202110730-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G07-FY_Optimized

4. Growing up as Boys and Girls Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Upbringing of girls- • Girls are brought up as delicate and Difference between the modest way boys and girls are treated • They are given dolls to play with. • They are trained to take care of PS-1 younger children in the family. • They are taught knitting, cookery and other domestic jobs. • They are not given as much freedom as boys- They are treated as inferior to boys Upbringing of boys- • Boys are given cars and such toys to Tasks given to boys and play with expectations from them • They are trained for outside work • They are expected to be strong and PS-2 tough • They are given more freedom and are given more importance • The education of girls in the family is neglected in poor families Inequality in work- • Girls are believed to be weak and Opportunities denied to hence unfit to do difficult work girls • Domestic work is not even counted as work though it demands a lot of PS-3 physical strain • Girls are not educated and given opportunities to prove themselves • Situation has improved compared to past but not fully fair even now Worksheet for “Growing Up As Boys and Girls” PS-4 Evaluation with self- check Self-evaluation or Peer check* Sheet 137

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. How was life of children in Samoa in 1920s? 2. How was the girls’ school different from boys’ school in Madhya Pradesh in 1960s? 3. Explain the difference in the after school activities of girls and boys in Madhya Pradesh in 1960s. 4. How were boys and girls treated better in Samoa? 5. Describe the difference you observed in the way girls were brought up in Samoa and Madhya Pradesh in the past. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How do the toys given to boys and girls demonstrate the expectations from them? 2. Describe the kind of gender bias you observe in our society. 3. Do you think gender bias does not exist in cities? Why do you think so? 4. Character and nature of children are formed by the way, they are brought up in the society. Justify the statement. We live in a male dominant society where girls are generally not treated equal with boys. 5. How is the country at loss by gender discrimination? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why do people think that a housewife does not work? 2. Who is a domestic helper? 3. What is the living condition of domestic workers? 4. What are the difficult chores done by women? 5. Why is the work of women really difficult? 6. How does Constitution try to bring in gender equality? Does it really happen in the society? 7. Explain double burden of women’s work. 8. How does the government try to empower women? 9. Many people complain about the tendency of the domestic helpers to steal food and other things. What could be the reason for this? 10. The society gives the impression to the boys that they are superior and it is unbecoming of them if they do household work. Comment on the statement. 138

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: 8. What have you learnt from this chapter a. No work is small work. 1. Men and women are treated equally in all b. Respect anyone who does any work for us. places. c. Woman is equal to man in every aspect. a. True d. All the above are true. b. False c. May be 9. How has anganwadis helped women? d. May not be a. They did not help women in any way. b. Helps many women to take up employment 2. In early 1900’s, children (anywhere in the world) outside the home. mostly used to do the following works c. makes it possible for more girls to attend a. Go to school schools than taking care of siblings. b. Go to farming with parents d. Option b and c. c. Stay at home and take care of their siblings d. N one of these 10. How long has the government declared leaves for mothers during their child birth? 3. Most important activity in Samoa islands was a. 26 weeks _____. b. 20 weeks a. Fishing c. 12 weeks b. Farming d. 15 weeks c. Agriculture d. Weaving II. Short Answer Questions: 1. What does the word ‘House work’ actually 4. What is meant by double burden on women? a. When women have two children. involve which women are said to be doing? b. When a woman is given two projects to work on at office. 2. How did the society make clear distinctions c. When a women does work inside and outside between boys and girls? the house. d. When a women does not do any house work. 3. The work that women do is generally less valued than the work men do. Explain this statement. 5. Who among the following are not given much value? III. Long Answer Questions: a. Software employee 1. How has the constitution helped in b. Domestic worker c. T eacher understanding the concept of equality between d. Collector men and women who are working? 6. What work does a domestic worker involve? 2. How does the life of children in early 1920’s in a. Sweeping and moping Samoan Islands differ from life of children now? b. Cooking c. Washing clothes and utensils d. All of the above 7. The government has set child care centres in villages which helps to take care of the child when mother goes for work. a. Crèche b. Anganwadis c. Schools d. Child care centres 139

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Suggest a few measures for women 1. What is identity? empowerment and explain why it is needed. 2. Name one thing that indicates that boys and girls are brought up keeping their future roles in mind. 3. What was peculiar about Samoan society in the 1920s? 4. Explain care-giving. II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. What do you understand about the role of upbringing of girls in 1960s in Madhya Pradesh in moulding their character? 2. How is work of women devalued? 140

5. Women Change the World Learning Outcomes • Appreciate the women who took the bold step and came out of stereotype jobs. At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Realise the need of women empowerment. • Realise the efforts of government to uplift the • Explain the changes in the condition of women in condition of women. the society over the years. • Involve in society driven women upliftment programmes. Concept Map Women Change the World Injustice to Education Today Learning for Women Change No freedom Increasing Renabai Not allowed to Literacy get educated Restricted to Women in Reshundari Dev unconventional household Jobs Women Rokeya Sakhawat Movements Hossain Campaign for Equality Key Points elders did. • In most of the cases, they taught their sons to read • Efforts made by women to challenge the discrimination. and write but daughters were not allowed to learn alphabet. • There is a general notion that certain jobs like • Even in families where skills like pottery, weaving teaching and nursing are meant for women and and craft were taught, the role of girls was only sup- occupations like farmer and pilot, are meant for portive. men. • The girls were allowed only to keep the required items ready for the work. • Many people believe in these stereotypes- fixed • In the 19th century, new ideas about learning roles for certain group. emerged. • Schools became common and boys were sent to • Girls coming out of the stigma and exploring the learn but it was not considered right to educate new horizons of learning and jobs. girls. • Many people took the effort to set up schools for • A girl becoming locomotive driver- Laxmi Lakra girls. from Jharkhand was breaking conventions. • Many women like Rashundari Devi, Rokeya Sakha- wat Hossain learnt to read and write with their own • Boys were pressurised to think about a job that will pay good salary. • Boys are teased if they don’t behave like other boys- hence breaking the custom and going for unconventional job is challenge for them also. • Earlier schooling was luxury of the privileged, but later situation changed. • Most children learnt the work their families or 141

5. Women Change the World efforts and created history by writing. • At present, female education is given a lot of im- portance and girls are able to prove themselves in many of the areas, once considered out of bounds for them. • Dalit, adivasi and muslim girls drop out of school even now in many places. • Individual and collective struggles of women brought about a lot of social changes. • Many men whole heartedly support and help in the efforts of women to improve their lots. • Violence against women was considered as dis- gusting by educated and civilised people. • Women’s protests and campaigns resulted in for- mation of new laws. • Sexual harassment was another major issue strongly protested against. • Efforts made by the women’s movement led the Supreme Court to formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment. • Dowry laws were changed because of the protest of women about dowry deaths. • Women’s movements were to gain equality, fair treatment and opportunities and then in support 142

5. Women Change the World Work Plan of other women all over the world. CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS PS-1 Gender bias • Society is male dominant by nature • Restriction imposed on girls- from home to outer PS-2 Social concept Concerning job meant world for men or women • Boys are given much more freedom than the girls • People consider that certain jobs like locomotive Stereotypes Breaking stereotypes driver and farmer are meant for men and teaching and nursing are meant for women • Girls struggling to overcome the stereotype concept • At times, boys also face this problem- Eg: A boy wants to become a dancer or nurse- Society is changing now and there is change in the outlook Schools emerged as • Outlook of people towards education change important places • Parents sent boys to schools Boys got educated- • Girls were restricted to household girls deprived of rights • Even when the children are taught to work, boys to learn Struggles of girls to were taught the job done by the father and girls learn were taught to assist Strong women who • Gradually there were changes in approach and made a difference out some advocated female education- Ramabai, of their own interest Rashundari Devi and Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain learnt to read and write out of their own interest and wrote about their experience Case studies • Compared to the past, the percentage of the girls PS-3 Education at present attending school increased considerably Struggles for equality • Girls from scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and Women’s movements Muslim communities drop out of the school even now Support from others in protests and • Women’s struggle for equality campaigns • Women protest against injustice individually and collectively • Many men support the movement • Campaigns to fight discrimination resulted in passing new laws • Sexual harassment, dowry death etc. were issues taken up by women • Spreading awareness to fight for justice and protest against violence and ill treatment changed the condition of women • Women movement is also about showing solidarity with other women and causes Worksheet for “Women Change the World” PS-4 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet check or Peer check* 143

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. How are stereotypes created? stereotypes? 2. Why is nursing considered as job meant for 6. What are the pressures faced by children? 7. Why do the adults pressurise children? female? 8. Why do you think people take it for granted that 3. Why is science considered to be subject for only men can be farmers? boys? 9. Do you think women cannot be good as factory 4. Why are many girls not encouraged to go for workers? professional courses? 10. Why do most people connect teacher to a 5. How do girls break conventions and thereby PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) female? 1. How has attitude of parents towards schooling changed over the years? 2. Even in learning traditional jobs, girls were treated as inferiors. Justify the statement. 3. How did the situation changed in the 19th century in terms of education? 4. Why were not girls permitted to learn English? 5. Write a short note on Ramabai. 6. Describe the achievements of Rashundari Devi. 7. Who was Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain? 8. What was special about the theme of Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain’s book Sultana’s Dream? 9. What did Rokeya Shakhawat Hossain do for the cause of education of women? 10. What do you learn from the life of Ramabai, Rashundari Devi and Rokeya Shakawat Hossain. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why do girls from different communities drop out of school? 2. Apart from education, there are other spheres where the situation of women and girls improved. Explain. 3. Explain Women’s movement. 4. What was the attitude of men towards Women’s Movement? 5. How did the Women’s Movement go about with changing the social norms? 6. How do, the women pioneers of equality spread awareness? 7. How did the women protest against injustice? 8. How do the women show solidarity? 9. Give two examples of discrimination on the basis of gender as you see in the society. 10. Why do you think parents are reluctant to spend money on education of girls? 144

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: d. Rokeya’s autobiography 1. 83.6 per cent of working women in India are 7. How did learning to read and write help engaged in _______. women? a. Software development a. Question the situation of women in society. b. Farming b. Write stories, letters and autobiographies c. Factories describing their own experiences of inequalities. d. Weaving cloth c. Made them think and live in a new way. d. All of the above. 2. Laxmi Lakra, from a poor tribal family is the _________. 8. When we talk about farming, we only talk about a. First Indian woman to set foot on moon the presence of men only. Why? b. First Indian women who became got Nobel a. Because we are stereotyped that only men do prize work on agricultural land and they do most of c. First Indian woman who set sail to all the the work. oceans of the world b. Because in realty, all the work is done by men d. First Indian women engine driver for Northern only. Railways c. Because we consider men to be more strong and healthy. 3. Who was the first Indian woman who wrote her d. Because we think that women are soft and autobiography titled ‘Amar Jiban’? gentle. a. Rashsundari Devi b. Laxmi lakra 9. What are the various reasons why girls leave c. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain school after certain age? d. Sarojini Naidu a. Poverty b. Inadequate facilities in schools 4. What pressures do boys face as they grow? c. Discrimination a. Getting good marks. d. All the above b. Getting good job with nice salary. c. Teased if they do not behave like other boys. 10. What agricultural work do women do on fields? d. All of the above. a. Planting sapling b. weeding, 5. What was the speciality of mission in Khedgaon c. Harvesting and threshing. in Pune which was set up by Pandita Ramabai? d. All the above mentioned works a. Tribal children are taught various skills freely. b. Widows and poor women were made literate II. Short Answer Questions: and independent by teaching carpentry and 1. Write briefly about Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain other skills. c. Takes care of abandoned women, children and and in what way education helped he. elders. d. Was a organisation which takes care of farmers 2. What were the different strategies used during and landless poor. women’s movement? 6. Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain wrote a remarkable 3. What was women’s movement and write briefly story in which women had the freedom to study, about it? work, and create inventions. Name it. a. Amar Jiban III. Long Answer Questions: b. Lady land 1. How was the position of education of boys c. Sultana’s Dream and girls in the past as compared to the recent times? 2. It is still seen that girls are leaving the schools at higher rates than boys. Why? 145

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) or a sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Despite all the efforts to bring in equality, 1. Name the autobiography of Rashundari Devi. there are problems in female education and jobs. Discuss a few. 2. When is International Women’s Day? 3. Name the campaign launched in 2014 for the protection of girls. 4. Who is the author of Sultana’s Dream? II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Why are boys compelled to take up science for studies? 2. How did the Women’s Movement tackle the issue of dowry deaths? 146

6. Understanding Media Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe the influence of business groups on the • Recognise the role of big business in the media media. coverage of events. • Realise that it is the responsibility and smartness • Understand the role of media in forming public of individuals to critically analyse the news and understand the correct picture. opinions. • Explain the importance of balanced news. Concept Map Key Points • At times, advertisement changes what is locally available and locally valued. • Media and advertisement play an important role, often an unwelcoming one, in the life of new • Media refers to the various ways through which we generation. are connected to the society. • Media has the power to make a large group of • The form of media that reaches to millions of people think of an issue or situation, the way they people or the masses is called mass media-TV, want to. radio, newspaper. • Advertising strategies influence people- uniqueness • Mass media uses changing technologies effectively of brand and need to promote it. to reach out to the public. • Sometimes the media clearly indicates what it • Newspaper and magazines are regarded as print wants to convey in the case of a particular event or media and TV, radio etc are called as electronic issue. media. • There are times the media indirectly suggests the • Mass media keeps the people all over the world matter to be viewed in a particular way. connected. • Media at large tend to favour greater financial and social resources. 147

6. Understanding Media • Technologies used by the media- lights, cameras, sound records, transmission satellites etc. are very expensive. • Apart from news readers, a lot of people behind the cameras are also working in mass media like television and hence, it is a big business. • Advertisement is the most important way by which mass media earns money. • Media reports events and issues to the public and the public often react compelling the government to take action on certain issues. • Same news can be viewed from different angles and through the eyes of different groups with different interest and hence, different media can present same news differently. • A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story. • An independent media is not controlled by anyone- it presents factual reports. • It is based on the information presented by the media that the public take action and hence, the media has to be independent and impartial. • When the government restricts the media from a news item, scenes from a movie, lyrics of a song being shared to a larger public etc., it is called as censorship. • We need to realise that beyond the world of film- stars and celebrities there are people who struggle to live and we need to be compassionate. • Despite the censorship, media doesn’t always present balanced news because the media is controlled by business houses. • Media doesn’t report against people who give them advertisement is often one reason for imbalance in reporting. • Media focus on one side of the story mainly to create sensation and to attract public. • Since media has the intention to make us think in a particular way and to make us react in a particular way, it is said that media sets the agenda. • Themediareportedthealarminglevelsofpesticides in cola despite the government resistance- positive impact of media. • Media tend to ignore problems of not getting clean drinking water, problems of slum dwellers after being evicted. • Since the established media often fail to present factual details of matters affecting the life of ordinary people, certain local groups started their own media-local newpapers and local news channels. 148

6. Understanding Media Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Role of Media, • Role of media is to report factually correct Expectation of public news • Media familiarise the products to public PS – 1 through advertisements • Through media people come to know about the news around the world • Media is supposed to present balanced news- Coverage of matter from all the angles • News should be factually correct and impartial • Media should be independent and there should not be any external control Problems in the • Media often present only partial view of an PS – 2 functioning of Media incident- only one aspect is covered • Influence of business houses • Focussed on rating and circulation and hence present the news from certain angles Bitter Reality Related • Since the technology is too expensive to Media it is depended on sponsors who give advertisement PS – 3 • Media does not report anything against the sponsors • Most of the time, media is regarded as business rather than service Worksheet for “Understanding Media” PS-4 Self evaluation with Self evaluation self check or peer check 149

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is meant by mass media? 2. Why are the mass media able to reach many people? 3. How does technology affect the media? 4. How do the television images travel long distance? 5. Why does mass media need a lot of money? 6. How do the mass media manage to get the money required for new expensive technology? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why are mass media important in a democracy? 2. How do the people generally react to the stories presented by the media? 3. What is a balanced report? 4. Why is it said that the media do not always present a balanced report? 5. What is meant by independent media? 6. Why is the media not independent in the present system? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Why is it said that the media sets the agenda? 2. How does the media help in bringing the attention of the authorities to social issues? 3. How does the media fail to focus on significant issues? 4. What is meant by local media? Why are they set up? 5. What is the consequence of the media setting up the agenda? 150

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: b. Advice them on the use of seeds and fertilizers. 1. Which of the following are considered as print c. Make documentary films on real life conditions. d. All of the above. media? a. News paper and magazines 7. How does mass media earn money? b. Television a. Showing advertisements of different products. c. Radio and computer b. Government pays them from the tax amount d. Internet which we pay. 2. How has the technology changed? c. By selling programs/news papers to the viewers a. Improvement in the quality of sound. or readers. b. The wireless or the medium of passing d. Both a and c. information. 8. What are social advertisements? c. The quality of images and visual treat. a. Advertisements made by the Government or d. All of the above. private agencies that have a larger message for 3. What type of advertisement is this? society. b. Advertisements which promote the subject a. National development called social. b. Social advertisement c. Those advertisements which refer to socio c. Awareness program advertisement economic people in society. d. BJP mission d. None of the above. 4. What is censorship of media? a. The government cuts the movies which need to 9. Why are advertisements repeatedly shown on television in between various programs? be telecasted on the medium of television. a. They are shown perfectly. b. The government sometimes prevents the media b. Advertisements are shown to divert . c. With the hope that you will go out and buy the to telecast due to some regulatory issues. product. c. The act of altering, adjusting, editing or d. To relax the tension from these TV serials. banning of any story, article or speech with a 10. Several local groups have come forward to start presumption that its content is objectionable their own media. Why is this happening? by the legislative authority or Government. a. They want to promote themselves. d. Media has free hand and is not censored by b. Media is not interested in covering ‘small’ issues anybody. that involve ordinary people and their daily lives, 5. The most common platforms for mass media c. These groups wanted to prove that even they can are excel in this field without others support. a. News papers and magazines d. These groups are generally the naxalite or very b. Television and Radio rural area where media cannot reach. c. Internet d. All of the above II. Short Answer Questions: 6. How are community radios helpful to remote farmers or poor people in village? 1. Television has brought the world closer to us? a. Help farmers by telling about prices of different Comment on this. cops. 2. How does media set an agenda while reporting? 3. Most television channels and mass media are part of big business houses. Can you explain why? III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Answer the following i) What is meant by balanced report? ii) Why doesn’t media give a balanced report? 2. How can media influence democracy and our views about an issue? 151

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Who invented the television? 1. Why does the media give a lot of attention to advertisements? 2. What is meant by mass media? 3. Define censorship. 4. Write an example for print media. II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. How does the media help in forming public opinion? 2. Why should the media be independent? 152

7. Markets Around Us Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe chain of markets and equality in the • Understand about different types of markets. market. • Explain the role of wholesalers and retailers. • Distinguish between weekly market and small • Illustrate the concept of shopping complexes and malls. shops. Concept Map Markets Around Us Key Points • Branded and non-branded items are available in the local markets. • Weekly markets are held on a specific day of the week. • Wholesale traders buy products in large quantities and sell them to retailers who sell them to • Weekly market has no specific shops- traders set consumers. up stalls for the day. • At present, we can order things online and get it • Things are cheaper at weekly markets because delivered at home. they don’t have to pay rent, electricity bill, fees to government etc. • Between the factory producing goods and the consumer who uses it, there can be many traders. • Most of the time, family members share the work in weekly markets. So they don’t need to hire workers. • There are different types of markets, big and small, depending on which the prices of same things are • In weekly markets, same thing will be available in different. many shops and so there is competition. • All kinds of required items are generally available at weekly markets. • Shops nearby are useful to people because they even give things on credit. • There are places with all kinds of shops in different shops in the same building. • Markets in the urban area are shopping complexes and malls. 153

7. Markets Around Us Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Weekly Markets and Shops in • Traders set up shops for the day the neighbourhood and shift to other places after the day PS – 1 • No rent or electricity bill or fees to PS – 2 government to be paid • Most often members of the family share the work and so no hands to be hired • Competition among shops selling the same items • Shops in the neighbourhood are permanent set up • Familiar and dependable • Credit system Shopping Complexes and • Urban marketing PS – 3 Malls • Many shops in the same building • Different kinds of products in the same shops • Branded and non-branded items Chain of Markets • From factories big wholesalers buy things in bulk PS – 4 • Goods are sold to traders from smaller cities • Retailers sell the goods to consumers Worksheet for “Markets Around Us” PS-5 Self evaluation with self Self evaluation check or peer check 154

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. What is meant by weekly market? 2. Why are things cheap in the weekly market? 3. Why do people bargain at weekly market? 4. What are the advantages of weekly markets? 5. How do the traders of weekly market move from place to place? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How are shops in the neighbourhood helpful? 2. Why are goods sold at neighbouring shops costlier than things sold at weekly market? 3. How do shops in the neighbourhood maintain credit system? 4. What is the advantage of maintaining credit system? 5. How are road side hawkers useful? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What is meant by shopping complex? 2. Why are malls becoming popular these days? 3. Why do people not bargain at malls? 4. Why are branded clothes at malls expensive? 5. Why do the guards at mall stop people from entering the shops? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. What is meant by chain of markets? 2. What is a wholesale market? 3. How can we buy things without going to any shop? 4. Write a short note on the markets that people may not be aware of. 5. Do you think there is equality in the markets? 155

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: d. Only few people can afford to buy from branded showrooms. 1. People would prefer to go to such markets where 8. How is wholesale trade show beneficial? a. We get variety of goods a. Helps in building brand awareness. b. We they have a choice b. Provides opportunities to spot trends that are c. They can bargain relevant in respective industries. d. All of the above c. Helpful in networking and learning about other companies and potential partners. 2. Large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings d. All of the above. with shops on different floors- a. Neighbouring shops 9. What would happen if one trader charges more b. Malls price than the other traders in a weekly market? c. Theaters a. People would move to another shop where the d. R estaurants same thing may be available at lesser price. b. People would stop buying from that trader. 3. What is the unit measure of vegetables in whole c. People would move to another trader where sale markets? bargaining is possible. a. Kilos d. A ll of the above. b. Ton c. Quintal 10. Can there be any problem if we buy things/ d. Newton goods at credit? a. The shopkeeper can cheat us. 4. The trader who finally sells goods to the con- b. We might forget about payment. sumer is called __________. c. We tend to buy more items when it is for credit. a. Whole sale trader d. All of the above. b. Consumer c. Retailer II. Short Answer Questions: d. Producer 1. How are shops in neighbourhood useful for us? 5. Whether we are buyers or sellers in different 2. Why are goods sold in permanent shops markets, ___________ is the most important costlier than those sold in the weekly markets among other things. or by roadside hawkers? a. Potential partners b. Money 3. Why is a wholesale dealer necessary? What ad- c. Availability of opportunities vantage does a whole seller has over a retailer? d. N etwork of connections III. Long Answer Questions: 6. Who are the people in between the producer 1. How does a chain market work? and the final consumer? a. Retail traders 2. You can place orders for items and goods are b. Whole sale traders delivered at your door steps. Explain the c. Intermediate traders statement? State its advantages and d. All of the above disadvantages. 7. Which of the following is not a feature of branded shops? a. They are found in malls and in special showrooms. b. These shops are found in our neighbourhood also. c. Branded goods are expensive. 156

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Why do people go to a weekly market? 1. Why is it important to have chain of markets? 2. Who are the sellers at weekly markets? 3. Who is a wholesaler? 4. What are shopping complexes? II. Answer the following questions briefly: (6 Marks) 1. In what way is a hawker different from a shop owner? 2. Why does a farmer remain poor and the shop owners who sell his products earn a lot? 157

8C.HAASPThEirRt: iAnSthhiret iMnathrekeMtarket LLeeaarrnnininggOOuuttccoommeess • • wCRRpverhiearetiilolraceiysfaltieiltlhsleyteewhsapasthn.othiaolraleiryctshdtrehoipctetehhhoepepplohaleeocaokrirndpodtlwfoeheoeqitrnchkuheaatalhnihitndeyameircnadhartkanhweievnohemrurmkyagrelaakeknepsestrd..ohfeiutagrne • ••A •A•t ttEUhtUEhxnexpendpedleealneanriridndsnsttohoahafnonoftwdtwdhhhithsithoshocewhecwlhaoalpoacapatcprpeloatrrtd,leroayutrdrd,ocauestudrtcrwseuetaeidrrlcxselehpbaenelecoxsthipasttebhlpwoesloeiitmtolthlrpoabef:oraekmoremarta.befrarlksere.mtto.e:rs. • Critically analyse the lack of equality in the • • DDeessccrriibbee ththeechchaaininofomf amrakrektest-s-mmerecrhchaannttss--wweeaavveerrss-- market. ggaarrmmeennt faaccttoorryy- -fofroeriegingtnratdraerdse. rs. CCoonncceeppttMMaapp 0 KKeeyyPPooininttss • Merchants place orders to get the clothes made by the weavers and the weavers get the yarn from the merchant and make the clothes for him. • The story of a shirt begins from the production of cotton • Silnlcneestsh,ethmeeyrcdhoan’tts hparvoevidtheethpeowweravteorsquweitshtioranwthe • Tthoethsetosreyllinogf oafsahsihrtirtb. egins from the production of • coBtutyoinngtaontdhseelsleinlglinhagpopfeanssahtiretv.ery step in the chain. meaxtperloiailtsatainodn.market for their finished products, the • • BCuaysiengstuadnydofsaelslminagll hscaaplepceontstonatpleavneterryfrsotmepKuinrnothole • • ammTTMEtfnhhreahdeeroerroecgmarmmdhicwrnarehaeayaenkralanbactepngrhihvs-nretaeawosmhnstrfeuiopstetageslnasala.ekotenlcltllbpydletsoerycofotttpwhlfprhoietdeoeetsweewhwncroehsmlerftoe.ahttcraohevelroaeemkgsstreehsettttrehgocdtseehhogtaaewaenrtreeshctmaleabbovenreeytndihraistsnerkwgfngsaebecsmafturtovoosaoelrdimrndine.lieeysstshbsey- CCcKhsTaC(uaoAmrgoasrtanrttneiadedtnooloeehl.nsnorprttsaollbuba(lPgodoenArilnlytvalnlesdesddrdoestdhmhofshorheonaaai)nrov.nPeeptsoryrbmttaooutddabrocuselhultcpsereohsoscpctkio)ne.araonrlnfpeeatdtehrucmpneronlseutt.arhctsmokenaeitsndwapdamiltyamheanacntkdaederaresyt.ofhrateohnmmed • • • amn eexracmhpalnetfoarnpdumttiankg-eotuhtesycsltoetmh.es for him. • • • • soCutlhtiveatsimonalolfpcloatntotenrsis heaxvpentsoivechbeeckauasendferptliulizcekrsi,t • • WSeianvceersthceoompeerracthivaenitssapnroavsisdoeciathtieonwtehaavtehreslpwsitthheraw wpiethstcicaidres. etc. are required. wmeaavteerrsiatolsbuayndthemyaarrnkedtirfeocrtlythweitirhofuintitshheeadsspisrtoadncuects, • • TTrahdeetrrasdleersndpaymvoenryelyestsotoptohoe rfaframremrsebrsutawnhdenmthaekye owtGEotaoTrfoeohmnDhnvadeeedveleeyrelmrhnmrcmmmimshee.geaaarearrcnkrnccrghtmheth.iaasaneannnnalhtstttloushfpsaegearclhelolstselosflaptiprhttyrslshe.oo.ebtfcilycotolftowbhptuehhoyseewinbrseegotaruo.csglghotatthhrfemreosmewnferwtoafmevaaecvrtteshoresrgieest fCTtehSstlEhuehreerieltnnoeltmildcyidltivieetrezdaaarieonbstgtdrnihitrtso-eo’ehew,tnreepmhsefmeaeatpakovrsonaamletyrgafiyktcegichevirveldestoece,uteoprthtanshoythretmeweeeoxlyeteiapnrcmsdrre.kpsetcaaeoptrtkteiroeoqseedddnugotrdeueoheexeescoseqptnxeidbeuotpfinrapnineirossrrneteonmkrhdssefebiie.ttdtvuu.ehruesxsreeipnnsblte.eoobusittesimal-clwtnofairoenhousneemss.yn,e • • • • • • • • • GTahrmeenatrfraacntogreymmeankets absehtwirteaennd etxhpeortsmite.rchant and thyaerynsteolal lilttiynptehseofmclaortkhest,atrheebyeimngaskoeldg.ood profit. • MwajeoarvfoerreisgnabnueyxearsmaprelethfeorUpSuatntdinEgu-roupet.system. • Since the farmers are dependent on these money • Weavers cooperative is an association that helps lenders to manage unexpected expenses due to the weavers to buy the yarn directly without the assistance of merchant. 51 158

8. A Shirt in the Market • Government also helps by buying clothes from the weavers. • Erode merchant sells the clothes bought from weavers to Delhi garment factory. • Garment factory makes a shirt and exports it. • Major foreign buyers are the US and Europe. • Foreign buyers demand cheap rate, high quality and on-time supply. • Garment factories make the workers do maximum work at the lowest possible wages and ensure their profit. • Garment factories employ workers, mainly women, at low wages as temporary staff so that they can be removed from work anytime. • Cotton farmer is the one who is getting the lowest amount from the entire buying and selling process. • Foreign business persons make huge profit by selling the shirts at double or more amount. • Democracy is also about getting a fair wage in the market but it does not happen. • The rich make more and more profit and the poor struggle but gain very little. 159

8. A Shirt in the Market Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Cotton farmer and the • Cotton cultivation needs a lot of money local trader for fertilisers, pesticides etc. • Local traders give loan to farmers PS – 1 • Farmers in return will have to sell the products to the local traders • Local traders pay very little amount to the farmers • Traders sell the cotton in the market for better profits Merchant and weavers • Merchants provide the weavers with yarn and place order for clothes PS – 2 • Weavers get yarn (raw material) without spending money and also market for products • Merchant pays very little to the weavers • The merchant sells the clothes to garment factories for better profits Garment factory and • Garment factories make shirts and Foreign Traders export it • Foreign traders buy shirts for cheap PS – 3 rate, demand fine quality and punctual PS – 4 delivery • Sell it to consumers for huge profits • There is no equality in the market- the rich earn a lot and the poor just work hard for too less money Worksheet for “A Shirt in the Market” PS-5 Self evaluation with Self evaluation self check or peer check 160

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Why do the cotton farmers depend on local traders? 2. How do the local traders exploit the poor farmers? 3. How do the local traders respond if the farmers ask for more money? 4. Why do you think the traders pay loans to the farmers? 5. Do you think the farmers get what they deserve? Why do you think so? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. How do the merchants get the weavers to work for them at Erode cloth market? 2. Why is the agreement with the merchant convenient for the weavers? 3. Why do the merchants have upper hand over the weavers? 4. What are the disadvantages of taking the help of the merchants? 5. What is weaver’s cooperative? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. What does the Erode merchant do with the cloth he buys from the weavers? 2. What does the garment export factory do with the cloth bought from the merchant? 3. What are the general demands of the foreign buyers? 4. How do the garment export factories satisfy the demands of the foreign buyers? 5. Why do you think more women are employed in garment factories? PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) 1. How do the foreign buyers do their business? 4. Why are markets important? 2. What are the reasons that the foreign buyers are 5. How can exploitation be controlled in the able to make huge profits? market? 3. Why don’t people gain equally in the market? 161

PRACTICE SHEET - 5 (PS-5) I. Choose the correct option: sell cotton to traders only rather than big mar- kets? 1. What is a boll? a. Because they borrow money from traders to a. A protective case in which soft cotton fiber grows. purchase high levels of inputs like fertilizers, b. Seeds of cotton is called boll. pesticides etc. and sometimes for their personal c. The yarn which is made using the cotton is needs called boll. b. They borrow money for business from trader d. The process where the seed is removed from and hence have to sell their cotton to them the cotton. c. They borrow money to buy land d. They borrow money to pay as deposit for 2. Women are employed as helpers for farming the cotton field a. Thread cutting, buttoning, b. Ironing 9. How do you think weavers would make profits if c. Packaging not for the cloth merchants? d. All of the above a. They would buy yarn at lower price themselves and sell the cloth to higher price 3. ______ removes the seeds and presses the b. They might get the yarn for free cotton into bales. c. They make profits by stitching clothes also a. Power looms d. Weavers do not make much profit generally b. Ginning mills c. Spinning mills 10. How is the life of a weaver? d. The famers a. Very luxurious life as they get lots of profits from weaving 4. _______ is a machine where yarn is woven into b. They are treated very badly as they weavers are cloth. considered as downtrodden and are not paid a. Spinning mill properly b. Cart wheel c. The weavers and their families spend long c. Power looms hours working on these looms and have about d. Wind mills 2–8 power looms on which the yarn is woven into cloth 5. What is the output in spinning mills? d. Weaving is a very easy process and they have a a. Bales comfortable life b. Bolls c. Yarn II. Short Answer Questions: d. Cotton 1. Explain the statements shortly: 6. What is the relation between a merchant and a i) Dependency of small farmers on traders - weaver? ii) Advantage when weaver takes yarn from a. Putting-out system merchant- b. That of an employer and an employee iii) Effects of pressures from the buyers- c. That of an owner and a tenant d. That of a money lender and borrower 2. What is the role of cloth merchants in the market (cloth industry)? 7. What is the job of weavers? a. The weavers make yarn out of threads. 3. State the differences between power loom and b. The weavers get the yarn from the merchant, handloom. makes cloth from it and supply him the cloth. c. The weavers stitch garments from the cloth. III. Long Answer Questions: d. The weavers remove the fluffy cotton from the seeds. 1. How is the poor weaver exploited in the market and who are the gainers in the market? 8. Why do most of small cotton farmers have to 2. Is there any way to get freedom from the money merchants? Suggest the steps taken by the Government of India in promoting the weavers group? 162

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Define ginning mill. 1. Who is getting the lowest benefit out of the people involved in making readymade cotton garments? Why is it so? 2. Who is an exporter? 3. Who buys cotton from the farmer in general? 4. Name the place in Tamil Nadu famous for cloth market. II. Answer the following questions briefly:(6 Marks) 1. Explain putting- out system. 2. How does the garment export factory treat the workers? 163

9. Struggles for Equality Learning Outcomes At the end of this chapter, students will be able to: • Describe the ways and means by which people • Understand that struggles for equality has been fought against injustice. there whenever there was injustice. • Compare and contrast the lives of the privileged • Explain the reason for different kinds of social and the less privileged and suggest how Constitution guarantees ways to protect the poor. discrimination. • Realise that those who fought against injustice are always respected. Concept Map Key Points • Discriminated groups protest and it attracted the attention of the public. • When people are treated unequally, at some point, they rebel against the injustice. • People are evicted from their homes for the construction of dams, national parks etc. • Indian Constitution guarantees equality as fundamental right. • When people are evicted for urbanisation also, they struggle as work and schooling of children get • No person can be discriminated on the basis of disrupted. religion, sex, caste or financial status. • For building Tawa dam, people were evicted and • All the adults of India have the right to vote and they could hardly find any way to earn a living. elect their leaders. • When the fishing right was given to contractors, • Privatisation of health care has made it difficult for they brought cheap labourers from outside and poor people to get proper treatment. villagers were displaced. • A man who sells juice can’t afford to compete with • Villagers stood united and fought against injustice- companies that sell branded drinks. Tawa Matsya Sangh demanded right to fish. • Poverty and lack of resources are the reasons for • Government granted the right to fish to the people being unequal. protestors. • People are discriminated against, on the basis of • They formed a cooperative to help the villagers sell religion and caste as well. their fish at better rate and improve. • The work women do is often considered of less • When people quote the Constitution repatedly to value than that done by men. gain their rights, it is called as ‘living Constitution’. 164 • People who protest against discrimination are respected in the society.

9. Struggles for Equality Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Unequal Treatment faced by • Religious Discrimination PS – 1 people • Gender Bias • Economic Inequality Tawa Matsya Sangh • Construction of dam across the river Tawa PS – 2 • Villagers forced to displace • Fishing right given on contract • Villagers displaced • Protest of the villagers • Restoration of rights Constitution as a Living • The Constitution guarantees PS – 3 Document equality to all citizens • Inequality existing in the society • Struggles to gain equality Worksheet for “Struggles for Equality” PS – 4 Self evaluation with self Self evaluation check or peer check 165

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Why are the lives of many people unequal in India? 2. What do you think is meant by the expression, ‘power over the ballot box’? 3. What are the kinds of discrimination that we generally see in the society? 4. Why do Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim girls drop out of school in large numbers? 5. Why are people who fight for equality respected? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Why are people generally displaced? 2. How do the lives of people get affected when they are forcefully displaced? 3. Why did Tawa Matsya Sangh decide to fight for justice? 4. How did the Tawa Matsya Sangh protest? 5. What was the result of the protest of the Tawa Matsya Sangh? 6. How did the cooperatives help the Tawa Matsya Sangh? PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. How does the Constitution help in fighting discrimination? 2. Apart from protests, what other means are used to fight inequality? 3. Why do people quote the Indian Constitution during protest against inequality? 4. What are the factors hampering equal treatment of people in the society? 5. When is the Constitution called as a living document? 166

PRACTICE SHEET - 4 (PS-4) I. Choose the correct option: c. Pond d. Dam 1. What is power over the ballot box? a. Every citizen of India has the power to keep 7. In urban areas too, bastis (slum area) in which ballot box with him. poor people live are often uprooted. Why? b. All adults in India have the equal right to vote a. To make way for constructions of big buildings during elections. or industries. c. All citizens of India have the right to vote b. To provide them with nice apartments. irrespective of their age. c. To make them self reliant by sending them to d. The upper class of India have the power of various places for jobs. using ballot box. d. To plant more trees in those areas. 2. Who does not come under SC/ST category? 8. What would be the disadvantages of building a a. Adivasis dam? b. Dalits a. Hamper aquatic life and their migration due to c. Brahmins excessive sedimentation. d. Muslim communities b. Submergence of land and vegetation. c. Settlements are lost leading to displacement of 3. Many cooperatives were formed in order to people. a. To help each other when needed. d. All of the above. b. Have more control over resources and be helpful for its members. 9. Why does inequality still exist in our country? c. To meet during festivals and functions. a. Lack of resources and money. d. To meet and discuss their problems. b. Discrimination against social and cultural background. 4. What would happen if people are displaced c. Illiteracy (of education and rights of a person). from their places where they were staying since d. All of the above. many years? a. Education of their kids is affected. 10. Dalit, Adivasi and Muslim girls drop out of b. People lose their livelihood. school in large numbers. Which of the following c. They lose their land, settlements or relations is not the relevant reason for this? d. All of the above. a. Air-conditioned classrooms. b. Social discrimination. 5. Why have writers, singers, dancers and artists c. Lack of good quality school facilities. been very active in the fight against inequality? d. Poverty. a. They were working for their livelihood. b. They are good in expressing their feelings in II. Short Answer Questions: these ways. 1. What was the contribution of writers, singers, c. They were expressing their protests in the form of writing articles, dance form or songs . dancers and artists towards the fight against d. They were very free and had no work at that inequality? time. 2. Why do girls belonging to Dalit, Adivasis and 6. An enlarged natural or artificial lake, pond Muslim community drop out of schools in large created using a dam or land-lock region to store numbers? What steps can be taken to improve water- their conditions? a. River b. Reservoir 3. What do you think is meant by the expression ‘power over the ballot box’? Discuss. III. Long Answer Questions: 1. Describe briefly about the issue for which the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) is fighting for? 2. What role does the Constitution play in people’s struggles for equality? 167

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 15 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following questions in one word or III. Think and answer: (5 Marks) sentence: (4 Marks) 1. Name the state where Tawa Matsya Sangh 1. Describe the role played by the Constitution was formed. in people’s struggle for equality? 2. Where does Tawa river originate? 3. When was, the fishing rights in Tawa reservoir given to private contractors? 4. Where is Tehri dam located? II. Answer the following questions: (6 Marks) 1. Why is it said that women are discriminated in our society? 2. Why was the fishing rights at Tawa reservoir given to private contractors? How did it affect the villagers? 168

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