202110730-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-FY_Optimized

7. Settlement, Transport and Communication the passage of time. • Roadways are the most common and it can be metalled or unmetalled. • Roads built underground are called subways or under paths, flyovers are raised structures. • Invention of steam engine and Industrial Revolution made railways popular. • Indian Railway network is the largest in Asia. • Waterways are the cheapest means of transport- they are mainly inland waterways and sea routes. • Sea routes are oceanic routes mainly used to transport merchandise and goods from one country to another and are connected with ports. • Airways is the fastest but the most expensive means of transport due to fuel cost. • Air traffic is badly affected by bad weather like fog and storms. • Helicopters are useful to reach remote areas where there are no roads and railways and are used at the time of calamities to send supplies and medical aids. • Communication is the process of conveying messages. • Development in communication resulted in information revolution. • Mass media like newspapers, radio and TV connect the world. • Satellites help in oil exploration, survey of forest, underground water, mineral wealth, weather forecast and disaster warning. • Internet, e-mails and wireless communications through cellular phones made interaction easy and effective. • Internet connects people all over the world and resulted in a global society. 37

7. Settlement, Transport and Communication Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Human Settlements • From primitive life to settled life to grow food instead of gathering food PS – 1 • Temporary settlement and permanent settlement • Rural and urban settlements Transport, Means and • Roadways and Railways- the most Convenience common and easy • Waterways-the cheapest and used PS – 2 for trade and commerce • Airways- the fastest but the most expensive Communication • Mass Media- Reaching out to many at time PS – 3 • Cell phones- easy and convenient • Internet- connects the world and makes global society Worksheet for “Settlement, Transport and Communication” PS-4 Evaluation with self Self evaluation check or peer check 38

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What are human settlements? 2. Why did human settlements grow near river valleys? 3. Differentiate between temporary and permanent settlements. 4. What is meant by transhumance? 5. Why do people migrate to cities? 6. Do you think people really get better living conditions in cities? 7. Why are cities more polluted than villages? 8. What is meant by rural settlements? 9. How are urban settlements different from rural settlements? 10. Where do we find scattered settlement? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Which are the animals used for transport? 2. What is meant by subways? 3. What are the advantages of railways? 4. What is the difference between inland waterways and sea routes? 5. Why is air transport the most expensive? 6. What are the advantages of air transport? 7. Which is the longest railway system in the world? 8. What have replaced steam engines in railway system? 9. What is the Golden Quadrilateral? 10. Name the important ports in North America. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is meant by communication? 2. What are the uses of modes of communication? 3. Define mass media. 4. How are satellites useful? 5. How does internet make life easy and comfortable? 39

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 8. _______ are the cheapest for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances. 1. Which of the following is not a means of a. Road ways communication? b. W ater ways a. News paper c. Airways b. Radio d. Railways c. Furniture d. T elephone 9. Why do houses in some rural areas constructed on a raised platform or stilts? 2. Name a vehicle which does not cause pollution a. Stilt model gives good strength to the house. at all. b. Stilt model houses are constructed where a. Cycle water accumulates during rainy season. b. Ship c. Stilt houses are constructed to be away from c. A eroplane animals as these models are found near d. Train villages. d. These houses are more safer according to 3. Which of the following is not true about igloo? their knowledge as this area is more prone to a. Is a type of shelter built of snow. earthquakes. b. The walls block the wind. c. R ural people like Inuit live in these houses. 10. What are the demerits of modern communica- d. Snow and ice work as insulators to trap body tion or internet on human being? heat inside the igloo. a. Reduction of interaction among people and relations. 4. Seasonal movement of people who move b. Lack of values, focus and self discipline. in search of new pastures for their animals c. Availability of readymade and over according to changes in seasons is called brainstorming of unnecessary information. ___________. d. All of the above. a. Migration b. T ranshumance II. Short Answer Questions: c. N omad 1. Differentiate between rural settlement and d. Dwellers urban settlement. 5. Early settlements grew near the river valleys. Give reason. 2. Since early days waterways were used for trans- a. Plenty of water was available portation. Explain this statement. b. Land was fertile c. Irrigation was possible 3. How has the invention of aircraft made travel d. A ll of the above easier? Analyse and write its advantages? 6. Invention of the _______ made transport easier III. Long Answer Questions: and faster. 1. Write a short note on railways and roadways. a. Wheel b. A utomobile 2. How has internet and communication changed c. T rains the lives of people and their thinking? d. Flights 7. _____________ network is well developed and is the largest in Asia. a. Road ways b. Indian Railways c. W ater ways d. Airways 40

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and Answer: [5 Marks] sentence: [4 Marks] 1. What are dwellings made of ice called as? 1. What are sites? What are the natural conditions for the selection of base? 2. Name the important port in South America. 3. Write two factors that adversely affect air traffic. 4. Which animal is used in the Andes Mountains of South America for transport? II. Answer the following questions briefly:[6 Marks] 1. Explain compact settlement. 2. How did the railway system developed? 41

CHAPTER: Human Environment Interactions 8. The Tropical and Subtropical Region At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: CCoonncceeppttMMaapp Key Points • Days are too hot and humid, nights are less hot but humidity remains and skin feels sticky. • Due to the heavy rainfall, thick forests grow in tropical • Case Study: Photographer talking about people from regions. K•eyCdihPffileodreionnbtstpesarvrtinsgofththeedwiffoerrledn. ce in appearance of people. • The forests are so thick that the roof created by the algRheNwtSrruaaoheiimuvennuefemaofmncosAutedriehmonnearefdAsgonatrtmhsdburzieeiossaireartdnaez,rtrs.eoerldBwiamnobarnaeuiasdcsbyiithnnsaanbs.sorihwrdiitdoenaiatstomhlialfsjoponpfwaicaadnulnrtoanwhdtdsaehedei-setsaeuBrttAknohair.mlnedigtdrsahheozet.lviotkeoEnerqsrRietuzoaieavucdtehcobartrnih,fllsres,tohme • • fECCprsIEbCdveahonavaaheosimtmelsnienepdlindcrceleSdieore-finse,tfip.bptfeuhnfpslseeeedaleedoiloyryvoprsefpi:gpvntncaaPllhigheretnmheeiipgloonoedfsaaffastrtfmoe,rhomddtqnregiiiseefulf,frifs-deoeaaaetfrsrilfporealfreitfeohnrnoehneldtevrnaaet,eerrsetcerrwntetllegaoeitcdmogihatloe.khrierenolniiidsnsnnwn,tg.glosomaoaralploaloondbkpkvdoeoeeidkssauuaihfmdprtnfeaeidlposfrtnofeereteceoanro.rekntoep,e,ornltscefhltiaen,esrgiesr, • • • • • • • •• AIntimisalhs olitkeamndonhkeuyms,idsl,otdhaayndanadnt-neiagthintg atanpdirsitanradins thoef inrabtuarseicatnaeyeodusnagraegsea. me- food, clothing and varlimouossrteepvtielersyadreayfowunitdhhoeurte.any warning. • shTreolpteicra. l region lies very close to the Equator and hence •• SDevaeyrsalasrpeetcoieos hofoitnsaencdtshaunmd fiidsh, nairgehatlssoafroeulnedsshehroe.t but • Inistekrneoswtsn oasf ceqhuiladtroernia,larellgoiovne.r the world is more or • cThcPtDThlrhueeoroheunuaopyptemrepsiilcnnefiwoicgogtdoioairtianfkehtlonystrtrstdaeehthlrpsasgeefetsiiiamso-hohrrhcmanaeaiaeniesni,nsang.npdfovosianhbyrtraeeuuhensanrritnuapcdtnkpifgansaplrntekrforhdameiawnaldnfilnit,idfscmegthttsh.eao,hwblewsisetlceoresko,omttoifpitcefofotnkishtcryateert.atehisorkaeteestfswoecaogdaondrrmdbeoebyawonysfthine • slCteaoANTdihsskhmeouiscelgenmdaasrcp,lzeraelaolseeeramidnronnNceueebagolsoi-sawr,vtsfprtdihhiirnnnlviaeabagearnlynurietei’cdtusngasaerma1rvrf,ei0iomeehvorarsdeueyeetretljsscphofgaltl,.rioonteqyawsheouretseeuhSatiaooefnnrasrutgtAemohtlmhleaeai.aaglnaeitreeozqnot.tsuihnmtaieontRroelnbirsov-oe,evbdemreeydtfaarwo.oknfemewdenauttph1e0er • wlheoavreeaslloyffeteredet,hdeofaemsinlyo. t allow the sunlight to reach • • • • • • Ctahsesagvraoaunnddpaontadtoitarreemthaeinmsadinamfoopda-nthdedyaerakt.queen • TArompaizcoanl rBeagsion.n lies very close to the Equator and • hSeinnce AismkanzonwbnaasisneisqculoasteortoiatlhreegEqiouna.tor, the weather • aRntasinanfodreegsgtssaacrse. rich with fauna- Birds like toucans, • Aims aalzwoanysbhaostinanldiews evtetrhyecrelo. se to the equator- • Cinbhatusihlhlmescbmaroarisepnisnfgo.libkueinrcddoshffaeenere,d.mbaiirzde oanf dpacoracodaisaereanaldsoogvreorwsinzed • TbeIhetvteiewsrpyehlaeodntcaeya1nww0dihtdhheeourgumerteaiaden,riNydvawoeyrratrfahnlnoiadnwngns.digin1h0ttoadanendgoriettheraeSirnosbuoatldhm.yoostf • Animals like monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs • 40water is called as river’s mouth. and various reptiles are found here. • Several species of insects and fish are also found here. 42

8. The Tropical and Subtropical Region • People in the rainforest grow most of their food by clearing forest- men hunt and fish, women take care of crops with slash and burn farming. • They cook tapioca, pineapple and sweet potatoes and as hunting and fishing are unpredictable, it is the women who really feed the family. • Cassava and potato are the main food- they eat queen ants and egg sacs. • Cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown in the basin. • Urbanization and modern means of transports made the rainforest accessible to people. • Tributaries of rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra form the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin in the Indian subcontinent. • It lies in the subtropical regions between 10 degree North to 30 degree North latitudes. • The plains of both the rivers, the mountains and foothills of Himalayas and the Sundarbans delta are the main features of the basin. • Monsoon brings rains from mid- June to mid- September- summers are hot and winters are cool. • Mountain areas with steep slopes are not favourable to live and hence less populated. • The plains of both the rivers are the best suitable for human habitation. • Soil is fertile and is the best for agriculture and the area is highly populated. • The main crop is paddy and wheat; maize, sorghum, gram and millets are also grown. • Banana, tea and silk are the other produces here. • There is a variety of vegetation and wild life in the basin. • People cultivate different varieties of fish in the ox- bow lake and grow crops in the fertile land. • There are several big towns and cities in the Ganga- Brahmaputra plain and the waste water from the cities pollute the rivers. • Transport facilities are good in the plain and Kolkata is a famous port city here. • Tourism is an important activity having the Taj Mahal, many other historical places and monuments, and wild life sanctuaries. 43

8. The Tropical and Subtropical Region Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET The Amazon Basin- location and • Lies in equatorial region- nears features the tropics • River mouth- river joins with PS – 1 another water body • Hot and humid weather- rainfall almost every day throughout the year Tropical Rain Forest • Rich with flora and fauna • Life of people- slash and burn PS – 2 farming, hunting and fishing • Developmental activities destroying the rainforest Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin; • Subtropical region Towns and Cities of the basin • Varied topography • Agriculture and vegetation • Towns and cities polluting the PS – 3 PS – 4 rivers • Transportation facilities • Tourism Development Worksheet for “The Tropical and Subtropical Region” PS-5 Self evaluation with self check or Self evaluation peer check 44

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Where does the Amazon Basin lie? 2. What is meant by river’s mouth? 3. Name the places where the Amazon basin drains. 4. How is the climate in the Amazon basin? 5. Why does the skin feel sticky in the Amazon Basin? 6. What is meant by tributaries? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 7. Describe the vegetation found in the Ganga Brahmaputra basin. 1. What is the kind of vegetation found in the Amazon Basin? 8. Which are the animals found in the Ganga Brahmaputra basin? 2. What is special about the birds found in the Amazon Basin? 3. Describe the other wild life forms found in the Amazon rainforest. 4. What do you know about the main occupation of the people of Amazon Basin? 5. Write a short note about the agricultural activities of the people of the Amazon Basin. 6. Explain the housing system of the Amazon Basin. 7. How did the life of people of Amazon Basin change with the developments in general? 8. How is the biological diversity affected by the developmental activities? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Where is the Ganga- Brahmaputra Basin located? 2. Name the tributaries that drain the Basin. 3. Describe the main relief features of the Ganga Brahmaputra basin. 4. How is the climate in the Ganga Brahmaputra Basin? 5. Explain the distribution of population in the Ganga Brahmaputra basin. 6. What are the main crops grown in the Ganga Brahmaputra Basin? 45

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. Write a short note on blind dolphins found in the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra. 2. Name the major cities on the Ganga Brahmaputra plain. 3. How do the cities harm the environment in the plain? 4. What are the main tourist attractions of the plain? 5. What do you know about the transport facilities in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin? 46

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: sanitation. Name it. a. Cleanliness programme 1. Through which of the countries given below b. Jiyo Jeenedo does the Amazon River not pass through? c. Swachh Bharat Mission a. Brazil d. Swachata hi Suraksha b. Argentina c. Peru 8. What could be the major reason behind Amazon d. Ecuador forest fires? a. Clearing lands for farming by people 2. The ________ is the largest river basin in the b. Thunder storm world. c. The dry peak summer a. Ganga-Brahmaputra river basin d. A ll of the above b. Mississippi river Basin c. Amazon river basin 9. State the reasons behind the pollution of the d. Nile river basin River Ganga. a. Human activities such as bathing, washing 3. Which of these does not grow in the steep slopes clothes, the bathing of animals. of Arunachal Pradesh? b. The wastewater from surrounding towns and a. Fir industries is discharged into River. b. Mosses and Lichens c. The Ganga River is regarded as a holy by Hindus c. Pine and thus many dead bodies are cremated on its d. Deodar bank and later dumped in the river. d. All of the above. 4. Name the program which was initiated by the Prime Minister of our country to clean the River 10. What would be the implications of destruction Ganga. of forests? a. Ganga Conserve a. Climate change b. Namami Ganga program b. Soil erosion c. Ganga Bachao c. Increase in green house gases d. Ganga Sharanam d. All of the above 5. How can we infer the quality of the River Ganga? II. Short Answer Questions: a. By the water in laboratory. b. By putting alum in a glass of water. 1. Draw Amazon River and mark the six major c. By the presence of Dolphins called Susu in the countries through which this river flows. water. d. By drinking the water. 6. Two rivers form largest delta in our country known as Sunderban delta. Name the rivers a. Ganga and Brahmaputra. b. Ganga and Meghna. c. Ganga and Hoogly. d. M eghna and Hoogly. 7. The Prime Minister of India has launched a tremendous programme to achieve universal 47

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) 2. Explain the following: a. Terrace farming b. In Amazon rain forest, ground remains dark and damp always c. Slash and Burn model of cultivation 3. How is tourism promoted in the region of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. The Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has varied topography. Can you explain this with the crops grown there? 2. Write shortly about the life of people of the rain forest in older days and state how is their life changing? 48

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Why do you think slash and burn cultivators 1. What is the staple food of people of Amazon move from place to place? Basin? 2. Where do we find a one-horned rhino? 3. Name the continent in which Amazon basin is located. 4. Name the important port on the River Hooghly. II. Answer the following questions: (6 Marks) 1. What are bromeliads? 2. Why are mountain areas of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin less inhabited? 49

9. Life in the Deserts Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Realise that there can be cold deserts also and • Understand that deserts are extremely hot or cold understand that Ladakh is one. and dry places. • Compare and contrast the condition of Ladakh • Explain the geographical conditions and weather of with that of Sahara. the world’s largest desert Sahara. • Describe the flora and fauna and the life style of people of Sahara. Concept Map Life in the Deserts Key Points • Camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions and many varieties of snakes and lizards are the prominent • Water is essential for all life forms to survive. animal species living there. • It is difficult for people to live in areas where there • Bedouins and Tuaregs are the main inhabitants of is no water and vegetation. the Sahara- animal husbandry and dairy farming • There are some places that are extremely hot and are the main activities of these tribes. that are extremely cold. • Oasis in the Sahara near the Nile Valley in Egypt • Deserts are extremely hot and dry places with low supports settled population. rainfall and scanty vegetation. • Discovery of oil is constantly transforming the • The Sahara is the largest desert of the world- Sahara. around 8.54 million sq km. • Iron, phosphorous, manganese and uranium are • Sahara desert is covered with sand, gravel plains other minerals found in the Sahara. and elevated plateaus with bare rocky surface. • Modern means of transport and modern buildings • The present Sahara desert used to be a lush green are transforming the place. plain with rivers rich with aquatic life. • Ladakh with Karakoram Range in the north and • Climate of Sahara desert is scorching hot and Zanskar Mountains in the south is a cold desert in the Great Himalayas. parch, dry with short rainy season. • Vegetation in the Sahara is cactus, date palms and • Due to the high altitude, climate is too cold here- rich with rivers and glaciers. acacia. 50 • In some places, there are green islands with date palms surrounding them- Oasis.

9. Life in the Deserts • Due to the shadow of the Himalayas, rain fall is • People are mainly Muslims and Buddhists. scanty here. • During the summer, barley, potato, peas, beans • Groves of willows and poplar, apple, apricot, and turnips are grown. walnuts etc. are grown here. • Tourism is helping Ladakh to prosper a lot. • Migratory birds and wild kind of animals are found here. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Deserts- Definition- Hot and cold • Deserts are extremely hot or cold deserts, the Sahara and dry places • The Sahara is the world’s largest desert- Extremely hot with scanty rainfall • Less vegetation and fauna that can adjust with the extremely hot PS – 1 weather PS – 2 • Rapidly developing cities with the discovery of oil • Nomadic people and settled groups with cattle rearing and dairy farming The cold desert- Ladakh, • Extremely cold weather- Presence Vegetation, wild life and People of rivers, glaciers and snow • Thin air and high altitude- heat of PS – 3 the sun can be intense during the day • Little rainfall as the Himalayas act as a wall blocking monsoon winds • Very little vegetation and wild life like wild goat, wild sheep, yak etc • Hardworking women- work at home and in the fields Comparative Study- The Sahara • Changes in the weather pattern PS – 4 and Ladakh • Rainfall received • Life of people Worksheet for “Life in the Deserts” PS-5 Self evaluation with self check or Self evaluation peer check 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Define desert. 2. Name the largest desert in the world. Where is it located? 3. Name the countries touched by the Sahara desert. 4. Describe the geographical features of the Sahara desert. 5. How do we know that the present Sahara desert was once with lush green plain? 6. What do you know about the climate of the Sahara? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What are the kinds of vegetation found in the Sahara? 2. Which are the animals seen in the Sahara? 3. What do you know about the inhabitants of the Sahara? 4. What was the occupation of the nomadic tribes of the Sahara? 5. What is an oasis? 6. How did the discovery of oil change the face of Sahara? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is a cold desert? 2. Where is Ladakh situated? 3. Name an important river flowing through Ladakh. 4. Why is the climate of Ladakh extremely cold and dry? 5. What is peculiar about the weather of Ladakh? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What is the alternate name of Ladakh? Why is it 5. Name the famous Buddhist monasteries in called so? Ladakh. 2. Describe the vegetation of Ladakh. 6. What is the main occupation of the people of 3. Name a few birds and animals found in Ladakh. Ladakh? 4. What do you know about the religious faith of 52 people of Ladak?

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: d. It is their custom to wear such heavy robes. 1. A region consists of extremely high and low 8. Pick a quality that does not match a Ladakhi temperatures and scarce vegetation. What could woman. this region be? a. They are very hard working. a. Sandy dunes b. They work in the house and as well as fields. b. Desert c. They are extremely dominating and very c. Equatorial region aggressive. d. Dry region d. T hey also manage small business and shops. 2. Name the river which flows in Ladakh. 9. Why is there little rainfall only in Ladakh? a. Ganga a. Ladakh lies in the rain shadow side of the Great b. Brahmaputra Himalayas which block the monsoon clouds. c. Indus b. Ladakh is beyond the height of clouds. d. Yamuna c. Ladakh is so cold that cloud doesn’t shower any rain. 3. Name the coldest inhabited places on earth d. There is only snowfall here. which is located in Ladakh. a. Drass 10. What is a sand dune? b. Leh a. A shallow dip of sand. c. Manali b. A dune is a mound of sand formed by the wind. d. Kulu c. These are the rocky mountains found in deserts. d. A depression in desert. 4. Physical features of Sahara desert are a. Vast stretches of sands that II. Short Answer Questions: b. There are also gravel plains 1. Write short notes on flora and fauna of Sahara c. E levated plateaus with bare rocky surface d. All of the above desert. 5. How are depressions formed? 2. Does Ladakh experience freezing wind and a. Depressions are formed when the wind blows burning hot sunlight? Why? away the sands. b. Depressions are formed when people dig for 3. How is tourism a major activity for the people of wate. Ladakh? c. Depressions when animals try to protect themselves from sand storms. III. Long answer questions d. Depressions are formed when sand just falls of 1. Describe about the cold desert of India – inside itself. Ladakh. Write about its flora and fauna. 6. State special features of river Nile? a. Source of food 2. Despite its harsh climate, the Sahara desert is b. Transportation inhabited by people, who pursue different c. R ich soil and clean waters activities. Explain the conditions that prevail d. All of the above there. 7. Why do people in these deserts wear heavy robes? a. They wear heavy robes to protect themselves against dust storms and hot winds. b. They wear to protect them from severe heat. c. They wear this to allow air to circulate inside this robe. 53

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: [5 Marks] sentence: [4 Marks] 1. Name the most important nomadic tribes of 1. How is an oasis formed? How are they useful the Sahara. in deserts? 2. Write an example for the glaciers found in Ladakh. 3. Mention one of the coldest inhabited places in Ladakh 4. Which are the places connected by the National Highway I A? II. Answer the following questions briefly: [6 Marks] 1. Write a short note on Chiru (Tibetan antelope). 2. Why is life in deserts difficult? 54

1. Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Learning Outcomes • Understand the sources that help the historians to learn about the past. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Realize that the words used to indicate certain • Explain about the social and political groups – clans and religions. territories and the extent of territories, indicated by words changed with passage of time. • Describe in detail about the emergence of • Use the words (changing terminologies) correctly, religions and empires. matching with the passage of time. Concept Map Key Points copying the manuscripts. • Significant economic and social differences • Cartography is the process of making maps. • Science of cartography underwent changes with emerged amongst peasants. • With the passage of time, new social and politi- the passage of time. • During different periods of time, the borders of the cal groups emerged-Persians, Rajputs, Kshatriyas, Marathas, Sikhs, Jats etc. countries changed as the rulers expanded their • People were grouped into jatis or sub-castes and kingdoms. ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and oc- • Terminologies used by historians also underwent cupations. changes with the passage of time. • Jatis began to form their own rules and regulations • Hindustan refers to India at present but earlier the to manage the conduct of their members. area differed because the extent of the kingdom • New regions and empires came up- Khaljis, Tu- was different during the rule of different dynasties. ghlaqs- Delhi Sultans. • In early 16th century, Babur used the term ‘Hindu- • Changes occurred in religious faith. stan’ to describe the geography, the fauna and the • Hinduism had rigid rules with Brahmanas as supe- culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent. riors. • Historians depend on coins, inscriptions, architec- • Islam had two branches- Shias and Sunnis. ture and textual records for information. • Historians classified the periods into Hindu, Mus- • Before the invention of printing, manuscripts were lim and the British period. the sources of information to learn about the past. • Historians made attempts to understand the tradi- • Manuscripts were handwritten by learned people tion and culture of the society during various peri- and copied by scribes later for reference. ods. • Manuscripts were copied by scribes and often changes happened here and there. 55 • Words were changed for convenience and scribes changed sentences as per their understanding while

1. Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Mapping- cartography- • Changes observed in cartography PS-1 Basic ideas, Changes in • Classification of places in different terminology ways • Concept of Indian subcontinent during various times • Developments with passing time New social and political • New inventions that changed life PS-2 groups • Emergence of clans like Rajaputra • Clearing of forests habitat • New group formation-castes • Regions and empires Hinduism, Muslim, the PS-3 British Worksheet for “Tracing Changes Through A Thousand Years” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 56

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Who is a cartographer? 2. Explain the difference between old and new terminologies with examples. 3. What is meant by ‘foreigner’? 4. Why were two peasants living in the same village not foreigners to each other? 5. What do historians rely upon to learn about the past? 6. What was paper used for in olden days? 7. What is ‘archive’? 8. How are manuscripts useful? 9. Why were manuscripts copied by scribes? 10. What were the problems when scribes copied the manuscripts? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why is the study of the thousand years between 700 and 1750 a huge challenge? 2. Why is the period between 700 and 1750 called a period of mobility? 3. Write a short note on the Rajputs. 4. Why was there a gradual clearance of forests? 5. Why did forest dwellers migrate? 6. How did significant economic and social difference emerge amongst the peasants? 7. How did the society change between the period 700 and 1750? 8. How did ‘jatis’ (sub-castes) become important? 9. How was the ‘prashasthi’ written to describe the Delhi Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban? 10. What did Amir Khusrau write about the languages in India? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why were Brahmanas respected a lot? 10. What does ‘modernity’ signify? 2. What was one of the major developments in the 18th century? 3. How did new religion come up? 4. Which were the different sects of Muslims? In what way they were different? 5. Why is time considered important? 6. How did the historians divide the history of India in the middle of 19th century? 7. What did the division of Indian history in terms of religion indicate? 8. What are the drawbacks of division of Indian history in terms of religion? 9. What are the factors based on which history is divided in the present? 57

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option 7. What is meant by Jati Panchayat? and a. People of a particular jati 1. A person who makes maps is called _______. b. Assembly of elders who controlled a. Pictographer conducted members of their jati b. Cartographer c. The people of a village c. Geologist d. All the elders of a particular jati d. Artist 8. What factors enabled for development of the 2. Define archive. society? a. A place where all books are kept. a. Movement of people from distant places b. A place where national and state governments b. New technology and innovation keep all their old official records and c. Modernised thinking of society transactions. d. All of the above c. Means a detailed description of a thing or person. 9. How did Brahmans earn lots of respect in d. It is a brief description of a book written by a society and even by rulers? known author. a. They were well versed in Vedas. b. It is believed that they are well educated. 3. What are manuscripts? c. They had immense knowledge of Sanskrit . a. A manuscript was any document that is written d. They were the highest in the caste segregation. by hand. b. It is a detailed printed description. 10. What were major flaws in the historic divisions c. It is a educational printed copy in those days. of British historians? d. It is a first printed copy of Bhagwat Gita. a. They divided based on religion – Hindus, Muslims, British. 4. Historians use different types of sources to learn b. It was not based on development of economy, about the past. society or culture. a. Coins, inscriptions c. It ignored the rich diversity of subcontinent. b. Architecture and textual records for information d. A ll of the above. c. Manuscripts d. All of the above II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Write briefly about manuscripts. Can you de- 5. The term “Hindustan” was understood differ- ently during different period of time. Which of scribe flaws in their maintenance? these were true. 2. How important was it to divide history into time a. In the thirteenth century areas of Punjab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and period? Yamuna. 3. During this period, the society became more b. Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the differentiated. Give reasons. inhabitants of the subcontinent. c. Today we understand it as “India”-modern III. Long Answer Questions: nation-state. 1. State the various developments that occurred d. All of the above. over a period of 700 to 1700 years. 6. How did the scribes copy the manuscripts? 2. Study the changes that occurred in religious a. They used to print many copies of manuscripts. b. Scribes copied the manuscripts with hand. beliefs, traditions and practices during the peri- c. Scribes used traditional methods of printing. od of 700 to 1700. Write elaborately. d. Scribes studied and wrote their own again. 58

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and Answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Why do you think wealthy people and rulers 1. Name the two styles of Arabic writing. were eager to collect manuscripts? 2. Name the 14th century chronicler who wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and another version after two years with difference. 3. Name the new food and beverages which arrived in the subcontinent between 700 and 1750. 4. What is a habitat? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Why do historians have to read different manuscripts? 2. Do you think the religion was the only major change in India between 700 and 1750? Why do you think so? 59

2. New Kings and Kingdoms Learning Outcomes • Realise that the wealth of the subcontinent attracted the Muslim rulers from other countries. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Enlist the old rulers of Indian subcontinent and • Describe in detail about the Cholas and their administration. their ruling system. • Explain the struggles for power and the different dynasties that assumed power. Concept Map New kings and Kingdoms New dynasties War for wealth The Cholas Kings and Struggle for Temples Samantar power (architecture) Subordinates Muslim invasion Agriculture assuming power Administration Powerful Administration dynasty - Chauhans Key Points • Muslim invaders attacked temples as they held a lot of wealth. • Kings acknowledged wealthy landlords and chief- tains as ‘samanthas’ (subordinates). • Sultans came and plundered the subcontinent and the wealth of the subcontinent attracted Muslim • Samanthas assumed power at later stages. rulers- Mahmud of Ghazni, Muhammed Ghori etc. • Subordinates overthrew the chief landlords and • Chauhans were powerful rulers over a period of assumed power-Eg: Rashtrakutas –subordinates to time- Prithviraj Chauhan was the most powerful. Chalukyas. • Danti Durgaa, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew Cha- • The Cholas were in power in the 9th century-basical- lukya overlord and performed Hiranyagarbha ritu- ly from Uraiyur and came into power in Thanjavur. al- assuming rebirth as Kshatriya. • Kings adopted high sounding titles to show off their • Splendid temples were the symbols of their glory- power- Maharajadhi Raja, Tribhuvana Chakravartin Thanjavur temple made by Rajaraja Chola, Gain- etc. gaikondacholapuram temple made by Rajendra • In reality, they did not have any such power- even Chola etc. the subordinates often troubled the kings. • Kings rewarded Brahmanas by grant of land-The • Making Bronze sculpture was a famous craft associ- learned Brahmanas wrote Prashastis in praise of ated with temple. kings. • Prashastis were written highlighting the glories of • Agricultural development enriched the kingdom. the rulers. • Branches of river Kaveri made the land fertile. • Struggles for power existed among rulers- there • Forests were cleared for large scale production. was no unity at all. • King appointed subordinates at different levels for easy administration. 60

2. New Kings and Kingdoms • Peasant settlements were divided into ur, nadu. • Brahmans looked after their lands called Brahman- • Officers were appointed to look after and collect deyas given to them by Kings as mark of respect. revenue. • Brahmanas helped the king in administration. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Emergence of New Dynasties • Kings and samanthas • Samanthas assumed power PS-1 importance given to brahmanas • Administration • High sounding titles adopted by the kings • Prashasthis and grants awarded by the kings Warfare for Wealth • Kanauj • A prized area over which rulers fought • Construction of temples to show off PS-2 their glory • Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni • Power of Chauhans The Chola Dynasty • Cholas from Uraiyur assuming power in Thanjavur PS-3 • Conquest of neighbouring regions • Splendid temples and bronze sculptors to show off their glory • Agricultural developments • Administration of the Empire Worksheet for “New Kings and Kingdoms” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 61

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Who were ‘samanthas’? 2. What was expected of ‘samanthas’? 3. How did ‘samanthas’ assert independence? 4. How did Rashtrakutas come into power? 5. Do you think being born as kshatriya was the only way to become a ruler? How do you know that? 6. Why did kings take high sounding titles? 7. What was the real condition of the kings who took high sounding titles? 8. How were the producers and traders exploited? 9. How were people troubled by taxes? 10. How was the revenue collected? 11. Write a short note on Prashasthis. 12. How were brahmanas rewarded? 13. What are the privileges offered by land grant? 14. Name the 12th century poet who wrote in Sanskrit about the kings who ruled over Kashmir. How did he collect the information? How was his poem different from other Prashasthis? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Who fought for the control over Kanauj? 2. Why were temples attacked by rulers? 3. Who was Mahmud of Ghazni? Why did he come to the subcontinent? 4. Who wrote ‘Kitab-ul-Hind? Why is it important for historians? 5. Who were Chahamanas? 6. Who was the most famous Chahamana ruler? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. How did the Cholas rise to power? 2. Who was the most powerful Chola? 3. Name the Chola temples that are considered as architectural and sculptural marvels? 4. Why were the temples important? 5. How did agriculture contribute to the Chola achievements? 6. Describe the improvements in agriculture during the Chola rule? 7. What were the measures taken for improvement in irrigation for agriculture? 8. How was administration organised in the Chola kingdom? 9. How did Brahmanas emerge as powerful? 10. How were the members of committees chosen? 62

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: c. Pallichchandam d. Brahmadeya 1. Who was Kalhana? a. Famous Kshatriya king of Rashtrakuta. 7. What constituted of Prashastis? b. A Sanskrit poet who wrote a poem about a. Description of achievements and glorious history of kings who ruled over Kashmir. victories of many rulers. c. A scholar who wrote an account of b. About various poetic versus. subcontinent for Sultan Mahmud of Ghazi. c. Consists of the various rules and regulations to d. A well known architecture who built various be followed in Chola dynasty. temples under Chola dynasty. d. W ho can become committee member, land owner, member of sabha. 2. What are all these high sounding words meant for - maharaja-adhiraja; tribhuvana-chakravar- 8. How could Dantidurga, a non-kshatriya become tin? a king? a. Famous books about great kings of Chola a. By changing his name dynasty. b. By performing a ritual called hiranya-garbha b. Famous writers who were given such titles. with the help of Brahmans c. Many kings adopted these titles to show off c. By overthrowing Chalukyas their power and greatness. d. By betraying the previous king d. N one of these. 9. How were the members of committee of 3. _______ are the writings on stone, metal or irrigation works elected in Chingleput in Tamil- some materials and is an important historical nadu? source a. Majority voting was done a. Epigraph b. Lottery system was used b. Manuscript c. Wealthy person used to handle the committee c. Inscriptions d. Wise and honest person was elected for the d. P rescription committee 4. Who were Pulaiyas? 10. How were Chola temples the hub of economic a. A social group considered outcastes by and social life? Brahmans and Vellalas. a. These were centres of craft production. b. They were the rich landlords of Chola dynasty. b. The produce from the temple land went into c. They were the sabha members who maintaining all the people who worked there administered various departments. c. Many settlements grew around these temples d. These were the committee who looked after d. All of the above the temples. II. Short Answer Questions: 5. What is a sluice gate? a. A gate in water to prevent people or kids 1. Write notes on the following: entering deep into it. a. Mahamandaleshwara b. A wood or metal barrier which is commonly b. Tripartite struggle used to control water levels and flow rates in c. Tang dynasty rivers and canals. c. A gate in water channel to control the 2. How effective was the irrigation system of Chola movement of boats in the rivers. dynasty? d. A gate in a water tank which helps us know the water level. 3. Study the administrative procedure of the new kingdoms during 7th century and explain. 6. Brahmans often received land grants or brahmadeya from the kings. III. Long Answer Questions: a. Shalabhoga b. Vellanvagai 1. How did Cholas rise to power? Mark the Chola dynasty on the Indian map. 63

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) India Political lVIap ',. . 0 • 2. Answer the following: i) During this time period, warfare was common wherein kings based on specific region tried to control other areas to show their power and valour. Write briefly about this. ii) Write a note on Mahmud of Ghazni. 64

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Why do you think the new kings got 1. Who shared power with Kings? prashasthis written by Brahmanas? 2. Who generally wrote prashasthis? 3. What is meant by sultan? 4. What was done with much of the wealth plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni from the subcontinent? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. How was the revenue collected from people utilised? 2. Why do you think Kings and others offered land to temples during the Chola rule? 65

3. The Delhi Sultans Learning Outcomes • Analyse the attitude of even chroniclers towards a lady inheriting the throne- Raziyya Sultana. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand the reason for the invasion of the • Make out the male dominance existed in the society. subcontinent by Muslim rulers. • Explain how and why Delhi emerged into a • Differentiate between the administrative strategies of Khaljis and Tughlaqs. powerful capital. • Illustrate the life of people during the Delhi Sultanate. Concept Map Key Points • In the male dominant society, Iltumish’s daughter Raziyya Sultana ascended the throne. • Delhi became the capital of Indian subcontinent under the rule of Tomara Rajputs. • The nobles and even the chronicler couldn’t digest having a lady ruling over the country. • Tomaras and Chauhans developed Delhi into an important commercial centre. • Delhi Sultans expanded the empire covering all the commercially and politically important cities. • Jain merchants constructed a lot of temples in Delhi. • But they seldom controlled hinterland (land ad- jacent to cities that provided goods and supplies) • Delhi Sultans transformed Delhi into the capital and garrison towns (fortified settlement with sol- that controlled the vast areas of the subcontinent. diers). • Delhi Sultans built so many cities in the area that is • The Khaljis and Tughlaqs adopted various adminis- known as Delhi at present. trative strategies to hold the empire together. • ‘Histories’ were written by chroniclers with the • Maintaining garrison towns, policies to collect rev- hope of getting rewards from the sultans. enue, in charge officials to collect revenue etc. • These ‘histories’ known as tarikh (singular) or ta- • Systematic revenue collection enriched the Sultan- warikh (plural) were written in Persian. ate- Revenue to meet with the expenses. • Persian was the language of administration under • There were three types of taxes (1) on cultivation the Delhi Sultans. called ‘kharaj’ amounting 50% of the peasant’s produce (2) on cattle and (3) on houses. • Tawarikh were written with the hope of getting re- wards from the Sultans. 66

3. The Delhi Sultans • Khalji’s wise decisions like controlling the prices of • Tughlaq’s impractical ideas like introducing new goods. currency so that people have money. • Khaljis ensured that the price of commodities were • Cheap kind of currency was produced instead of fixed and people didn’t struggle. metals but it was easy to imitate. • Prices were carefully surveyed and merchants who • Malpractices increased and the Sultan and his disobeyed were punished. officials failed to control it. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Transformation of Delhi into • Tomara Rajputs and Chauhans made a powerful capital Delhi an important commercial centre • Muslim invasion mainly to plunder and PS-1 later to assume power • ‘Tarikh’ and ‘tawarikk’ as sources of information about Sultanate Expansion of Empire • From Garrison town to empire • Control over the hinterland and garrison towns • Consolidation of the hinterlands • Control over internal and external frontiers • Tax and justice • Masjids • Claims of Sultans to be the protectors of Islam and Muslims Administration Strategies • Comparitive study of the Khaljis and Tughlaqs policies PS-2 • Conditions of service • Revenue system • Difficulties in controlling distant provinces • Chieftains assuming power • Mongol attack • Mughal invasion Worksheet for “The Delhi Sultans” PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Self-evaluation Peer check* Sheet 67

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. When did Delhi become the capital? 11. What were the challenges faced by the Delhi 2. What made Delhi popular? Sultans? 3. When did Delhi become the powerful capital of a 12. What was the purpose of the first set of vast area of the subcontinent? campaigns along the ‘internal frontier’ of 4. What are ‘histories’? Sultanate? How did it help economic growth? 5. Who wrote the tawarikh? 6. What do you know about the authors of the 13. What was the second expansion of the Sultanate for? ‘tawarikh’? 7. Who was Raziyya Sultana? Why is she 14. How did the Sultanate prosper? 15. Write a note on Quwwat-ul-Islam. important? 8. Does the writings of Minhaj-i Siraj about Raziyya throw any light on the social system which existed in those days? Why do you think so? 9. What were the main factors considered to be essential to be an ideal ruler? Why were these factors important? 10. Why were the Sultans dependent on trade? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What was needed for the consolidation of a 16. On a map of IndiaIndloiacaPtoelitCichalittlVoIarp, Somnath, kingdom as vast as the Delhi Sultanate? How Warangal and Ranthambhor. was it managed? ',. . 0 2. Why were the slaves trusted more than • aristocracy? 3. Why did the Sultans prefer their slaves to the sons? 4. Why did the authors of ‘tawarikh’ criticise the Delhi Sultans? 5. What were iqta and iqtadar? 6. What was the duty of the muqtis? 7. Why was the office of the muqtis not inheritable? 8. What were the harsh conditions of service imposed during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammed Tughlaq? 9. How did the Delhi Sultans control landed chieftains? 10. How many types of taxes were collected during the Sultanate? 11. What were the practical difficulties faced by the Delhi Sultans in ruling the subcontinent? 12. Why were the Delhi Sultans forced to maintain a standing army? 13. In what way was the strategy of Khalji and Tughlaq different in terms of garrison? 14. How did the Khalji and Tughlaq feed the army? 15. Why was Tughlaq’s payment policy not successful? Why didn’t such problems occur during the reign of Khalji? 68

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Choose the correct option: a. In his kingdom b. In neighbouring cities 1. What were the sources of information about the c. The new garrison town, Delhi Delhi Sultans? d. In Daulatabad a. Inscriptions b. Coins, architecture 8. Why did Delhi Sultans support the slaves c. History written by Persian authors system? d. A ll of the above a. They wanted some people to do work. b. They wanted some reliable and trustworthy 2. What was the language of administration under people who worked very loyally. the Delhi Sultans? c. They are used to giving commands and enjoy a. Hindi doing it. b. Devanagiri d. Sultans wanted to show their power and c. Persian prosperity by having slaves with them. d. Islam 9. What were the duties of Muqtis? 3. Who was the Mongol king who attacked Delhi? a. To lead military campaigns. a. Iltutmish b. Maintain law and order in their iqtas. b. Genghis Khan c. Collected the revenues of their assignments as c. Balbabin salary. d. Alauddin Khalji d. All of the above. 4. Muhammad Tughluq introduced a “token” 10. Which of the following taxes were levied? currency. What was it made up of? a. Tax on cultivation a. Cheap metals b. On houses b. Gold c. On cattle c. Silver d. A ll of the above d. Currency notes II. Short Answer Questions: 5. Why did Tawarikhs often write about histories of Sultans? 1. Give reasons: a. They often wrote their histories for Sultans in a. What was the circle of justice? the hope of rich rewards. b. Raziyya was not accepted as sultan in spite of b. They knew only about their history. being talented. c. They wanted to be in good terms with the c. Bandagan Sultans. d. They do not know anything about common 2. How efficient was Sher Shah Sur‘s administra- people. tion? 6. Which of the following were not the rulers of 3. Muhammad Tughluq’s administration was a Delhi? failure. Explain. a. Khalji Dynasty b. Lodi Dynasty III. Long Answer Questions: c. Kalinga Dynasty d. Turkish Dynasty 1. Write briefly about the administration of Alauddin Khalji. 7. Where did Muhammad Tughlaq keep his vast military force? 2. Answer the following: I) How did the Delhi Sultans force their authority on the chieftains? II) Describe the ways in which the chieftains arranged for their defence 69

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and Answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Compare and contrast the administrative 1. When did Ghiyasuddin Balban rule the Delhi measures of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammed Sultanate? Tughlaq. 2. Name the chronicler who wrote about Raziyya Sultana. 3. What is a garrison town? 4. What is a congregational mosque? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Who is imam? 2. Do you think the society of Three Orders existed in the Delhi Sultanate? Why do you think so? 70

4. The Mughal Empire Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Understand their pride in being known as the • Make a comparative study of Mughal dynasty with descendents of Timur. other dynasties that were in power. • Explain the life history of the Mughal rulers. • Explain the reason for unhappiness of the Mughals • Appreciate the governing and revenue systems in their identity as Mongols. of the Mughal period. • Analyse the reasons for the decline of the Mughal. Concept Map The Mughal Empire Mughals Military Tradition of Relation with Revenue Reason for Campaigns Succession other rulers Collection decline Mongols from Babar seized mother’s side power from Successor of Ibrahim Lodi Timur from Powerful readers Fathers side Proud of Timar Expanded the Empire Key Points • Mughal Dynasty- Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530- 1540; 1555- 1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahan- • Difficulty of the rulers in governing the Indian sub- gir (1605- 1627), Shah Jahan (1627- 1658), Auranga- continent-vast area, diverse population with differ- zeb (1658- 1707). ent culture. • Mughal tradition of succession was dividing the in- • Mughals were descendants of Genghis Khan from heritance among the sons of the ruler. their mother’s side and descendents of Timur from father’s side. • Mughals maintained cordial relations with other rulers and promoted marrying from other reli- • Mughals didn’t like to be known as successors of gions- they defeated but did not humiliate the en- Genghis Khan or Mongols- Genghis Khan’s disre- emy after the defeat; with the exception of Auran- pute due to innumerable massacre. gazeb who humiliated Shivaji who came to accept Mughal authority. • Mughals were proud to be known as successors of Timur. • Empire was divided into smaller units and officials were given the charge to take care- mansabs and • Babur left his throne of Ferghana and after years of jagirdars collected the revenue and maintained the wandering, seized Kabul in 1504 due to the trouble mansabs. by Uzbegs. • Systematic revenue collection and governing sys- • In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi Ibrahim tem helped Mughal empire to flourish. Lodi and captured Delhi and Agra. • Akbar took interest in various religions and formu- • Mughals followed Timurian custom of succession lated a system of ethics. and divided the empire among all the sons of the ruler. • After Aurangazeb, the Mughal successors were not • Powers for struggle existed and the most powerful son of the ruler assumed power. 71

4. The Mughal Empire Work Plan powerful and couldn’t control the empire. CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Decline of Delhi Sultanate- Mongol PS-1 genealogy attacks- Background and genealogy of the Mughals- Babur giving up his rightful throne- invasion of Kabul and then Delhi and Agra Mughal Emperors Babur- Humayun- Akbar- Jahangir- Shah PS-2 Jahan- Aurangazeb-Mughal tradition of succession Mughal Administration- Mughal relation with other rulers- Decline of Mughal Empire Respect for Rajputs- Marriages to build up cordial relation- Division of empire- officials to take care of the military and PS-3 revenue departments-Akbar’s policies of administration-Decline of Mughal empire Worksheet for “The Mughal Empire” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 72

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-2) 1. Why was ruling the Indian subcontinent difficult? 2. How were the Mughals different from other dynasties? 3. Why is it said that the Mughals were descendants of two great lineages? 4. Why were the Mughals unhappy to be called as Mongols? 5. How did the Mughal rulers celebrate their genealogy? 6. Where did the Mughal emperors reside? How is the building important in the present? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why was Babur compelled to leave his ancestral 6. Who rebelled against Jahangir in the last years throne? of his reign? Who tried to marginalise the person? 2. How did Babur establish power? 3. How did Humayun divide the inheritance? 7. How was the end of Shah Jahan? 4. Who helped Humayun to recapture Delhi? 8. Why did Rajput rebel against the Mughal? 5. How old was Akbar when he became the emperor? How was his reign divided? PRACTICE SHEET - 3(PS-3) 1. What was the Mughal tradition of succession? 16. On a map of India, locate Ajmer, Panipat, Delhi, 2. How did the Mughal maintained cordial relation Mathura, AllahabInadida aPnolidticaPlatlVnIapa. with other rulers? ',. . 0 3. How did the Mughal treat the defeated enemies? • 4. Who were mansabdars and jagirdars? 5. How did jagirdari system help during Akbar’s reign? 6. Why did the peasants suffer tremendously during the reign of Aurangazeb? 7. What was the main source of income of the Mughal rulers? How was it collected? 8. What was zabt? 9. What has challenged the Mughal authority? 10. Write a short note on Akbar Nama. 11. Briefly describe Akbar’s policies on administration. 12. What was Akbar’s attitude towards religions? 13. What did Akbar realise about religions? 14. What was the reason for the economic prosperity of the Mughals? 15. What was the shocking reality described by foreign travellers in their reports? 73

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 8. What was the idea of sulh-i kul? a. Universal peace 1. The famous Red Fort was constructed by Mughal b. H ereditary legacy Emperor _______. c. D ominance of the entire empire a. Akbar d. Administrative policies b. Shah Jahan c. Babur 9. Mughals believed in the concept of coparcenary d. Humayun inheritance. What does this mean? a. Inheritance of father’s estate by eldest son. 2. Who was the first Mughal Emperor of India? b. Division of the inheritance amongst all the a. Babur sons. b. Akbar c. Division of inheritance among all the siblings c. Jahangir including women. d. Humayun d. Inheritance of father’s legacy by eldest child whether son or daughter. 3. Mughals were proud of their _______. a. Mongol ancestry 10. What did Akbar realise after his interaction with b. Uzbeg dynasty people of different faith? c. Timurid ancestry a. Religious scholars who emphasised ritual and d. Kalinga dynasty dogma were often bigots. b. Their teachings created divisions and 4. The Mughals used one term to describe all disharmony amongst his subjects. intermediaries- local village head man to power c. Idea of tolerance focused on a system of ethics chieftains. Name it. – honesty, justice, peace. a. Leader d. All of the above. b. Kaptan c. Zamindars II. Short Answer Questions: d. Muqtis 1. Why did Mughals give importance to relations 5. Mehrunnisa married the Emperor Jahangir in with other rulers? 1611 and received the title a. Begum 2. Describe Akbar Nama and Ain-i Akbari. Do you b. Nur Jahan think Akbar had a nice concept of c. Rajputana administration and people were quite happy? d. Sahiban 3. Give a detailed analysis about the decline of the 6. Many Sanskrit works were translated in Persian. great legacy of Mughal Empire. Which of the following was not such an illustration? III. Long Answer Questions: a. Razmnamah 1. The Mughals had a vast empire under them. It b. Ramayana c. Akbar nama was difficult but Akbar, with the help of many d. Yogavashisht loyals dignitaries, managed it well. Elaborate it. 7. The main source of income available to Mughal 2. Akbar’s administrative policy was very famous. rulers was tax on the produce of the peasantry. It was further followed by Jahangir and Shah a. Tax on land Jahan. Elaborate and explain it. b. Tax on produce of peasantry c. Tax on cattle d. Tax on house 74

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and Answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. What were the reasons for the decline of the 1. Who was the founder of Mughal Dynasty? Mughal dynasty? 2. Who was the son of Timur? 3. When was gunpowder technology brought to India? 4. Who was Nur Jahan? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. What were the military responsibilities of mansabdar? 2. Do you think Akbar’s realisation about religions stand valid in the present day society? Why do you think so? 75

5. Rulers and Buildings Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Illustrate the Mughal architecture during the time • Understand that the rulers constructed places to of Shah Jahan. show off their power and wealth. • Appreciate the cultural exchanges that had • Explain with examples how the rulers tried to show happened with each invasion. that they were equal to God. • Describe the connection between the royal justice of God and imperial justice of the rulers. Concept Map Rulers and Buildings Key Points • Kings and merchants constructed public buildings for the people to enjoy. • Qutb Minar was constructed by Qutbuddin Aybak around 1199. • Monuments help to understand the technologies and the architectural styles of the period. • Patterns are created under the balcony with small arches and geometrical designs. • Between 7th and 10th centuries, architects started adding more rooms, doors, windows to buildings. • The surface of the Minar is curved and angular and there are inscriptions in Arabic under the balcony. • Doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical colums- the • Between 8th and 18th centuries, rulers and their style was known as trabeate. officers built two types of structures:. • First- forts, palaces, garden residences, grand • Trabeate is used to construct temples, mosques, tombs. tombs and in buildings attached to large stepped • Second- structures meant for public activities- wells. temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais 76 and bazaars.

5. Rulers and Buildings • The Rajarajeshwara Temple at Tanjavur had the tallest shikhara amongst the temples of its time. • The weight of superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches and this style was called arcuate. • High quality lime stone cement was used in construction –when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete. • Temples and mosques were meant to demonstrate power, wealth and devotion of the patron. • King Rajarajadeva who constructed Rajarajeshwara temple at Thanjavur had chosen the name closer to that of God as he wanted to be like God. • Temple with a main deity and some lesser deities is the miniature of the world ruled by the king and his allies. • They worshipped the deities at the temple and believed that it brought the just rule of God to earth. • Muslim rulers did not consider themselves as incarnation of God but Persian court chronicle described Sultan as the shadow of God. • Constructing temples and mosques were the way of the rulers to show their moral rights to be the king. • They patronised the learned and pious people to transform their capital and cities into great cultural centres. • Making precious water available by constructing tanks and reservoirs was highly praised. • Since temples and mosques were constructed to show the power of the ruler, when the enemies attacked, they targeted those buildings. • In early 9th century, Pandya King Srirama Shrivallabha invaded Srilanka and seized all the golden statues of Buddha. • Later when Sinhal King Sena II invaded Madurai, the attempt was to bring back those things. • Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni gained fame by invading and looting temples and town. • Central towering dome and tall gateway became important aspects of Mughal architecture. • Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed a lot of construction and different elements of Mughal architecture. • The connection between royal judgement and imperial; justice was established by Shah Jahan in his newly constructed court-Red Fort, New Delhi. • When the rulers invaded other countries, they adapted the special features of the architecture of 77

5. Rulers and Buildings Work Plan the place and used it in their construction. PRACTICE SHEET CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS Historical • Qutb Minar- Constructed by Qutbuddin PS – 1 Monuments-Qutb Aybak in 1199 Minar: intrinsic patterns- small • Architectural marvel with intrinsic arches-geometrical pattern balconies and below that small patterns-inscription arches and geometrical designs in Arabic-Buildings demonstrated • Improvement in architecture between engineering skills 7th and 11th centuries • Trabeate • Arcuate • Use of limestone cement and stone chips Building temples, • Places of worship show power and PS – 2 Mosques and Tanks- wealth PS – 3 Destruction of Temples • Ruler trying to show that he was similar to God, royal rule is similar to imperial rule • Temples and mosques were attacked because they were symbols of power and wealth Construction of • Mughal Architecture popularised formal Gardens, Tombs and gardens placed within rectangular Forts, Region and walled enclosure architectural Empire innovation during Akbar’s reign. Shah Jahan’s reign witnessed great architectural beautification PS – 4 • Tombs were constructed in grand-style Humayun Tomb was the first example and the Taj Mahal is the greatest among all • Red Fort is the symbol of glory and it is the pride of India even today • Invasions resulted in cultural exchange and the architecture improved with the fusion of different styles Worksheet for “Rulers and Buildings” PS-5 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* sheet 78

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Write a short note on Qutb Minar. 6. Describe a few changes in architecture that 2. Why is it said about the construction of Qutb occurred between 7th and 10th centuries. Minar that only the most skilled craftsperson 7. Explain trabeate or corbelled style of could perform this task? architecture. 3. What are the two kinds of structures built by kings and their officers between the 8th and 18th 8. What was meant by ‘arcuate’? century? 9. Why was limestone cement used in 4. Why was the construction of public buildings considered very important? construction? 5. How do the monuments help to understand 10. Why was the construction of Rajarajeshwara the technological skills of the time they were constructed? temple at Thanjavur not easy? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. What was the significance of temples and 5. Why was it believed that God chose Alauddin as mosques? a king? 2. How did the construction of temples help the 6. How did the rulers proclaim their close rulers? Explain with an example. relationship with God? 3. What did the temples with a main deity and 7. How did the public connect the rule of a king several lesser deities symbolise? with the destiny of the kingdom? 4. How did the Persian court chronicles describe 8. How did the rulers make precious water the Sultan? available at the places of worship? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why did the rulers target temples when they 4. How did the Chola King Rajendra I decorate the attacked one another’s kingdom? Shiva temple built by him? 2. Give an account to prove that the enemies 5. How did Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni become targeted temples during their invasion. historically important? 3. How did the Sihalese avenge the heavy blow they had, when the Pandya king looted their monasteries? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. How did Babur describe his interest in architec- 5. Explain the significance of the series of pietra ture? dura inlays behind the throne of Shah Jahan. 2. Describe the important architectural innova- 6. How do we know that the impact of other tions during Akbar’s reign. regions was reflected in the architecture of a place? 3. How did architecture change during Shah Jah- an’s reign? 4. Why was the pedestal of Shah Jahan’s throne called as qibla? 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: a. It was the place where main shrine was kept. 1. Kings and their officers built two kinds of b. It was the main hall in the temple where dances structures between eighth and the eighteenth were performed. century. c. It was the central towering dome. a. Forts, palaces, garden residences and tombs – d. The place where devotees have to stand. b. Temples, mosques, 7. Persian court chronicles described Alauddin as c. Tanks, wells, caravanserais and bazaars Shadow of God because d. All of the above a. He was a noble king. 2. Name this architectural grandeur. b. He had the qualities of Moses and Solomon. c. He was a greatest lawgiver. a. Red fort d. Created the world out of chaos. b. Humayun’s tomb 8. Why was limestone used in construction of big c. Gol Gumbaz architectural structures? d. Diwan i Aam a. Limestone makes the construction look white. 3. Where was Mughal’s capital during Shah b. The structure would not get spoilt with rain. Jahan‘s rule? c. The limestone was high quality cement and a. Delhi b. Agra would harden faster when mixed with stone c. Mathura chips. d. Varanasi d. Limestone was the easiest available binding 4. Roofs, doors and windows were still made by powder. placing a horizontal beam across two vertical 9. The construction of Shah Jahan’s audience hall columns. This style of architecture was called was specially constructed as _______. a. The king’s justice would treat the high and the a. Trabeate style low as equals creating a world where all could b. Arcuate style live together in harmony. c. Arch b. resemble a mosque. d. None of these c. The pedestal on which his throne was placed 5. ______ won universal respect for constructing a was in the direction faced by Muslims at prayer. large reservoir called the Hauz-i-Sultani or the d. All of the above. “King’s Reservoir”. 10. The chahar bagh garden also had a variation as a. Gangzi the “riverfront garden” where in b. Sultan Iltutmish a. dwelling was located at the edge c. Alauddin b. dwelling was located in the middle of chahar d. Babur bagh 6. What was mahamandapa? c. dwelling was not constructed d. it was a garden for public usage II. Short Answer Questions: 1. Monuments provide an insight into the technologies used for construction. Elaborate. 2. Throw light on the architectural innovations that happened during Mughal reign. 3. Between the eighth and eighteenth centuries, there was also a considerable sharing of ideas across regions. How can we understand this? 80

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Kings felt they had a close relationship with God. They constructed the temples with great devotion. Could you elaborate? 2. Many kings built temples to demonstrate their devotion to God and their power and wealth. It is not surprising that when they attacked one another’s kingdoms they often targeted these buildings. Why do you think so? 81

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Who constructed the Kandaria Mahadeva 1. How did temples communicate the temple? importance of the king? 2. Where is the Golden Temple situated? 3. When was Humayun tomb constructed? 4. Where was Akbar’s capital? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Write a short note on river front garden. 2. How were churches constructed from 12th century? 82

6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe the growth of presidencies- Mumbai, • Relate the towns with major activities they are Chennai and Calcutta. famous for. • Illustrate the arrival of foreign traders and the • Understand the importance of major towns in growth of trade. terms of spices, textiles, craftwork. • Explain the reasons for the decline of cities like Surat and Masulipatnam. Concept Map Key Points • The town is famous for Rajarajeshwaara temple built by King Rajaraja Chola. • A traveller visiting a town would see things or buildings there as per the function of the town. • The town is famous for palaces and mandapas or pavilions. • The scenes will be different in a temple town, an administrative centre, a commercial town etc. • King held courts in the mandapas to issue orders to the subjects. • Certain places may have more than one function- a temple town may be an administrative or • Army barracks are also there in the town. commercial centre. • The town has a brisk market- Saliya weavers of • The perennial river Kaveri flows near the Thanjavur and nearby town Uraiyur produce administrative town of Thanjavur of Chola dynasty. clothes. 83

6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons • At Swamimalai, there are sculptors producing • Spices of India attracted the European traders. exquisite bronze idols and tall ornamental bell • Craftsmen and weavers of India also became lamps. famous all over the word. • Thanjavur is also a temple town- temples are • The well fortified city of Hampi with its distinctive centres of economy and culture. architecture, sculptures and orchards became • Temple authorities used their wealth to finance famous cultural centre. trade and banking. • Temples were hubs of cultural activities and devadasis performed before the deity. • Pilgrimage centres also developed into townships- • Surat in Gujarat became the emporium of western Eg: Vrindavan in UP and Tiruvannamalai in Tamil trade and was called as gate to Mecca as many Nadu. pilgrim ships set sail from here. • Surat began to decline with the decline of Mughal • Ajmer in Rajasthan was the capital of the empire and lost its place to Mumbai. Chauhans and later, the subha headquarters of • Masulipatnam was another trade centre but the Mughals- shows religious coexistence. with the emergence of the presidencies Bombay, Calcutta and Madras, Masulipatnam lost its • From 8th century onwards, some small towns importance. emerged as market centre with brisk trade of • With the arrival of European traders, the Indian different kinds- potters, oil pressers, sugar makers weavers and craftsmen lost their freedom and were etc. forced to follow the terms of European traders. • Vasco da Gama, the Portugese traveller discovered • Samantas built fortified palaces near market sea route to India and reached Calicut in 1498. towns and they levied tax on traders and • Another traveller, Christopher Columbus also sometimes donated the right to collect tax to explored to reach India but landed at West Indies some local temples. (The name West Indies is due to the confusion of Columbus). • Traders had to travel with their things and they travelled in caravans and formed guilds for safety and protection Eg: Manigramam and Nanadesi. • Several traders belonging to different communities such as Chettiars, Marwari Oswal, Baniyas, Bohras traded extensively. • Arabs, Persian, Chinese, Jewish and Syrian Christian traders came for Indian spices and gold. 84

6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Types of towns- • Administrative centres, temple towns, Importance of Cultural Centre Towns based on the activities • Importance of towns • Thanjavur- capital city of Cholas- situated on PS – 1 the bank of Kaveri • Rajarajeswhara temple built by Rajaraja Cho- la- architectural marvel- king held courts in mandapas of the temple • Town with busy market and brisk trade • Temple town • Pilgrimage centres-Kings and wealthy people patronise temples • Temples give financial aids to people Pilgrimage centres slowly developed into townships Emergence of Small • Small towns probably emerged from large Towns villages • Growth in trade PS – 2 • Streets for different types of artisans • Samantas built fortified palaces • levied taxes from traders • Donated the rights to collect tax to temples Formation of trade guilds Crafts in • Crafts in Town- Towns famous for certain craft- Town- Hampi, Eg: The copper and silver work of Bidar, the Masulipatnam and Panchalas and Vishwakarma communities- Surat goldsmiths, bronzesmiths, blacksmiths, ma- sons and carpenters- They played an import- ant role in the construction of temples PS – 3 • Hampi-Well fortified city- Great architecture with splendid arches, domes and pillared halls- Cultural centre- Famous Navarathri cel- ebration • Surat- Emporium of India, Gate to Mecca- Fa- mous for textiles- Declined with the decline of the Mughal Dynasty- Lost its importance to Mumbai • Masulipatnam- fish port town- trade centre- Foreign trade- Growth of Presidencies resulted in the decline of Masulipatnam 85

6. Towns, Traders and Craftspersons New Towns and • European traders Traders • Demand for Indian spices • Textiles and craft works • Foreign trade and cultural exchange PS – 4 • Growth of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras as Presidencies Worksheet for “Towns, Traders and Craftspersons” PS-5 Evaluation with Self evaluation self-check or Peer check* 86