202110189-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS SESSION 1 EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS – GANGES VALLEY 2700 YEARS AGO 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Kingdom: A country that is governed by a king or queen. 2. Republic: A country which has a president rather than a king or queen. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Ganga and Yamuna are rivers that flow between the Himalayan Mountains and the hills of the Deccan Plateau which is called the Gangetic Valley. SESSION 1. GANGES VALLEY 2700 YEARS AGO 99

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS ii. The people of different tribes settled down to practice agriculture in convenient parts of the valley. The tribes were called ‘Jana’ and the place where they settled was called Janapada. iii. Large villages and towns developed in these parts called Mahajanapadas or big ‘Janapadas’. iv. We know much about these villages and towns from archeological excavations in different places and also from the books composed during the period i.e. some 2700 years ago. v. Some important archeological sites of the time of Mahajanapadas — Delhi, Atranjikhera, Patna, Kausambi, Rajgir, Ayodhya etc. vi. Some important books of this period are Upanishads, Dharmasutras, Digha Nikaya etc. vii. The agriculturist in mahajanapadas were called “Grihapathis.” Images A king riding out of a town fort SESSION 1. GANGES VALLEY 2700 YEARS AGO 100

SESSION 2 EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS – SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAHAJANAPADAS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Janapada: Place where tribes are settled. 2. Mahajanapada: Large groups of villages and towns. 3. Dasas: Slaves. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the Ganas with Gond Panch –what similarities and differences do you see between them. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 95 Q2] SESSION 2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAHAJANAPADAS 101

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS A. Ganas Gond Panch Similarities: 1) Ruled by group of male rulers. 1) Panch is a council of adult male house holders. 2) No participation of women. 2) No participation of women. 3) They perform rituals, met and decided 3) Panch fixes dates of major festivals, upon issues of common interest in allow marriages, rituals and settle assemblies through discussion and disputes. debate. Differences: 1) Gana is a form of Government ruled by 1) It is a Panch – Council of adult male a group of rulers. householders. 2) It is seen in Vajji Mahajanapada. 2) It is seen in the village. Q2. Write a story about the slave of the Grihapati who travelled from the village to the city of pataliputra with his master. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 95 Q3] A. Once a man was sold to a Gahapati of Magadha as a slave. The Gahapati took him to his Mahajanapada from ‘Asmaka, The slave was tied with iron chains. It was very difficult for him to run behind his owner’s horse carriage under scorching sun. After a few days the slave was unchained. He had to do all the personal works for his master. But one day he remembered his family members and tried to escape. But the Gahapati caught him. Then the slave was tied to his horse. He reached Magadha without any treatment. There he spent his lifetime alone with that Gahapati. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Can you point out the difference between the way villages are managed today and in the times of Maha- janapadas ?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 95 Q4] A. Villages were managed in the time of Mahajanapadas in several ways 1) The agriculture was managed by landowners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis who worked along with their family members on the fields. 2) They also employed ‘Dasas’ or slaves and workers ‘Bhrtukas’ or who worked on their fields and homes in return for wages. 3) Usually the largest landowner became the headman of the village. He was the leader of the village and used by the king to collect taxes from other villages. 4) He also acted as a judge and sometimes as a policeman to maintain law and order in the village. The way villages are managed today SESSION 2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAHAJANAPADAS 102

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 1) The agriculture is managed by the farmers themselves in their land either by themselves or by workers. 2) Today there are no slaves or bonded labour. All workers receive their wages. 3) Today villages are managed by Gram Panchayat which is headed by a Sarpanch. 4) The Sarpanch is elected for 5 years by voters above the age of 18 years and are registered as voters in the Gram Sabha. 5) He presides over the meetings of Gram Panchayat and makes arrangements for the election of Upa- sarpanch. He plans the programmes for the present year and makes a review of the administration of the previous year and proposes new developmental programmes. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Find out how the crafts persons are taxed by the government today. Was it the same in the times of Mahajanapadas? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 95 Q5] A. 1) Today the crafts people pay taxes to the Gram Panchayat of the village. 2) In the time of Mahajanapadas as well as today there were crafts persons like blacksmiths who made tools for agriculture, potters who made pots for cooking and storing grains, carpenters who made carts, furniture etc and weavers who wove cloth for the villagers. They were taxed liberally. Today money is paid to buy craft products. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the 16 Mahajanapadas on the map of India. [Refer to TB page 95 Q7] A. SESSION 2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAHAJANAPADAS 103

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 2.4 Key Concepts 1. The agriculture was managed by landowners called Grihapatis or Gahapatis. They employed dasas or slaves and workers ‘bhrtakas’ for wages. 2. The largest landowner becomes the headman of the village. 3. Cities of those times were mainly inhabited by poor people who worked hard for others to earn their living. 4. Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings. The kings had an army of their own to ensure that people followed their orders and no other king would attack their kingdom. SESSION 2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORY OF MAHAJANAPADAS 104

SESSION 3 EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS – CASE STUDIES: MAGADHA A POWERFUL KINGDOM; VAJJI - A GANA 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 105 1. Bhrtukas: Workers working in the fields in return for wages. 2. Grihapatis: Agriculture managed by landowners. SESSION 3. CASE STUDIES: MAGADHA A POWERFUL KINGDOM; VAJJI - A GANA

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What do you mean by Gana? How were they different from the kingdoms ruled by the kings?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 95 Q1] A. 1) Gana means an area ruled by a tribal group. 2) In a Gana, there is no single ruler but a group of rulers. 3) Sometimes even thousands of men ruled together and each of them called themselves as ‘raja’. i.e; Vajji 4) They performed rituals, met and decided upon issues of common interest in assemblies through discussion and debate. 5) But the kingdoms were ruled by kings hereditarily. 6) These kings had an army of their own to ensure that people followed their orders and no other king would attack their kingdom. 7) These kings had council of ministers which held different responsibilities. 3.4 Key Concepts i. Magadha kingdom was spread on both sides of the Ganga River. ii. Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru were early kings of Magadha. During the time of Mahapadma Nanda the kingdom extended from the North West part of India to Odisha. iii. The Vajji Mahajanapada was to the north of Magadha and it had a Gana form of government. iv. Buddha and Mahavira belonged to Ganas and became famous teachers respected in all the Mahajana- padas. v. Gouthama Buddha, the founder of Buddhisim and vardhamana mahavira the founder of jainism were furnished in Mahajanapadas period Images Gana assembly scene from sachi SESSION 3. CASE STUDIES: MAGADHA A POWERFUL KINGDOM; VAJJI - A GANA 106

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the column A with column B Column A Column B i. Painted Grey Ware a. Slaves ii. Dasas b. Plates iii. Land owner c. Janapadas iv. Tribes d. Grihapatis v. Mahajanapadas e. Jana 2. Match the column A with column B Column A Column B i. Book a. Tax paid to the king ii. Blacksmith b. Army iii. King c. Upanishads iv. People of the tribes d. Sickles & axes v. Bhaga e. Obeyed headman’s commands 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) How are the Ganges plains? (ii) What were the materials used to build strong fortresses? (iii) Who were called Jana? (iv) How did the kings collect taxes from the people? (v) What is meant by Janapada? CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 107

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS (vi) Why did the kings of Mahajanapadas need armies? (vii) What was the other name for Janapada? (viii) How did the herders of cattle pay tax to the king? (ix) Who ruled the Mahajanapadas? (x) Name the powerful Magadha kings. 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The Gangetic plain is very . (xii) The largest land owner became the of the village. (xiii) The Ganga and Yamuna rivers bring from the Himalayas and flow throughout the year. (xiv) Potters made pots for . (xv) The tribes called “Jana” settled in a place called . (xvi) Traders were made to pay on the goods they sold. (xvii) was a powerful kingdom in Mahajanapadas. (xviii) was the son of Bimbisara. (xix) The slaves captured in wars and sold to the farmers were called . (xx) emerged as a very powerful kingdom during that time. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the sources through which we are able to know about the Mahajanapada? (ii) Which are the important books written during this period? (iii) Name some of the important archaeological sites of the Mahajanapadas? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Make a list of the Mahajanapadas and cities which were situated on the Ganges valley. CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 108

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS (ii) What are the reasons for the emergence of Magadha as a powerful kingdom? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Point out the differences between the way villages are managed today and how they were managed in the time of Mahajanapadas. (ii) Discuss the history of Mahajanapada and the method of tax collection. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following Mahajanapadas in the given outline map of India. a) Kuru b) Magadha c) Asmaka d) Matsya e) Avanti CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 109

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The Gangetic plain receives rainfall. (A) Low (B) Moderate (C) Heavy (D) None of the above (ii) The different tribes who settled down to practice agriculture in the Gangetic valley were called . (A) Mana (B) Sana (C) Bana (D) Jana (iii) One of the important books written during this period of Mahajanapadas was (A) Upanishads (B) Koran (C) Bible (D) Ramayana (iv) Agriculture was managed by land owners called (A) Gajapathi (B) Grihapatis (C) Gruhampad (D) Ganas (v) Tools like sickles and plough that are necessary for agriculture were made by (A) Blacksmiths (B) Goldsmiths (C) Carpenters (D) Weavers (vi) The areas where Janapada people settled were . (A) River valleys (B) Mountain areas (C) Deserts (D) Coastal areas (vii) Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by . (A) Nizams (B) Kings (C) Headman (D) Dasas CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 110

CHAPTER 10-EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS (viii) met the expenses of entertaining guests and holding festivals. (A) Tribals (B) Bhartukas (C) Gahapatis (D) Gond Patla (ix) Division of crops into six equal parts and giving one part to the king by the Grihapatis was called . (A) Raga (B) Saga (C) Bhaga (D) Mega (x) In the Southern part of Magadha deposits were available which were used for making weapons. (A) Magnesium (B) Iron ore (C) Silver (D) Copper CHAPTER 10. EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS 111

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS —— Project Based Questions —— (i) Fill in the boxes with the places that are located in the mentioned direction from your home: (ii) Find a country for each letter and locate them on an outline map of the world: Project Based Questions 112

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS Project Based Questions 113

PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS (iii) Choose a village from a different state than yours and find out about its land form, soils, rainfall, agricul- tural activities, non–agricultural activities, crops, markets etc. Prepare a report on this village. You can take the help of your elders, teachers and internet. (iv) Talk to some farmers in your area and try to understand their hardships and problems. Prepare a report and share it in the class. (v) Collect the images of different tribes in their traditional attire and prepare a chart. (vi) Asmaka was the only Mahajanapada situated to the south of Vindhya Range. Collect information about this kingdom with the help of internet and make a presentation in your class. (vii) Write a script of a small play to explain the problems of small vegetable vendors and the functioning of Santhas. Project Based Questions 114

$GGLWLRQDOMap %DVHG3UDFWLFH4XHVWLRQV CHAPTER 1­READING AND MAKING MAPS Q1. Look at the map given below and answer the following questions. (i) Which is the westernmost state of India? (ii) Which islands lie towards the east of India? (iii) Is there an arrow marking north? If yes, where on the map is it marked? Additional Map Based Practice Questions 115

CHAPTER 2­GLOBE ­ A MODEL OF THE EARTH Q1. On an outline map of the world, mark the hemispheres. CHAPTER 3A­LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH Q1. Look at the map given below and answer the following questions. DeccanWestern Ghats Map 2: PlateauEastern Ghats Southern Land Forms of India The Arabian Plain Plateau Sea Hills / Mountains Bay of Bengal (i) What does the map show? (ii) Which landforms are present in Andhra Pradesh? (iii) Which colour deTnohteesInpdlaiianns?Ocean (i) What does the map show? (ii) Which landforms are present in Andhra Pradesh? (iii) Which colour denotes plains? Additional Map Based Practice Questions 116

CHAPTER 6­FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD ­ THE EARLIEST PEOPLE Q1. Look at the map given below and answer the following questions. (i) Which district of Andhra Pradesh has four rock art sites? 117 (ii) Where are Dappale and Chintakunta located? (iii) How many rock art sites do Ananthapuram and Chittoor have? Additional Map Based Practice Questions

CHAPTER 10­EMERGENCE OF KINGDOMS AND REPUBLICS Q1. Look at the map given below and answer the following questions. (i) Name the kingdoms which lie outside present­day India. (ii) In which state of present­day India would Kosala and Malaya lie? Additional Map Based Practice Questions 118