Final setting2 with coverpage

["STICKY TRAPS: Yellow sticky traps are a common method for monitoring many pests, including Aphids, Whiteflies, Yellow flies, Jassids, Grass hoppers, Leaf miner adults and other flying \/ sucking pests. Use of yellow sticky traps in seedling production areas at the rate of 1\u2013 2 traps\/50\u2013100 m2 . Blue sticky traps: Thrips are highly attracted to this; blue sticky traps can be set up every 2\u20133 m2 in a greenhouse for effective control These traps come in Sheets\/Pads and rolls. SOLAR LIGHT INSECT TRAP Solar Light trap is the most effective pest management tool in the hands of the modern, knowledgeable, progressive farmer today. It uses no electricity and no pesticides or chemicals, very easy to install (the farmer can do it himself), needs no maintenance, is Micro pressor and sensor based fully automatic, turns on by itself when it is dark, switches off after 3-4 hours. Solar light Insect trap is very effective against all kinds of flying nocturnal insects \u2013 big or small and specially the harmful pests that are known to be very active during Late evening \u2013 nighttime (Approximately 1800-2200 Hrs). Its Ultraviolet light attracts insects from far, the insects\/Pests fall in the water bowl and die gradually. TRAP CROPS: Trap crops are those crops which nullify or minimize the impact of pests and Insects on main crops. Generally Marigold, Maize, Castor etc. crops are grown with the main crops to minimize the impact of pests\/insecticides OTHER METHODS\/MATERIALS for INSECT\/PEST \/ DISEASE Control. CVR soil water concoction, Bramhastra, Agniastra, Dashparni, Asafetida concoction, Buttermilk concoction, Neem Oil spray (1500 -100,000 PPM) etc\u2026 is practiced by the farmers to control pests \/ insecticides \/ diseases. 147","PROTECTED FARMING Protected farming is a method of farming to grow the crops round the year. It is bit costlier affair but has lot of advantage over conventional open field farming. There are different types of protected farming methods are in practice across the globe. Few widely practiced protected farming methods are as following. \u2022 Low tunnel farming \u2022 Walk-in tunnel farming \u2022 Wire rope net house and Shade net house \u2022 Naturally Ventilated polyhouse (NVPH) \u2022 Retractable NVPH \u2022 Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), FAN-PAD polyhouse. LOW TUNNEL: Plastics tunnel popularly known as low tunnels are miniature structures producing greenhouse like effect. These tunnels facilitate the entrapment of carbon dioxide, thereby enhancing the photosynthetic activities of the plant that help to increase yield. These structures also protect the plants from high wind, rain, frost and snow. Besides being inexpensive, these structures are easy to construct and dismantle. Low tunnels have been used for producing healthy and high value nurseries. Technical Specification of Low tunnel Particular Specification Product Low Tunnel Size As per Requirement Top Height 2-4.0 Feet, Half Moon\/Dome Shape Width 1 Meter Length 10+ Meter (As per requirement) Frame Material HDPE\/PVC Pipe, 1\u201d Diameter, 2 Mtr. Length Top Plastic Spun Bond non woven-Crop Cover fabric or LDPE films. GSM- 17 to 30 \/ 25-50 GSM, Width- 2 \/ 3-3.5 m Other material 50 cm long with 6 mm diameter GI wires in which Peg to be made, 2 No. of Poles having 5 cm diameter, Twin Poly Propylene (PP) ropes. Advantages: Used for raising healthy and early nursery, maintains optimum temperature for plant growth, enhances nutrients uptake by the plants, Increases photosynthetic activities of the plants, Used for cultivation during winter, Protection against wind, rain, frost & snow. Crops: Strawberry, spinach, scallions, carrots, cabbage, kale, collards, chard, leeks, , parsley, arugula other exotic , leafy green and vegetables\u2026. 148","WALK-IN TUNNEL Walk In Tunnels are basically the protected structure made from Pre-galvanized pipe and covered with UV Stabilized Plastic Sheet. Generally Walk In Tunnels are used to give favorable controlled environment like temperature, humidity, light intensity, ventilation, soil media, disease control, irrigation, Fertigation and other agronomical practices throughout the season irrespective of the natural conditions outside. Walk In Tunnel have variety of applications, the majority being, growing of vegetables, floriculture, planting material acclimatization, fruit crop growing for export market. In conventional Agronomical practices, the crops are being grown \/ cultivated in the open field under natural conditions where the crops are more susceptible to sudden changes in climate i.e. temperature, humidity, light intensity, photo period and other conditions due to which the quality, yield of a particular crop can get affected and may be decreased. Walk In Tunnels are available in different sizes and constructed as per requirement. Technical specification of the walk-in Tunnel (may change as per design n requirements) Particular Specification Product Walk In Tunnel Size 8-10 Meter(Span) x 2-4 Meter(Bay) Top Height 3-4 Meter Trellising Load 25 Kg\/m\u00b2 Wind Load 120 km\/hr Trusses Pipe 48 mm OD Purlin Pipe 42 mm OD Trusses Member Pipe 33 mm OD Foundation Pipe 42 mm OD Fasteners High Tensile Strength & Hot Dip Galvanized (120 GSM) Entrance Door Hinge\/Sliding door made from Aluminum Frame with Polycarbonate \/ Plastic Sheet. Features: The structure is prefabricated, requires no welding, Assembled with Nut-bolts and easy to assemble\/disassemble. Advantages: Less water and fertilizer, Less disease and pests, Uniform and better quality, offseason crop cultivation\/harvest, economically cheaper than NVPH and CEA polyhouses. Crops: Cucumber, Sweet \/ Bell pepper, Tomato\/Cherry Tomato, Broccoli, Lettuce, Celery, Kale etc... Exotic leafy vegetables, Strawberry etc\u2026 149","WIRE ROPE NET A Wire Rope net house is a structure made from Hot dip galvanized Steel Pipe with quick couplings and enclosed by Agro nets or Anti Insect net to allow required sunlight, moisture and air to pass through the gaps. It creates an appropriate microclimate conductive to the plant growth. It is also referred as Wire Rope House or Net House. Structural Specification Specifications Items Wire Rope Net House 500 to 4000 sqm Product 6 Meter (Span) x 4 Meter (Bay) Structure Size 3 Meter Grid Size 2 Meter Top Height IS Standard material Hockey 4 mm GI wire rope GI Pipe 75% Shading factor, 120 GSM Wire Rope High Strength clamp Shade Net Dock Clamp 150","SHADE NET HOUSE A Shade net house is a structure made from Hot dip galvanized Steel Pipe with quick couplings and enclosed by Agro nets or Anti Insect net to allow required sunlight, moisture, and air to pass through the gaps. It creates an appropriate microclimate conductive to the plant growth. It is also referred as Shade house or Net House. Flat Roof Shade Net House: As per the name, the top of the net house is flat. Round \/ Dome Shape Shade Net House: Top of the net house is the Round \/ dome shaped. Specifications : Flat roof Shade Net Round \/ Dome roof Shade Net Foundation Stub type Foundation Stub type Grid (in Mtrs) 6x6\/8x6 Grid (in Mtrs) 6 x 4 \/ 8x6 Height (Mtrs) 4 Ridge Height (Mtrs) 4 Side Height (Mtrs) 3 Corridor wide (Mtrs) 2 Corridor wide (Mtrs) 2 Covering material Shade \/ Insect net Covering material Shade \/ Insect net Profile to hold net Aluminium Profile to hold net Aluminium Wind load 120 Km\/Hr Wind load 120 Km\/Hr Trellis load 25 Kg\/M2 Trellis load 25 Kg\/M2 FYI: The specification may vary and can be customized too. Advantage: Helps in cultivation of flower plants, foliage plants, medicinal plants, vegetables and spices. Used for fruit and vegetable nurseries as well as for raising of forest species etc. Helps in quality drying of various Agro products. Used to protect against pest attack. Protects from natural weather disturbances such as wind, rain, hail and frost. Used in production of graft saplings and reducing its mortality during hot summer days. Used for hardening tissue culture plants \u2026. Dome Shaped Shade net house Flat Shaped Shade net house 151","NATURALLY VENTILATED POLYHOUSE and RETRACTABLE POLYHOUSE One of the most popular types of polyhouses, suitable to all the regions of the nation. There are different types according to region and climatic conditions. Types: Saw tooth, Quonset, Ridge-Farrow, Even span and Odd Span. SPECIFICATION OF THE POLYHOUSE Item Specification \/ Standard Structural Grid 8 x 4 Mtrs. Height of the Structure (Ridge) 6.5 Mtrs \u2013 7 Mtrs. Ridge \/ Roof Top Vent 1.0-1.2 m vertical height and 1.3 to 1.5 m slanting height. Roof ventilator should be provided in slanting position. Longitudinal slope 1-2% Side Ventilation 4 meters Type and Shape Saw tooth, Aerodynamic from all Peripherals . Foundation Crimped \/ Anchoring with 76mm OD, 2 \/3 mm thickness pipe. Foundation should be 100+ cm; PCC\/Concrete 1:2:3\/ 1:3:6. Air velocity \/ Pressure Air velocity: 110-120 Km\/Hr; Least 50 Kg\/Sqm. wind pressure. Live Load \/ Dead load live load: Maximum of 25 Kg\/Sqm.; Each member of roof should be capable of supporting 45 kg of concentrated load when applied at its centre. Galvanized pipes 375-400 GSM, Zinc coated GI Tabular pipes, Size: OD: 76.1 mm, 60.3 mm, 48.3mm, 42.4mm, 33.7mm, 26.9 mm, 21.3 mm \u2026 Thickness.: 2mm \/ 3mm. Columns 76mm OD, 2mm thick. Trusses Bottom cord 60mm OD, 2mm thick; Trusses member\/ Arch\u2019s 8 Mtrs. Long, preferably without joints for better load bearing. 50mm OD with 2mm thickness; Stay\/ Hockey pipes Bracing 33mm OD with 2.0mm thickness; Purline G.I. Pipe Structural members to be fitted in plated nuts, bolts Purline member and other and washers without welding. (33 mm bracing to increase Horizontal bracings the strength and to with stand vertical and horizontal Cross Bracing pressures.) 60mm OD with 2mm thickness, fixed in the ground without Bottom to pillar Bracing any joints and welding at a distance of 2-2.5 m. 48 mm OD with 2.0mm thickness at ridge gutter arch and 42\/43 OD with 2.0 mm thickness for 2nd purline. 43 mm,2mm thickness 42mm OD with 2mm thickness horizontal bracing 2 No\u2019s must provide each bay in both sides. Every 3rd column top to 2nd column bottom of both sides must be connected 42mm OD with 2mm thickness GI pipe to ground the wind load. (In vegetable Poly houses to take the weight of the crop and transfer the wind pressure cross bracings are essential). 33mm OD with 2mm thickness 1.2m long bracing to be fixed from pillar to bottom. 152","Nut-Bolts and Connectors 22 Micron Zinc Ferrous coated, Main connectors with 5mm Zinc Coating. M6, M8 and M10, Various sizes Nut-Bolts are used. Gutter material Thickness: 1.6mm to 2.0mm; 450 mm width; GI Sheet with perimeter of 450 mm and with industrial press; 100% leakage Gutter Slope proof; 275 GSM ( grams per sq.mt.) Zinc coating. Gutter height FYI: Ensure that proper silicon sealant is applied between Gutter orientation gutter joints while installing for leak proof gutter system. 1.2 to 2.0% 4.5 to 5 Mtrs. North-South (Default), Can be changed based on other parameters ie., Wind direction, Latitude, Climate etc\u2026 Rainwater harvesting Provision of PVC pipe of min 4\u201d-6\u201d diameter with the lateral and ground support pipe with bend should be made, from gutter to ground for collecting rainwater from the roof top. Drainage gutter and end caps to be provided., either at one side or two sides (Highly recommended) Reinforcement and Anti wind Multiple reinforcement and anti-wind breakers for the breakers strength of the structure. Polyethylene film 200 Microns, UV stabilized, Anti-drip\/mist, Anti-dust, Diffused \/ Polythene fixing IR blocking (Sulphur resistant for Rose), having minimum 85% Shade net Polythene fixing level of light transmittance. Agriplast-Genegar (Israel); Agripolyane-Polywhite-3D (France), Politiv (Israel); Greenpro (India) Aluminium profile, PVC coated 2-3 mm thick, Zig-Zag springs. UV stabilized, 50% shade, 115-120 Gsm, Mono net \/ Aluminet. Manual \/ Automatic collapsible mechanism. Aluminium profile, PVC coated springs Side Curtain 200 Microns, UV stabilized Polyethylene. Side Ventilation Manual operated crank mechanism 40 mesh (115 to 120 GSM), Nylon \/Shade, Insect proof nets Side Apron (UV stabilized), of 4-4.5 Mtrs., height above all four sides upto gutter height. UV stabilized HDPE woven fabric, 200 GSM thick, for a height of 60cm and 40 cm buried below ground vertically and 20cm horizontally. (HDPE woven fabric of 200 GSM will have more stability and withstand the pressure of upward as well as horizontal wind better than the polythene film) Entrance Room Entrance room of size: 4Mtrs x 3Mtrs x 2.5Mtrs. Entrance room door 2 Mtrs x 2Mtrs, Sliding door, Aluminium\/ Polycarbonate sheet. Trellis For cultivation of Capsicum, Tomato and Cucumber, GI wire of 80 GSM of 4 mm (8 guage) along the gable & 2.5 mm (12 gauge) along the gutter, to be fixed over the beds in horizontal\/ vertical direction. 153","Tabular GI coated, Pipe Specification, Sl# Components O\/D Wall Sl# Components O\/D Wall 1 Columns (mm) thickness (mm) thickness 2 Foundation Stub (mm) (mm) 3 Corridors 4 Small bottom chord 76.1 2 11 Curtain runner 42.4 2 5 Big bottom chord 60.3 3 12 Knee bracing \/ 33.7 2 6 End purlin 7 First top purlin Small inclined 8 Second top purlin 9 Horizontal member 60.3 2 13 Big inclined strut 33.7 2 10 Arcs 60.3 2 14 Top chord runner in 33.7 2 Last bay 60.3 2 15 Cross bracing 33.7 2 48.3 2 16 Curtain pipe 26.9 2 48.3 2 17 Curtain handle 26.9 2 48.3 2 18 Flap control 21.3 2 42.4 2 19 Vent stay 21.3 2 42.4 2 154","155","OTHER COMPONENTS OF NVPH AND CEA (FAN-PAN POLYHOUSE) Air Circulation Fans Size: 400 mm \/ 15.74\u201d Air flow: 5300 CMH \/ 3119 CFM. Power: 0.5 HP Phase: Single \/ Three Phase Blades: 6\/7 Blade Air through: 25 Mtrs\/ 70-80 Feet RPM: 950-1450 Highly recommended: Munters (Sweden) Negative Ventilation Exhaust Box Fan Variety Sizes of shape and install conveniently. Size 620mm (24\\\") to 1530mm(60\\\"). Generally used in CEA (Fan and PAD) polyhouse: Size: 50\u201d \/ 52\u201d \/ 54\u201d Fans CFM: 21000-25890+ \/ CMH: 35679-43987 RPM: Blade: 400-600; Motor:1400 Power: 1 Kw\/Hr \u2013 2.0 KW\/Hr. Highly recommended: Munters (Sweden) Evaporative Cooling Pad Size: 4\u201d, 6\u201d CFM: 4\u201d: 250 ; 6\u201d: 350 Water supply required 4\u201d: 6 Ltrs\/Sqft; 6\u201d: 9 Ltrs\/Sqft Highly recommended: Munters (Sweden) Foggers Flow rate: 5.5 Ltrs\/Hr \/ 7.5 Ltrs\/Hr \/ 14 Ltrs\/Hr. Droplet Size: 50-65 Microns @ 4.0 Kg\/Cm2. Operating Pressure: 3.0 \u2013 5.0 Kg\/Cm2 \/ Bar. Optimal pressure: 4.0 Kg\/Cm2 \/ Bar Opening Pressure: 2.5 Kg\/Cm2 Closing Pressure: 1.5 Kg\/Cm2 Feature: Bridgeless (Anti drip \/ Leak) Spacing: 2x2 Mtrs, 3x2 Mtrs Highly recommended: Netafim \/ Rivulis 156","RETRACTABLE NVPH POLYHOUSE Its same as the NVPH, with additional motorized shade net cover at 1 mtr. Height over the polyhouse. Very effective than NVPH in temperature and Light intensity control. Highly recommended for floriculture, Hi-tech nurseries and exotic vegetable cultivation. SPECIFICATION OF THE RETRACTABLE POLYHOUSE Other than following, rest all specifications are same as the NVPH Item Specification \/ Standard Structural Grid 8 x 4 Mtrs. Height of the Structure (Ridge) 6.5 Mtrs Ridge \/ Roof Top Vent 0.85 Mtrs Side Ventilation 2.7 Mtrs. Type and Shape Saw tooth, Aerodynamic from all Peripherals . Retractable structure element Motorized operating 50% \/ 75% Black shade net above 1 Mtr. Of the polyhouse. Retractable Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse 157","CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT AGRICULTURE (FAN and PAD) Compare to above all protected cultivation models, this is very costlier model. This enables one to create a microclimate essential to the plants. Exotic fruits, vegetables and flowers can be cultivated year around, with greater quality and in quantities., Water is made to continuously fall and make The cellulose \/ Honeycomb evaporative panel wet, the air from outside, when blows through these pads brings cooler air into the polyhouse, in opposite side, The negative exhaust fans, sucks the hot air and exhaust to the outside of the polyhouse. Simply the cool air comes-in from pads and the hot air blown-out through the exhaust fans. This way Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Co2 parameters are controlled. The smart agriculture (Sensor based automation) ensures that all the growing parameters within the limits, if there\u2019s any changes, the respective sensors sense the changes, and immediately activate their respective systems to operate and bring the parameters within the prescribed ranges. These polyhouses are equipped with boom sprayer for irrigation and fertigation (Optional), Heaters, Cooling system, Artificial lighting, Co2 generators, Humidifier \/ dehumidifiers etc\u2026. Installation of all with complete automation costs more. Based on the necessity and budget few can be installed. Overall, growing crop under Fan-Pad polyhouse, ensures a quality and quantitative crop yield, round the year. To obtain desired and greater results, regular scouting (Observation) of crops manually, and with few devices is very much advised. Ie., Hygrometer (Temperature \/ Humidity), Anemometer (Air velocity \/ pressure), IR thermometer (Leaf surface temperature), Co2 meter (Carbon dioxide level checking), PAR\/Quantum meter (Light intensity) pH\/EC\/TDS meter (Water and nutrients parameters), Sodium meter (Sodium level checking in water\/nutrients), Hand held lenses\/mobile lenses (Pest \/ insect detection) etc\u2026. 158","SPECIFICATION OF THE FAN-PAD POLYHOUSE Item Specification \/ Standard Structural Grid 8 x 4 Mtrs. Height of the Structure (Ridge) 6 Mtrs. Longitudinal slope 1-2% Type and Shape Tunnel Type, Aerodynamic at gutter side only . Foundation Crimped \/ Anchoring type foundation, with 76mm OD, 2 \/3 mm thickness pipe. Foundation should be 90+ cm; PCC\/Concrete 1:2:3\/ 1:3:6. properly compacted over 10 cm layer of 1:8:16.Two holdfast to be used in perpendicular direction at 20 cm apart in concrete starting from 20 cm from base. Air velocity \/ Pressure Air velocity: 110-120 Km\/Hr; Least 50 Kg\/Sqm. wind pressure. Live Load \/ Dead load live load: Maximum of 25 Kg\/Sqm.; Each member of roof should be capable of supporting 45 kg of concentrated load Galvanized pipes when applied at its centre. Columns 375-400 GSM, Zinc coated GI Tabular pipes, Trusses Size: OD: 76.1 mm, 60.3 mm, 48.3mm, 42.4mm, 33.7mm, 26.9 Trusses member\/ Arch\u2019s mm, 21.3 mm \u2026 Thickness.: 2mm \/ 3mm. Stay\/ Hockey pipes 76mm OD, 2mm thick. Purline Bottom cord 60mm OD, 2mm thick; Purline member and other 8 Mtrs. Long, preferably without joints for better load bearing. Horizontal bracings 50mm OD with 2mm thickness; Cross Bracing Bracing 33mm OD with 2.0mm thickness; G.I. Pipe Structural members to be fitted in plated nuts, bolts Bottom to pillar Bracing and washers without welding. (33 mm bracing to increase the strength and to with stand vertical and horizontal pressures.) 60mm OD with 2mm thickness, fixed in the ground without any joints and welding at a distance of 2-2.5 m. 48 mm OD with 2.0mm thickness at ridge gutter arch and 42\/43 OD with 2.0 mm thickness for 2nd purline. 43 mm,2mm thickness 42mm OD with 2mm thickness horizontal bracing 2 No\u2019s must provide each bay in both sides. Every 3rd column top to 2nd column bottom of both sides must be connected 42mm OD with 2mm thickness GI pipe to ground the wind load. (In vegetable Poly houses to take the weight of the crop and transfer the wind pressure cross bracings are essential). 33mm OD with 2mm thickness 1.2m long bracing to be fixed from pillar to bottom. Nut-Bolts and Connectors 22 Micron Zinc Ferrous coated, Main connectors with 5mm Zinc Coating. 159","M6, M8 and M10, Various sizes Nut-Bolts are used. Gutter material Thickness: 1.6mm to 2.0mm; 450 mm width; GI Sheet with perimeter of 450 mm and with industrial press; 100% leakage Gutter Slope proof; 275 GSM ( grams per sq.mt.) Zinc coating. Gutter height FYI: Ensure that proper silicon sealant is applied between Gutter orientation gutter joints while installing for leak proof gutter system. 2.0% 4.0-4.5 Mtrs. North-South (Default), Can be changed based on other parameters ie., Wind direction, Latitude, Climate etc\u2026 Negative exhaust \/ Coaxial Size: 50\u201d Box Fan FAN CFM: 21000 RPM: 500 to 600 Louvers: Auto Power: 1.5Hp, 3 phase, SS Blades Belt type Recommended: Munters (Sweden) Cellulose evaporative pad Material: Cellulose (CELdek) Thickness: 100 mm, (4\u201d) Height: 1.5 \/ 1.8 Mtrs Top & Bottom Assembly: ALUMINIUM Make Recommended: Munters (Sweden) Water circular pump n Piping A water pump to the required capacity, with proper Piping system system, for evenly water supply across the pad length. Ensuring, pad receives water, 6 Ltrs\/Sqft. Water tank will be installed according to this quantity. Digital Control with Sensory AUTO CONTROLLER: Controlling humidity & temperature and system accordingly, operate fan & pad system. System comes with ISI standard materials, including Control panel & inside copper electrical wiring, Temperature & humidity Sensors also. Curtain Wall. 22 cm brick wall of 1m height (24 cm below and 80 cm Brick \/ MS angle above ground level on all the four sides. The wall needs to be plastered and water proofing cement with 1:6 ratio. Provision to be made for opening & closing of ventilation OR 45 mm x 4 mm \/ 40mm 4 mm thickness, MS epoxy coated, frames are made to install Fan and Pads, Rainwater harvesting Provision of PVC pipe of min 4\u201d-6\u201d diameter with the lateral and ground support pipe with bend should be made, from gutter to ground for collecting rainwater from the roof top. Drainage gutter and end caps to be provided., either at one side or two sides (Highly recommended) Reinforcement and Anti wind Multiple reinforcement and anti-wind breakers for the breakers strength of the structure. 160","Polyethylene film 200 Microns, UV stabilized, Anti-drip\/mist, Anti-dust, Diffused \/ Polythene fixing IR blocking (Sulphur resistant for Rose), having minimum 85% Shade net Polythene fixing level of light transmittance. Agriplast-Genegar (Israel); Agripolyane-Polywhite-3D (France), Politiv (Israel); Greenpro (India) Aluminium profile, PVC coated 2-3 mm thick, Zig-Zag springs. UV stabilized, 50% shade, 115-120 Gsm, Mono net \/ Aluminet. Manual \/ Automatic collapsible mechanism. Aluminium profile, PVC coated springs Cladding Material 200 Microns, UV stabilized, Anti-drip\/mist, Anti-dust, Diffused \/ IR blocking (Sulphur resistant for Rose), having minimum 85% level of light transmittance. Agriplast-Genegar (Israel); Agripolyane-Polywhite-3D (France), Politiv (Israel); Greenpro (India) Anti-Chamber \/ Entrance Separate anti-chamber, Entrance room of size: 4 x 3 x 2.5 \/ 3 room x 3 x 3 Mtrs. Entrance room door 2 Mtrs x 2Mtrs, Sliding door, Aluminium\/ Polycarbonate sheet. Trellis For cultivation of Capsicum, Tomato and Cucumber, GI wire of 80 GSM of 4 mm (8 guage) along the gable & 2.5 mm (12 gauge) along the gutter, to be fixed over the beds in horizontal\/ vertical direction. Schemes and Subsidy for the Protected farming. In India under National Horticulture Board (NHB), National Horticulture Mission (NHM), Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), Rashtriya krishi vikas yojana (RKVY), and Horticulture Mission for Northeast Himalayan states (HMNEH), both central and state governments are providing subsidy on setup of Polyhouses\/ Net house \/ Bamboo poly\/net houses. the subsidy availability is subjected to respective states under NHM and the subsidy ranges from 50% to 100% based on different parameters (Region \/ Caste\/Reservations etc..). Subsidy is available on Polyhouse, irrigation, and planting materials too. Under NHB, minimum area to get the subsidy for the polyhouse is 2500+ Sqm, whereas under NHM,MIDH and HMNEH there is no such restrictions. NHB offers, 55 lakhs\/project\/person, that is the maximum subsidy one can get for the installation of the polyhouse. 161","162","LIST OF ESSENTIAL DEVICES AND THINGS FOR THE FARMING Device Function PAR \/ QUANTUM METER To measure PPFD\/PAR value of the light. Recommended PAR value Vegetative growth: 300-500 Flowering \/ fruiting: 600-1000 Recommended to use Apogee meters DLI METER Daily light integral (DLI) is the amount of PAR received each day as a function of light intensity (instantaneous light: \u00b5mol\u00b7m-2\u00b7s-1) and duration (day). It is expressed as moles of light (mol) per square meter (m-2) per day (d-1), or: mol\u00b7m-2\u00b7d-1 (moles per day). DLI: 20-30 mol\/day is good for plants. Recommended to use Apogee meters CHLOROPHYLL METER To measure Chlorophyll and nitrogen availability in the leaves of the plant. FYI: Recommended to use Apogee and Spectrum technology devices SODIUM ANALYSER\/ METER To measure Sodium level in the water \/ nutrient solution (in PPM) Recommended to use Spectrum Technologies inc devices FYI: Different devices to measure Nitrate, Potassium, Calcium too available. TEMPARATURE \/ RELATIVE HUMIDITY \/ CARBON DIOXIDE METER (HANDHELD \/ WALL MOUNT) High precision temperature , Relative humidity (RH) and Carbon dioxide measuring device (Co2). Recommended to use Fluke, Spectrum Technologies devices Temperature: 22-26 C,; RH: 60-80%; Co2: 400+-1000 PPM 163","INFRARED THERMOMETER To measure temperature of the Leaf surface. FYI: Leaf surface temperature must be 1- 6o degree Celsius lesser always than the ambient temperature of the polyhouse. This is due to the transpiration process, leaves, which uptakes water from roots , turns it into the vapor and release the same to the atmosphere. Recommended to use Fluke, Spectrum Technologies inc devices ANEMOMETER \/ PSYCHROMETER To measure Air velocity, Air flow and Humidity. FYI: Recommended to use Extech, Proster, Fluke, Spectrum Technologies inc devices VPD METER Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a measure of transpiration. The lower the VPD, the less your plants will transpire water out of the leaves. The higher the VPD, the more your plants will transpire water out of the leaves. Transpiration is driven by, VPD, therefore is a measure in the difference in vapour pressure between the leaf and it\u2019s ambient environment. Recommended Sensopush devices, is wifi\/IP enabled. Measure Temp\/ RH \/ Dewpoint too EC\/ PH\/ TDS METER To measure Electric conductivity, pH value and Total Dissolved Solids of water and nutrient solution etc\u2026 FYI: Recommended to use Apera, Hanna, Erma, HM devices FRUIT HARDNESS (RIPENESS) DEVICE This tester is used to measure the hardness (ripeness) of fruits such as apples, grapes, pears, and strawberries. This fruit hardness tester has a good display with peak hold and indicates high accuracy. This fruit hardness tester is useful to judge fruit\u2019s maturity degree which is very important to know about our health. Recommended Lutron, DA-Meter, Elega-durometer deices to use 164","MAGNIFYING LENS Clip on Mobile phone microscope lens or Handheld magnifying lens are very useful to detect pest and insects on plants. Through mobile one can even take snaps of insects and pests. LASER DISTANCE MEASURING TAPE To measure the distance with laser meters for time saving and greater accuracy Recommended Leica, Bosch devices LAND SURVEY GPS METER To measure the land, for drip irrigation, planting and other planning purpose. Recommended Garmin devices SCIENTIFIC AND ELECTRONIC SCALES To measure the weight of Nutrients, Pesticide, Insecticides more accurately\u2026 165","POINTS TO REMEMBER FOR BETTER FARMING RESULTS IN POLYHOUSE. Site selection Site of the polyhouse construction should be flat and Water availability elevated from the surrounding. Wind brakers (Big structures Orientation or tress should be 15+ meters away for better supply of light and air. pH should be 6-7; EC should be 0.25 - 0.3 (mS\/cm \/ dS\/m); Ensure that abundant water is available for the farming. East-west (default) can be changed based on Air velocity, latitude. Elevation, Climatic conditions etc\u2026) Air flow\/Movement 1:1, ie, there should be proper side and top ventilation Horizontal Air flow arrangements, such that, the amount of air comes-in from outside into the polyhouse should be exhausted-out to the outside of the polyhouse at the same time continuously. 2-4 miles\/Hour (3.2-6.4 Kilometer \/ Hour) To achieve 80+% of air movement\/Ventilation. (FYI: Air weight over every Sqft. Of the greenhouse weighs about 0.454 Kg\/Sqft) TEMPERATURE 18 -25 Degree Celsius (20-24 Degrees considered best) Ambient Temperature (AT) 1-6 Degree Celsius, less than the ambient temperature Leaf Surface temperature (LST) 18 -25 Degree Celsius (20-24 Degrees considered best) Root zone Temperature (RZT) Soil \/ Substrate Moisture 50%-70% HUMIDITY 60% - 80% Relative Humidity (RH) 0.4 kPa \u2013 1.6 kPa (Best 0.8 kPa-1.2 kPa) Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) Carbon dioxide 350 ppm \u2013 1000 ppm LIGHT INTENSITY Vegetative: 350-500; Flowering\/Fruiting:600-1000, PAR\/PPFD PAR \/ PPFD 20 -30 Mols\/Day DLI 40000-70000 Lux Lumens\/Lux Regular Activities \u2022 Measure the Leaf Surface temperature (LST) and Ambient polyhouse temperature every day, as much possible. LST should be at least 1-2 Degree Celsius lesser than polyhouse temperature. \u2022 Measure the Root zone temperature, it should be in the range of 18-25 Degree Celsius. \u2022 Using the Magnifying lens \/ Mobile phone clip on microscopic lens, check for the pest\/insects, detection of the pest and insects, and immediate IPM initiatives are very effective. \u2022 Watering \/irrigation is highly recommended to do in the early morning hours, Fertigation can be followed as per the schedule after 1-2 hours of the irrigation. \u2022 Spraying of the pesticides \/ insecticides \/ fertilizers should be done in the morning hours (700-800 Hours) or in the late afternoon-twilight (1600-1800 Hours). \u2022 Application of the water, fertilizer is not based on fixed schedule, based on the real time readings of the site conditions, will give great results. 166","SOILLESS POTTING MIX \/ GROWING MEDIA In the Hi-tech farming ie, Hydroponics, Aquaponics etc\u2026. The soil usage is strictly big no\u2026 the growing \/ potting Mix\/Media is prepared with Cocopeat, Peatmoss, Perlite, Vermiculite, Biochar, Seaweed, Humic acid, Vermicompost, Dried biogas solid waste\/ FYM, Bio-fertilizers, Bio-Controls, Fish amino acid, Fish\/Bone meal, Blood meal, PROM, Ashes, Molasses, Rock phosphate, Gypsum, Bentonite\/elemental Sulphur, Dolomite lime, Neem cake, Mustard\/Groundnut cake etc\u2026.. Cocopeat as an ingredient of the potting mix \/ growing media \/ substrate. Usage of the cocopeat \/ Coco coir \/ Coir pith is not a new thing, it\u2019s a non-fibrous, dust and byproduct derived from the coconut husk while processing fiber. Specification of the cocopeat used for potting mix \/ Growing media Fiber content <=2% Bulk density 280-360 Kgs Moisture < 20% EC (Low) < 0.5 mS\/Cm\/ dS\/m. Ph 5.4 -6.0 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 20-40 meq\/100 gms. C:N ratio 24:1 Water holding capacity 600-800% of its dry weight \/ 6-8 times of its dry weight Pore space >70% Cocopeat blocks 5:1 Compression 4-5 Ltrs water \/Kg of cocopeat Water required to expand Usually 5 kgs weight 60-70 Ltrs or 15+\/- Kgs\/Block of 5 Kgs Expanded quantity Chemical composition and physical properties of coir pith Sl No Constituents Unretted coir pith Retted coir pith 1 Lignin (%) 30.0 28.5 2. Cellulose (%) 26.40 25.80 3 Organic Carbon (%) 29.5 29.0 4 Nitrogen (%) 0.24 0.26 5. Phosphorous (%) 0.01 0.01 6. Potassium (%) 0.71 0.76 7. C:N ratio 123:1 112:1 8. Calcium (%) 0.40 0.47 9 Magnesium (%) 0.36 0.41 10 Copper (ppm) 3.10 4.20 11 Iron (ppm) 0.07 0.08 12 Manganese(ppm) 12.50 17.00 13 Zinc(ppm) 7.50 9.80 14 Moisture (%) 20-30 60-80 15 pH 5.4-5.8 5.6-6 16 EC (millimhos\/cm) 0.6-1.2 0.3-0.6 17 Salinity (ppt) 1 2-4 18 CEC (Meq \/ 100 g of sample) 15-20 20-30 167","PREPARATION OF THE COCOPEAT FOR THE PERFECT POTTING MIX\/GROWING MEDIA. SOILLESS CULTIVATION. To get the Coco Coir from the Coconut husk it goes through many stages of grading processes \u2013 ageing, washing, sometimes steaming, buffering, composting, drying and compressing into different sizes and grades of Coco Coir, namely Fine, Coarse and different size chips. This ensures that the chemical and physical characteristics of the coco are altered to ensure the best quality Coco Coir for growing plants in. Hydrating \/ rehydrating the cocopeat: Usually cocopeat requires 4-5 Ltrs of the water to expand. Eg., The 5 Kg cocopeat block when expanded becomes 60-70 Ltrs \/ 15 kgs. To hydrate\/rehydrate this requires 15kg x 5 Ltrs. of the water ie., 75 Ltrs of water. 5 Kg compressed block + 75 Ltrs of water = 15 Kg \/ 70 Ltrs, Expanded cocopeat loose. A cement Tank is needed for large quantity cocopeat processing, recommended is 5 Mtrs x 2 Mtrs x 1.2 Mtrs = 12 Cum. Recommended capacity to use is 10 Cum. Ie., 10 cum = 10,000 Ltrs. Can accommodate, 66 Cocopeat blocks of 5 kgs Ea. (Approximately, weighs 990+ Kgs \/ 4950+ Ltrs) and 4950+ Ltrs of water. FYI: Water should be with lower EC\/TDS (0.25-0.30 mS\/cm) \/ < 200 ppm; Cocopeat should be retted and aged at least 3+ months Lowering EC \/ TDS Washing the cocopeat multiple times is the best method to lower the EC\/TDS. In commercial, Add cocopeat and water as per the aforementioned ratio, let it rest for a day, drain the water, repeat the same step for another 2-3 times. Checking the Take a small container \/ Jar, measure the cocopeat and add to EC\/TDS of the cocopeat the jar, add 1.5 times of water to the volume of the cocopeat. Shake\/stir well and leave to rest for 15-30 minutes. Use EC\/TDS meter to measure the value. EC should be <0.5 mS\/cm or TDS should be <320 ppm Sterilization Sterilization of the cocopeat is done in 2 methods. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (HP): 10ml of Hydrogen peroxide \/ Ltr of water, is the proportion of the mixing. Add the Hydrogen peroxide water solution to the tank, let the cocopeat and HP water rests for 15-30 minutes, drain the water. Steam sterilization: Steam is the best method to sterilize any media, including cocopeat, very effectively. A boiler is required for the same, Piping connection from the boiler to the tank should be done to supply the steam. Well washed and water drained cocopeat in the tank should be closed by from the top cover, in such a way that there should be minimal or no leakage of the steam to outside. Once the steam generated to its required level can be supplied to the tank, steaming process should last 1-2 hours, for effective sterilization. 168","Buffering the cocopeat Cocopeat which is rich with Sodium and Potassium, using Cocopeat that has not been buffered is going to create a very unsuitable grow medium for any plant. The positively charged cations such as Calcium and Magnesium are going to have a stronger attraction to the Coco complex where it will become unavailable to the plants and nutrient lockout will occur. This will cause Potassium and Sodium, which are less attached to the complex, to be displaced into the solution and be taken up by the plants instead of Calcium and magnesium. Buffering is a chemical process, make coco complex nullify, so that there is no or little nutrient lockout will take place, which enables plants to uptake all the available nutrients to its fullest capacity. Buffering requires Calcium Nitrate (CN), Ca(NO3)2 The recommended buffering ratio is 200 litres of treated water (i.e. water mixed with Calcium Nitrate) per 1 Cubic Meter (or +\/- 15 x 5kg blocks) of coco peat \u2013 alternatively: 1,000 litres of water mixed with 7 kg of Calcium Nitrate will buffer 5 Cubic Meters of coco peat. 7gms of Calcium Nitrate (CN) for every liter of the water, is the recommended proportion. As per the above calculations approximately 5000 ltrs of water requires 35000 gms (35 Kgs of CN) Procedure: CN mixed water solution + cocopeat in the tank, should be allowed to rest for 24 hours, and water should be drained completely, again the CN mixed water should be added the tank and CN water solution + cocopeat in the tank should be allowed to rest for another 24 hours, after this time drain out the water, ensure there is no water runoff from the cocopeat. Cocopeat is buffered completely now. Composting Cocopeat has a high lignin (30-31%) and cellulose (26.8%) content. Its carbon nitrogen ratio is around 112:1. Lignin is a (The oyster mushroom, complex amorphous polymer of phenyl propane which surrounds (Pleurotus sajor caju and the cellulose in cell walls and is relatively inert to hydrolysis. P.platypus) are used for Because of the high lignin content left to it, coir waste takes complete degradation of decades to decompose. coir pith) High C: N ratio and content high lignin under natural conditions its degradation and mineralization rates are very slow, preventing its direct use as an organic manure. The application of raw coir pith with wide C: N ratio can result in immobilization of plant nutrients. In addition, polyphenols and phenolics acids can be phytotoxic and inhibit plant growth, this often causes that plants develop toxic yellowing symptoms. The inhibitory effect can be eliminated by using biodegraded coir pith. Coir pith can be made suitable for use in agri- horticulture after composting process using microorganisms capable of degrading lignin and polyphenols and bringing down C: N ratio. Coir pith having a C: N ratio 24:1 or less could be used as a good source of organic matter \/ growing media for the agricultural use. Composting can be done with organic material and inorganic materials too. 169","Composting \/ Coir Pith Organic Manure (C-POM): The composting requires 1) Oyster mushroom spawn, PITHPLUS 2) Nitrogen source ( Urea \/ Fish amino \/ Azolla etc\u2026 ) 3) Bio fertilizers and controls. C-Pom, Nutrients Coir pith when inoculated with a proprietary bio-formulation, such as PITHPLUS, and enriched with urea shows a definite Nitrogen 1.26 % reduction in lignin and cellulose contents with an increase in total nitrogen and other nutrient elements after a period of 30 days. Phosphorous (%) 0.06% Composting process should be done in 10 Mtrs x6 Mtrs, bed size Potassium 1.20% area, where cocopeat is spread in multi layers (10 layers) Lignin 4.8% 1. Spread 200 Kgs, Cocopeat in 10m x 6m bed uniformly. 2. Take 800 grams of PITHPLUS (Mushroom spawn) and spread Cellulose 10.20% across the cocopeat. Organic Carbon 24.4% 3. Spread 200 Kgs of cocopeat layer again over the previous C:N Ratio 19.1% layer. 4. Use 2 Kgs of Urea \/ Any other natural nitrogen source Calcium 0.60% equivalent to urea nitrogen percentage and spread Magnesium 0.58% uniformly. 5. Repeat the step 1 to 4 another 4 times. Copper (ppm) 6.20 6. Moist the Heap of cocopeat with enough water, ensure that moisture of this heap should be 100%-200% Iron (ppm) 0.90 7. Continue watering till 30 days. After 30 days compost will be ready Manganese (ppm) 25.00 Total cocopeat required: 200 Kgs x 10 layers = 2000 Kgs. Zinc (ppm) 15.80 Total PITHPLUS required: 800 Gms x 5 layers = 4.0 Kgs Total Urea required: 2 Kgs x 5 layers = 10 Kgs Uncomposed cocopeat Enriching the compost is making it very suitable for any crop Lignin (30-31 %), cultivation, by adding Bio-fertilizers, Bio-controls, Soil conditioners Cellulose (26.8 %) and amendments and Macro-micronutrients. Carbon nitrogen (112:1) Enriching compost Enriching can be done while composting process itself or separately. Enriching while composting is very effective and time savings too. Bio-fertilizers, Bio-controls, Soil conditioners and amendments and Macro-micronutrients should be added equally, layer by layer for proper incorporation with the cocopeat. After the 30 days, 42-50% of the total cocopeat, will be recovered as the C- POM. This can be added with other potting mix material ie., Perlite, Vermiculite, Biochar, Vermicompost, FYM etc\u2026\u2026 to make perfect potting mix \/ growing media for the SOILLESS CULTIVATION. 170","Contact us\u2026. gronatura consultancy, # 50\/150, Single Street, Besides, Shiva Ambalam, Karukodi Road, Vadakkanthara, Palakkad, KERALA, 678 012. INDIA. [email protected] www.gronatura.com +91 88481 66393, +91 94002 35764 171"]