202110730-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-FY_Optimized

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What was the administrative importance of 4. How did the temple towns emerge into Thanjavur? township? 2. How do you know that Thanjavur was important 5. How does Ajmer provide a perfect example to socially and economically? religious coexistence? 3. What is meant by temple town? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 5. Why were trade guilds formed? 6. Write a short note on the trading communities 1. Describe the emergence of small towns in the continent. of India. 7. How did European traders reach the 2. How did trade develop in small towns? 3. How did the temples gain the right to collect subcontinent? 8. Why did Kabul become commercially tax? 4. What do you know about the traders in the important? small towns emerged from villages? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 8. What was the reason for the decline of Hampi? 9. Why was Surat called as the gate to Mecca? 1. What were the craftsmen of Bidar famous for? 10. Why was Surat commercially important? 2. Name the communities that were essential to 11. Explain the reason for the decline of Surat. 12. Why was Masulipatnam commercially the building of temples. 3. How did weaving grow important and important? 13. What had made Masulipatnam populous and independent craft? 4. Where is Hampi located? prosperous? 5. What was special about the material used in 14. Explain the reason for the decline of construction at Hampi? Masulipatnam. 6. Write a brief note about the architecture of 4. What is meant by ‘Black Towns’? Hampi. 5. Where did the white rulers stay in Madras and 7. Comment on the commercial and cultural Calcutta? importance of Hampi. 6. How did Vasco da Gama reach India? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. How did India’s trade with the European countries flourish? 2. How did Indian textile industry flourish? 3. What was the reason for the decline of the independence of the craftsperson? 87

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: d. silk and wool 8. Bell metal contains a greater proportion of 1. Who was the Portuguese sailor who crossed Indian Ocean and landed in Calicut in 1498? _____ than other kinds of bronze. This produces a. Christopher Columbus a bell-like sound. b. Vasco da Gama a. Iron c. Richard Amerik b. Copper d. Ferdinand Magellan c. T in d. A luminium 2. In eighteenth century, which cities were 9. What are the advantages of lost wax technique? declined? a. Provides exact shapes a. Bombay, b. Lower material cost b. Calcutta c. R educes the expensive machining operations c. Machilipatnam d. All of the above d. M adras 10. There are palaces with mandapas or pavilions where king. 3. Small towns also had market streets called a. issuing orders to their subordinates _______ lined with shops where there were b. hold court in these mandapas streets for different kinds of artisans. c. both a and b a. Mandapika d. None of these b. Hatta II. Short Answer Questions: c. Mandi 1. Define the following: d. Market i) Decline of the independence of craftspersons ii) European traders slowly drew to India 4. What do you mean by emporium? iii) Lost wax technique a. A place where goods are stored for further 2. Masulipatnam lost both its merchants and business. prosperity and declined in the course of the b. A place where goods from diverse production eighteenth century. Explain what had centres are bought and sold. happened. c. A place where meeting of East India Company and Dutch happened for reconciliation. 88 d. A place where goods are produced or manufactured. 5. Surat has also been called the gate to Mecca. a. Because many pilgrim ships set sail from here. b. Because it was the nearest port to reach Mecca c. Because that was the only way to reach Mecca d. Many Muslims were settled in Surat and they used to go from there 6. What were textiles of Surat famous for? a. Synthetic fibre b. Cotton fibre c. G old laced borders d. W oollen fabric 7. Muslim Bohras and Hindu Baniyas sold textiles and spices and in exchange, brought ________ from Africa. a. Cotton and wool b. gold and ivory c. rice and wheat

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 3. Mark the places which were a) Gate way of Mecca b) In eighteenth century, three cities rose in business and are nodal cities today India Political lVIap ',. . 0 • III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Describe the architectural Splendour of Hampi. 2. Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanisation process. Analyse this process. 89

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. On a map of India, locate the following (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) places: 1. What is the name of Kabul at present? a. Somnath  b. Murshidabad  c. Ajmer d. Golconda e. Thanjavur 2. Name the city which became the capital of Bengal in 1704. 3. Who sailed westwards across the Atlantic Ocean to find the sea route to India? 4. Who built the fort at Masulipatnam? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. How were bronze statues made? 2. Why were trade guilds made? 90

7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Learning Outcomes At the end of this Chapter, the students will be able • Describe the emergence of tribal states and their to: importance. • Understand that there are many different tribal • Research and realise that the tribals live a groups in India and they are different from other primitive life even now in certain parts of India. societies. • Explain about the major tribal groups in India. • Compare and contrast the tribal societies with caste based societies. Concept Map Key Points • Difference between the high and the low, rich and poor increased considerably. • Even when empires rose and fell art, craft and production activities flourished in town and • The social classes grew further under the Delhi villages. Sultans and the Mughals. • Important political, social and economic changes • Many societies in the subcontinent did not follow took place over the years. the varna system. • Social changes were different in different places • Some societies called as tribes were not divided depending on the kind of societies. into numerous unequal classes. • In most of the parts, society was divided on the • Members of the tribe shared strong bond and they basis of varna. depended on agriculture. • The rules set by brahmanas were accepted by the • Some tribes were hunter-gatherers and some were rulers of large kingdoms. herders or nomadic. 91

7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities • Tribal groups controlled land and pastures and divided it among themselves. • Tribals lived in forests, deserts, hills and other difficult to reach areas and at times clashed with powerful caste based societies. • Tribals were highly influential in certain areas and they were divided into various clans. • Nomadic pastoralists moved with their herds and lived on milk and pastoral products. • The Banjaras were the most important trader nomads who moved in caravans called tanda. • Alauddin Khalji used Banjaras to transport grains to the city market. • Pastoral tribes reared and sold animals and made and sold ropes, reeds, straw mats and coarse sacks. • The societies changed with different jatis emerging in varna system and jatis became the basis for organising the society. • Rajputs emerged as a new clan among the Kshatriyas and replaced many older rulers and the new rulers used their wealth to create powerful states. • Gonds lived in Gondawana and practised shifting cultivation and they assumed power. • The Gond Chiefs wished to be recognised as Rajputs and Gond Raja Aman Das assumed the title Sangram Shah. • Next king Dalpat married a Rajput princess Durgawati. • After the death of Dalpat, Durgawati ruled the kingdom on behalf of her son Bir Narain. • When the Mughals attacked the kingdom, Durgawati chose to die rather than surrender. • Garha Katanga was a rich state that earned a lot by trapping and exporting elephants. • Ahoms migrated from Myanmar in 12th century and gradually built a large state- they used firearms by 1530s and made gunpowder by 1660s. • Ahoms depended on forced labour and almost all male adults served the state during war and other times involved in constructions. • Ahoms originally worshipped tribal Gods but adopted Hinduism along with their faith later. • Ahoms patronised poets and scholars and important works of Sanskrit were translated into Ahom language and Assamese. • Some tribes established extensive states with well organised systems of administration. • They became politically powerful and often had conflicts with larger and more complex kingdoms and empires. 92

7. Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Social Changes, Tribal Social Changes: Societies • Varna System- Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. PS – 1 PS – 2 • Rules made by brahmanas- respected and followed by rulers. • Difference between high and low castes- social injustice. • Difference between rich and poor. Tribal Societies: • Tribes were not divided into numerous unequal classes. • Close bond among the members of the clans. Tribal Life • Tribals cultivated land, lived as hunter- gatherers, herders or nomadic traders. PS – 3 • Influence of caste based societies. • Banjaras- helped Alauddin Khalji to transport grains in their caravans. New Castes and • Division of castes into different jatis Heirarchies based on occupation. • Powerful tribal clans- Gonds- PS – 4 emergence of Gondawana tribes as powerful political group. • Ahoms from Myanmar- faith in tribal gods and influence of caste based society Worksheet for “Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self Evaluation check or Peer check* 93

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What were the social changes that occurred during the rise and fall of different kingdoms? 2. Why were the social changes not the same everywhere? 3. What is Varna system? 4. Who prescribed the laws for the society? 5. What were the major reasons for social differences? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How were tribals different from other groups of society? 2. What do you know about the livelihood of tribal societies? 3. How was the tribal settlement made? 4. What kind of geographical regions were resided by the tribals? 5. Comment on the political and social importance of tribals. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is the source of information about tribal 6. Write a brief account on nomadic pastoralists. life? 7. How did Sultan Alauddin Khalji make use of Ban- 2. Name the famous tribal groups of Punjab. jaras? 3. Write a short note on Chero chiefdoms. 8. Explain the services provided to the Mughals by 4. What do you know about the Bhils? 5. Name the states where Gonds were found. the Banjaras. 9. What were the other activities the pastoral tribes were engaged in, to earn their living? 10. What were the products made and sold by the nomadic groups? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Explain the emergence of Jatis. 8. Describe the speciality of administration of the 2. Why and when did the Rajputs become an im- Ahom state. portant clan? 9. Explain the Ahom social set up. 3. How did the Rajputs influence the tribals? 10. What do you know about the religious faith of 4. Why did the Gond rulers want to be accepted as the Ahoms? Rajputs? What did they do for that? 5. How did Garha Katanga become a rich state? 94 6. Where did the Ahoms come from? How did they become powerful? 7. What was the special weapon possessed by the Ahoms?

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: 8. Which tribe introduced new methods of rice cultivation? 1. Society was divided according to the rules of a. Gonds Varnas which was prescribed by b. Ahoms a. Upper class c. Chhutiyas b. Brahmanas d. Marathas c. Kshatriyas d. Vaishnavas 9. Why did Mughals try to conquer the lands of Ahoms and Gonds? 2. Many tribes obtained their livelihood from a. Both the tribal lands were sophisticated. ________. b. Both the tribes earned good amount of wealth a. Hunting and were self reliant. b. Craftsmanship c. The administration was centralised and people c. Agriculture were hard working. d. Artisans d. All of the above. 3. Shifting cultivation was practiced by ______. 10. Which of the statements is not true? a. Gond tribe a. Both the tribes were large states and had b. Ahom tribe centralised government. c. M ongol tribe b. Both were attacked by Mughals as they were d. Balochis rich states. c. These both granted lands to Brahmanas who 4. The best-known pastoral and hunter gatherer became very influential. tribe in history were the. d. Both followed same traditions and culture and a. Mongols believed in same god. b. A homs c. G onds II. Short Answer Questions: d. C handilyas 1. How did the tribals earn their livelihood? 5. New lineages, such as Hunas, Chandelas, and 2. Describe briefly about Banjaras- modernised Chalukyas who were tribes earlier came to be nomads who did trade also. considered as _______. a. Nomads 3. What were the changes that we could find in the b. Brahmanas tribal life gradually upon changes in the time c. Rajputs period? d. Vaishyas III. Long Answer Questions: 6. How did Garha Katanga become rich state? 1. Write briefly about the various tribes found in a. By import and exports. b. By trapping and exporting wild elephants to our country. other kingdoms. c. By attacking other kingdoms and looting them. 2. Both Gonds and Ahoms were tribal people. Yet d. By forced labour and trading slaves. there are differences in their administration. Describe briefly about both these tribes. 7. Contemporary historians and travellers give very scanty information about tribes. Why? a. There were no written books, records regarding tribes. b. They preserved rich customs and oral traditions. c. They were passed down to each new generation. d. All of the above. 95

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Locate the following settlements in an outline sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Name the tribal chief who was made a map of India. (5 Marks) noble(Mansabdar) by Emperor Akbar. a. Jatwas  b. Koyas  c. Maravars  d. Berads e. Badagas 2. Where did the Kolis live? 3. Who was the English trader of the early 17th century that left a description about the Bajaras? 4. Which tribe laid down their occupation that included architecture and building of coaches and chariots? II. Answer the flowing questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. Why did the tribes of Punjab, Sindh and North- West frontier adopt Islam? 2. Prove that the Ahom society was sophisticated. 96

8. Devotional Paths To The Divine CHAPTER: Devotional paths to the divine Learning Outcomes ALtetahreneinndgoOf tuhitsccohmapetesr, students will be able to: • Compare and contrast the new faith with the old • A• trUteUhnlenidgdeeienorrdsnsttsoaa.fnntddhitsthhceeharrpeetaaessroo, nynsosuffoworrilltthhbeee aebmleetrog:ence of new CCCooonmmoemmp.amerneetanontnd tcohonentBrtrahasehtmthBaernanicheawml rfauanilteihscwaalnitdhrutthhleeesoreldjaenoctndioe.nthe • • emergence of new • • Erxeplilgaioinnst.he rigid rules of Hinduism and the impact orferijteucatlisobnyopferoiptulea.ls by people. • oEfxitploanintthheesroigcidiertuyl.es of Hinduism and the impact of it • • RReaelaisleistehaththaetsatihnets asnadinstusfisaannd Msaurtfins Luatnhder KMinagrtin • Doenscthriebseoctiheety.changes that occurred in the outlook uLltuimthaeterlyKpinregauchlteidmtahteeslaymperethaicnhg-eedquthaelitysaamndelotvhei.ng- • opDf eeposecporliepbtleeowtthoaewrdcashrraditnsugarelisst.uthaalst. occurred in the outlook of equality and love. CCoonncceeppttMMaapp KKeeyyPPooininttss • Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) and Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) started with new religious movements during 7th • • InIntetennsseeddevoottiioonnoorrlolovevefofroGroGdoids tihsethleegalecgyalecfyt bleyfthbey • toP9utrhacnenatsuriwese. re introduced to local cults and thtreuetrsupeirsitpuiarlitleuaadlelresa. ders. • cNiNTdaNpbohaaesfeleyyaaetyaaoeyVlssnnscpaissaaorsnilihrrnefutassilncgcosraahiussvtsnnaeea)od(ddrsdafstAAPnetBeGllaudvvvudoraalodhatdrrbdteyesseeahrdriteeonlsirisagiscweasmvlamvnouiertidadfl.ndhlneeSPglddedahntsnJpieahsvaaerwaaioroonst)upfi.rsnadlcemednaelifdvsaagrotonniAeomddtsleuvpw.uesarnrseromtasrotceeou(hdcpcveeehoediavemvtbomehleteesetnhetess • • WWitihth tthheeememeregergnecencoef noewf ntoewwns,totrwadnes,antdraedmepiarensd, ceTegTTnmhonhheepoweetouodirbrfrraeyaeyyisnlot.oi,hdeffnfabbbetnaiihwrrddttahhwtdfaeaasoioennrtsdchddhisarairbpelenbepdbdcireriaitrwvvmhtielhoelaeorganmpsednheodcdtirpahetsmehdianfeeecaccvefibteaeha8pilstttohihenecpddieten.hnodettnuhserbeifynfi.eerctcfhefteo8icnftth • • • indpurrainisge o7fthGtood9s.th centuries. • • • onf ogboloedorahnigdhbfaamd idlyeeexdisstebde.came more accepted. •• BNetawyeaenna1r0sth aandnd12thAcelvnatursriesi,nCchlouldaeadnd Ppaenodypalerulefrrsom • • TPheeobpeleliteufrtnheadttsooBcuiadldphriisvmileagnedcJaamineismbaassedthoeyn wbierrteh buunilttomuacnhyabtelemcpalessteasnsduBchhaakstiPturaldaiytaiosnaannddPtaenmaprlse. inunnhoabplpeyowrihthigthefarimgidilyruelexsisotfeHdi.nduism. • • rRASweppTNhdaochamrovaroeanseeymahaikymatnicaampnuhr,saeajbeacoi,nrenmdrnsdcietapetaainohdmcrneafeitessdihpTsseipehdaedAooimeplpoolfaaviusfltSlaBohlsGoaNrpuosorouah.dflfddetkdluarsronah.novpvidsewfrermeolltaaelhmendcedhdgaeeShadKnufeoredpoVrrrraoieusslamihanJslivdmaesahipnt.Gatiraoionesdndadmv.caahwinteardda,ontde • • PPeeooppllee twuernreedhatpopyButoddbheilsiemveatnhdatJpaeinrsisomnalaesfftohretsy • SPwwSsPwrheeoithutoioaruuvirerupvaaaltaldlenlud,es,danV.ssVswaiabhsivsveehawehelnrpieeentutprhvhueahyienenamwigamdnpnfittDptrhrfdouhoyramrodtgttDumhoadbcueewiebrrbvdrtegeoihirralgteitteaeiohwdenwvsdoaerleorrunresrtceldhehcaebeialspriirwetvptocehbpeouf.idtlerHrthstswrehihsnioiat.bpdhnnlepuedaslielassdpiebmneofgfo.wrosapirotltteefhs • • • • • • qBuaeltiwfieedenon1e0nthesasndwi1th2thScuepnretumreiesG,oCdhwolhaicahndcaPnabnedya artutalienresdbtuhrioltumghawnoyrtsehmippolfeVsisahnndu.Bhakti tradition and eGlaobdorreagtaerdrlietussaolsf.castes. • VtireamshpalieviswmorpsrhoippabgaetceadmbeypBoapsuavlanr.na of Karnataka strongly argued for the equality of all human beings and criticised rituals and idol worship. 45 97

8. Devotional Paths To The Divine • Shankara, a philosopher from Kerala preached • Teachings of Guru Nanak and his successors are Advaita, oneness of Soul and the Supreme God and compiled in Guru Granth Sahib. recommended the path of knowledge for salvation. • Golden Temple at Amritsar became the centre of • Ramanujam of Tamil Nadu preached Sikh community that grew as a political entity. Vishishtadvaita, qualified oneness with Supreme God which can be attained through worship of • Teachings of Guru Nanak became popular during Vishnu. 16th and 17th centuries and he propagated worship of one God and he believed in equality. • Virashaivism propagated by Basavanna of Karnataka strongly argued for the equality of • In 16th century, Martin Luther King felt that the all human beings and criticised rituals and idol practices at Roman Catholic church went against worship. the teaching of Bible. • Saints of Maharashtra also stood for equality and • He translated Bible into German and gained many rejected all forms of rituals followers. • They believed in a personal God residing at heart and believed in sharing the pain of others. • Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis advocated renunciation of the world and recommended meditation and yogasanas. • Sufi saints emphasised love and devotion to God and compassion to fellow beings. • Islam propagated monotheism or submission to God. • In 8th and 9th centuries, scholars developed Holy Law (Shariat) and theology of Islam. • While Islamic rituals became complicated Sufism suggested simplified rituals with complete devotion. • Sufis conducted prayers at khanqahs and people regardless of social status and religion attended the prayers. • With the development of new towns, professions and way of life, people became influenced by new religious practices. • Kabir, Guru nanak, Tulasidas and Surdas became religious leaders. • Dadu Dayal, Ravidas and Mirabai also became distinct symbols of devotion • Songs in praise of Gods were transmitted orally to generations with the feelings of the people who sung them. • Kabir was believed to be from Benaras and his collection of verses sakhis and pads became very popular. • Kabir criticised all existing religious traditions and suggested worship of formless Supreme God. • Baba Guru Nanak taught his disciples to pray and eat together with deep devotion. 98

8. Devotional Paths To The Divine Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS New Ideas- Supreme New Ideas: God; New Kind of • Intense devotion or love for God Bhakti • Fear of birth and rebirth cycle • Attraction towards Buddhism and PS – 1 Jainism in order to get salvation with personal efforts • Grace of God regardless of castes • New kind of Bhakti • Nayanars and Alvars- included untouchables • Ideals of love and heroism • Nayanars and Alvars travelled around and wrote poems in praise of Gods • Bhakti tradition and temple worship Against Rituals • Philosophy and Bhakti • Basavanna’s Virashaivism • The saints of Maharashtra PS – 2 • Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis Islam and Sufism • Islam propagated submission to one God PS – 3 • Sufism simplified the complicated rituals of Islam • Common prayers with songs, dance and deep devotion New Religions in • Guru Nanak and his teachings North India • Disciples and followers of Guru Nanak • Dadu Dayal, Ravidas and Mirabai • Kabir, Tulasidas and Surdas PS – 4 • Reformation of Christianity by Martin Luther Worksheet for “Devotional Paths to the Divine” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self evaluation check or Peer check* 99

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. How did the growth of town, trade and empire 5. How did the rulers help in promoting religion? change the religious faith of people? 6. What do you know about ‘advaita’? 7. What according to Ramanujam was the best way 2. Why did people turn to teachings of Buddha or the Jainas? to attain salvation? 8. Explain the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita 3. Write a short note on the new religious movements which emerged during 7th to 9th propounded by Ramanuja. centuries. 4. How did the Nayanars and Alvars show their devotion to God? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Describe Virashaivism. 2. How did the saint poets of Maharashtra influence people? 3. What was the new humanist idea preached by the saint poets of Maharashtra? 4. What was the stand of Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis in terms of religious rituals? 5. What according to the Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and Yogis was the way to salvation? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Who were Sufis? 3. How did the Sufis simplify the religious rituals? 2. Why did the religion of Islam become gradually 4. Define a hospice. 5. How did the Sufis offer their prayer? complex? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Explain the new wave of Bhakti Movement in the state’? North India in the 13th century. 8. Explain Guru Nanak’s idea of liberation. 2. Who was Mirabai? 3. What was the unique feature of the most of the 9. What are the three steps suggested by Guru Nanak for ideal worship? saints? 4. What do you know about the works of Kabir? 10. On a political map of India, locate the following: 5. Who was Guru Nanak? a. Rajasthan b. Maharashtra 6. Why were the followers of Guru Nanak mainly c. Karnataka d. Andhra Pradesh e. Madhya Pradesh traders, agriculturists, artisans and craftsmen? 7. Why do the modern historians refer to the early 17th century Sikh community as ‘a state within 100

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: 8. Shankara was influenced by ______. a. Krishna 1. How many Alvars were there? b. Alvar a. 22 c. Mirabai b. 43 d. Advaita c. 12 d. 10 9. What culminated the establishment of institution of the Khalsa? 2. All the holy preachings of the Gurus are a. The Mughal emperor Jahangir looked upon compiled in one book called _______. sikhs as a potential threat and he ordered the a. Guru Granth Sahib execution of Guru Arjan in 1606. b. Ek Omkar Satnam b. The Sikhs wanted to protect their women. c. Guru Granti c. The Sikhs wanted to protect their religious d. Omkar beliefs from the attack of religious preachers. d. The khalsa community was into the activity of 3. Nayanars were devotees of ________ and Alvars improving the gurudwara and its surroundings. were of devotees of ________. a. Vishnu and Shiva 10. Why do ordinary people preserve the memory of b. Shiva and Vishnu Mirabai? c. Krishna and Shiva a. Mirabai was a princely daughter who was well d. Krishna and Vishnu versed in literature and gained respect with the people. 4. Why do Sikhs wear a turban? b. Mirabai is a people’s person. a. To show their love, obedience and respect for c. Even though Mirabai was a Rajput princess , the founder of the Khalsa Guru Gobind Singh. she led a simple life with ordinary people and b. It is a head gear for protection. devoted her life to Lord Krishna. c. They keep kirpan in that turban which is a d. Mirabai was a strong woman who always stood protective tool. for truth. d. They are not supposed to cut their hair. So in order to cover that they wear turban. II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Who was Kabir? What do we know about him? 5. Who compiled the compositions of Baba Guru Nanak? 2. Write a note comparing Sufism with Islam. a. Guru Tegh b. Guru Angad 3. Describe the thoughts of shankara and c. Guru Arjan Ramanuja. How effective were they? d. Bhagat Namdev III. Long answer questions 6. What is abhang? 1. Describe briefly about the Bhakti Movement in a. A Marathi religious preaching b. A Marathi theatrical skit North India during the thirteenth century. c. A Marathi devotional hymn d. A Marathi costume 2. State few important details of Baba Guru Nanak and explain how his preachings were different 7. What is meant by khanqas? from other religious figures. a. They discussed spiritual matter. b. Sufi masters gave this building for meetings of government authority. c. They were rest houses for travellers. d. They discussed spirituals matters. 101

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer:  (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Why did Martin Luther encourage the use of 1. How many Nayanars and Alvars were the language of ordinary people? believed to be there? 2. Name the famous Gujarati saint who said, “They are Vaishnavas who understand the pain of others”. 3. What is silsilas? 4. Who was the immediate successor of Guru Nanak? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. How did the Bhakti saints contribute to music? 2. How did the Sufis help in simplifying the complexities of Islamic rituals? 102

9. The Making of Regional Cultures Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, a student will be able to: • Realise the importance of art forms and their • Understand the importance of language, food, ability to depict life. culture as identity of a place. • Justify the food habit of people based on the • Explain the special qualities and culture associated availability of items (Bengali Brahmans eating fish). with different states. • Describe the emergence of language and dance forms in various places. Concept Map Key Points Puri. • In 1230, Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to • We associate different regions with specific language, food, clothes, poetry, dance, music and the deity and ruled as the deputy of the God. painting. • The temple became an important pilgrimage • In fact, these identities are sometimes acquired centre and gained political and social authority from the association with others. and all those who conquered the place, tried to gain control over the temple. • The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram used • The British called the area of present Rajasthan as Malayalam in official records. Rajputana which gives the idea that the place was inhabited by only Rajputs but it was not so. • Cheras also used Sanskrit and Manipravalam • Rajputs were famous for bravery and heroism. which is a combination of Malayalam and Sanskrit. • Rajputs chose to die in the battlefield than face defeat. • The cult of Jagannatha at Puri, Orissa tribal • Songs depicting the strong emotions of loyalty, people make wooden images of the deity which friendship, love, valour and anger were written and suggests that that the deity was originally a local God. • In 12th century, Anantavarman of Ganga dynasty built a temple for Purushothama Jagannatha at 103

9. The Making of Regional Cultures sung inspiring people. • Bengali literature includes two types: (1) with • Rajput women were also famous for their devotion Sanskrit influence-Mangalakavyas and Bhakti literature (2) independent and no trace of Sanskrit- to husband as they followed them in life and death. Nath literature. • Rajput women died in the funeral pyre of husband • From 16th century, people migrated from western and that was the basis of sati system. Bengal to south eastern Bengal. • In 15th and 16th century, Kathak evolved as a distinct • Rice cultivation developed and new communities dance form- kathaks were originally a caste of story of peasants formed. tellers at temples. • Legends of Radha- Krishna were enacted as Ras • Mughal established control over Bengal and set up lila, a combination of folk dance and Kathak. mosques for religious transformation. • Kathak became court dance during the Mughal rule. • Religious teachers who were believed to have • Kathak was popularised as gharanas in Rajasthan supernatural powers were called as pirs. and Lucknow. • Under the patronage of Wajid Ali Khan, the last • Temples were built from 15th to 19th century to show Nawab of Awadh, Kathak grew into a major art the power and devotion. form. • By late 19th century, Kathak became popular in • Typical Bengali style in temple architecture many parts of north India and special focus was on developed. intricate and rapid footwork, elaborate costume and enactment of stories. • Interior of the temple used to be simple but outer • The British disfavoured Kathak but it survived and walls were beautifully decorated. was recognised as one of the six classical dance forms. • Bharathanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Manipuri are also considered as classical dance- it generally suggests that it is superior art form. • Miniature painting became a very popular art patronised and done for exclusive people like rulers depicting heroic themes in water colour. • After the decline of the Mughal, miniature painters shifted to the courts of other rulers and painted heroic as well as mythological themes. • In Himachal, a bold and intense miniature painting form called Basohli emerged in the 17th century. • During the attack of Nadir Shah, the Mughal painters shifted to Himachal and developed Kangra school of painting. • Vaishnavite traditions, soft colours and lyrical treatment of themes made Kangra paintings distinct. • Ordinary men and women painted on pots, walls, floors and clothes. • Bengali originated from Sanskrit but the region had no connection with Sanskrit earlier. • During 4th century, Gupta rulers invaded Bengal region and the influence of Sanskrit started then. • Bengal was ruled by Palas from 8th century and between 14th and 16th centuries, the place was ruled by Sultans. • Persian was the official language of Bengal but Bengali developed as regional language. • Influence of Persian, tribal language and European languages are visible in Bengali. 104

9. The Making of Regional Cultures Work Plan • Fish is the main food of Bengalis and even brahmanas are permitted to eat fish. • From late 18th century, linguistic communities became important. CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Identity of a place • Language- origin and development PS – 1 • Food habit and dress • Art and architecture Tradition of Heroism • Tradition of Rajput- famous for valour and self respect PS – 2 • Story of Kathak developing as a dance form • Classical dance- distinct qualities Miniature painting • Exclusive viewers • Migration of painters to other courts PS – 3 after the decline of Mughal • Basohli- new form of painting Case Study- Bengal • Growth of Regional Language • Pirs and temples • Fish as food of Bengalis PS – 4 Worksheet for “The Making of Regional and Cultures” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self evaluation check or Peer check* 105

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are the general features that we associate 4. What is Manipravalam? with places as identity? 5. Write an example for regional culture growing 2. When and where was the Chera kingdom of around religious culture. Mahodayapuram established? 6. Why were the Mughals and other invaders 3. Where do you trace the use of regional language particular about gaining control over the temple in official records in the subcontinent? of Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What do you know about Rajputana? 6. When did kathak evolved as a distinct dance 2. Why were the Rajputs widely respected? form? 3. How are Rajput women depicted? 4. On a political map of India, locate the following 7. Which are the two traditions of Kathak? 8. What are the things emphasised on during the places: a.  Tamil Nadu  performance of Kathak? 9. What is meant by classical dance? b. Punjab  c. Bihar  d. Assam 10. Which are the six recognised classical dance e. Maharashtra 5. Who were Kathaks? forms? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is meant by miniatures? 4. What happened to the miniature painters after 2. What was the theme of miniatures found in the decline of the Mughals? western India? 5. Write a short note on Basohli. 3. How did the Mughals patronise miniatures? 6. What do you know about Kangra school of PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) painting? 1. What is peculiar about the emergence of Bengali 4. Who were pirs? as a regional language? 5. How were Bengali Brahmanas different from the 2. When did Bengali develop as regional language? brahmanas of other places? Give reason. 3. How did the social life change in Bengal in the 16th century? PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: a. Madurai Meenakshi temple 1. Name this temple. b. Puri Jagannath Temple c. Kanchipuram d. G oa Church 106

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 2. Name this dance form seeing the picture. 7. By the late seventeenth century Himachal Pradesh had developed a bold and intense style of miniature painting called _________. a. Kuchipudi a. Ikkat paint b. Odissi b. Basohli c. Kathak c. Block paint d. Manipuri d. Bandini 3. Where do we find the Kangra School of painting? a. Delhi 8. Which of the following is not the feature of b. Agra temples of Bengal? c. Himachal Pradesh a. Temples were usually built on a square platform d. Mathura b. The interiors were relatively plain but the outer 4. Many of the modest brick and terracotta walls were decorated with paintings temples in Bengal were built with the support of c. There were shikara and gopuram in the middle several social groups of the shrine a. “Low” social groups, such as the Kolu (oil d. It was a four footed structure with four triangular roofs placed on the four walls pressers) an b. The Kansari (bell metal workers) 9. The community leaders functioned as a c. Individuals or groups who were becoming respectful pirs a. Teachers powerful b. Adjudiacators and d. All of the above c. Thought to have supernatural powers 5. Which of the following dance forms is not d. All of the above recognised as classical? a. Bharatnatyam 10. Why do we know more about the cultural b. Kuchipudi practices of kings more than ordinary people? c. Salsa a. Many authors and writers wrote about the d. Kathak kings, their victories, beliefs and views in books 6. What is Brihaddharma Purana? b. Painters also used to paint about the feelings of a. It is a book written by Mughal poet kings and their victories b. It is a purana written by Rajputs c. Generally kings valour and cultural practices c. It is a Hindu religious text- last of the 18 were told as stories to people and talked about generations and generations Upapuranas d. All of the above d. Purana written in 12th century by Shankara II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Why were Bengal Brahmanas allowed to eat fish? 2. How did the taste of the Mughal artists influence the regional courts of Deccan and Rajput? 3. All the kingdoms who tried to conquer Orissa, tried to attain control over Jagannath temple. Give reason. III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Give detailed description of one of the dance forms – Kathak. 2. What do you understand about Rajputs tradi- tion of Heroism? 107

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Name the 7th century Chinese traveller who 1. Describe the emergence of nation-states in observed that languages related to Sanskrit Europe. were in use all over Bengal. 2. Which dynasty was in power in Bengal in the 8th century? 3. Which are the low social groups in Bengal that helped in building terracotta temples? 4. Who got the temple for Purushottama Jagannatha at Puri erected? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Which are the two categories of early Bengali literature? Give examples. 2. How did kathak become one of the six classical dances? 108

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10. Eighteenth Century Political Formations Mughals. • Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad were founded by high Mughal nobility who had been governors of large provinces- Sa’adat Khan (Awadh), Murshid Quli Khan (Bengal) and Asaf Khan (Hyderabad). • Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah, the founder of Hyderabad was the most powerful governor of the Mughal period. • Asaf Jah brought skilled soldiers from North India and ruled over the Deccan independently. • Asaf Jah faced struggles for power from Marathas, Telugu warriors and the British. • Burhan-ul- Mulk Sa’adat Khan had political, financial and military powers in the province of Awadh. • He appointed loyal servants to look after the revenue and reduced the Mughal appointed officials. • He sold out the right to collect revenue to local bankers for guaranteed financial support and allowed the money lenders to fix the revenue. • Bengal became independent under Murshid Quli Khan who was appointed as sub governor by the Mughal. • To break away from Mughal influence, he transferred the right to collect revenue to Orissa, in return for financial assistance. • Local bankers and money lenders thrived with the state support. • Many Rajput kings like those of Amber and Jodhpur enjoyed considerable freedom under the Mughal in return for military service. • The Rajput kings tried to extend their power to nearby territories and they faced power struggles from the Marathas. • Sikh Gurus and the Khalsa fought against the Rajputs and Mughal rulers. • Sikhs organized into a number of bands called jathas, misls and khalsa – They met at Amritsar and made resolutions of the Guru. • Marathas under Shivaji fought against Mughals. • Jats also fought against the Mughals. • French and American revolutions demanding social rights inspired people all over the world. 110

10. Eighteenth Century Political Formations Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Crises of the Empire • Inefficient successors of Aurangazeb- unable to control landlords and governors PS – 1 • Peasant- Zamindar rebellion- Landlords had no control over the produce • Invasions of Nadir Shah and Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali Emergence of New • Hyderabad under Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf States Jah- assuming political, financial and military power PS – 2 • Awadh- Burhan-ul- Mulk Sa’adat Khan- sold the rights to collect tax to bankers • Bengal- Murshid Quli Khan- sub governor appointed by Mughal assumed power Watan Jagirs of • Autonomy in revenue collection PS – 3 Rajputs • Attempt to control other provinces • Maratha Campaigns Seizing Independence • The Sikhs- formation of Khalsa and PS – 4 protest against Mughal rule • The Marathas- under Shivaji’s strong protest • The Jats- prosperous agriculturists Worksheet for “Eighteenth - Century Political Formations” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self Evaluation check or Peer check* 111

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What were the major crises faced by the Mughal 4. How did the invasion of Nadir Shah and other Empire? Muslim rulers from Afghan affect the country? 2. Why did it become difficult for the Mughal 5. Name the Mughal rulers who were assassinated emperors after Aurangazeb to control the by their nobles. mansabdars? 3. Explain the peasant and zamindar rebellion. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What happened to the Mughal Empire during 6. What were the major oppositions faced by Asaf 18th century? Jah? 2. Which groups can the states of 18th century be 7. How did Sa’adat Khan assume power in Awadh? divided into? 8. How did Sa’adat Khan try to break away from 3. Who was the founder of Hyderabad? the Mughal control? 4. How did Asaf Jah become the actual ruler of 9. Why did bankers and money lenders emerge as Hyderabad? a new power group in Awadh? 5. Explain the strategies adopted by Asaf Jah to 10. Describe the way in which Murshid Quli Khan break away from Mughal control in Hyderabad. assumed power in Bengal. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why were certain Rajput rulers permitted to have considerable autonomy during the Mughal reign? 2. How did the Rajputs enhance political power? 3. Name two imperial provinces seized by the the Rajputs in the 18th century. 4. Which was the new capital of Sawai Raja Jai Singh? Which was the new subadari given to him? 5. Why couldn’t the Rajputs extend their territories further after 1740s? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. How did the Sikhs declare their sovereign rule? 7. Who were the Peshwas? How did they develop 2. What happened to Banda Bahadur as the result the Maratha Kingdom? of the Sikh revolt? 8. What was the adverse result of the expansion of 3. Explain the resolutions of the Guru. the Maratha empire? 4. What was rakhi? 5. How did Guru Gobind Singh inspire his people? 9. How did the Marathas develop an effective 6. How did Shivaji fight the Mughals? administrative system? 10. Who were the Jats? 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: c. Telugu d. All of the above 1. During Maratha reign, silk was produced in 8. Why was a system called Rakhi introduced? _______. a. This system was introduced to protect a. Chanderi b. Poona cultivators. c. Lucknow b. This system was introduced to protect the d. Delhi soldiers. 2. The_______ fort contained many water bodies c. This system protected the subadars. varying from talabs to kundis. d. This system gave freedom to subadars to a. Udaipur b. Chittorgarh collect tax from the cultivators. c. Amber 9. Under whose patronage Ujjain expanded? d. Jaipur a. Bhonsle 3. Name the Rajput ruler who stood strong against b. Sindhia Mughal authority. c. Gaekwad a. Raja Mansingh d. Malwa b. Raja Ajit Singh 10. French Revolution paved way for the new c. Rana pratap thoughts for Indians. Which of these took roots d. Jahandar Shah in India? a. Democratic Rights 4. Guru Gobind Singh had inspired the Khalsa with b. Nation – State the belief that their destiny was to rule c. Idea of citizenship a. Guru Angad d. All of the above b. Guru Teghu II. Short Answer Questions: c. Guru Gobind Singh 1. Write briefly about Khalsa. d. Guru Arjan 2. Answer the following: i) Describe the impact of Nadir Shah’s invasion 5. Who was the 10th Guru of Sikhs? a. Guru Angad upon Delhi. b. Guru Arjit ii) Mark the MughalIndia Political lVdIapynasty on the map c. Guru Gobind Singh d. Guru Tegh singh ',. . 0 6. What was the effect of Aurangazeb’s long war in • Deccan? a. Many soldiers died. 3. How did Bengal escape from Mughal control? b. The military and financial sources got depleted. c. The military got tired and started to rebel. d. Administration got collapsed as time got wasted due to war. 7. The following places were not formally included in the Maratha Empire, but were made to pay tribute as a way of accepting Maratha sover- eignty. a. Tamil Nadu b. Karnataka 113

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Maratha kingdom rose with the decline of Mughal Empire. What role did Shivaji play in this success story? Describe its success. 2. Once a successful Empire, what were the reasons for declining of Mughals towards end of seventeenth century? 114

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and Answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. How did the French Revolution bring about a 1. When was Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan social change? appointed subadar of Awadh? 2. Whose banking house became extremely prosperous in Awadh during the rule of Alivardi Khan? 3. Who renewed the governorship of Malwa of Sawai Raja Jai Singh in 1713? 4. When was Khalsa formed? II. Answer the following questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. How was Mewar different from many other Rajput states? 2. How were the states of Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal common in their policies of governance? 115

1. On Equality Learning Outcomes • Involve in awareness programmes • Explain the concept of equality through comic At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand that equality is a fundamental right strips and posters • Analyse the situations around them and learn to guaranteed by the Constitution • Feel motivated to believe in justice and treat all take initiative for desirable social change with respect Concept Map Key Points • Schools provide mid-day meals to the students to ensure attendance and welfare of the students- • Democracy is based on the principle of equality. Students don’t have to go home for lunch, they • The constitution guarantees Equality as Funda- don’t have to remain hungry. mental Right. • The Civil Right Movement in the USA to abolish • In a voter’s booth, the rich and poor and people of apartheid- Caste study of Rosa Parks, an African American who refused to give up seat for a white all religions stand in same line to vote. person. • [Picture Story: Case Study: the house maid and her • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimina- master who stood in the same line to vote waiting tion on the basis of race, religion or national origin. for their turn]. • A house maid has to wait for her work to be com- • Democracy is the best to ensure equality and de- pleted to take her child to hospital because the mocracy functions well only in a society where master will not adjust with delay in work. there is equality. • Universal adult franchise is also a constitutional right- All the citizens of the age of 18 and above get the freedom to cast vote- regardless of social status one person is entitled to cast one vote. • In spite of law banning inequality, discrimination is rampant in the society- Gender bias, ill treatment of the poor by the rich, discrimination on the basis of religion and castes exist in the society. • Education is the best means to make people aware of their rights and to demand it. 116

1. On Equality Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Equality- Fundamental • Case study of Kantha, a house maid Right and her master Ashok Jain waiting for their turn to cast vote PS-1 • Kantha’s daughter unwell- waiting for evening to take the child to hospital • The rich never wait for the poor when it comes to work Discrimination based • Case Study- Omprakash Valmiki, a on religious and caste Dalit boy made to sweep the school difference ground • Humiliation and physical pain PS-2 • Asranis • Denied of house for rent • Advice of the agent to change the name to Mrs and Mr Kumar to hide their original identity • Dignity questioned Measures taken by the • Law to ban inequality-Constitutional PS-3 government to ensure guarantee equality • Free education • Free mid-day meal • Inspiration from the way other countries dealt with inequality Worksheet for “On Equality” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 117

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define Universal adult franchise. 2. How is equality visible during a democratic election? 3. Does equality really exist in the society in every sense? Why do you think so? 4. How is the condition of rich different from that of the poor when it comes to domestic issues like health and health care of the family? 5. Give a situation in which the less privileged face difficulties even when there is a health issue. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Give an example for inequality in terms of caste as existing in the Indian society. 2. What is meant by ‘dalit’? 3. Describe the way the dalit boy Om Prakash Valmiki was treated in the school. How is it violation of Constitutional rights? 4. Relate the case of Ansari to the locality you are living in and compare and contrast. 5. How do we know that religious discrimination leads to exclusion in the society? 6. Do you think it is a wise idea to change the name to hire an apartment? Why do you think so? 7. How does inequality affect dignity? 8. Explain the factors based on which people are treated unequally. How does it affect the society? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. How does Constitution ensure equality? 2. How is life better in modern India? 3. Describe the provisions included in the recognition of equality. 4. Explain the two ways in which the government has tried to implement equality. 5. Name an effective step taken by the government to ensure equality. 6. How is the difference between the rich and poor rampant in schools? 7. What was the inequality problem in the USA? 8. Explain the Civil Rights Movement. 9. Did the Civil Rights Act change the situation? 10. What are the challenges of democracy in India? 118

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 7. The two ways in which the government has tried to implement the equality that is guaranteed 1. Group of people who live outside village bound- in the Constitution is through ________ and aries and could not walk through the ______ to help disadvantaged communities. neighbourhoods of higher caste members – a. Through laws a. Kshatriyas b. Through government programs and schemes b. Dalits c. Through various speeches and lectures c. Adivasis d. Option a and b d. Tribals 8. Which article from the Indian Constitution rec- 2. There was a movement in the late 1950s to push ognizes the concept of ‘Equality of people’? for equal rights for African–Americans in United a. Article 15 States. Name the movement? b. Article 370 a. Civil disobedient movement c. Article 250 b. Anti Apartheid Movement d. Article 377 c. Civil Rights Movement d. Labour Rights Movement 9. Who puts a check or where are the rules that govern the roles of President, Prime minister, 3. Name the great personality who inspired the ministers, judiciary and people stated? Dalit movement and campaigned against social a. Judiciary discrimination towards the untouchables? b. People a. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar c. Other ministers b. Jawaharlal Nehru d. Indian Constitution c. Morarji Desai d. Rabindranath Tagore 10. Name the act which was passed by the Indian government which provides for admission of 4. When persons are treated unequally, their 25% children from disadvantaged groups and ______ is violated. weaker sections in Class I? a. Money a. Right to Education Act b. Dignity b. Right to Equality Act c. Name c. Right to Information Act d. Fame d. None of these 5. One of the most common forms of inequality in II. Short Answer Questions: India is ________. a. Payment system 1. Write short notes on: b. Caste system a. Universal Adult Franchise c. Housing allotment system b. C onstitution d. Education system c. Civil Rights Movement 6. What did the ‘The Civil Rights Act’ of 1964 state 2. In what ways are the two stories given in the (US)? chapter similar? What is common in both these a. Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, stories? religion or national origin. b. Right to freedom of life for everyone even if 3. Analyze the provisions given in the constitutions they are Africans. on the ‘recognition of equality’? c. That all schools would be open to African– American children and that they would no longer have to attend separate schools specially set up for them. d. Option a and c. 119

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. The government has set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries. Can you throw light on this stating how far these schemes have been useful and implemented giving an example of midday meal scheme? 2. Can you say that the right to Equality has been implemented successfully in our society by the government? 120

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. How did midday meal in schools help to 1. Explain the term ‘dignity’. bring in equality? 2. Name the autobiography of Om Prakash Valmiki. 3. Name the first Indian state that introduced midday meal scheme in schools. 4. When was Civil Rights Act passed? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. What do you understand from the statement ‘All persons are equal before the law’? Why is it important in democracy? 2. How does democratic India try to protect people from unequal treatment? 121

2. Role of the Government in Health Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Make out the difference between public and • Understand the steps taken by government to private health care facilities. improve health care facilities. • Take initiative in spreading awareness about • Realise the struggle of people in areas where there adequate health care. is lack of proper healthcare facilities. • Appreciate the Costa Rican approach and feel motivated to propagate it. Concept Map Key Points • India is the 4th largest producer of medicines in the world and is a large exporter of it. • Health is ability to remain free of illness and inju- ries. • Half of all children in India do not get adequate food to eat and are undernourished. • Clean drinking water and pollution free environ- ment are essential to be healthy. • Health care facilities need to be improved. • Public health care system is improved by govern- • It isn’t healthy to be dull, inactive, anxious or scared for long stretches of time. ment to a great extent. • Even though our country has money and knowl- • India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world among the largest producers of doctors. edge, we lack proper facilities. • Private hospitals are way too expensive and often • However, most doctors settle in urban areas and rural people don’t have easy access. impose unwanted tests and medicines. • Simple issues are complicated and people struggle • Health care facilities have grown substantially over the years. to balance monthly income. • Primary Health Centres, District Hospitals and Gov- • But people still die of tuberculosis and malaria. • Medical tourists from other countries visit India for ernment Hospitals in big cities are maintained by government for the public. treatment. • Lack of basic facilities and communicable diseases are spreading. 122

2. Role of the Government in Health • Public Health care provides quality medical care for free or low cost. • According to our Constitution, it is the primary duty of the government to ensure the welfare of the peo- ple by providing the best health care facilities. • Women often neglect illness and end up in trouble. • Tribal areas lack proper health care facilities. • Health and sanitation should be taken care of with due seriousness. • Kerala government has spent 40% of entire budget for health care but shortage of medicines is still a problem there. • Costa Rica does not maintain an army instead, the money is spent on health care. 123

2. Role of the Government in Health Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Health- Health care • Definition of Health PS-1 facilities- Health care • Ability to remain free of illness facilities in India • Factors affecting health • clean environment, safe drinking water, peaceful atmosphere Cost of cure- Government • For the same disease, the expense is PS-2 Hospitals- Public and different in different kinds of hospitals Private Health care facilities- Commercialised • Government hospitals provide quality Hospitals service at free or low cost • Public Health services are provided by the government and arranged making use of the tax paid by the public • Private hospitals are not owned or controlled by government Health care and equality • Efforts of government and suggestion Multi-speciality hospitals of Constitution to focus on health care Kerala Experience Cost Rican approach • Women’s health is not always given equal importance as men’s. PS-3 • Private hospitals offer multi-speciality facilities • Kerala spent 40% of entire budget on public welfare • Cost Rica doesn’t maintain an army instead focuses on public welfare Worksheet for “Role of the Government in Health” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 124

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define health. 6. What do we need to prevent and treat illness? 2. Why are rural people struggling to get medical 7. How can we run proper health care system? 8. Describe the strengths of Indian health care care in India? 3. Despite the growth in health care facilities, system. 9. Explain the short comings in health care in there are grievous issues still in India. Mention a few. India. 4. How do you know that Indian health care is 10. How does the improper health care system popular? 5. Do you think India is safe in terms of health and affect people? health care? Why do you think so? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How is the general condition of public health 6. How do the Constitution and the Court care centres? specify public health care as the duty of the government? 2. Private health care centres are often like business centres.- Comment on the statement. 7. What are private health facilities? 8. Differentiate between private health care and 3. What is meant by public health services? 4. Why is government health care called as public public health care. 9. How is privatisation affecting health facilities? health care? 10. Do you think private facilities are a boon to the 5. What are the main aspects of public health people? Why do you think so? service? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Private health services are reasons for 6. What is meant by Generic names? corruption. Do you agree with the statement? 7. How can the health condition of the people be 2. What do the Medical ethics state about improved? prescription of medicines? 8. Describe the measures taken by Kerala 3. Why does health care cause hardship to people? government to improve health care facilities. 4. Why are the poor badly affected by health care? 9. What are the problems faced by the people of 5. Lack of money is not the only reason that Kerala in spite of the efforts to improve health prevents people from getting proper medical care? care. Justify the statement. 10. Costa Rica took an exemplary decision several years ago. Comment on the statement. 125

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: d. All of the above. 1. In a democracy, people expect the _____ to 7. What happens if kids are mal-nutritional or work for their welfare. under nutritional? a. Government a. They will be prone to diseases. b. NGOs b. They will be very active. c. Public c. They will be happy and healthy. d. O thers d. N one of these. 2. _____ means our ability to remain free of illness 8. India is among the largest producers of doctors and injuries. yet rural health is poor. Why? a. Strength a. Villagers don’t believe doctors. b. Health b. Most of the doctors settle in urban areas. c. Workout c. The number of doctors with respect to the d. Immunisation population is very less in rural areas. d. Option b and c. 3. Which is the statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of medical educa- 9. About five lakh people die from tuberculosis tion in India? every year. This number is almost unchanged a. Ministry of Health since Independence. Why do you this so? b. DNM a. The majority of patients are not able to afford c. Medical Council of India the treatment drugs prescribed high costs. d. M CH b. Pollution dispersed through the country is causing widespread of T.B. 4. Patients who are first brought in and treated in c. People don’t take their drugs correctly or they a hospital without being admitted to any special don’t take the correct drugs. ward are called _______________________. d. All of the above. a. Out patient b. In patient 10. Why do people demand about public services c. External patient and also raise questions about their d. Internal patient non-functioning? a. Because we pay tax which is said to be utilized 5. What is meant by Generic name? to fund various public services. a. The biological names of the various diseases. b. People are never satisfied. They always demand b. These are chemical names of the drug. more. c. The genetic names of the hereditary diseases. c. People want same services which are provided d. The biological names of the surgical procedures. by foreign governments and thus they demand. d. None of the above. 6. Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases. Is this true? II. Short Answer Questions: a. Contaminated water is the main cause for many diseases like cholera, jaundice etc. 1. Answer the following briefly: b. Lack of proper sanitation also give rise to the a. Health birth of mosquitoes, several insects. b. Communicable diseases c. Improving them will improve their living c. Medical Tourists conditions and thereby diseases will not reach them. 2. How can health and healthcare be maintained by the government? 3. How does the Public Health System justify itself to be for public? 126

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. What are taxes and what does the government do with our tax money? 2. Can you distinguish between public health care services and private health services? 127

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence: (4 Marks) III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) 1. Define medical tourists. 1. Do you think the Costa Rican approach is wise? Why do you think so? 2. What are communicable diseases? 3. Expand OPD. 4. What is meant by ethics? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Explain the paradox in the health care facilities in India. 2. Why should we pay tax to the government? 128

3. How the State Government works? Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe the formation and functions of • Realise that it is the role of the MLA to voice the government. grievances and expectations of the people of his • Elaborate on the problems, faced by people and constituency in the Assembly. the measures taken by the government to solve • Explain the election process and the role of MLA. the issues. • Observe and analyse the press conference held by ministers and the issues discussed. Concept Map Key Points • In Legislative Assembly, all MLAs from ruling party or from the opposition meet to discuss various • Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elect- things. ed by the people. • Some MLAs have the dual responsibility of being • The elected MLAs form government and as they are MLA and minister. elected by the public, they are called as the repre- sentatives of people. • In the Legislative Assembly, the MLAs present the problems and demands of their people and seek • Every state in India has a Legislative Assembly. the help of government. • Each state is divided into different constituencies. • From each constituency, one member is elected by • MLAs discuss the issues and debate over the prob- lems and find solutions. the people. • People contest under the banner of different politi- • Opposition acts as checking system to ensure the proper functioning of the government. cal parties or at times independently. • The party which gains majority in the election • At times, the ruling party feels that the opposition is unnecessarily blaming the ruling party but that forms government and is called as ruling party. happens when the role changes as well. • The leader of the ruling party becomes the Chief • Government solves the problems and reaches out Minister. to the public through Press Conference to explain • The Chief Minister selects other MLAs as ministers. its stand and the actions taken. • The Chief Minister and the other ministers have the 129 collective responsibility of running various govern- ment departments or ministries.

3. How the State Government works? • The Chief Minister and other ministers carry out the work of the government through various de- partments like Public Work Department, Agricul- ture Department, Health Department, Education Department and so on. • Government makes new laws for the state regard- ing sanitation and health etc. • Various government departments implement the new laws formed by the government. • In democracy, since people are electing their rep- resentatives to become MLAs, the ultimate author- ity is the people. • Whatever work has to be done by the government department, has to be approved by the member of the Assembly. 130

3. How the State Government works? Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Scarcity of water- unclean • Picture Story- Problems due to scarcity PS-1 drinking water and the of water- streams and tanks dried problems faced by the up- villagers had to carry water across people- great distance Public protest- MLA to find solution to the problem • Unclean drinking water and health issues due to it- death due to diarrhoea • Public protest rally picketing the house of the MLA who did not solve the issue • Opposition leader questioning the MLA and the inactive approach of the government Collective Responsibility • MLA is the elected representatives of the people- Each state is divided into Press conference of • different constituencies and from each ministers to inform the constituency, one member is elected public about the plans and to the Legislative Assembly actions The contestants represent various Departments that execute political parties the action plan-New Laws- • The party that wins majority of seats Role of the public forms the government PS-2 • The leader of the majority party becomes the Chief Minister and he chooses members from the Ruling Party to be ministers • Discussion of problems in the society and debate over the actions taken or not taken MLA – election process • It is the collective responsibility of PS-3 and roles the Chief Minister and his ministers to Ruling party and work for the welfare of the public opposition Discussion and debate in • Opposition questions the government the legislative assembly and ensures that action plans are regarding the problems proper and are properly carried out faced by the public • The ministers hold Press Conference and explain to the media about their actions to win the confidence of the public Worksheet for “How the State Government works?” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 131

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Water scarcity is a major problem faced by many people in our country. Explain. 2. Why is it dangerous to drink water from outside? 3. How do the public express their distress in difficult situations like not having sufficient water? 4. Who is responsible to solve the problems of the public? 5. How does the opposition keep the government on track? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Who is an MLA? 8. Enlist a few problems in the villages of India 2. How are MLAs elected? that the MLAs have to bring the attention of 3. Define Ruling party. the government to. 4. How are Chief Minister and ministers 9. How can the problems of water scarcity be appointed? taken care of? 5. How does the Legislative Assembly function? 6. How are decision taken in the Assembly? 10. Describe a few reasons for poor facilities in 7. How does the government come to know about some of the government hospitals which can be rectified with strict rules. the issues of the people in various parts of the state? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why is social media important in a democracy? 2. Why are press conferences organised by the ministers? 3. What is collective responsibility? 4. How do the Chief Minister and the other ministers resolve the issues in the society? 5. Do you think all the issues of a constituency are always taken care of by the MLAs? Why do you think so? 6. Involvement of media is helpful in resolving the problems of the public but often it complicates simple issues. Comment on the statement. 7. What is meant by dual responsibility? 8. What was the problem in Patalpuram? How was it resolved? 9. How does the government take care of the civic amenities? 10. In a democracy, how is it the responsibility of the public to ensure that the government functions effectively? 132

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: ruling party will elect their leader who will become the chief minister. 1. The head of the state is the _______. b. The governor elects the best candidate from a. Chief Minister the winning MLA’s. b. G overnor c. The opposition party and the majority party c. MLA ‘s caste vote in the assembly to elect chief d. High court Judge minister. d. None of these. 2. Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected by ______. 8. Who plays the role of questioning government a. Chief minister decisions and actions in assembly? b. Governor a. People c. People b. Elected MLAs d. V oting process in state assembly c. Opposition party d. Governor 3. How many constituencies are there in India? a. 543 9. What does a walk out mean? b. 530 a. Walking out means a form of protest adopted by c. 5 40 elected or nominated Members of Parliament d. 654 in both Houses. b. Walkout means a doorway in a building or room 4. Sometimes, the ruling party may not be a single that gives direct access to the outdoors. party but a group of parties working together. c. A walkout is a strike of unions. This is termed as _______. d. None of these. a. Ruling party b. Coalition 10. In which form of government do the people c. Independents elect their representatives as MLA’s? d. Opposition a. Dictatorship b. Monarch 5. Which party is said to be ruling party? c. Democratic a. A political party whose MLAs have won more d. Communism than half the number of constituencies in a state elections and form majority party. II. Short Answer Questions: b. A party which has represented its candidate in majority of constituencies. 1. Define the terms: c. A party which has largest count and which sits a. Constituency in the opposition position. b. Legislative assembly d. N one of these. c. Press conference 6. What is the role of a governor? 2. What is the process from election to a. He just implements whatever Chief Minister appointment of ministers? states. b. He ensures that the state government works 3. Why should decisions taken by the ruling party within the rules and regulations of the be debated in the Legislative Assembly? constitution. c. He is appointed by the Central Government III. Long answer questions and hence ensures that the central laws are followed properly. 1. What was the situation in Patalpuram? How d. He is the main ruler of a state who frames was the government planning to tackle the many rules and laws pertaining to the state. situation? 7. How is a chief minister elected? 2. (i) What are the different ways in which opposi a. After the elections, the MLAs belonging to the tion leaders show their protest against a bill or a situation? (ii) How can people protest or show their anger when some situation has gone wrong? 133

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. How does the ruling party justify itself before 1. Define constituency. the public? 2. How is Chief Minister elected? 3. Write the full form of MLA. 4. Who is the head of the state? II. Answer the following questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. Why do the MLAs debate in the Assembly? 2. List a few problems caused by lack of clean drinking water. 134

4. Growing up as Boys and Girls Learning Outcomes • Compare and contrast the upbringing of girls and boys over the years. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Analyse the condition of boys and girls in the • Suggest ways to improve the lot of girls and bring in equality in the society. society they live in. • Explain the gender bias they have seen and • Enlist the achievements of girls in various fields. experienced. Concept Map Growing up as Boys and Girls Condition of Condition of Valuing House Boys Girls work • Enjoy more • Considered • Housewives freedom as inferior considered as having no work • Trained for • Household outside work work • Too much work done by domestic • Tough tasks • Sexually helpers Exploited • Equality in Work • Moving out of Stereotype work Key Points • For boys, street was place where they loitered and played tricks on cycles. • In Samoan islands in the southern parts of Pacific Ocean, children did not go to school in 1920s. • Boys and girls are brought up differently even now. • Right from the toys they play with, differences are • They learnt how to take care of children or do house hold work. visible- girls are generally given dolls and boys are given cars and such things. • Learnt to undertake long fishing expeditions. • Even the way they are dressed and the games they • At very young age, they learnt how to take care of play indicate how they should grow up and what their roles would be. younger children. • Girls are supposed to be homely, taking care of • Around the age of 9, boys joined older boys and family whereas boys are brought up to be exposed to the outer world. learnt outdoor jobs. • Boys are expected to be strong and tough while • Girls took care of children or did errands for adults girls are expected to be delicate and modest. • Work of a house wife is not generally valued, they till they become teenagers. are counted as not working. • After 14, they learnt fishing, worked in plantations, • People tend to forget that home making is a full time task, unpaid and often neglected. weaved baskets. • Many women work as domestic helpers and they • In 1960s, in Madhya Pradesh, boys and girls went to do physically tiring work in many houses. separate schools from 6th std. 135 • Girls’ school had a central courtyard where they played in total seclusion and safety. • Boys’ school had no such courtyard instead had a big playground attached to school. • For girls, the street was just a place to get straight home and they walked in groups.

4. Growing up as Boys and Girls • They are generally paid low and treated in unfair way- some people do not even give them sufficient food to eat. • Cleaning, sweeping and picking loads require bending, lifting and carrying which means physical strain. • Inequality between sexes exists in the field of work- burden of child care and house work falls on women and girls while men and boys are expected to do outside work. • Government passed the rule that makes it manda- tory for organisations that have more than 30% women employees to provide crèche facilities. • The provision for taking care of children has made it easier for women to take up employment outside homes. • When younger siblings are taken care of, at crèche, more girls get a chance to attend schools. 136