday? 2Test Yourself Complete the sentences with at, in, on or from: a. There is a football tournament……… 2 pm tomorrow. b. I’ve got an exam ……… 9 o’clock ……… Monday morning. c. They’re going to Pokhara ……… the 4th of April. d. Let’s meet ……… lunchtime. We’ll talk for ten minutes. e. In Norway, it’s still light ……… midnight ……… summer. f. I’m busy ……… the moment. I’ll call you back ……… a couple of minutes. g. Will people live on the moon ……… the 21st century? h. The programme starts ……… 8 o’clock. So, I’ll pick you up ……… 7:30. i. These animals sleep ……… the winter and wake up ……… the spring. j. It’s late. I’m going to bed. I’ll see you ……… the morning. k. We’re having a party ……… Thursday. Can you come? l. I’m free ……… lunchtime. Shall we go and have a walk in the park? m. Miss Rai teaches us ……… Tuesday to Thursday. n. His parents will arrive in Kathmandu ………4 o’clock ………the morning. o. I’m sorry, you can’t see the manager ...… the moment. He’s busy in the meeting. Book 9 109
3Test Yourself Choose the suitable preposition and fill in the blanks: of in to on for with off at through till up out from by a. His father is going ................ Pokhara next week. b. The puppet was tied ....... a string. c. He has kept a parrot .......... a cage. d. This book belongs to a friend ........ mine. e. Take ......... this dirty shirt immediately. f. I am amazed .......... his success. g. Read ............ the question paper before you start to answer. h. They go to school .......... bus. i. The rain may last ........ the weekend. j. Anu and Maya worked hard ............ get good marks. k. I received a letter ............ a friend of mine. l. Open this box and take ........ your present. m. Make sure ....... lock the house before you leave. n. Angela went to see a film. ..... her friend. 4Test Yourself Choose the correct preposition for each blank space: a. Thirty Nepali workers are missing ………. Malaysia. (at, in, with) b. Malaysia is the largest destination country … Nepali workers. (from, with, for) c. The temple was decorated ……… colourful lights. (at, in, with) d. They prefer to travel……………train. (on, in, by) e. She swam……………the river. (through, across, into) f. The plane flew……………the clouds. (over , above, on) g. They went to the hotel……………foot. (on, with, by) h. He talked to me……………the problem. (about, for, with) i. How do you feel……………their coming? (for, about, on) j. The movie was boring ……………beginning to end. (till, from, to) k. I prefer to pay……………cheque rather than cash. (by, at, on) l. The painting won’t be ready …………… Friday. (by, since, in) m. The sun disappeared……………the clouds. (back, behind, under) n. The books have been here …………… three days. (for, since, in) o. Hurry up! The train is about……………leave. (to, for, on) p. He selected the students……………random. (of, for, at) q. If you smoke, you are in danger …………… getting ill. (of, for, at) r. The cars were moving round the track…………… high speed. (on, at, with) s. I saw it all. It happened…………… my very eyes. (before, after, with) t. Look there, his book is …………… the table. (in, on, at) Book 9 110
u. In summer ……………dawn the birds break into song. (on, in, at) v. You should not do it because it is ……………the rules. (with, for, against) w. Could you change these dollars…………… rupees, please? (with, by, into) x. I’m looking……………a good book of English idioms. (at, for, to) y. Speak……………, I can’t hear you. (back, on, up) z. Dhido is one ………… the most popular food in rural areas. It is made up ………… corn flour or millet flour. (at, on, of) 5Test Yourself Choose the correct preposition for each blank space: a. Agriculture is the major sector ……… Nepalese economy. (at, on, of) b. Nepal needs to invest more...................youths to drive economic development. (at, in, with) c. Milan insisted…………… reading this book again. (for, on, at) d. Stay…………… from those boys, they are bad company. (away, back, over) e. I’m looking……..…..to your letter. (forward, up, ahead) f. It might be dangerous. Can you prevent him……..….. doing it? (from, by, for) g. John will be able to do it ……..….. three weeks. (for, since, in) h. Medicine should not be placed ……..…..reach of small children. (to, within, out i. Milan caught the snake ……..….. his bare hands. (by, with, for) j. Mr. Yadav has been away from home ……..….. May 15. (since, for, in) k. Hurry ……….! It’s already a quarter ………. six. We’re supposed to be there ………. six. (by, to, up, to ) l. The thief jumped ………. the window and ran ………. the garden path ………. the gate. (on, to, through, down ) m. We are relying ………. (by, from, on ) you because you said that you are familiar with this place. n. This type of fish feeds ………. ( with, from, on ) insects only. o. He is very weak ………. (at, in, on ) Mathematics but is good ……. (on, at, in ) all other subjects. p. The poet is famous ………. (for, in, at ) his humorous poems. q. Her sister is hopeful ………. getting that job. (at, of, by) r. I am interested ………. stamp-collecting. (in, with, at) s. This dress is different …………………… that. (from, to, with) t. You should explain this …………………… them. (to, at, with) u. He has been absent ………………… Monday. (since, for, from) v. He poured the tea ………………….. the cup. (into, on, in) w. He said that he was very pleased ………. my work. (with, on, at) x. He was accused ………. theft. (in, of, to) y. Melamchi water is unlikely to reach Kathmandu…… mid-April 2016. (at, in, by) z. According ………….. the Eastern Regional Police Office, the injured are undergoing treatment .......... a local hospital. (at, on, to) Book 9 111
6Test Yourself Fill each blank with a correct preposition: a. A lot of people borrow money…………the bank. b. The treasure is buried………..the two coconut trees. c. Her uncle likes to listen………the radio when he wakes up. d. This bus travels from Kathmandu …….. Dharan. e. The store is open daily ………… Monday to Friday. f. A comes …………… B in the alphabet. g. Mandira always seems to be ……….. a hurry. h. There is a lack …………. information on this subject. i. I am pleased ………….. my first term result. j. His uncle is interested ………. photography. k. A knowledge of biology is essential …………. a doctor. l. The students protested ……… the high student fees. m. Twenty candidates have applied ………… this post. n. The dog barked ……… the beggar. o. The two fishermen stared ………. each other. p. Compare your answers ………your partner. q. We have got a house………a big garden. r. Guess. What have I got………….my hand? s. Sunder is interested……………mathematics. t. Please don’t interfere……………my personal affairs. u. Binod didn’t see his daughter because she was hiding……………the bus. v. Anu had her ticket……………her hand as she entered the hall. w. You can buy stamps……………the post office. x. Aman is trustworthy and reliable. You can depend……………him. y. Do you believe……………ghosts? z. His dog sometimes digs a hole and crawls……………it. 7Test Yourself Fill each blank with a correct preposition: a. The tax office is …………… the second floor. b. The plane arrived …………… the airport two hours late. c. Turn left …………… the next junction. d. Last year the event took place …………… March. e. He came to this country ……………May 10, 2004. f. Do you listen……………the radio? g. She’ll be there……………you. h. Everybody blamed her ……………the accident. i. I prefer spring…………… summer. j. Could you explain that point……………me again? Book 9 112
k. They never go out …………… night. l. Don’t worry…………… it. Everything will be OK. m. Don’t be late! Be……………time for the start of the race. n. I’m fed up……………his mess. o. Who looks……………the children when you are away? p. They accused him……………murder. q. Exactly ……………midnight we were awakened by the strange noise. r. The criminal was sentenced……………10 years for his crime. s. You shouldn’t shout……………children. t. Sudha opened the door …………… a key. u. The kids were sitting……………the floor when Mina came home. v. Just wait a second, I’ll be there……………a minute. w. The train passed……………a tunnel on the way to Kashmir. x. We will have lunch……………one and the plane will take off……………1:40. y. His father is……………the office and his mother is…………… home. z. My mother always buys groceries ……………the supermarket. 8Test Yourself Fill each blank with a correct preposition: a. We may use the library …………… 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. on Saturdays. b. Don’t forget to turn …………… the TV before going away. c. His father works……………the top floor……………an office block. d. World War Two lasted……………1939 …………… 1945. e. Her earring wasn’t……………her purse; it was……………her coat pocket. f. The telephone was invented……………the 1870s. g. We usually go…………… holiday……………the winter. h. I saw an old man walking………….the end of the street……………a busy road. i. We met at the restaurant……………6:30 and stayed……………10:30. j. On May 10th they left ……… Europe. They took a trip ………… Japan in 1954. k. Riya’s birthday party is …..…Tuesday…………… four ………the afternoon. l. An earthquake …… Afghanistan …… May 30, 1998 killed about 5,000 people. m. He worked in this hospital…………… two years and then went …….… Japan. n. She always gets up early……………the morning, so she can make it to class………time. o. I was sick, so I didn’t go to work……………last Thursday, but I did go to work……………Friday. p. Mike was sitting……………his desk……………his office when I went there. q. Everybody was already sitting…………the table waiting for dinner to be served. r. His grandfather, who had passed away years before, was……………the painting which was hanging……………the wall. s. Anu waited……………the cinema hall …………… Kumar, so they could buy tickets and go in together. t. The old man who was standing……………the corner yelled at the kids who were playing……………the street. Book 9 113
Reported Speech Study the examples. I can’t come to the party on Friday. I’m feeling sick. My parents aren’t at home. They have gone to Pokhara. My aunt is looking after me. Rohan said that he couldn’t come to the party on Friday. He said that he was feeling sick. He said that his parents weren’t at home. He said that they had gone to Pokhara. He said that his aunt was looking after him. Compare the two sentences: You want to tell someone else what Rohan said. There are two ways of doing this: n You can repeat Rohan’s words (direct speech): Rohan said, “I'm feeling sick,” n Or you can use reported speech: Rohan said (that) he was feeling sick. you use inverted commas Direct Rohan said, “I am feeling sick.” to show it is direct speech. Indirect Rohan said (that) he was feeling sick. M When we quote the actual words of the speaker, it is called Direct Speech. We often use inverted commas with suitable reporting verbs (say, tell, ask, report, order, advise, etc.) to quote the actual words spoken by the speaker. Direct: Rohan said, “I’m feeling sick.” M We often report what somebody said without giving their exact words.This is called Indirect Speech. We do not use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be the actual words of the speaker. Indirect: Rohan said that he was feeling sick. Book 9 114
Study the following examples: Anu said, “I have watched the movie.” Anu said that she had watched the movie. Inserting a clause change in a person change in a tense Mina said to me, “Have you watched the movie?” Mina asked me if I had watched the movie. change in a reporting verb Kumar said to me, “Which movie do you want to watch? Kumar wanted to know which movie I wanted to watch. change in a reporting verb change in a tense Suman said to Maya, “Can you go to watch a movie with me?” Suman asked Maya if she could go to watch a movie with him. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause change in a person change in a tense He said to me, “Please watch the movie.” He requested me to watch the movie. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause It is removed. “Why don’t you go to the doctor?” he said. He suggested that I should go to the doctor. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause change in a person change in a tense Numa said to Pemba, “Don’t shout!” Numa told Pemba not to shout. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause Deepa said, “What a good book it is!” Deepa exclaimed with surprise that it was a good book. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause change in a tense “Get out of the car!” said the policeman. The policeman ordered him to get out of the car. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause The man with the gun said to us, “Don’t move!” The man with the gun warned us not to move. change in a reporting verb Inserting a clause Book 9 115
GRAMMAR STUDY: Punctuation and Word Order e We can use single inverted commas (‘ ’) or double inverted commas (“ ”) with suitable saying verbs (reporting) to quote the actual words spoken by the speaker. The first letter of the reported sentence is always capital. She said, ‘I’m looking for my diary.’ single inverted commas She said, “I’m looking for my diary.” double inverted commas e If the ‘speaker + reporting verb’ come before the reported sentence, we generally put a comma (,) before inverted commas. He said, “Can I use your camera?” a comma to separate the speaker and the reported sentence e The speaker can come before and after the reported sentence (speech) or quoted speech. Habiba said, “During Eid we give a donation to the poor.” comma inverted comma full stop inverted comma “During Eid we give a donation to the poor,” Habiba said. inverted comma comma inverted comma full stop Dad asked, “Where’s my notebook?” comma inverted comma question mark inverted comma “Where’s my notebook?” asked Dad. inverted comma question mark inverted comma full stop “What a nice dress!” said Mina. inverted comma exclamation inverted comma full stop e The speaker can come before and after the reporting verb if it is a noun. But, if the speaker is a pronoun, it normally comes before the reporting verb. “It’s five o’clock already, ” said Atul. “It’s five o’clock already, ” Atul said. reporting verb + noun noun + reporting verb “What’s your name?” he asked. pronoun + reporting verb e If the speaker interrupts the reported sentence, the punctuation system is as follows: “Of course,” said Tina, “we’ll attend the meeting.” inverted comma comma inverted comma comma inverted comma full stop inverted comma “Why,” asked Mona angrily, “are you always late?” question mark inverted comma inverted comma comma inverted comma comma inverted comma Book 9 116
GRAMMAR STUDY: Changes in Persons e We have to change the persons in reported speech to show who was being reported. Ü First persons are changed according to the subject of the reporting verb. She said to me, “I will show my book to my brother myself.” She told me that she would show her book to her brother herself. Ü Second persons are changed according to the object of the reporting verb. She said to me, “Will you show your book to your brother yourself?” She asked me if I would show my book to my brother myself. Ü Third persons do not change. She said to me, “Will he show his book to his brother himself?” She asked me if he would show his book to his brother himself. Ü ‘We’ doesn’t change if it refers to mankind. She said, “We are mortal.” She said that we are mortal. Ü If ‘this ‘ or ‘these’ is used as a pronoun in sentences, ‘this’ changes to ‘it’ and ‘these’ changes to ‘they’ or ‘them’ in reported speech. He said to me, “I can do this.” He told me that he could do it. He said, “I bought these from a supermarket.” He said he had bought them from a supermarket. Ü If ‘this’ or ‘these’ is used as an adjective in sentences, it changes to ‘the’ in reported speech. He said, “This book belongs to Anu.” He said that the book belonged to Anu. Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with suitable personal pronouns. a. He said to me, “I can help you solve your problem.” He told me that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. b. Riya said to Mohan, “I can help you solve your problem.” Riya told Mohan that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. c. I said to her, “I can help you solve your problem.” I told her that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. d. Raj said to Mina, “I can help you solve your problem.” Raj told Mina that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. e. They said to her, “We can help you solve your problem.” They told her that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. f. I said to him, “I can help you solve your problem.” I told him that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. g. She said to him, “I can help you solve your problem.” She told him that …….could help ……..solve ……..problem. Book 9 117
GRAMMAR STUDY: Changes in Tenses If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech must be changed to one of the four forms of the past tense (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). v1/v5 - v2 She said, “I’m a teacher.” v2 - had + v3 She said that she was a teacher. She said, “She likes teaching.” has/have + v3 - had + v3 She said that she liked teaching. She said, “I’m teaching English.” is/am/are - was/were She said she was teaching English. has been/have been - had been was/were + v4 - had been + v4 was/were +NP - had been + NP shall/will +v1 - should/would +v1 She said, “I’ve been teaching since 2001.” may/can + v1 - might/could + v1 She said she had been teaching since 2001. has to /have to + v1 - had to + v1 She said, “I taught voice yesterday.” had to + v1 - had had to +v1 She said she had taught voice the previous day. shall have - should have She said, “I was teaching earlier.” will have - would have She said she had been teaching earlier. dont /doesnt +v1 - didnt +v1 didnt +v1 - hadnt +v3 She said, “I’d already been teaching for ten minutes.” do/does (without not) - v1 to v2 She said she’d already been teaching for ten minutes. did (without not) - had + v3 In some cases, the simple past tense remains unchanged. She said, “I had already started the lesson when he arrived.” She said she had already started the lesson when he arrived. He said, “Columbus discovered America in 1492.” He said that Columbus discovered America in 1492. He said, “I was watching TV when the telephone rang.” He said that he had been watching TV when the telephone rang. The following changes need to be made to the modal auxiliary verbs: shall/will +v1 - should/would +v1 may/can + v1 - might/could + v1 shall have -should have will have - would have must (necessity) - had to must (duty/law/truth) - no change would/could/ might/ought + v1 -(no change) She said, “I can teach English well.” She said she could teach English well. She said, “What shall we learn today?” She asked what we should learn that day. She said, “May I sit here?” She asked if she might sit there. She said, “I must type the letter.” She said she had to type the letter. “I would like to help,” said Anu. Anu said that she would like to help. If the reporting verb is in a present or future tense, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is not changed. She says, “It’s a sunny day today.” Time adverbials also do not She says that it’s a sunny day today. change when the reporting verb She says, “I was working late last night.” is in a present or future tense. She says that she was working late last night. She has said, “She will take a short test next week.” She has said that she will take a short test next week. She will say, “I’ll teach reported speech tomorrow.” She will say that she will teach reported speech tomorrow. Book 9 118
If the reported statement expresses habits, truths and scientific facts, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is not changed. She said, “The earth revolves around the sun.” She said that the earth revolves around the sun. She said, “Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.” She said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with the correct tense forms of the verbs. Simple Present Simple Past “I live in Dharan.” He said he …………. in Dharan. Present Continuous Past Continuous “I am not living in Dharan.” He said he …………….. in Dharan. Present Perfect Past Perfect “I have never been to Dharan.” He said he ……………….. to Dharan. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous “She has been living in Dharan.” He said she …………………. in Dharan. Simple Past Past Perfect “I lived in Dharan.” He said he ………………… in Dharan. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous “She was living in Dharan.” He said she …………………. in Dharan. Future Conditional “There will be a problem.” He said there ………………. a problem. Future Continuous Conditional Continuous “I will be living in Dharan.” He said he …………………… in Dharan. Present Modals Past Modals “I will sing a song.” He said he ………………. a song. “I can play the drum.” He said he …………….. the drum. “It may rain.” He said it …………………. “I must go out.” He said he ………………… out. “I needn’t phone her.” He said he didn’t need to phone her. The following modal verbs do not change: “I would visit Dharan.” He said he…………….Dharan. “I could visit Dharan.” He said he…………….Dharan. “I ought to visit Dharan.” He said he…………….Dharan. First Conditional Second Conditional “I will go if they go.” He said he ………… if they …………... Book 9 119
GRAMMAR STUDY: Changes in Time and Place References M There is a list of words and phrases connected with time and place that may need to be changed in order for the reported message to make sense. now then last week the previous week today that day the week before here there ago previously this that before this week that week two weeks ago 2 weeks previously tomorrow the following day 2 weeks before the next day tonight next week the day after last Saturday that night the following week yesterday the next week next Saturday the previous Saturday the day before yesterday the week after the Saturday before the previous day the day before the following Saturday the next Saturday two days before the Saturday after that Saturday Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with the correct time and place adverbials. a. “I saw him today,” she said. She said that she had seen him ………….. b. “I saw him yesterday,” she said. She said that she had seen him ……………………. c. “I met her the day before yesterday,” he said. He said that he had met her two days before. d. “I’ll see you tomorrow,” he said He said that he would see me ……………... e. “We’ll come tomorrow,” they said. They said that they would come ................... f. “I have an appointment next week,” she said. She said that she had an appointment the ………… week. g. “I was on holiday last week,” he told us. He told us that he had been on holiday the ………… week. h. “I saw her a week ago,” he said. He said he had seen her a week ……………... i. “I’m getting a new car this week,” she said. She said she was getting a new car……..week. j. He said, “I live here.” He told me he lived …………... Book 9 120
GRAMMAR STUDY: Reporting verbs and connectives M The use of reporting verbs and connectives to join reporting statements and reported statements depends on what type of sentence is being reported. Reporting verbs and connectives for Examples various types of sentences Assertive said + that Reporting verb: said/told He said, I can play cricket. Connective: that He said that he could play cricket. (Use ‘told’ as a reporting verb if there told + obj + that is the object.) He said to me, My brother is in the park. He told me that his brother was in the park. Interrogative Reporting verb: asked/wanted to if/whether know/wondered/enquired of He said, Can you play cricket? Connective: if/whether/WH words He asked me if I could play cricket. (Use ‘if/whether’ only with YES/NO WH words questions.) He said to me, Where is your brother? He asked me where my brother was. Imperative He said to me, Look at this chair. Reporting verb: told/requested/ He told me to look at that chair. warned/ordered/advised/ forbade/ He said to me, Please help me. suggested, etc He requested me to help him. Connective: to/not to He said to me, Thank you! (Use the structure ‘…suggested that He thanked me. we should…’ if the sentence starts The police said to the thief, Stop! with ‘Let’s’.) The police stopped the thief. He said, Let’s go for a swim. He suggested us that we should go for a swim. Optative He said, May you live long! Reporting verb: wished/blessed/ He blessed me that I might live long. cursed/prayed/bade, etc She said to me, Good morning! Connective: that She bade me a good morning. Exclamatory They said, Hurrah! We have won the match. Reporting verb: exclaimed They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match. Connective: that He said, Oh! My friend broke his leg. (Use the expressions like ‘with joy, He exclaimed with sadness that his friend had broken his with sorrow, with sadness, with leg. happiness, with surprise, etc to replace He said, What a nice book it is! interjections and ‘what/how’.) He exclaimed with surprise that it was a nice book. Note: All types of sentences are changed into assertive sentences when they are reported. The garden is beautiful. He told me that the garden was beautiful. Is the garden beautiful? He asked me if the garden was beautiful. He said to me, Where is the garden? He asked me where the garden was. Go to the garden! He told me to go to the garden. May you have a garden soon! He wished me that I might have a garden soon. What a beautiful garden! He exclaimed with surprise that it was a beautiful garden. Book 9 121
Grammar Practice: Report the following sentences. Assertive He said, “I saw a famous actor yesterday.” He said, “I might be late.” She said, “I saw Mary yesterday.” He said, “It was hot yesterday.” She said to them, “You can pass your exams if you work hard.” Mina said, “I went to the hospital yesterday.” Kumar said, “I lost my keys in the train yesterday.” Anu said, “I was extremely nervous last week.” Mohan said, “It is cold in here.” Interrogative He asked her, “Do you want to dance?” I asked him, “How old are you?” The tourists asked me, “Can you show us the way?” The shop assistant asked the woman, “Which jacket have you already tried on?” He said to me, “Have you taken breakfast?” She said to him, “why did you come late?” He said, “When will they come?” She asked his son, “Why are you crying?” Imperative The passenger requested the taxi driver, “Stop the car.” The mother told her son, “Don’t be so loud.” The policeman told us, “Please keep moving.” The zookeeper told the children, “Don’t feed the animals.” She said, “Go upstairs.” “Close the door behind you,” he told me. “Don’t be angry with me,” he said. “Meet me at the cinema,” he said. Optative He said to me, “May a nice fellow help you visit the place!” I said to him, “May you get some rest!” She said to them, “May you pass your exams!” They said, “May the departed soul rest in peace!” He said, “May you live long!” His father said, “May you win the competition!” Exclamatory He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize.” She said, “Alas! I failed in exam.” John said, “Wow! What a nice shirt it is.” She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job.” He said, “Oh no! I missed the bus.” They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is!” Book 9 122
1Test Yourself Change the following sentences into indirect speech: a. Maya said, “I like pop music.” b. Angela said to her friend, “May you stay forever young!” c. Binita said, “I want to play badminton this afternoon.” d. “What lovely paintings!” the tourist exclaimed. e. David asked me, “Does it rain in winter in Nepal?” f. He said to me, “May you never be alone like me!” g. “See you later!” Roja said to her friend. h. Ishan asked, “Is this yours or mine, Biva?” i. Jeevan asked her, “What’s your name?” j. John said, “I can swim well but I don’t have enough time to swim.” k. “Are you busy?” he asked me. l. Neha asked, “Did you phone me last night, John?” m. Nina said to Mohan, “What time is it?” n. She said, “I’ve gone to the movie last night.” o. The doctor said to me, “Have a complete rest.” p. She said, “May you get what you want!” q. Ravi said, “What are we having for dessert, Mum?” r. Sona said to Rohan, “Who is going to teach you reported speech?” s. The boy said, “What a sweet fruit it is!” t. “Are you calling me a liar?” Anu said to me. u. The child said, “What a beautiful sight!” v. The doctor said to Goma, “May you get well soon!” w. “Ooh! What a dirty child!” said the nurse. x. “This is the last warning I’m going to give you,” she said. y. He said to them, “May you catch the train today!” z. “What did you say about my brother?” she asked me politely. 2Test Yourself Change the following sentences into indirect speech: a. An old man said to me, “Can I read your newspaper?” b. He said to me, “Have you got a bicycle?” c. “What is the time?” he asked. d. My father said to him, “What a fool you are!” e. “Did you enjoy the film?” she asked me. f. The girl said, “How beautiful the rainbow is!” g. “Did you post the letter?” asked Hina. h. Kumar asked Pemba, “Why didn’t you tell your teacher the truth?” i. My father said, “Please, help me in the garden.” j. “Can you speak any other languages?” the woman asked us. k. “What time is it?” asked Kumar. Book 9 123
l. Anita said to me, “I will call you back.” m. Binod asked, “What will you do tomorrow, Nura?” n. Deepa said, “The bus will probably arrive on time.” o. Gaurav asked, “Can I borrow your pen, Kumar?” p. He said, “Bravo! You have done well.” q. He said, “How tall the building is!” r. Kumar said, “How clever I am!” s. Mandira said to me, “I am leaving in the morning.” t. My grandfather said to me, “Take me out of the crowd.” u. Remo said to me, “What a beautiful dress it is!” v. She said, “Alas! I am undone!” w. She said, “I went to the movies last night.” x. Sudha said, “I don’t want anything else to eat.” y. The boy said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” z. The head teacher said to us, “Carry on with your work while I’m away.” 3Test Yourself Change the following sentences into indirect speech: a. The man said to us, “Don’t park here.” b. The old man said, “Alas! I have lost my purse.” c. The students asked, “What time does the bell ring?” d. “How glad I am,” said Alice, “to meet my friend here.” e. The teacher always says to us, “Study very hard.” f. “Do you like bananas?” he asked his friends. g. “Where are you from?” the man asked me. h. Anu said to Pukar, “I’ll see you on my way home.” i. Bipin asked me, “Does your uncle live in India?” j. Gopal asked me, “Has this ever happened before?” k. He said, “Hurrah! My friend has come.” l. He said, “I have to finish this report by five o’clock.” m. Maya said, “It’s too cold to go for swimming.” n. Miss Rai said, “I have to water my flowers twice a week.” o. Miss Yadav asked, “Why are you late, Tom?” p. “Don’t wipe your dirty fingers on my clean table cloth,” said his mother. q. Mohan asked me, “What are you doing at the weekend?” r. My mother asked me, “Where is your umbrella?” s. Riya said, “What a brave man he is!” t. She said to the manager, “You can leave now if you want.” u. She said to them, “I will be late.” v. Suman asked his sister, “Have you applied for the job?” w. The old man said, “Thief! Thief! Catch him!” x. They said. “May the police arrest the thieves!” y. They suggested, “Let’s call on Kumar.” z. We said, “How old this woman is!” Book 9 124
4Test Yourself Change the following sentences into indirect speech: a. Anu said, “We’ve forgotten the milk, haven’t we?” b. Biva asked, “Do you want me to help you, Ishan?” c. Gopal said, “May God help me!” d. “I played football last week,” he told us. e. “When does the bell ring?” asked Mohan. f. Grandmother said to him, “May God be with you!” g. He asked Mandira, “What kind of films do you like watching?” h. He said, “Oh, I missed the bus.” i. Mona asked Lucy, “Will you come to my party tomorrow?” j. Mother asked me, “Do you like cabbage?” k. “Hurrah!” cried the boy, “I have won a prize.” l. Rojan said, “I will be here at noon.” m. She asked me, “Where do you live?” n. The old woman said to the boy, “Please help me.” o. I said to him, “Love and obey your parents.” p. The teacher said to the students, “Work hard.” q. The officer said to the clerk, “Do it immediately.” r. I said to the children, “Do not make a noise.’ s. “I live in an old house in the country,” she told me. t. “I must go and have my hair washed now,” she said. u. They said to us, “Hurrah! We have defeated your team.” v. The robber said to the man, “Give me your money.” w. The secretary asked the man, “Who do you want to see, sir?” x. The teacher asked the girl, “When do you have to be home?” y. He said, “There’s a big match tonight, isn’t there?” z. Mother asked me, “Does anyone want some more food?” 5Test Yourself Change the following sentences into indirect speech: a. He asked me, “Have you worked before?” b. Rosy asked, “Do you live with your family, Mina?” c. “I saw an accident on the way to school,” said Milan. d. Samira said, “It’s going to be a lovely day.” e. “I want more hamburgers!” yelled the fat man. f. She asked me, “How long have you waited for me?” g. I said to her, “Don’t mention his name.” h. “I still haven’t read these books,” she admitted. i. “Where are you going?” asked Binod. j. I said to the child, “Do not look down into the well.” Book 9 125
k. Amina said, “I used to swim well but now I don’t.” l. He asked me, “How long does it take you to have lunch?” m. “I was having a bath when the lights went out,” he told me. n. “I was having dinner when you called,” Sarah said. o. The passengers asked, “When did the last train leave?” p. The police asked the beggar, “Did you see the robbers?” q. They said to me, “You can come with us if you want to.” r. The woman to her husband, “Don’t forget to take your key.” s. The teacher said, “If you don’t study regularly, you’ll fail.” t. “I’ll meet you here next week at the same time,” he said. u. “Wow! That’s amazing,” said Milan. v. Mother said to Gopal, “Don’t come in with your dirty shoes.” w. Suresh said, “I have finished studying my lesson.” x. Susan whispered, “I’ve drawn the picture.” y. The teacher asked, “Are you listening to me?” z. The wolf said to the lamb, “Don’t make the water muddy.” 6Test Yourself Rewrite these sentences using direct speech. Complete the sentence: 1. Sudha said that she had seen the robber leave the bank. Sudha said, “ ..................................................................................................” 2. Mina requested me to give her my notebook. Mina said to me, ..............................................................................................” 3. She told them to go to bed. She said to them, “ ..............................................................................................” 4. He said he couldn’t get to sleep that night. He said, “ .........................................................................................................” 5. Kabir exclaimed with surprise that it was a beautiful garden. Kabir said, “ .......................................................................................................!” 6. Bipin suggested that they should go on a picnic. Bipin said, “ ..........................................................................................................” 7. He told her that he would phone her the next day. He said to her, “ ....................................................................................................” 8. She asked him if he could phone her that evening. “ ..............................................................?” she asked him. 9. They said they had to get up early the following morning. “ .............................................................................,” they said. 10. The doctor told me not to eat too much fatty food. The doctor said, “ ..............................................................................................” 11. Anjali requested me to help her with her project work. Anjali said, “ ..........................................................................................” 12. They said that they didn’t want to be late. They said, “ ........................................................................................” Book 9 126
13. She said she was going into town later that morning. She said, “ .................................................................................................” 14. He told them he had planted some flowers in his garden. He said to them, “ ........................................................................................” 15. Anu exclaimed with sorrow that her friend broke a leg in an accident. Anu said, “ ..........................................................................................” 16. Anita said that she had been playing for three hours. Anita said, “ .......................................................................................................” 17. Aryan proposed that he might be allowed to sing a pop song. Aryan said, “ ......................................................................................................” 18. Tina asked me why I was weeping. Tina said, “ .....................................................................................................?” 19. She ordered me to bring a glass of water at once. She said, “ ..........................................................................................................” 20. He blessed me that I might pass the exam. He said, “ .................................................................................................!” 7Test Yourself Fill in the blanks choosing correct alternatives from the brackets: 1. Papa told me………………………....careful to spend money when I said to him, “Give me some pocket money.” (to be , if I was, that I am) 2. Sneha told my brother that …………....been to the Terai. (he had, she had, I had) 3. Father said to Priya, “………………………....speedily in a busy street.” (Not drive, Not to drive, Don’t drive) 4. I found a bag, so I asked my friends………………………....(whose bag was it, whose bag it was, whose bag it is) 5. She asked her husband………....he had bought a ring for her. (that, to , whether) 6. The teacher told us that prevention…………....better than cure. (is, was, has) 7. The reported speech of “Did you have a problem yesterday?” is: He asked me if……………….... a problem the day before. (I had, why I had, I had had) 8. Mother said, “Do you know why………………....?”(did I cry, do I cry, I cried) 9. “Don’t look out of the window!” Our father ……………………….... out of the window. (told us to look, told us for looking, ordered us not to look) 10. “Come here immediately!” He told us……....go there immediately. (if, to, that) 11. “I am so sorry I wasn’t able to call you yesterday.” He apologised for…………………me the previous day. (not call, without calling, not calling) 12. “You can trust me. I’ll pay you everything I owe you.” He……………….... pay everything he owed me. (promised for, promised that, promised to) 13. “Why don’t we go out for a walk?” He………………………....out for a walk (suggested to go, suggested going, suggested for go) 14. “It was you and only you who stole the cake from the fridge.” My sister ….......... that it was he who stole the cake from the fridge. (advised, insisted, begged) Book 9 127
Causative Verbs Act out the conversation in pairs. A : Yesterday was a bad day for me. B : Really! What happened? A : The teacher made me complete my work after school. It took me nearly thirty minutes. B : Why did he force you to stay after school? A : Because I hadn’t done my homework, and he made me do it before I left. B : Poor you! A : That wasn’t so bad. My bicycle punctured while returning home from school. I was looking for a mechanic to have my bicycle repaired but there wasn’t any nearby. B : Oh, what did you do then? Did you have anyone help you? A : Yes, I found a mechanic. When I went there, I realized I had no money. B : Did the mechanic repair the puncture then? A : Yes, I requested him a lot and finally got him to repair my bicycle. B : Thank, God! You got it done anyhow. Here the verbs get, have and make are causative verbs. • A causative has the meaning of ‘someone causes someone to do something’. • Some other verbs that are used causatively are: let, help, cause, persuade, etc. Anita made her son do his homework. (Anita caused her son to do his homework.) The health workers are trying to get people to stop smoking. I had the mechanic check the brakes. Did you get your room painted last week? They let him wear a new dress. She helped me write a letter. From the above conversation, list down the sentences with causative verbs below. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Book 9 128
GRAMMAR STUDY: Rules of Causative Verbs Causative verbs can be used to express a causal relationship between the subject and the object in a sentence. They come with the following sentence structures: sub + make + agent + v1 + obj She made Rahul repair her watch. sub + get + agent + to + v1 + obj She got Rahul to repair her watch. sub + have + agent + v1 + obj She had Rahul repair her watch. sub + get/have + obj + v3 +….. She got her watch repaired. sub + let/help + agent + v1 + obj She let Rahul repair her watch. LET + person + verb: allow someone to do something Let them eat cake. He will let them watch TV. If Pukar does all his homework, I will let him play outside. MAKE + person + verb: force someone to do something A dictator can make his people do whaterver he wants. Mother can’t make me wear those stupid clothes! HAVE + person + verb: give someone the responsibility to do something He had the secretary type some letters. Tomorrow I will have the mechanic repair my car. I will pay good money. GET + person + to + verb: convince someone to do something I can get him to do anything I want. I know how to convince him. I can never get my brother to cook dinner. In the passive structure, the causative verb ‘make’ comes with ‘to + v1’. The students were made to stay after class by the teacher. He was made to complete his work. These causative verbs can come in any tenses. makes/make/will make/is making/has made/made cook food. He gets/get/will get/is getting/has got/got somebody to cook food. has/ have/had/will have/is having/had had cook food. Book 9 129
1Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: a. My teacher made me…….for what I had said. (apologize) b. Peeling onions always makes me …………….. (cry) c. I can’t believe Miss Rai got her hair ……….. like a pop star! (dye) d. Why did you make the children …………. to bed? (go) e. Neha got her daughter .......................the leaves. (rake) f. Did anybody make you ……….that ugly hat? (wear) g. I got my car washed and .......................at the new service station. (wax) h. Mina is having her friend ……… with her homework. (help) i. The police had the witness ...................... the thief. (identify) j. The politicians had the reporters …….. about the incident. (write) k. His father let me ………..his laptop. (use) l. The doctor made the patient.......................in bed. (stay) m. The dog made the cat …………..the tree quickly. (climb) n. How can parents get their children……..more? (read) o. Do you have your son ……………. the dishes? (do) p. I’m going to have my watch…………..now. (repair) q. She’s got a new secretary …………her job. (do) r. He hasn’t got the hall………for his birthday party. (reserve) 2Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: a. Goma is getting her aunt …………….. a new dress . (make) b. Who made you .......................such funny things? (do) c. Sudha has her clothes ……….. each week. (clean) d. The boss isn’t going to make everyone ………. late. (work) e. Will your parents let you ……… to the party? (go) f. Did she have her assistant ………… the report? (copy) g. I don’t let my kids ………… violent movies. (watch) h. Miss Yadav had her house ……………. last week. (decorate) i. I had the hairdresser ……….. my hair really short. (cut) j. I don’t know if my boss will let me ……….. the day off. (take) k. Mr Shrestha got some workers ………… out his garage. (clean) l. My boss had us …………… a progress report every week. (prepare) m. When will you have the students ………. the test? (take) n. She made her son.............his homework before she could go outside to play. (do) o. Who gets his sister ……….. the dishes for him? (do) p. Her father had the invitations …………at a good press. (print) q. I really must get my eyes ………… I’m sure I need glasses. (test) r. Tomorrow I’m going to the hairdresser´s to get my hair …….. (cut) Book 9 130
3Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: a. The government TV commercials are trying to get people…….smoking. (quit) b. Robin is getting Deepa …………. his report for him. (prepare) c. My teacher makes me ……. the daily report each day before I go home. (finish) d. Airport security made everyone ......................their shoes. (remove) e. I got my uncle …..…… me some money so I could buy a novel for me. (lend) f. Did you have all the arrangements ................... before the guests arrived? (make) g. I have the optometrist ……. my eyes every year. (check) h. I make my brother .......................to the dentist. (go) i. His father got the mechanic ………… his car. (fix) j. My teacher made me ……… my project work. (redo) k. Mandira didn’t have her assistant …….. the report. (copy) l. The doctor got his patient ……….. the bitter medicine. (take) m. The teacher had the class .......................a long essay. (write) n. My parents got me ………. my aunt before leaving town. (visit) o. My son is having his eyes ………..this week. (check) p. I’m having my jacket ……….. at a good cleaner’s. (clean) q. Yesterday I went to the optician’s to have my eyes ……….. (test) r. Her mother made me ………. my shoes before I went into her house. (take off) 4Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: a. I got my friend.......................a letter for me. (translate) b. They always have us ……….…. their garden. (manage) c. His mother might not let him ………… home tonight. (stay) d. What does Gopal get his sister …………? (do) e. Did you get your friend …………. you here? (drive) f. His father went to the bank to have a cheque ………….. (cash) g. His mom made him ………….. his room though he didn’t want to. (clean) h. The minister had some employees.......................from their services. (remove) i. The teacher had the class …………. a report on child labour in Nepal. (write) j. The President had his speech...............by a very talented group of writers. (write) k. Did the teachers make kids....................after school if they caused trouble? (stay) l. We’ll get a painter ………colours for our house. (choose) m. That food made my stomach ………….. sick. (feel) n. I didn’t pay someone to have my camera…………. (fix) o. We’re having a new house…………..now. (build) p. Her dress was too long, so she had it …………. (shorten) q. Regular repetition makes one ………… new words easily. (learn) r. Instead of buying a new mobile, I had my old one …….. (repair) Book 9 131
5Test Yourself Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of the verbs given in the brackets: 1. .......................this pen replaced. (Get, Make, Had) 2. His shoes are torn. He will get the cobbler...........them. (to mend, mend, mended) 3. He didn’t make her.......................night. (stay up, to stay up, stayed up) 4. I was made.......................at the party. (drank, to drink, drink) 5. She never gets her homework........................ (to check, check, checked) 6. Your jokes couldn’t make him........................(laugh, to laugh, laughed) 7. She was made .......................more for the sari. (pay, to pay, paid) 8. They have their hair .......................every second month. (to cut, cut, cuts) 9. Anup .......................Hari sing a song. (makes, gets, have) 10. Kiran .......................me to work for her. (got, had, get) 11. The teacher made her.......................her homework. (do, to do, done) 12. Have me.......................something please. (say, to say, said) 13. Barsha made me .......................this matter. (type, typed, to type) 14. I shall get Sharad.......................my work. (check, to check, checked) 15. You should have your eyes........................(to test, test, tested) 16. I had my brother .......................my project work. (done, to do, do) 17. She .......................her clothes washed. (have, makes, will get) 18. My friend made his son..................his girl friend home. (bring, to bring, brought) 19. .......................this radio repaired. (Get, Make, Had) 20. The director got the actor…………..the role. (play, to play, played) 6Test Yourself Complete the letter with the correct form of the verbs: Dear Numa, I was so happy today because I overcame my fear of speaking in front of the class. My friend Pemba was so helpful because she helped me ………………….. (realize) that standing and speaking in front of others was not a big deal. After class was over, Pemba had me ……………. (stand) on a desk. Then, he made me ……………….. (give) my speech over and over until I became comfortable in front of him. He convinced me to speak confidently with a loud voice and also made me……...……….(stand up) straight while speaking. I am so grateful for all of his help. Yours, Angela Book 9 132
Active and Passive Read the news article and underline the passive sentences. Central Zoo in Kathmandu The Central Zoo is located in Kathmandu. It is the only zoo in Nepal. It covers an area of six hectares. It houses more than 800 animals of different species of mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. The zoo was established in 1932 AD. It was established as a private zoo by Rana Prime Minister Juddha Shumser. The public were not allowed to enter the zoo before 1950 AD. It was opened to the public only when it came under government control in 1950. After five years, the government handed over responsibility of the zoo to the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) in 1955 AD. Since then it has been operated by the NTNC. NTNC aims to develop the Central Zoo as a centre for wildlife research and conservation education. It has developed plans and policies to maintain the zoo and improve the living conditions of animals. The zoo annually receives around one million visitors and is imparting conservation education to over 200,000 students. NTNC has been successfully running a special membership based program called the Friends of Zoo (FOZ) with a network of schools in Kathmandu Valley. It aims to generate public awareness and participation in wildlife conservation. Now look at these sentences again. Active: They established the zoo in 1932 AD. Passive: The zoo was established in 1932 AD by them. Active: NTNC has developed plans and policies to maintain the zoo. Passive: Plans and policies have been developed by NTNC to maintain the zoo. The voice of a verb tells whether the subject of the sentence performs or receives the action.There are two types of voice – active and passive. Book 9 133
In active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb. The dog ate the bone. Active Sony is writing a poem. His brother has sung a song. Somebody stole the car last month. In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb. Passive The bone was eaten by the dog. A poem is being written by Sony. A song has been sung by his brother. The car was stolen last month. Now study the following examples: subject direct object Active : The mouse ate the cheese. Passive : The cheese was eaten by the mouse. subject real agent aux + verb (v3) subject object subject verb object Active: John ate the cookies. subject He opens the door. object The door is opened by him. Passive: The cookies were eaten by John. subject aux+verb (v3) agent aux + verb (v3) Active: The cat was chasing the mouse. Passive:The mouse was being chased by the cat. aux + verb (v3) Active: Columbus discovered America. subject verb object Passive: America was discovered by Columbus. object aux + verb (v3) subject Book 9 134
GRAMMAR STUDY: Structures of Active and Passive The structures of active and passive voice are as follows: Active : subject + (auxiliary) + main verb + object Passive : object + auxiliary verb + past participle (v3) + by + subject What are the changes? The position of the subject and the object needs to change. Anu collected the rubbish. He will invite us. The rubbish was collected by Anu. We will be invited by him. Active sentences may or may not have auxiliary verbs, but passive sentences often come with auxiliary verbs. Anu collected the rubbish. Anu is collecting the rubbish. (no auxiliary verb) (auxiliary verb) The rubbish was collected by Anu. The rubbish is being collected by Anu. (auxiliary verb) (auxiliary verb) Main verbs are changed to their past participle forms (v3). Anu collects the rubbish. The rubbish is collected by Anu. Anu is collecting the rubbish. The rubbish is being collected by Anu. Anu has collected the rubbish. The rubbish has been collected by Anu. Anu collected the rubbish. The rubbish was collected by Anu. Anu will collect the rubbish. The rubbish will be collected by Anu. Anu has to collect the rubbish. The rubbish has to be collected by Anu. The subject of the active sentence is generally placed after ‘by’ and some other prepositions. Anu collects the rubbish. The rubbish is collected by Anu. satisfy/please/cover/fill + with marry/ know/oblige + to contain/ interest + in surprise/shock + at The results surprised me. I was surprised at the results. He knows me. Grammar Help I am known to him. Only transitive verbs have passive This book interested Nina. forms. Nina was interested in this book. Active: She wrote a letter. The bottle contains pure milk. Passive: A letter was written by her. Pure milk is contained in the bottle. Active: She sleeps well. Our work pleased her. It has no passive voice because the She was pleased with our work. verb ‘sleep’ is an intransitive verb. Her explanation did not satisfy her teacher. Her teacher was not satisfied with her explanation. Book 9 135
‘By + subject’ is omitted if the subject is unknown or predictable or not important. People speak English all over the world. English is spoken all over the world. Somebody stole his book last week. His book was stolen last week. They grow tea in Illam. Tea is grown in Illam. There are three situations in which you may want to focus on the receiver of an action rather than the agent: Ü when the agent of the action is unknown, The car was stolen last month. (We don’t know who has stolen it.) Her bedroom window was broken. (We don’t know who did it.) Ü when the agent of the action is obvious or universally understood, Rice is grown in the Terai region. English is spoken all over the world. Ü when a writer wants to focus on the receiver rather than the agent. The book was written two years ago. (It doesn’t matter who wrote it) The field has been already planted. GRAMMAR STUDY: Subject and object change The position of the subject and the object is changed while changing sentences from active to passive. e While changing the subject and the object, nouns do not change but the forms of the pronouns are changed. subject object Active : Nina helped Kunal. Passive : Kunal was helped by Nina. I me Active : She helped him. we us Passive : He was helped by her. you you Active : They will invite Mina and Kumar. he him Passive : Mina and Kumar will be invited by them. she her Active : She can play the flute. they them Passive : The flute can be played by her. e If the subject is unknown or unimportant, it is generally not mentioned after ‘by’ preposition. Generally subjects like ‘somebody, nobody, someone, people, we, they, etc’ are not mentioned after ‘by’ preposition in the passive voice. Active : Somebody broke the bench. Passive : The bench was broken. Active : People speak English all over the world. Passive : English is spoken all over the world. Active : Nobody has helped them. (by nobody) Passive : They have not been helped. e If there are two objects, you can take any one to form passive voice. It is easier to form passives by taking the first object, rather than the second one. Book 9 136
Active: Mina gave me a book. first object second object Passive: I was given a book by Mina. A book was given to me by Mina. Active: Grandmother will tell us some stories. first object second object Passive: We will be told some stories by Grandmother. Some stories will be told to us by Grandmother. When we use the second object to form the passive voice, we need to insert ‘to’ or ‘for’ prepositions with the first object. Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with correct words to complete the passive sentences. a. He invited them to his birthday party. ………were invited to his birthday party by………. b. She invited us to her birthday party. ………were invited to her birthday party by………. c. I invited her to my birthday party. ………was invited to my birthday party by………. d. Anu invited you to her birthday party. ………were invited to her birthday party by………. e. We are building a house for a family of four. ………..is being built for a family for four by……… f. I did not make that call. ………….was not made by ………….. g. The dog bit the beggar. ………………..was bitten by………………. h. He has fixed our computer twice already. ………………..has been fixed twice already by………………. i. A car ran over our dog. …………..was run over by …………… j. Did the noise frighten you? Were……………. frightened by…………? k. Someone has stolen my favourite book. …………..has been stolen. l. People will simply laugh at you for your trouble. …………..will simply be laughed at for your trouble. Book 9 137
Grammar Practice: Complete the following passive sentences with two objects. a. I will give her a beautiful doll. First object: ..........will be given a beautiful doll by ………. Second object: ............................will be given to her by………. b. She told us the truth. First object: ..........were told the truth by ………. Second object: ............................was told to us by………. c. His brother has lent me a camera. First object: ..........has been lent a camera by ………. Second object: ............................has been lent to me………. d. Anu bought her sister a red dress. First object: ..........was bought a red dress by………….. Second object: ............................bought for her sister by ……….. e. The Government has sent him a message. First object: ...........has been sent a message by …………... Second object: ……………… has been sent to him by ………………. f. I have taught the class the first lesson. First object: ……………. was taught the first lesson by…………… Second object: ……………… was taught to the class by …………… GRAMMAR STUDY: Auxiliary Verbs in Passive Sentences Tense Active Passive simple present sub + v1/v5 + obj Anu cooks food. obj + is/am/are + v3 + by + sub simple past Food is cooked by Anu. sub + v2+ obj simple future Anu cooked food. obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub Food was cooked by Anu. present sub + shall/will + v1 + obj continuous Anu will cook food. obj + shall be/will be + v3 + by + sub past continuous Food will be cooked by Anu. sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj present perfect Anu is cooking food. obj + is/am/are + being + v3 + by + sub Food is being cooked by Anu. past perfect sub + was/were + v4 + obj Anu was cooking food. obj + was/were + being + v3 + by + sub future perfect Food was being cooked by Anu. sub + has/have + v3 + obj Anu has cooked food. obj + has been/have been + v3 + by + sub Food has been cooked by Anu. sub + had + v3 + obj Anu had cooked food. obj + had been + v3 + by + sub Food had been cooked by Anu. sub + will have/ shall have + v3 + obj Anu will have cooked food. obj + will have been/ shall have been + v3 + by + sub Food will have been cooked by Anu. Book 9 138
modals Anu can cook food. Food can be cooked by Anu. Anu will cook food. Food will be cooked by Anu. will have Anu should cook food. Food should be cooked by Anu. would have Anu may cook food. Food may be cooked by Anu. should have has to/have to/ Anu should have cooked food. Food should have been cooked by Anu. had to/will have Anu would have cooked food. Food would have been cooked by Anu. to is going to Anu has to cook food. Food has to be cooked by Anu. Anu had to cook food. Food had to be cooked by Anu. Anu will have to cook food. Food will have to be cooked by Anu. Anu is going to cook food. Food is going to be cooked by Anu. Anu was going to cook food. Food was going to be cooked by Anu. Grammar Practice: Fill in the blanks with the correct auxiliary verbs. Active Passive A tree ............. planted by him. He plants a tree. He is planting a tree. He has planted a tree. He planted a tree. He was planting a tree. He had planted a tree. He will plant a tree. He will have planted a tree. He can plant a tree. He should plant a tree. He is going to plant a tree. He should have planted a tree. He has to plant a tree. He will have to plant a tree. They plant trees. They are planting trees. They have planted trees. They will plant trees. They were planting trees. They have to plant trees. They can plant trees. They are going to plant trees. They should plant trees. They will have planted trees. Book 9 139
GRAMMAR STUDY: Passive of Various Types of Sentences Sentences Active Passive Assertive sub + v + obj+............. Anu closes the door. obj + aux + v3+by+... Interrogative Anu does not close the door. The door is closed by Anu. He cannot speak English. The door is not closed by Anu. Aux + sub+ v+ obj+...? English cannot be spoken by him. Does Anu close the door? Aux + obj + v3+by+...? Can he write a letter? Is the door closed by Anu? Can a letter be written by him? Wh+ aux + sub + v + obj+...? Wh + aux+ obj + v3+ by+...? When does Anu close the door? When is the door closed by Anu? Who closes the door? By whom is the door closed? (Who is the door closed by?) Imperative Verb + obj+... Let + obj + be + v3... Optative Write a letter. Let a letter be written. Close the door. Let the door be closed. Do not close the door. Let the door not be closed. Let + obj1 + verb + Obj2 + ... Let + obj2 + be + v3 + by + obj1 Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him. Let her close the door. Let the door be closed by her. Please/kindly + verb... You are requested to + v1... Please write a letter. You are requested to write a letter. Kindly close the door. You are requested to close the door. Verb + obj...(duty) Obj + should be + v3... Obey your parents. Your parents should be obeyed. Help the poor. The poor should be helped. May + sub + verb + obj...! May + obj + be+ v3 ...! May you defeat your rivals! May your rivals be defeated! May God help you! May you be helped! Grammar Practice: Change the sentences into passive. Assertive: He draws a picture. He does not draw a picture. …………………………….. ………………………………… He drew a picture. He did not draw a picture. …………………………….. ………………………………… They have bought a house. They have not bought a house. …………………………….. ………………………………… My friend has written a poem. My friend has not written a poem. …………………………….. ………………………………… Book 9 140
He can drive a bus. He cannot drive a bus. …………………………….. ………………………………… She has to cook food. She was not cooking food. …………………………….. ………………………………… Interrogative: Does he draw a picture? Does he not draw a picture? …………………………….. ………………………………… Did he draw a picture? What did he draw? …………………………….. ………………………………… Have they bought a house? Haven’t they bought a house? …………………………….. ………………………………… Has my friend written a poem? Who has written a poem? …………………………….. ………………………………… What can he drive? Can he drive a bus? …………………………….. ………………………………… Imperative: Draw a picture. Do not draw a picture. …………………………….. ………………………………… Let him draw a picture. Please draw a picture. …………………………….. ………………………………… Do this at once. Do not do this. …………………………….. ………………………………… Obey your elders. Help the needy. …………………………….. ………………………………… Imperative: May God help you! May you pass your exam! …………………………….. ………………………………… May you win this competition? May you find your book soon! …………………………….. ………………………………… Grammar Practice: Write a sentence of each type and change it into passive. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………. Book 9 141
GRAMMAR STUDY: Impersonal Passive e We can form impersonal passive in two ways- IT Passive and Subject Passive. Active : People believe that the Prime Minister is on the point of resigning. first subject first verb second subject second verb It Passive : It is believed that the Prime Minister is on the point of resigning. first verb second subject second verb Subject Passive : The Prime Minister is believed to be on the point of resigning. second subject first verb second verb e Impersonal passive is mainly possible with the following verbs: assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, discover, estimate, feel, hope, know, prove, report, rumour, say, show, think, understand, etc. e IT passive follows the following structures: Active: first subject + first verb (present) + (that) + second subject + second verb + … IT Passive: It + is + first verb (v3 ) + (that) + subject + second verb + …… People say that he is from Germany. It is said that he is from Germany. We believe that she was a nurse. It is believed that she was a nurse. Active: first subject + first verb (past) + (that) + second subject + second verb + .... IT Passive: It + was + first verb (v3 ) + (that) + subject + second verb + ……… People said that he was from Germany. It was said that he was from Germany. We believed that she was a nurse. It was believed that she was a nurse. • The first subject is removed and ‘It’ as a subject is added. • After ‘It’, use ‘is’ if the first verb is in the present tense, and use ‘was’ if the first verb is in the past tense. • You may use ‘that’ or you may remove it. • There is no change in the sentence that comes after ‘that’ clause. e Subject passive follows the following structures: Active: first subject + first verb (present)+(that)+second subject + second verb (present) ... Subject Passive: second subject+is/are + first verb (v3) + to + second verb (v1) + … People say that he is from Germany. He is said to be from Germany. People think that she lives in New York. She is thought to live in New York. Active: first subject + first verb (past) + (that) + second subject + second verb (past) + ... Subject Passive: second subject + was/were + first verb (v3) + to + second verb (v1) + … People said that he was from Germany. He was said to be from Germany. Book 9 142
People thought that she lived in New York. She was thought to live in New York. Active: first subject+first verb (present)+(that)+second subject+second verb (past) +.... Subject Passive: second subject+is/are+first verb (v3)+to+have+second verb (v3)+… present past People say that he was a genius. He is said to have been a genius. present past People think that she lived in New York. She is thought to have lived in New York. Read some more examples to know variations in impersonal passive: They say that she works hard. It is said that she works hard. present present She is said to work hard. They say that she played well. It is said that she played well. present past She is said to have played well. They say that she has played well. It is said that she has played well. present present She is said to have played well. They said that she had done well. It was said that she had done well. past past She was said to have done well. They believe that he is having an affair. It is believed that he is having an affair. present present He is believed to be having an affair. They believe that he has been having an affair. It is believed that he has been having an affair. present present He is believed to have been having an affair. People thought that he spent two years in hospital. It was thought that he spent two years in hospital. past past He was thought to spend two years in hospital. People think that he spent two years in hospital. It is thought that he spent two years in hospital. present past He is thought to have spent two years in hospital. They report that the president has a secret mistress. It is reported that the president has a secret mistress. present present The president is reported to have a secret mistress. Police have reported that he was a spy. It has been reported that he was a spy. present past He has been reported to have been a spy. They thought that he was on holiday. It was thought that he was on holiday. past past He was thought to be on holiday. People know that cars pollute the environment. It is known that cars pollute the environment. present present Cars are known to pollute the environment. They believe that Saniya will win the match. It is believed that Saniya will win the match. present future Saniya is believed to win the match. People said that he was jealous of her. It was said that he was jealous of her. past past He was said to be jealous of her. People say that he was jealous of her. It is said that he was jealous of her. present past He is said to have been jealous of her. People think that he made a lot of money last year. It is thought that he made a lot of money last year. present past He is thought to have made a lot of money last year. They claim that prices have risen again. It is claimed that prices have risen again. present present Prices are claimed to have risen again. Book 9 143
GRAMMAR STUDY: Some Other Passive Constructions M Passive of infinitives sub + want/like/love/enjoy/prefer/appreciate + ...... + to infinitive + obj (active) sub + want/like/love/enjoy/prefer/appreciate + ...... + to be + v3 ...... (passive) He wants someone to take his photographs. He wants his photographs to be taken. She wants somebody to help her. She wants to be helped. I want someone to lift this bag. I want this bag to be lifted. Some other infinitive constructions: She needs to be told what to do. No work needs to be done over the weekend. That child really likes to be read to by her mother. He didn’t expect to be visited by friends. M Passive of gerunds sub + want/like/love/enjoy/prefer/don’t mind, etc.+ ...... + gerund + obj (active) sub + want/like/love/enjoy/prefer/don’t mind, etc.+ ...... + being/having + v3 ...... (passive) He doesn’t like people phoning him at night. He doesn’t like being phoned at night. She hates people feeding her. She hates being fed. He is tired of people telling him what to do. He is tired of being told what to do. I love somebody helping me. I love being helped. I hate people calling me at midnight. I hate being called at midnight. I like people taking my photographs. I like having my photographs taken. Some other gerund constructions: She’s looking forward to being invited to the party. He’s interested in being interviewed by the reporter. I won’t come to the party without being invited. Being lost in the snow is very frightening. She’s nervous about being charged too much. He’s interested in being connected to cable TV. He wants to communicate with friends without being overheard. She avoided being visited by friends. Being punished for bad behaviour is normal at school. M Passive of perfect infinitive He is fortunate to have been passed the exam. She regrets having been visited by some friends. M Be supposed to The letter is supposed to be typed by me. I am supposed to type the letter. She is supposed to clean the room. The room is supposed to be cleaned by her. They aren’t supposed to make dessert. Dessert isn’t supposed to be made by them. M It is his duty to………….. It is his duty to fence the park. He is supposed to fence the park. It is her duty to type the letter. She is supposed to type the letter. Book 9 144
GRAMMAR STUDY: Changing Sentences from Passive to Active Ask yourself the following questions while changing sentences from passive to active: M What type of sentence is it? Each type of sentence has its own active and passive structure. You need to recognize the type of the passive sentence and think of its active structure. A letter was written by her. (assertive-affirmative) A letter cannot be written by her. (assertive-negative) Is a letter being written by her? (interrogative) When has a letter been written by her? (interrogative) Let a letter be written. (imperative) M Is there the agent after ‘by’ preposition or not? Some trees are being planted by Mina. (agent) She will not be invited by Anup. (agent) His book was stolen last week. (no agent) Was the dog being chased? (no agent) God is worshipped in every country. (no agent) M If there is the agent, make it a subject. If there is no agent, think of a subject that matches the context. Some trees are being planted by Mina. (agent) Generally the subjects like Mina………………………. ‘people, somebody, nobody, She will not be invited by Anup. (agent) someone, we, they, you, etc’ Anup………………………. are chosen if there are no His book was stolen last week. (no agent) agent in the passive sentence. Somebody………………………. Was the dog being chased? (no agent) Was anyone………………………. God is worshipped in every country. (no agent) People………………………. M Then think of a tense of the passive sentence and its active construction. Supply correct active forms of verbs. Some trees are being planted by Mina. (present continuous passive) Mina is planting…………………………………………. She will not be invited by Anup. (simple future passive ) Anup will not invite…………………………………………. His book was stolen last week. (simple past passive) Somebody stole…………………………………………. God is worshipped in every country. (simple present passive) People worship…………………………………………. M Keep the object after the main verb, and then the rest parts of the sentence. Some trees are being planted by Mina. Mina is planting some trees. She will not be invited by Anup. Anup will not invite her. His book was stolen last week. Somebody stole his book last week. Was the dog being chased? Was anyone chasing the dog? God is worshipped in every country. People worship God in every country. Book 9 145
1Test Yourself Complete the following passive sentences: a. You must iron this dress for tonight. This dress…………….….for tonight by you. b. The children couldn’t have done this damage. ………...…….. couldn’t have been done by……………….…. c. The Prime Minister is making a speech this evening. A speech……………………..this evening by……………. d. The students painted the walls of their classroom. The walls of their classroom were……………………………… e. The telephone call will confuse Nina. ………..will be confused by………………………. f. Someone will clean the hut tomorrow. The hut………………………tomorrow. g. Riya told Kunal to get out of the house. Kunal was told…………………………………… h. The waiter brought us the menu card. The menu card was ……………………………….. i. Someone will give you a new notebook. You will be given………………………… j. They allowed her to go to the dining room. ……….was allowed to go to the dining room. k. My mother is making a birthday cake. ……………..…….is being made by…………….. l. They cancelled all flights because of fog. All lights…………………….because of fog. m. I love someone taking me out for dinner. I love being ………………for dinner. n. Floods swept away the wooden bridge. …………….was swept away by …………….. o. Millions of people have read that book. This book…………………………………………… p. The police arrested the escaped prisoner two days later. The escaped prisoner ………………………….two days later. q. Most students speak English in this class. ……………….is spoken by ……………….in this class. r. Will they give us enough books for the project work? Will we be given…………………….for the project work? s. They have not taken the car into the garage. The car……………………………………………………………. t. Will they mend the roof of their old house? …………………………………………………………………….. Book 9 146
2Test Yourself Change the following sentences into passive: A greengrocer sells potatoes. A small red car hit the dog. Architects design buildings. Don’t open the door. My employer praised my work. My father has signed the form. The news surprised us all. Are they typing the letters? Can anyone cure it? Which umbrella do you use? Can he borrow your umbrella? Did Alice invite you? Do not move that chair. They make the decisions. We add water to mixture Carry this bag home. Someone told me the story before. The children weeded the garden. Do not beat the dog. We make butter from milk. His dog licked the bowl. I gave her your message. Do not shake the bottle. Someone is teaching him English. The clerk wrote the letter. They had offered me a job. I hate people looking at me. Do it at once. Is Amina decorating the room? Where did she find the book? Rosy has plaited her hair. We must look for the key. He had told me a lie. Where do they play cricket? Nobody invites Kunal to parties. Who made this? 3Test Yourself Change the following sentences into passive: Do the children play football? They didn’t tell me the truth. Who taught you karate? You must tidy up this room. The police caught the thief. Leave the books as they are. Whom did you laugh at? Why did he punish you? Will she sew the curtains? Let them decorate the room. Look! They have fried the fish. Mother is washing the dishes. A policeman witnessed the accident. How do you pronounce this word? Nobody has made this bed. Solve one problem at a time. Has Miss Rai marked the test? Have you broken the glass? Have you finished the work? Someone violated the rule. The announcer is reading the news. He cut the cake with a small knife. Someone has read her the letter. The dog bit the boy twice. The headmaster is locking the rooms. The hunter hunts wild animals. The masons were building the house. The mother told her child a story. The girl was painting a picture. Some birds build their nests in trees. He hates people making fun of him The postman brought you a parcel. They did nothing until he came. They will show me the cathedral. They carried him into the hospital. The terrorists blew up the bridge. They have not opened the doors yet. Nobody can repair this broken chair. Book 9 147
4Test Yourself Change the following sentences into passive. 1. They close the shop at one o’clock. 2. Write the title of your essay on the top line. 3. The fireman chopped wood for the fire. 4. The girls play basketball after school. 5. You must not throw away empty bottles. 6. Somebody must throw these books away. 7. Rosy showed the visitors the new park. 8. Anisha had to take her dog to the vet. 9. Someone has spilt some milk on the carpet. 10. The orchestra played that piece beautifully. 11. The police are sure to ask you that question. 12. They are cooking food in the school kitchen. 13. They are offering you another chance. 14. They asked us that question many times before. 15. People hope that prices won’t go up this year. 16. Somebody must have taken the book while I was out. 17. Mandira will have cooked the dinner in an hour’s time. 18. France beat England in yesterday’s one day match. 19. They say hot lemon is one of the best remedies for sore throats. 20. They will have finished their homework by nine o’clock. 21. We have given Tony three loaves of bread. 22. People celebrated the first Nepali Republic Day on 29 May, 2009. 23. Have the police rescued the injured passengers? 24. Deepak presented the report at the conference. 25. People will laugh at you if you go out dressed like that. 26. Did Neha eat a piece of chocolate cake? 27. A sudden increase in water pressure would break the dam. 28. A group of small boys are feeding the monkeys. 29. One cannot eat an orange if nobody has peeled it 30. They ought to finish this job by tomorrow. 31. People think that money is the most important thing in life. 32. Scientists have conducted experiments to test the hypothesis. 33. The carpenter will have made the furniture in two months. 34. They can’t put you in prison if you haven’t committed the crime. 35. We should increase food production to cope with the looming food crisis. 36. Nobody had eaten the dinner before they finished the conversation. 37. The grandmother was telling her grandchildren an interesting story. 38. The police gave up the search after three hours. 39. Someone should look into the matter. 40. People say that tortoises live longer than elephants. Book 9 148
5Test Yourself Choose the correct answers from the brackets. 1. Are you sure the door……………well? (has been shut, has shut, has being shut) 2. The books………………………on the table. (were laid, were lie , were lay) 3. A large chunk of bread … by the dog. (was bit off, was bitten off, were bit off) 4. I am sorry. You can’t stay in my flat because it………………………right now. (decorated, is being decorated, is decorating) 5. The children ……for being late. (punished, are being punished, were punishing) 6. This story………………next month. (will be published, will publish, published) 7. He………………………by a bus as he was crossing the road. (was ran over, was running over, was run over) 8. The passive form of ‘People know that she is a good swimmer.’ is: She is known………………… a good swimmer. (that she is, that be, to be) 9. Mr. Yadav ……………………… at the University since 2001. (has been teaching, has been taught, was taught) 10. Not much ……………………… about the programme since that time. (has said, has been said, had said) 11. A new book ………………………by that company next year. (will publish, will be published, has published) 12. He ……………………… the girl’s name now. (remembers, is remembered, will be remembered) 13. The teacher ……….......………… to the students yesterday. (introduced, was introduced, had introduced) 14. They suppose that the new product will come out soon. That is to say: The new product is supposed………………out soon. (that come, to come, to have come) 15. When the Principal arrived, our problem………………………(had already been solved, had already solved, solved) 16. The house ………………………last year. (was built, built, had built) 17. Each child………a box of chocolates last year. (gave, was given, will be given) 18. The child………………………by his adoptive parents. (will look after, will be looked after, has looked after) 19. A beautiful dress ………………………to Mina by her parents last month. (bought, was bought, will buy) 20. People believe that he has robbed the bank. That is to say: He is believed to ………………..the bank. (to rob, to have robbed, that he has robbed) 21. Where were these apples ………………………?(grew, grown, grow) 22. His nephew …… in a village. (has brought up, was bringing up, was brought up) 23. David …………… an award for his efforts. (was given, was giving, has given) 24. These pictures …………………… four years ago. (was taken, were taken, took) 25. America …… by Columbus. (was discovered, was discovering, has discovered) 26. Women and children ……………………… priority to men when the lifeboats were lowered into the sea. (gave, were given, were giving) Book 9 149
6Test Yourself Change the following sentences into active: 1. I was ordered to rest by the doctor. 2. Everyone in need was helped by his father. 3. The letter was written by Mandira. 4. The game had been won by the blue team. 5. The car is being cleaned by its owner. 6. The dog was hit by the car. 7. The question has been answered by Mona. 8. Anu will be brought up by her aunt. 9. The president was elected three years ago. 10. Penicillin was discovered by Fleming. 11. The accident was witnessed by Madan. 12. His portrait is being painted by the artist. 13. The problem had been solved by him. 14. His father’s car was stolen by the thief. 15. Ten apples will have been bought by her uncle. 16. The dog is fed by my neighbour. 17. The bicycle will be ridden by me. 18. The house will be built by them in eight months. 19. The question is being discussed by them now. 20. The fire was put out by the fire-brigade. 21. A factory will be set up by the government. 22. Traffic regulations should be followed by drivers as well as pedestrians. 23. A beautiful present was given to me for my birthday by my mother. 7Test Yourself Write the correct voice of the verbs given in the brackets: The moon................ (orbit) the Earth the way the Earth.................... (orbit) the sun. Scientists believe that the moon ……...…. (form) at about the same time as the Earth. They now know that it.................. (make up of) many of the same materials. But scientists......................(find) that the moon is different from the Earth in many ways. For example, the moon ..................... (have) no atmosphere to carry sound; as a result, no matter what......................... (happen) on the moon’s surface, no sound.................... (hear). Without an atmosphere, water ………… (disappear) into space. That is why no water can......................... (find) on the surface of the moon, although some water …………….(trap) inside rocks. Without water, there can ..................... (be) no weather. So if you go to the moon, you will never ………..(see) a cloud, .................... (get) wet in a rainstorm, or......................... (feel) the wind blow. Book 9 150
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