Final setting2 with coverpage

["FINANCIAL ANALYSIS, Naturally Ventilated Polyhouse (NVPH), ENGLISH CUCUMBER 47","COST OF THE PROJECT AND MEANS OF FINANCE (AMOUNT IN LAKHS) COST OF THE PROJECT MEANS OF FINANCE POLY HOUSE & SUPER STRUCTURE 70.75 PROMOTERS CONTRIBUTION 84.32 INSTALLATION 2.00 84.32 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS 2.00 CONSULTANCY CHARGES 9.57 TOTAL 84.32 TOTAL Note: Cost of land is not included in the above calculations 48","PROJECTED PROFITABILITY STATEMENT YEARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 TOTAL INCOME 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 270.00 Gross Receipts from Sale of 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 270.00 Cucumber 14.75 TOTAL 24.00 EXPENDITURE 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 6.00 37.00 Cost of Seedlings 11.00 24.00 Labour Charges 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 50.59 49 Utility & Maintenance 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00 Fertilizers 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 102.66 Replacement Charges 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 270.00 Packing Materials 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Depreciation 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 Income Tax 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Surplus 8.78 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 TOTAL 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 Note: Selling price and cost of expenses are considered at the same rate for the entire cycle without providing any escalations","PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET YEARS 123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES Capital 90.11 93.64 97.17 100.71 104.24 107.77 111.31 114.84 118.38 121.91 125.44 128.98 TOTAL 90.11 93.64 97.17 100.71 104.24 107.77 111.31 114.84 118.38 121.91 125.44 128.98 PROPERTIES AND ASSETS 50 Fixed Assets 80.11 75.89 71.67 67.46 63.24 59.02 54.81 50.59 46.38 42.16 37.94 33.73 Deposits & Advances 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00 90.00 Sundry Debtors 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Closing Balance 5.00 7.75 10.50 13.25 16.00 13.75 11.50 9.25 7.00 4.75 2.50 0.25 TOTAL 90.11 93.64 97.17 100.71 104.24 107.77 111.31 114.84 118.38 121.91 125.44 128.98","PROJECTED CASH FLOW STATEMENT YEARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SOURCES OF FUNDS Opening Balance 5.00 7.75 10.50 13.25 16.00 13.75 11.50 9.25 7.00 4.75 2.50 Surplus 8.78 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 8.53 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 4.22 Depreciation Promoters 84.32 17.75 20.50 23.25 26.00 28.75 26.50 24.25 22.00 19.75 17.50 15.25 51 Contribution 97.32 TOTAL APPLICATION OF FUNDS Fixed Assets 84.32 Deposits & Advances 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Increase in Debtors 5.00 Drawings by 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Promoters 7.75 10.50 13.25 16.00 13.75 11.50 9.25 Closing Balance 5.00 7.00 4.75 2.50 0.25 TOTAL 97.32 17.75 20.50 23.25 26.00 28.75 26.50 24.25 22.00 19.75 17.50 15.25","NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) Discounting Rate 10% YEAR INVESTMENT CASH INFLOW 0 84.32 0.00 1 0.00 2 0.00 13.00 3 0.00 12.75 4 0.00 12.75 5 0.00 12.75 6 0.00 12.75 7 0.00 12.75 8 0.00 12.75 9 0.00 12.75 10 0.00 12.75 11 0.00 12.75 12 0.00 12.75 12.75 TOTAL 84.32 153.25 Discounted Cash profit \u20b9 87.10 NPV \u20b9 2.78 52","INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNS (IRR) YEAR CASH PROFIT 0 -84.32 1 13.00 2 12.75 3 12.75 4 12.75 5 12.75 6 12.75 7 12.75 8 12.75 9 12.75 10 12.75 11 12.75 12 12.75 TOTAL 68.93 IRR 11% 53","RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) Total Investment 84.32 Total Cash Profit 153.25 No of Years 12 ROI 81.75% ANNULAISED ROI BY CONSIDERING 13.80% THE TIME FACTOR OF 12 YEARS 54","YIELD & SUMMARY OF SALES OF CUCUMBER Years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A Average Yield of Cucumber 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 75000 55 from 3 Crop cycles \/ Annum Sales 30.00 Rs\/Kg 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 B (Average market sale value 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 22.50 30 Rs\/Kg \u2013 60 Rs\/Kg) Sale Value of Fresh, C Cucumber In Lakhs (A x B)","SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS \u2022 Multifold yield from one acre. \u2022 Around the year farming and unseasonal supply possible. \u2022 Quality, disease free and greater yield over open field. \u2022 Less labour, water requirement and easy disease and crop management. \u2022 Less human intervention and dependency due to IoT. \u2022 Greater domestic and global demand \u2022 Good Shelf life and greater profitability by Value addition. \u2022 Good improved varieties, Bio-inputs and practices. \u2022 WEAKNESS \u2022 Higher investment and lack of government support \u2022 Unavailability of seedling material in local \u2022 Limited availability of imported planting materials \u2022 Lack of Advanced processing and value-addition plants available. \u2022 High investment required to setup such plants.. \u2022 Lack of marketing information, support and linkages. \u2022 OPPORTUNITIES \u2022 Greater demand from local and metros. \u2022 Greater profit can be earned by making value added products, branding and marketing \u2022 MoMSME and MoFPI are offering great grants and assistance to setup processing plants. \u2022 Grater profit and easy business by B2B \u2022 The produce is grown with Bio-certified and natural inputs \u2022 fetches premium price (Lab test mandatory) \u2022 THREATS \u2022 Greater influx of produce by farmers and imports affects pricing. \u2022 Difficulties in fixing any technical issues intime due to unavailability of skilled technician \/ organization may affect production and quality. \u2022 Difficulties in getting seed, inputs and processing equipment \/ plants may affects profitability and quality. \u2022 Unavailability of processing plants intime may leads to \u2022 affect profitability due to inability of supply produce intime. 56","PART-2 CHARITY PROJECT 57","TOWER MODEL 0.5+ Acre (36x76 = 2736 SQM) Effective Area: 32 x 72 = 2,304 SQM (104.96 x 236.16 = 24,787.35 Sqft) Rows= 32\/2=16, Towers: 72\/2=36, = 16x36=576 Items Qty Rate (Rs) Amount 3,009,600.00 Polyhouse 2736 Sqm 1100.00 190,000.00 1,400,000.00 Exhaust fan L\/S 1,000,000.00 2,802,500.00 Irrigation L\/S L\/S 230,400.00 1,666,200.00 Automation L\/S L\/S 900,000.00 300,000.00 Mesh Tower 590 4,750.00 200,000.00 50,000.00 Insect \/ Mosquito net 2880 Sqm 80.00 600,000.00 1,000,000.00 Substrate (200 M3) 125+ Tonnes 13.32 13,348,700.00 Fertilizers L\/S 1,601,844.00 Seed n Others L\/S 14,950,544.00 Weed-mat L\/S Seed tray 2000 25 Misc. Internal structure n civil works: Fabrication, Installation, Net installation, substrate filling, assistance to Irrigation works etc\u2026 Consultancy-1 (12% (+GST Excluded)) Total-1 MIXED MODEL 0.5+ Acre (36x76 = 2736 SQM) Effective Area: 32 x 72 = 2,304 SQM (104.96 x 236.16 = 24,787.35 Sqft) Rows= 72\/3=24, Items Qty Rate Amount 3,009,600.00 Polyhouse 2736 Sqm 1100.00 190,000.00 1,000,000.00 Exhaust fan L\/S 700,000.00 1,250,000.00 Irrigation L\/S L\/S 3,500,000.00 1,666,200.00 Automation L\/S L\/S 500,000.00 200,000.00 Air Pruning Pots 6250 200 160,000.00 50,000.00 Steel structure L\/S L\/S 50,000.00 500,000.00 Substrate (200 M3) 125+ Tonnes 13.32 1,000,000.00 Fertilizers L\/S 12,775,800.00 1,533,096,00 Seed n Others L\/S 14,308,896.00 Weed-mat 2800 Sqm 80 Seed tray 2000 25 Twines, clips etc.. L\/S L\/S Misc Internal structure n civil works: Fabrication, Installation, Net installation, substrate filling, assistance to Irrigation works etc\u2026 Consultancy 12% Sub total 58","VEGETABLES TOWER MODEL 0.5+ Acre (36x76 = 2736 SQM) Effective Area: 32 x 72 = 2,304 SQM (104.96 x 236.16 = 24,787.35 Sqft) Rows= 32\/2=16, Towers: 72\/2=36, = 16x36=576 Vegetable T-Rows T-Verti T-Sides T-Density Density Yield\/Plant Yield (Gms) (Kgs) Carrot 3+3 20+10 4 180 7200 50 300-400 Beetroot 3+3 7200 150 900-1200 Kohlrabi 3+3 20+10 4 180 7200 60-100 400-700 Radish 3+3 7200 80-100 500-700 Cauliflower 20+10 4 180 1600 400-600 500-800 Cabbage 1 1600 500-1000 500-1200 Sweet potato 1 20+10 4 180 3200 200-400 400-1000 Elephant foot Yam 2 400-800 1 10 4 40 480 1000-2000 10 4 40 10 4 80 34 12 Spinach (Paala) 3 30 4 360 14400 10-30 100-300 Amaranth (Thota) 3 30 4 360 14400 10-30 100-300 Fenugreek (Menti) 3 30 4 360 14400 10-30 100-200 Roselle (Gongura) 3 30 4 360 14400 10-30 100-200 Dill (Sabasige, Soya, 3 30 4 360 14400 10-30 100-200 Shatapushpi Coriander (Kotamir) 6 30 4 720 28800 10 100-150 1-3 50-75 Mint (Pudina) 12 30 4 1440 57600 Onion 3 20 4 240 9600 60-80 400-600 Shallots Potato 3 20 4 240 9600 10-20 70-120 2 10 4 80 3200 200-400 400-800 Ginger 2 10 4 80 3200 100-300 300-500 Turmeric Garlic 2 10 4 80 3200 300-500 600-1000 3 20 4 240 9600 20-30 100-200 MIXED MODEL 0.5+ Acre (36x76 = 2736 SQM) Effective Area: 32 x 72 = 2,304 SQM (104.96 x 236.16 = 24,787.35 Sqft) Rows= 72\/3=24, Vertical A structure (3 layers, 6 Rows), 104.96 RFT Rows Plant x Plant Row + Airpot Yield\/Plant Yield (Gms) (Kgs) space (Ft) Pole + 3X Density Brinjal \/ 1 4 26 x 6 x 3 468 2000-3000 400-800 Eggplant Beans 1 1.5 104 x 6 x 3 1260 100-200 100-200 Cluster Beans Green Chilli 1 1.5 104 x 6 x 3 1260 50-100 50-100 1 2 52 x 6 x 3 936 300-600 200-400 Air pruning Pots (Air-pots) in Paired row, 104.96 RFT Row Plant x Air-pot Plant Yield\/Plant Yield (Kgs) Spacing Plant Density\/Row \/Airpot (Gms) 1000-2000 space (Ft) Density 150-300 300-500 Cucumber 2 zigzag 1.5 70x8 560 3000-5000 300-500 B.Melon\/Gourd Bottle Gourd 52 52x4 208 1000-2000 1500-2400 Ridge Gourd 200-600 Tomato 54 26x4 104 3000-8000 Yard long beans 52 52x4 208 3000-5000 2 Zigzag 1.5 70x8 560 4000-6000 1.5X3 1.5 70x8 560 1000-2000 59","60","61","62","63","64","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Ladies finger, Best Varieties Hindi: Okar\/Bhendi, Telugu: Benda kaaya. Seed Rate ADVANTA: Raadhika \/ Navya; NAMDHARI: NS-862, Spacing SYNGENTA: OH-940; SEMINIS: SVOK-5151, First picking ACSEN HYVEG: Sahiba F1; NUNHEMS: Singham, Crop Span KALASH: Triveni (BSS-893); NUZIVEEDU: Marvel, Yield IIHR: Arka Nikita; MAHYCO: Bhindi N0-10 EASTWEST: Commando-F1; WELCOME: Kranti 2.5-4.0 Kgs\/Acre 30x60, 45x60, 60x90 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 130 Days 8-12 Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Cluster Beans Best Varieties Hindi: Guar \/ Gawar, Telugu: Goru chikkudu Seed Rate TNAU (AC&RI): MDU1; SUPER SEEDS: HG 2-20, HG365; Spacing IARI: Pusa Mausami \/ Sadabahar \/ Navbahar, First picking SHAKTI VARDHAK: X-6; STAR AGRI SEEDS: Star-610; Crop Span NATURELAND: Super X-7; SUPER SEEDS: Super-88, Yield NAMDHARI:NS-662; SAKURA:Krishna; TOKITA:Meenakshi GUJARAT SEEDS CO.: MALINI-51; BALAJI SEEDS BS-123, GUJARAT FARM SEEDS.: NeelamI-51\/61, 2.0-3.0 Kgs\/Acre 45x15, 45x30 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 Days Veg: 5+ Tonnes\/Acre, Seed: 6-10 Quintal\/Acre 65","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Brinjal \/ Eggplant Best Varieties Hindi: Baingan Seed Rate Telugu: Vankaaya. Spacing VNR: 212 \/ 125; SUNGRO: 704 \/ 992; First picking KALASH: BSS-793 \/ Janak \/ Jayant \/ Daisy\/KSP-1080 ; Crop Span TEAM SEEDS: Kiran F1; ANKUR: Ajay \/ 1095; Yield ADVANTA: Mangala\/ Komal\/ New Kiran (Bharta); NUZIVEEDU: Kanakadurga; SEMINIS: Manjari \/ Shamli; IIHR: Arka Navneet \/ Kusumkar; RIJK ZWWAN: Sharapova \/ Frida ; Genesis: Michal; MAHYCO: Ravaiya \/ 112 (MHBJ-112) \/ 80 (Bharta) EASTWEST: Lalita F1 \/ Meghna F1 \/ Chotu 440 F1\/ Kala Gola 444 F1 \/ 436(Bharta ); 80-100 Gms\/Acre 75x90, 60x75 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 180 Days 15-25+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Green Chilli Best Varieties Hindi: Hari Mirchi, Telugu: Pachchi Mirupakaaya Seed Rate KALASH: Bangaram(KSP-1350) \/ Magadheera F1\/ Spacing Mithila F1(KSP-1234) \/ Super Dabbi F1 (BSS-602 (Byadgi); First picking NAMDHARI: NS 1840; TRIMURTI: Nagma (TMPH-404); Crop Span ADVANTA:AK47\/Super Mahajwala; SYNGENTA: Almora; Yield NUNHEMS: Armour; MAHYCO: Navtej (MHCP-319); VNR: Sunidhi \/ Shilpa (435\/7); SWATI BEEJ: Hy. Chilli Green slim; NONGWOO: Jewelry \/ HP-5736; IIHR: Arka Meghana \/ Haritha \/ Khyati \/ Shweta; SARPAN: 102\/ Super \/92 (Byadgi) \/ 132 \/ 153 80-120 Gms\/Acre 120x60, 90x75, 90x60 Cms 60+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 210 Days Green: 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre, Dry: 4-5+ Tonnes\/Acre. 66","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Colocasia \/ Taro root, Best Varieties Hindi: Arbi \/ Arvi Telugu: Chema Gadda\/Dumpa. Seed Rate TNAU: Co-1 (6month, 12-15 Tonnes\/Acre) Spacing DYSRHU-HRS-Kovvur: Panchamukhi \/ Satamukhi, First picking Saharshamukhi \/ Bhavapuri \/Godavari; Crop Span CTCRI-Trivendrum: Sree Pallavi \/ Kiran \/ Rashmi; Yield IGJV-Raipur: Indira Arvi-1; NDUAT-Faizabad: Narendra Arvi-1\/Arvi-2 \/ Bunda-1; BAU-Bhagalpur: Rajendra Arvi-1; 800-1500 Kgs\/Acre (Cormels should be 40-50 gms weight) 45x 45, 45x30 Cms 150+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 150-210 Days 8-12 Tonnes\/Acre (120-150 Bags) Bag=76-80 Kgs Crop English: Cauliflower Best Varieties Hindi: Phool Gobi, Telugu: Muttukosu Poovu Seed Rate SYNGENTA: Lucky \/ Tetris \/ Suhasini+ \/ CFL-1522 \/ CFL- Spacing 6099 \/ Carotena (Orange) \/ Valenttena (Pink); First picking NOBLE: NBH-Happy-101 \/ NBH-Silver moon(1470); Crop Span ADVANTA: ADV-1400\/ Super Shigra \/ GS-277 \/ GS-85; Yield WELCOME: 103, TIERRA: Charu; CLAUSE:Madhuri; SEMINIS: Girija \/ Dawn-175 \/ SV4051AC; NAMDHARI: NS-94 \/ NS-555; SAKATA: Twister \/ Merton; KALASH: Amazing \/ Chamak; HYVEG: Damini; 100-120 Gms\/Acre 45x45, 60x45 Cms 60+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 60-120 Days 15-20 Tonnes\/Acre 67","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Cabbage, Best Varieties Hindi: Bund Gobi, Telugu: Muttukosu. Seed Rate SYNGENTA: BC-76 \/ Royal Ball \/ Royal Star\/ Summer Spacing Queen\/ Quisor; SEMINIS: Millenium-111\/ Ganesha \/ First picking Wonder ball \/ Diamond express \/ Saint \/ Green flash; Crop Span EASTWEST: Asha F1, NAMDHARI: NS22 \/ NS183; Yield SAKATA: Green stone \/ Stone Head; CLAUSE: Admiral; TOKITA: Polo; INDAM; 296; RIZWAN: Flourish; MAHYCO: Mahy Kranti; SUNGRO: S92 Mitra; HYVEG: Uttam \/ Prateek; BEJO: Gideon; KALASH: Bronco \/ Fieldman; INDAM: Krishna \/ Radha; 120-200 Gms\/Acre 45x60, 30x45 Cms 55+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 60-80 Days 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Kohlrabi Best Varieties Hindi: Ganth Gobi Telugu: Nookakolu \/ Noolkhol Seed Rate TOKITA: Early Samrat; SAKATA: Irane; TAAKI: Priya 005; Spacing SHINE: Champion; ADVANTA: Early wonder-46; First picking SEMINIS: SVJY1213; WELCOME: WS-46; Crop Span SYNGENTA:Spin top; SAKURA: Rachana; Yield INDAM: Early white; KALSH: Korist; IRIS: Knolkhol; PAHUJA: Kohalrabi; 300-350 Gms\/Acre 45x30 Cms 40+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 45-60 Days 6-10 Quintal\/Acre 68","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Carrot Best Varieties Hindi: Gajar Telugu: Carrot Seed Rate TOKITA: Karoda improved \/ Nantes Improved; Spacing CLAUSE: Zubera; NAMDHARI: NS-854 \/ Super Kuroda; First picking INDAM: Early nantes; NONGWOO: Jawahar, Crop Span ACSEN HYVEG: Ashwani; LUCKY: Kuroda\/ Nantes; Yield SUNGRO: Super red; NUNHEMS: Brillyance \/ Alamada; KALASH: Samson196 \/ Niagara; RIJKZWAAN: Morelia; IIHR:Arka Suraj; IARI:Pusa Nayan Jyothi; MAHYCO: Nantes; SYNGENTA: Champion; BEJO: Bermuda; WELCOME: KK77 \/ KK98; 2-3 Kgs\/Acre 30x10, 15x15 Cms 70+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 85-130 Days 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Beetroot Best Varieties Hindi: Chukandar Telugu: Beetroot Seed Rate NAMDHARI: Madhur; SAKATA: Kestrel; Spacing TOKITA: Ruby queen improved \/ Winner; First picking BEJO:Boro-F1; INDAM: RubyQueen; ASHOKA: Redman; Crop Span MAHYCO: Mahy lal 1 and II; SYNGENTA: Ruddy; Yield KALASH: Action \/ Rohan; SAKURA: Ruby queen; ADVANTA: Red Globe \/ Sikandar; INDUS: Sindhu; 2.0-3.0 Kgs\/Acre 45x10, 30x15 Cms 60+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 75 Days 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 69","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Radish Best Varieties Hindi: Mooli Telugu: Mullangi Seed Rate SYNGENTA: Iyory White; SEMINIS: White Mosaic, Spacing PAHUJA: Garima 3035; MAHYCO: Mahy 22; First picking WELCOME: A Nishant; SHATABDI: Geeta-33; Crop Span INDAM: Swetha; ADVANTA: Twinkle Star \/ Snow white; Yield ACSEN HYVEG: Yamini \/ RD 68; NUZIVEEDU: White princes; NOBLE : NBH Master; KALASH: Koren \/ Palak Patta (KSP-80) \/ KSP 124; IARI: Pusa Chetki; IIHR: Arka Nishant; NANGWOO: Sparkle White; SOLAR: Sun-400; 3.0-4.0 Kgs\/Acre 45x15, 30x15 Cms 30+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 60 Days 10-12+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Potato Best Varieties Hindi: Aloo \/ Aaloo Seed Rate Telugu: Bangala Dumpa Spacing CPRI-Shimla: Lalit(Mohan) \/ Jyoti \/ Khyati \/ Bahar \/ First picking Pukhraj \/ Lima \/ Surya \/ Neelakant; Crop Span Yield Sindhuri \/ Chandramukhi \/ Badshah \/ Lalima \/ Sutlej \/ Lauvkar \/ Pushkar \/ Sadabahar \/ Ganga \/ Garima \/ Jawahar \/ Kanchan\/ Swarna\/ Chipsona \/ Frysona Exotic imported: Lady rosetta \/ Atlantic \/ Desiree \/ Cardinal\/ Diamant \/ Kennebec \/ Innovator \/ Santana \/ shepody Chips: FC3 \/ FC5 \/ FL1533; 800-2000 Kgs\/Acre (15-20 bags, (Bag=50-55 Kg)); FYI: whole Seed potato weighing 40-50 gms (4+ cm) with little sprouts is highly recommended. 30x30 Cms 90+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 100-120 Days 10-20+ Tonnes\/Acre (1 bag seed should yield 10x \/20x) 70","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Elephant Foot Yam Best Varieties Hindi: Suran \/ Sooran \/ Jimikandh \/ Zimikandh Telugu: Kanda Gadda\/Dumpa. Seed Rate CTCRI-Trivendrum: Sree Padma \/ Athira; Spacing DYSRHU-HRS-KOVVUR: Gajendra; First picking BCKV-Kalyani: Bidhan Kusum; Crop Span CSKHPKV-Palampur: Palam Zimikand-1; Yield Santragachi (WB), Kovvur(AP) 1200-2400 Kgs\/Acre 120x90, 90x90 Cms 270+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 270-300 Days 20-30+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Turmeric Best Varieties Hindi: Haldi Telugu: Pasupu Seed Rate IISR, Calicut : Pragati, Prathibha Spacing CCSRCAU, Samastipur: Rajendra Sonali \/ Sonia First picking 300-800 Kgs\/Acre Crop Span 60x25, 60x15 Cms Yield 150-180+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 180-225 Days Fresh: 20-25+ Tonnes\/Acre, Dry: 4-5+ Tonnes\/Acre 71","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Ginger, Best Varieties Hindi: Adrak, Telugu: Allam. Seed Rate IISR, Calicut: Vajra \/ Varada \/ Mahima \/ Rejatha; Spacing Maran (Assam), Himachal (HP), Rio-De-janeiro, China; First picking 300-800 Kgs\/Acre Crop Span 60x25, 60x15 Cms Yield 180+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 210 Days 10-12 Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Spinach Best Varieties Hindi: Palak Telugu: Paala Koora Seed Rate NAMDHARI: NS-1479 \/ 1466 Spinach; Spacing KALASH: Hariyali; SARPAN: Spinach Palak (SP11); First picking SUVARNA SEEDS: All green; SEMENAC: Pune Green; Crop Span EAST WEST: Green Flavour; INDAM: Kolkata Palak; Yield ADVANTA: Mulayam \/ Harit shobha; IRIS: Spinach; SHRIRAM SEEDS: Green Wonder; PAHUJA: Delhi Green; WELCOME : Palak Desi; IIHR: Arka Anupama (16 T, 80 Days, 4 Cuttings; 10-15 Kgs\/Acre 30x15, 15x15 Cms 30+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 80 Days 5-12+ Tonnes\/Acre 72","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Fenugreek Best Varieties Hindi: Methi \/ Menthi Telugu: Menthi Koora Seed Rate CCSHAU, Hisar : Spacing Hisar - Sonali \/ Suvarna (6-7 T) \/ Mukta(7-8 T); First picking ICAR-NRCSS, Ajmer : AFG 1 \/ 2 \/ 3 (5.5-6.5 T); Crop Span RPCAU, Samstipur : Rajendra Kranti (7-8 T); Yield IARI, Pusa-Delhi : Pusa Early(6-7.5 T) \/ Pusa Kasuri (7-8 T); TNAU, Coimbatore : Co-1 \/ Co-2; ANGRAU, LAM Guntur: Lam Selection-1; BOMBAY SUPER SEEDS: Double Bombay super \/ Kasuri; 10-12 Kgs\/Acre (Seed must be soaked for 8-10 hrs and treatment with fungicides is highly recommended) 30x15, 15x15 Cms 20+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 25 -35 Days (Leaves), +\/- 120 Days (Seeds), 5-8 Tonnes\/Acre (Leaves); 0.5-0.9 Tonnes\/Acre (Seed) Crop English: Indian Sorrel \/ Roselle Best Varieties Hindi: Ambadi \/ Pitwaa Telugu: Gonguru \/ Pundi keera Seed Rate Green stem and Red stem. Spacing (No specific private hybrid company varieties available) First picking 80-100 Kgs\/Acre Crop Span 15x15, 30x15 Cms Yield 30+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 40 Days Veg: 5-7+ Tonnes\/Acre, (Approximately 100,000 Bunches weighs 30-40 gms\/Ea) 73","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Dill Best Varieties Hindi: Sowa \/ Suva Seed Rate Telugu: Soya aaku koora \/ Sabasige\/ Shatapushpa Local seed varieties Spacing 4-5 Kgs\/Acre First picking (Soak seed for 8-10 hours, Do seed treatment and Crop Span shade dry for a day and sow) Yield 30x10, 15x15 Cms 40+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 60 Days 5-7+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: AMARANTHUS Best Varieties Hindi: Rajgir \/ Choulayi \/ Ramdana Telugu: Thota Koora Seed Rate Red and Green Varieties Spacing TNAU, Coibatore: Co-1 \/ Co2; First picking IIHR, Bengaluru: Crop Span Arka Suguna (10+ T, 90 D, 8 Cuttings) Yield Arka Arunima (10+ T, 60 D, 3 Cuttings KALASH: Amol \/ Amar; 3-4 Kgs\/Acre 30x15, 15x15 Cms 25+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant VEG: +\/- 45-90 Days; SEED: +\/- 80-120+ Days; VEG: 6-10+ Tonnes\/Acre; SEED: 100 Kg\/Acre; 74","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Coriander \/ Cilantro Best Varieties Hindi: Hari Dhaniya Telugu: Kothimira Seed Rate VNR: Muskan; NAMDHARI: Surabhi; BHINI; Spacing KALASH: Caribe1; NATH: Ever green; EASTWEST: Ramses; First picking NUZIVEEDU: Bond-303; SWATI: Aroma Split; Crop Span TOKITA: Super Midori split; ACSEN HYVEG: Kasturi; Yield IIHR: Arka Isha; ASHOKA: Late Bolting; INDAM: Multicut; 8-12 Kgs\/Acre 45x10 Cms 30+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant Fresh leaves: +\/- 60 Days; Seeds: +\/- 120 Days; Fresh leaves: 2-4 Tonnes\/Acre, Seed: 300-500 Kgs\/Acre Crop English: Mint Best Varieties Hindi: Pudina, Seed Rate Telugu: Pudina Local Variety Spacing Stems (15 cm+ with 3+ internodes, 2 stems in one hole) First picking (Approximately 390,000 Stem cuttings\/Acre) Crop Span 10x10 Cms Yield 40+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 1-3 year (Cutting every 40+ days) 3-6+ Tonnes\/Acre (8-9 Cuttings\/Year) (200 bunches \/ Bag), (150-200 Bags\/Cutting) 75","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Cucumber Best Varieties Hindi: Khira \/ Kakdi (Protected Telugu: Dosa Kaaya farming) RIJK ZWAAN: Multistar \/ Kingstar \/ Falconstar ; SYNGENTA: KAFKA; HM CLAUSE: Hilton; Seed Rate YUKSEL TOHUM: 52-32 F1; NUNHEMS: Kian \/ Infinity; Spacing NAMDHARI: NS-499 (KUK9); KAU: KPCH-1; First picking 1000 seed packet x 12, Packet\/Acre (250-350 gms\/Ac) Crop Span 30x60, 45x60 Cms (7480-11220 Plants\/Acre ) Yield 35+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 100 Days 40-60+ Tonnes\/Acre (Fruit weighs 100-175\/ Grams, 5+ Kgs\/Plant) Crop English: Tomato Best Varieties Hindi: Tamaatar Telugu: Tamato. Seed Rate RIKJ ZWAAN: Valouro \/ Nowara ; Spacing NAMDHARI: NS-562 \/ NS-1068 \/ NS-4266; First picking SYNGENTA: Heemsohna \/ Heemshikhar \/ Myla; Crop Span NUNHEMS: US-1143, US-800; Yield GENESIS: Betty \/ 2006 \/ 2005 \/ 1030; IIHR,Bengaluru: Arka Rakshak \/ Arka Abhed; 40-60 Gms\/Acre 60x45, 45x45 Cms 65+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 180 Days 40-60+ Tonnes\/Acre 76","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Ladies finger, Best Varieties Hindi: Okar\/Bhendi, Telugu: Benda kaaya. Seed Rate ASHOKA: Belli \/ Malgudi, SEMINIS: Moraleda \/ Falguni; Spacing KEYONIC: Garuda; SYNGENTA: Serengeti \/ Seville; First picking IIHR, Bengaluru: Arka Sukomal \/ Sharath \/ Anoop; Crop Span 6-8 Kgs\/Acre Yield 60x30 Cms 55+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 180 Days 10-15+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Dolichos Best Varieties Hindi: Lablab \/ Lobia \/ Sem \/ Gadade Avare Telugu: Chikkudu Seed Rate SARPAN: Dolichos-42 \/ Dolichos-52; Spacing ASHOK: Alok \/ Bali; KALASH: Shashi ; First picking VNR: Sem-3 \/ Gomchi green; Crop Span IIHR: Arka Adarsh \/ Prasidhi ; Yield 8-10 Kgs\/Acre 60x30 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120+ Days 9-12+ Tonnes\/Acre, 77","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Long Yard Beans Best Varieties Hindi: Chouli \/ Barbatti Telugu: Alasanda Kaaya Seed Rate SYNGENTA: YB-7; ASHOKA: YL-30 \/ YL-35; Spacing NAMDHARI: NS-636 \/ NS-634; KALASH: Nikita \/ Kavita; First picking TOKITA: Greenfall \/ Greenfall Light; VNR: CP-27 Crop Span IIHR: Arka Mangala; TEAM: TS-18; Yield 8-10 Kgs\/Acre 60x45 Cms 50+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 Days 9-12+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Malabar Spinach Best Varieties Hindi: Chukka Bhaji, Seed Rate Telugu: Bachali Koora Red stem and Green Stem Spacing (No specific private hybrid company varieties available) First picking 5-6 Kgs\/Acre; Crop Span Stem Propagation: 30+ cm Stem with 4+ nodes can be Yield used for propagation too. 60x30, 45x30 Cms (Vertical trellis) 30+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 -150 Days 8-12+ Tonnes\/Acre 78","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Mangaluru Sambar Cucumber Best Varieties Hindi: Sambar Cucumber Seed Rate Telugu: Sambar Dosa Kaaya Spacing SEMINIS: Hiranya; KALASH: Kalyani; First picking 250-400 Gms\/Acre Crop Span 180 x 30 Cms (Vertical Trellis) Yield 55+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 70 Days 20-30+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Ridge Gourd Best Varieties Hindi: Turai Telugu: Beera Kaaya Seed Rate IIHR: Arka Prasan; EASTWEST: Naga ; I&B: Shiva; Spacing NAMDHARI: NS-474; NUNHEMS: US-6001; First picking SEMINIS: SVKR-5025; ADVANTA: Aneeta; Crop Span MAHYCO: Pallavi; HYVEG: Sonakshi \/ Mayuri \/ Dhanush; Yield KALASH: Kanchan \/ Avani; VNR: Aarti \/ Rajni \/ 102; 1000 Gms\/Acre 45x45, 60x45 Cms 35+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 135 Days 16-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 79","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Bitte Gourd\/Melon Best Varieties Hindi: Karela Telugu: Kakara Kaaya Seed Rate EASTWEST: Pali \/ Maya; I&B: Harithwa \/ Ramya; Spacing SEMINIS: Abhishek; NUNHEMS: Amanshri; First picking NAMDHARI: NS1024 \/ NS453 \/ NS434 \/ NS435 (H7041); Crop Span ASHOKA: Poovi \/ AFA 309; NUZIVEEDU: Malini; Yield HYVEG: Pallavi \/ Nandan \/ Dakshi \/ Bitter Boy; ADVANTA: Vikrant \/ Darwin; VNR: Akshay \/ Imp.Katahi; IIHR: Arka Harit; KAU: Priyanka \/ Priya; 1000 Gms\/Acre 60x90 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 130 Days 16-20+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Bottle Gourd Best Varieties Hindi: Louki Telugu: Sora Kaaya \/ Ananva Seed Rate EASTWEST: Anmol; I&B: SPS-02; SEMINIS: Sharada; Spacing NUNHEMS: Anokhi; NAMDHARI: NS421\/ NS439; First picking HYVEG: Merina \/ Ram; ADVANTA: Sunand \/ GSH-2; Crop Span SYNGENTA: Vinayak; MAHYCO: MHBG-8 \/ Warad; Yield KALASH: Semal\/Kiran; NUZIVEEDU: Anurag; VNR: Kirti New \/ Haruna; IIHR: Arka Bahar; 500-1000 Gms\/Acre 90x60 Cms 40+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 180 Days 20+ Tonnes\/Acre 80","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Ivy Gourd Best Varieties Hindi: Kundru \/ Tindora Telugu: Tonda Kaaya Seed Rate IGAU, Raipur: Indira Kundru-5 \/ Indira Kundru-35; Spacing KAU Vellanikkara: Sulabha (CG-23); First picking IIVR: Kashi Bharpur (VRSIG-9) Crop Span IIHR: Arka Nilachal Kunkhi \/ Nilachal Sabuja ; Yield Propagation from Stem-cutting, (20+ cm, long and 4+ internodes stem should be used) 180x180 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 240+ Days (Perennial) 10-15+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Snake Gourd Best Varieties Hindi: Chichinda Telugu: Potla Kaaya Seed Rate ASHOKA: Snaky white short; Spacing KALASH: BSS-694; First picking HYVEG: White short \/ Snow Boy; Crop Span KAU: Baby; TNAU: Co-1; Yield 1000 Gms\/Acre 180x180 Cms 50+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 Days 16-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 81","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Onion Best Varieties Hindi: Pyaaz Telugu: Ullipaya Seed Rate PANCHA GANGA: Poona Fursungi; Spacing PRASHANT: Fursungi; First picking ELLORA: Crop Span Poona Fursungi \/ Gulabi \/ Ottur Special \/ China King; Yield PRACHI: China Red \/ Super; GENTEX: Pune Fursungi \/ Red Kothi; GANGA: Bhima Super; IIHR: Arka Lalima \/ Bheem; 2.0-3.0 Kgs\/Acre 15x15, 15x10 Cms (180,000 Plant density\/Acre) 90+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 Days 10-18 Tonnes\/Acre (Avg. 80-100 Grams\/Plant) Crop English: Shallots Best Varieties Hindi: Sambar Pyaaz Seed Rate Telugu: Sambar\/Madras Ullipaya Spacing TNAU: CO(On)6 \/ CO(On)5; First picking 1.0 Kgs\/Acre Crop Span 15x15, 15x10 Cms (180,000 Plant density\/Acre) Yield 70+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 90 Days 4-7 Tonnes\/Acre (Avg. 30-90 Grams\/Plant) 82","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Garlic Best Varieties Hindi: Lehsun Telugu: Vellulli Seed Rate TNAU, Coimbatore: Ooty-1; Spacing NHRDF, Karnal: First picking Yamuna Safed (G1) \/ Yamuna Safed-5 (G189) \/ G-404; Crop Span Ratlam (MP): Riya Van; Yield 250-300 Kgs\/Acre 15x15, 15x10 Cms 120+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120-170 Days 4-7 Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Chayote Best Varieties Hindi: Chayote Squash \/ chowchow Seed Rate Telugu: Bengaluru Vankaaya \/ Chowchow Spacing N\/A (Local Variety) 150-200 Kgs\/Acre (450-500, Whole fruits\/Acre) First picking 360x300 Cms (363 Plants\/Acre) Crop Span (4-5 fruits in 2x2x2 pit) Yield 90\/150+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 240 Days 10-15+ Tonnes\/Acre (weekly harvest 0.7-1.2 Tonnes) (Avg. 25-40 Kgs\/Plant, Fruit weighs 200-400 Gms) 83","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Ash Gourd Best Varieties Hindi: Kashi Phal Telugu: Boodida Gumbadi kaaya Seed Rate IIVR: Kashi Ujwal \/ Kashi Surbhi \/ Dhawaal; Spacing ACSEN HYVEG: Siddhi \/ Virats \/ HYWG-109; First picking KALASH: Soumya \/ Shourya; Crop Span VNR: AG \/ AG Long; ASHOKA: Liliput; ESHA: Sumo; Yield TNAU: Co1 \/ Co2; KAU: Local \/ Indu; 1-2 Kgs\/Acre 180x 90 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 120 Days 16-20+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Pumpkin Best Varieties Hindi: Khaddu Telugu: Goru chikkudu Seed Rate IIVR: Kashi Harit \/ Kashi Shishir; Spacing HYVEG: Krishna\/Paradise\/Samidha\/Shaheen\/Suchitra; First picking ASHOKA:Gaja \/ Ganesh; KALASH: Rana \/ Indrajit; Crop Span VNR:Aadi \/ Anuj \/VNR-P1 \/ VNR-14; ESHA: Janaki; Yield TOKITA: Jumbo \/ Super; TEAM: Singham \/ TSS-303; IIHR:Suramukthi \/ Chandan; TNAU: CO1\/CO2; KAU: Saras \/Suvarna; 1-2 Kgs\/Acre 180x 90 Cms 45+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 110 Days 14-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 84","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Drumstick Best Varieties Hindi: Sahajan Telugu: Munaga Kaaya Seed Rate TNAU, Coimbatore: PKM-1; Spacing Dr. ALAGARSAMY, Pallapatti: PAVM; First picking ODC-3, Oddanchatram (TN); Crop Span Seed: 250-500 gms \/ Yield Seedling: PKM-1\/PAVM: 250; ODC3: 750 \/Acre High Density: ODC3: 10x6 feet (702 Plants) PKM1\/PAVM: 20 x (20x2) feet (Twin plants 216 Plants) 180+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 10+ years 15-30+ Tonnes\/Acre, Crop English: Drumstick leaves Hindi: Sahajan ki patte Best Varieties Telugu: Munaga Aaku TNAU, Coimbatore: PKM-1; Seed Rate ALAGARSAMY, Pallapatti: PAVM (Farmer developed); Spacing ODC-3, Oddanchatram (TN); Native local breed First picking 6-7 Kgs\/Acre Crop Span 3x1 feet (16800 Plants) Yield (4 feet raised bed, 1 feet lateral, 42 beds) 60-90+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant Thereafter 2 every 30-45 days (8-9 \/ harvest\/Year) +\/- 10+ years 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 85","Brief information of Vegetables Crop English: Curry Leaves Best Varieties Hindi: Kadipatta Telugu: Karivepaaku. Seed Rate UAS, Dharwar: Suhasini(DWD-2) \/ DWD-1; Spacing Local Variety seeds are used widely for commercial First picking cultivation than the aforementioned improved varieties. Crop Span 60-100 Kgs\/Acre Yield 120x60 (5445 Plants), 90x60 (7260 Plants) Cms 180-270+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant. Thereafter once in every 3-4 months harvest will be done (3-4 harvests\/year) +\/- 10 years 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre Crop English: Sweet Potato Hindi: Shakar Kandh Best Varieties Telugu: Chilakada Dumpa\/Gadda ANGRAU-Guntur: Samrat \/ Kiran \/ RNSP-1; Seed Rate TNAU-Coimbatore: Co-3, Co CIP1; Spacing CTCRI-Trivendrum: Sree Vardhini \/ H 41\/42 \/ Gouri \/ First picking Bhadra \/ Kishan \/ Bhu Sona \/ Bhu Krishna; Crop Span Vine cuttings ( 30-45cm+ with 4-6 nodes) from 3 month Yield old plants. 60x30, 60x20, 30x30 Cms (20000-30000 Density\/Acre) 110+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 110-120 Days 05-10+ Tonnes\/Acre 86","Brief information of EXOTIC Vegetables Crop English: Broccoli Best Varieties Hindi: Broccoli Telugu: Broccoli Seed Rate NAMDHARI: NS-50; SYNGENTA: Besty; Spacing RIJK ZWAAN: Tahoe; BEJO: Lucky; First picking SAKATA: Green Magic \/ Saki; Crop Span TOKITA: Matsuri \/ Hina; TAKII: Paraiso; Yield CLAUSE: Fantasy; KNOWN YOU: Shishir; 150-200 Gms\/Acre 60x30 Cms (14500-16000+ plant density) (4feet + 1feet, Raised bed) 70+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 70-120 Days 4-8 Tonnes\/Acre (Avg weight of a fruit 0.3-0.6+ KG) Crop English: Red Cabbage Best Varieties Hindi: Lal Patta Gobi Telugu: Red Cabbage Seed Rate TOKITA: Scarlet Pearl; Spacing SAKATA: Red Jewel, First picking BEJO: Primero; TAKII: Ruby Ball; Crop Span KNOWN YOU: Scarlet Hybrid; Yield 120-200 Gms\/Acre 45x60, 30x45 Cms 55+ Days after Sowing\/Dibbling\/Transplant +\/- 60-80 Days 15-20+ Tonnes\/Acre 87","LIGHTING\u2026.. Light is an essential factor in maintaining plants. The rate of growth and length of time a plant remains active is dependent on the amount of light it receives. Light energy is used in photosynthesis, the plant\u2019s most basic metabolic process. When determining the effect of light on plant growth there are three areas to consider: intensity, duration and quality. Light Intensity Light intensity influences the manufacture of plant food, stem length, leaf color and flowering. Generally speaking, plants grown in low light tend to be spindly with light green leaves. A similar plant grown in very bright light tends to be shorter, better branches, and have larger, dark green leaves. Light exposure Plants can be classified according to their light needs, such as high, medium and low light requirements. The light intensity received by an indoor plant depends upon the nearness of the light source to the plant. Light intensity rapidly decreases as the distance from the light source increases. The direction of a polyhouse\/greenhouse. a home or office affects the intensity of natural sunlight that plants receive. Southern exposures have the most intense light. Eastern and western exposures receive about 60 percent of the intensity of southern exposures, while northern exposures receive 20 percent of the intensity of a southern exposure. A southern exposure is the warmest, eastern and western are less warm, and a northern exposure is the coolest. Other factors such as Shade nets. Side curtains, trees outside, weather, season of the year, shade from other structures also effect light intensity. Reflective, light-colored surfaces inside a greenhouse \/ home \/ office tend to increase light intensity , while dark surfaces decrease light intensity. PLANT TYPES Short Day Plants: Requires less than or 12 hours of sunlight. Long Day Plants: Requires more than 12+ hours of sunlight Day Neutral: There is no specific duration as former types Most of the plants don\u2019t require direct\/Intense sunlight \/ Artificial light exposure. The intense heat emitted by any means of light source, which is not installed \/ placed at proper distance, may cause light burns \/ light bleaching, the symptoms can be easily visible on leaves. Heat causes damages than light intensity. FYI: In protected farming, ie., Greenhouse\/polyhouse, Aluminet (Aluminum shade net), White\/Black Mono Shade-nets are used with shading ranges 30%, 50% and more\u2026 to reduce light and heat intensity. Air circulatory fans also very important to regulate Heat \/ temperature of the polyhouse. Foggers \/ Mist system @ 3x2 \/ 2x2 mtrs spacing is highly recommended to regulate temperature and humidity in the polyhouse. 88","LIGHT: Light is defined as an electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 400-700 Nano Meters(nm), which is visible to human eye\/sight. Light emitted by any source falls on a particular surface in the form of photons (Photons are fundamental subatomic particles that carry electromagnetic force. Photon is an elementary particle that is the quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation, such as light and radio waves.. ) The best example of the light and photon to understand is Clouds and rain droplets. As rain droplets falls on earth from faraway clouds, similarly photons fall on any surface from the light source. To understand light intensity, we need to understand following terminology PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation): PAR represents the wavelength \/ band (ie., 400-700 nm) in the light spectrum which is used by plants for photosynthesis. This is the wavelength that human eyes can perceive. Picture: PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) Picture: Full Spectrum PPF: Photosynthetic photon Flux: The total amount of light (Photons) emitted in the PAR zone (400-700 nm), by the light source per second. The PPF is measured in \u00b5mols\/S (micromoles\/Second). 89","PICTURE: PPF\/PPFD PPFD: Photosynthetic photon Flux Density: The total amount of light (Photons) emitted in the PAR zone (400-700 nm), by the light source per second and falls on a surface of one square meter area. The PPFD is measured in \u00b5mols\/M2\/S (micromoles\/Square meter \/ Second) YIELD PHOTON FLUX (YPF) The Yield Photon Flux YPF weights photons in the range from 360 to 760nm based on plant's photosynthetic response. So it goes further than the PAR region of 400 to 700nm and also extrapolates the photons to the plant sensitivity curve per crop. When the exact spectrum of the grow light is known, the Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF) values in \u00b5mol\/s can be modified by applying different weighting factor to different wavelengths and colors. This results in a quantity called the Yield Photon Flux (YPF). 90","PICTURE: YPF The red curve in the graph shows that photons around 610 nm (orange red) have the highest amount of photosynthesis per photon. However, because short-wavelength photons carry more energy per photon, the maximum amount of photosynthesis per incident unit of energy is at a longer wavelength, around 660 nm, what is also called deep red. The YPF curve as shown below was developed from short-term measurements made on single leaves in low light. Some longer-term studies with whole plants in higher light indicate that light quality may have a smaller effect on plant growth rate than light quantity. Still it is very much crop depending and light system depending. With supplemental grow lighting in a greenhouse there is still a large portion of the daily light perceived from the sun. In that case we mainly focus on supplementing extra light which directly generates chlorophyll production, so Red and blue. The tendency is to add also extra white LEDs on it so that the overall perception of the light is more neutral to work in. This is why you see many times in early installations this purple color in greenhouses with LED grow lights. The relation between light and the energy it can carry is described in the Law of Planck. This law explains us why for the same amount of energy photons in the red spectrum have a higher impact on plant photosynthesis than for example a blue photon. Energy of a Photon\u03bb = hc\/ \u03bb = 2x1025 (J m)\/ \u03bb Energy of a \u00b5mol (\u2248 6x1017) Photon\u03bb \u2248 12x108 (J m)\/ \u03bb Or simply expressed as a rule of thumb, the energy of a photon \u00b5mol in J \u2248 120\/ \u03bb where \u03bb = the wavelength of the photon in nm. 91","From this relation between the light wavelength and the energy, we can conclude that red photons in the 660nm bandwidth can carry much more energy than longer wavelengths like blue 450nm. Maximum energy of a deep red 660nm photon \u2248 660nm\/ 120 \u2248 5.5\u00b5mol\/J Maximum energy of a blue 450 photon \u2248 450nm\/ 120 \u2248 3.75\u00b5mol\/J Of course, above values are absolute maximum ratings. At this moment the highest efficacy what has been reached in a 660nm wavelength LED package is 4.2\u00b5mol\/J (Osram Oslon Square V4 \u2013 Q1 2020). Light can be measured in LUX\/LUMENS per old methodology. In recent years PAR\/PPFD is replaced LUX\/LUMENS. To know the LUX\/LUMMENS one should use LUX meters, similarly, to know the PPFD\/PAR one should use Quantum \/ PAR meters. Picture: LUX Meter Picture: QUANTUM \/PAR Meter DAILY LIGHT INTEGRAL (DLI): The Daily Light Integral (DLI) measures the total amount of light that is delivered to a plant every day. DLI is a cumulative measurement of the total number of photons that reach the plants during the daily photoperiod. The DLI measures the number of \u201cmoles\u201d of photons in the PAR region per square meter per day and is expressed as mol\/d.m\u00b2. The DLI is a good way to implement in the light strategy in greenhouse project with supplemental lighting. For most crops you can define what is the ideal total light sum per day they can efficiently use. PPFD to DLI conversion \u2013 \u00b5mol\/s.m\u00b2 to mol\/dm\u00b2: DLI from the grow lights = (hours x PPFD x3600)\/1,000,000 Let\u2019s assume our PPFD is 650 \u00b5mol\/s.m\u00b2; Light we require for a day is 12 Hours Thus, the DLI calculation is = (hours x PPFD x3600)\/1,000,000 (12 x 650 x 3600) \/ 1,000,000 28.08 mol\/dm\u00b2, DLI 92","PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON EFFICACY (PPE) : Photon Efficacy refers to how efficient a horticulture lighting system is at converting electrical energy into photons of PAR. With the PPF and the input wattage, you can calculate the efficiency. Expressed in \u00b5mol\/J. The higher the number, the more efficient a lighting system is at converting electrical energy into photons of PAR. Eg., assume a LED light with 100 W, 270 PPF efficiency = PPF\/WATT. = 270\/100 = 2.7 \u00b5mol\/J. While selecting a grow light one should carefully know\/read, Wattage, PPFD\/PPF, PPE, DLI, CRI, Kelvin rating and type of LED\u2019s used. Recent years LED are manufactured with phosphor coating to attain more efficacy, CoB (Chip on board) \/ Quantum board \/ Dimmable grow lights are very economical and efficient too. Samsung and Osram are manufacturing highest quality LED lights for grow light. 93","KELVIN SCALE (K) As you know the plants require light for the photosynthesis ie., 400-700 nm (Light spectrum) this is well known as PAR, lights below 400nm referred as UV (Ultraviolet) and above 700 referred as IR (Infrared). Sunlight contains light from both the visible and UV\/IR spectrums. When plants are growing outdoors, they\u2019re adapted to naturally absorb the necessary amounts of each. But when growing indoors, we need to recreate this light considering color temperature and duration. Each colour has certain temperature range, this can be measured using Kelvin Scale. The Kelvin scale measures colors ranging from blue to green, yellow, and red. Color temperatures in the Kelvin scale range from 1,000 to 10,000. A color temperature of 1,000 Kelvin would be warm and red, somewhat like candlelight. On the other end of the spectrum, 10,000 Kelvin would be cool and blue, like a clear blue sky. Plants typically absorb red and blue light. And natural sunlight is in the range of 2,700 to 7,000 Kelvin. So, as a general rule of thumb, if you\u2019re looking to promote vegetative growth, pick lights ranging between 5,000 and 7,000 Kelvin. To promote fruiting and flowering, opt for lights in the 3,500 to 4,500 Kelvin range. Picture: Kelvin scale 94","PPFD REQUIREMENT TO GROW PLANTS Vegetative stage : 400-500 nm Flowering \/ fruiting stage 620-780 nm Picture: PPFD Cultivation light spectrum COLOUR SPECTRUM DETAILS Colour Functionality Blue light has distinct effects on plant growth and flowering. In Blue general, blue light can increase overall plant quality. (420-470 \/400-500 nm) When combined with other light spectrum wavebands, blue light promotes plant compactness, root development, and the production of secondary metabolites. Blue light can be utilized as a growth regulator, which can reduce your need for chemical plant growth regulators (PGRs). Blue light can also increase chlorophyll accumulation and stomatal opening (facilitating gas exchange), which can improve overall plant health. One example of blue light influencing secondary plant metabolite production is how blue wavebands promote anthocyanin development in leaves and flowers. Increased anthocyanin levels result in more pronounced color. Blue light also promotes other secondary metabolic compounds associated with improved flavor, aroma and taste. Higher intensities of blue light (>30 \u00b5mol\u00b7m-2\u00b7s-1) can inhibit or promote flowering in daylength-sensitive crops. Blue light does not regulate flowering at low light intensities (<30 \u00b5mol\u00b7m-2\u00b7s- 1), so is safe to be applied at night to influence the other plant characteristics listed above. 95","Green Facilitates plants to establish developed roots; chlorophyl A\/B has a strong absorption peak in blue light area, mainly helping (500-570 \/ 500-600 nm) plants synthesize proteins and amino acids. Since chlorophyll does not absorb green light as readily as other wavelengths, many have written off the green waveband as being less important to plant growth. This lower chlorophyll absorption rate, compared to blue and red light, is what makes most plants appear green. Depending on the plant, leaves generally reflect 10-50% of green waveband photons. In contrast to assumptions, studies of green light in crop production have concluded that green light is important to photosynthesis, and especially in a plant\u2019s lower leaves. Around 80% of green light transmits through chloroplasts, whereas leaves absorb approximately 90% and transmit less than 1% of red and blue light. So what does this all mean? When light is plentiful, chlorophyll reaches a saturation point and can no longer absorb red and blue light. Yet, green light can still excite electrons within chlorophyll molecules located deep within a leaf, or within chloroplasts lower in the plant\u2019s canopy. And so, green light enhances photosynthetic efficiency\u2014potentially increasing crop yields, during bright light conditions. Additionally, the ratio of green to blue and red wavelengths signals to the plant a leaf\u2019s canopy position. This can induce morphological changes to maximize light absorption. Green light also plays a role in regulating stomatal aperture (opening and closing of plant pores that make gas exchange possible). Greenhouse applications require less supplemental green light since plants receive adequate green light from solar radiation. Indoor environments may benefit more from supplemental green light since no sunlight is present. Red Red light is among the most effective wavebands at stimulating photosynthesis and promoting plant biomass (610-680 nm \/ 600-700 nm) growth. Facilitates in controlling photo period, thus, regulates the rhythm of flowering (Pr\/Pfr) Plants grown under only red light tend to become stretched and tall with thin leaves- a generally undesirable growth pattern. However, adding the correct amount of blue light to balance out the red light can result in more compact plants with thicker leaves. Ultraviolet Facilitate inhibiting plant spindling, Stimulate the anthocyanin of plants, make plants more bright, and improve the quality, (UV, 0-400 nm) increases immunity\/resistance to fungal\/pests; UV-A (315-400 nm) UV-B(280-314 nm) UV-C(0-280 nm) Infrared Far-red light can induce a shade avoidance response, which results in extension and stretching (read below for more (Far-red, (700-780\/850 nm) information on shade avoidance). Far-red light also promotes 96"]