202110189-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

Social Workbook_6_P_1.pdf 1 10/18/19 12:06 PM 6 Part - 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents Unit Theme Content Page No. 1. Diversity on the Earth 1 1. Reading and Making Maps 12 2. Production Exchange and 2. Globe ­ A Model of the Earth 24 Livelihoods 28 3A. Landforms of Andhra Pradesh 3B. Penamakuru ­ A Village in the 39 Krishna Delta 51 4. Salakam Cheruvu ­ A Village on 65 the Plateau 80 5. Kunavaram - Tribal Villages on the 91 Hills 99 6. From Gathering Food to Growing Food ­ The Earliest People 112 115 7. Agriculture in our times 3. Political Systems and 9. Community Decision Making in a Governance Tribe 10. Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics Project Based Questions Additional Map based Practice questions

1. READING AND MAKING MAPS SESSION 1 READING AND MAKING MAPS – TYPES OF MAPS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Map: Maps tell us several things about different places. 2. Sketch: Details of location of a place in a designed map. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the important features of a map?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 7 Q7] A. In my observation directions, scale, symbols and conventional symbols are the important–features of a map. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Maps tell us several things about different places. ii. We have to observe different maps i.e., physical maps, administrative maps, historical maps to get all the information. iii. Sketch map describes about the details of location of a place. iv. If you stand facing the east, all things to your right hand side will be towards the south, things to your left will be towards the north, and all things behind you will be to the west. SESSION 1. TYPES OF MAPS 1

SESSION 2 READING AND MAKING MAPS – PARTS OF A MAP 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Direction: Guidance through instructions. 2. Scale: The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why is the actual distance on the ground reduced on the map? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 7 Q3] SESSION 2. PARTS OF A MAP 2

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS A. It is impossible to draw a map showing actual distances. So we use ‘scale’ for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on the map. Information Skills Q1. Find out the distance from your mandal headquarter to the district headquarter by converting map distance into actual distance. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 7 Q2] A. Let us assume the distance between mandal headquarter to the district headquarter in the map per 1 cm = 5 km, Actual distance = 5 x 5 km= 25 kms. Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the symbols representing different water bodies, worshipping places and public offices to show on the map. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 7 Q5] A. a) Water bodies–Tank, River b) Worshipping places : Mosque, Temple, Church c) Public offices: PTO: Post and Telegraph Office P S : Police Station R S : Railway Station P 0 : Post Office Q2. Sketch your house and convert it into a map. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 7 Q6] A. Student’s Activity. 2.4 Key Concepts i. In maps north direction is indicated at the top, and the south direction is indicated at the bottom. ii. East side is indicated on the right side of the map and west side is indicated on the left side of the map. iii. Scale is used to show the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map. iv. Symbols are the representation of things on a map in a reduced manner. SESSION 2. PARTS OF A MAP 3

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Sunrise a. Points towards the north ii. Sunset b. Roughly drawn map of a place iii. Top side of the map c. West iv. Sketch d. Points towards the south v. Bottom of the map e. East 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Symbol i. The actual distance on the ground shown in b. Left hand side reduced manner c. Scale ii. Marks on a map used to show a place or d. Physical map physical features e. Political map iii. Mountains in India iv. Map with different districts of a state v. Westward direction on the map 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. 4 (i) What is a district map? (ii) In which direction is Delhi from Hyderabad? (iii) What is a direction? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (iv) In your observation, what is the important feature of the map? (v) What do you mean by a sketch map? (vi) In a district map, villages and towns are shown with dots and circles. What do we call the dots and circles? 4. Fill in the blanks. (i) ____________tell us several things about different places. (ii) ____________are the directions which are relative to something. (iii) We have to observe different maps i.e. ____________maps,maps, ____________ and____________ maps to get all the information. (iv) With the help of the map we know the important ____________ of the location. (v) ____________ describes the location of a place. (vi) We use a scale for showing the actual distance on the ground in a ____________ manner. (vii) ____________ are the signs which are used in the place of real ones. (viii) In a district map the villages and towns are shown with____________ and____________. (ix) Guidance through instruction is called ____________. (x) Map makers prepare symbols____________ to their needs. CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 5

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why do we use scale in a map? What is the difference between the scale in a map and the scale you use in the class? (ii) Why do we use symbols on the map? Draw some of the important symbols that you know. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the important directions? If you stand in front of your school main gate, what do you see in all the four directions? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the following table and answer the questions. S.No Item Particulars of reading and making maps 1 Maps Tell us several things about different places 2 Sketch Map Gives the details of location of a place in a designed map. 3 Scale Shows the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner 4 Symbols on a map. Symbols are used to show different things on a map. i. What is a map? ii. Why are symbols used by map makers? iii. What gives you details of the location of a place in a designed map? iv. What information is given by the table? v. What is used show the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 6

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Identify the following places in the outline map of Andhra Pradesh. a) Guntur b) Nellore c) Vishakhapatnam d) Chittoor e) Kurnool CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 7

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (ii) Draw the given directions. (a) North (b) South (c) East (d) West (e) North–west (f) North–east (g) South–west (h) South–east (iii) Observe the given map of Andhra Pradesh and answer the questions given below: i. How many districts are there in Andhra Pradesh state? 8 ii. What are the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh? iii. Name a district located on the east side of Andhra Pradesh? iv. Which districts are located near Telangana State? v. What are the neighbouring districts of Kadapa? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (iv) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. Answer the following questions based on the map: i. In which direction of the church is the river flowing? ii. What kind of road is present on the south of Sripuram village? iii. Which type of railway line is located near Sripuram? iv. Name the village that lies to the north of the railway track? v. Imagine you are in the school shown on the map. Which direction will you face if you are coming out of your school? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 9

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) If you stand facing the east, the direction to your right is __________. (A) North (B) South (C) East (D) West (ii) The common symbols which are used on the maps are called __________. (A) Marks (B) Landmarks (C) Conventional symbols (D) Brain (iii) East is to the __________ of a map. (A) Left (B) Right (C) Front (D) Back (iv) South is to the __________ of the map. (B) Left (A) Right (C) Top (D) Bottom (v) In some special cases maps may be made with the __________ on the top or on the left side. Howeverin such cases, a special mention will be made on the map. (A) East (B) South (C) West (D) Right (vi) We always show things on maps with the help of __________. (A) Symbols (B) Pictures (C) Diagrams (D) Equations (vii) Scale is the _____________ between the distance of places on a map and the actual distance on the ground. (A) percentage (B) addition (C) ratio (D) multiplication CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 10

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (viii) PTO stands for _________ on a map. (B) Post and Telegraph office (A) Post Office (D) Railway Station (C) Police Station (ix) A sketch map cannot show ______________. (A) the distance between two places (B) which roads to take in order to reach a particular place (C) the landmarks on the way to the destination point (D) the destination point (x) Which of the following statements is true? (A) Scale is used to show the location of a landmark on a map. (B) Most often south is indicated to the top of a map. (C) Conventional symbols refer to the most frequently used symbols on a map. (D) The direction of a place is not determined by its relative location with respect to another place. CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 11

2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH SESSION 1 GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH – EARTH 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 12 1. Latitudes: The lines that are drawn from the west to east. 2. Longitudes: The lines that run from one pole to another pole. SESSION 1. EARTH

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Rosy is spinning a bangle like a top –What is the shape you visualize? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q3] A. I visualize it that it is in spheroid shape Q2. ”The Sun always rises in the east”.Find the reason.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q6] A. As earth spins in the direction from west to east, so Sun appeaars to always rise in the east. Q3. Why do we draw imaginary lines on the globe/map? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q7] A. Imaginary lines are drawn on the map by map makers to help us locate places on the globe and maps. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Ramesh says “Earth is flat”. What do you say? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q2] A. I will say “No, the earth is spherical in shape”. Information Skills Q1. Collect the Information about explorers like Columbus. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q4] A. Vasco Da Gama, Magellan, Captain David Cook are some of explorers like Columbus 1) Marco Polo –Italian –1552 –1618 –Exploration of Asia and China. – 2) Ferdinand Magellan –Portuguese –1480–1521 –First voyage around the world 3) Christopher Columbus –Italian / Spanish –1451 –1506–Discovery of the new world 4) America Vespucci - Italian / Spanish - 1454 - 1512 - America was named after him 5) Vasco Da Gama - Portuguese - 1469 - 1524 - Discovery of Ocean Route from Portuguese to the East. 6) Captain James Cook - British explorer - 1728 - 1779 - Explored Australia Mapping Skills Q1. There is an outline map of the world on the next page. Identify and write the names of continents and oceans. Colour the map using appropriate colours. Draw and write the names of the main latitudes. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q1] SESSION 1. EARTH 13

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH A. Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn are the three main latitudes. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. What is the effort put up by scientists and sailors to know about earth? [ Refer to [Refer to TB page 1 Q3]Q] A. Some six hundred years ago, most people believed that the earth was flat and that if you kept travelling in a direction, you would reach the edge of the earth and would fall off into the sky. Around 1400 AD, scientists and sea–farers began to figure out that the earth must be like a ball. That’s why Columbus, the Italian explorer, set out from Europe in 1492 AD in the western direction with the hope of reaching India. He did not reach India but stopped at the Caribbean islands near America. If he had travelled on, he might have reached India. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The earth is like a ball–spherical in shape. ii. Globe is a model of the earth. iii. Earth looks like a blue moon from space because a large portion of the earth is covered with oceans. iv. We never fall off the earth because the earth acts like a magnet which pulls us towards it. v. The earth bulges slightly in the middle around a line called Equator. vi. It is a little pressed at two poles in the north and south. vii. There are four great oceans namely the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic oceans. viii. The large land masses, on which we live, are called continents. ix. There are seven continents–1) Asia 2) Europe 3) Africa 4) Australia 5) North America 6) South America and 7) Antarctica. SESSION 1. EARTH 14

SESSION 2 GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH – LINES ON THE GLOBE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. International date line: The line fixed midway across the pacific, more or less along the meridian of 1800. 2. Axis: An imaginary line through the centre of an object around which the object turns. SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE 15

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 2.3 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the latitudes and longitudes on the surface of a ball. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q5] A. Self work. Q2. Observe the following pictures and fill in the boxes by writing the name of the shaded hemisphere. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q8] SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE 16

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH A. 1. Figure one–Northern Hemisphere 2. Figure two- Western Hemisphere 3. Figure three-Southern Hemisphere 4.˙ Figure four- Eastern Hemisphere Q3. On the next page there is an outline map of the world. Identify and write the names of continents and oceans. Then colour the map using appropriate colours. Draw and write the names of the main latitudes too. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 13 Q1] A. SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE 17

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Greenwich line a. Contains salt ii. Deepest ocean b. Endless water iii. Earth acts like a c. Pacific iv. Oceans d. Powerful magnet v. Sea water e. 0° longitude 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. North Pole is a. Longitude ii. International data line b. Asia iii. Ocean nearest to India c. Antarctica iv. Largest continent d. Indian v. Continent covered with ice e. Frozen 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What do you mean by Equator? (ii) In which hemisphere is there more water than land? (iii) What are poles? (iv) Name the two main longitudes. (v) In the olden days, what did people believe about the shape of the Earth? (vi) Which is the smallest continent? CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 18

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (vii) What are continents? (viii) Which latitude passes through the centre of India? (ix) We never fall off the Earth. Why? (x) Through which continents is the Equator passing? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) If you know the and of a place you can easily locate it on a map. (xii) The largest ocean is the . (xiii) The earth is like a in shape. (xiv) Latitudes are the lines that are drawn from the to the east. (xv) Seas and oceans are just water bodies. (xvi) Unlike the latitudes, are of the same length. (xvii) are the points which lie at the ends of the earth. (xviii) are the lines that running from one pole to another pole. (xix) The longest line which divides the globe into two equal halves is called the . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the differences between an Ocean and a Land? (ii) What are imaginary lines drawn on the map? How are they useful to us? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following oceans in the world map. (a) Pacific Ocean (b) Antarctic Ocean (c) Indian Ocean CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 19

(d) Atlantic Ocean CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (e) Arctic Ocean (ii) Colour and name the continents and locate India. CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 20

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (iii) Draw the important Latitudes. (a) Arctic Circle (b) Tropic of Cancer (c) Equator (d) Tropic of Capricorn (e) North Pole (f) South Pole (iv) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. i.Through which continents does the Equator pass? 21 ii.Which latitude passes through the centre of India? iii.In which hemisphere does Asia lie? iv.Name the biggest continent? v.In which hemisphere does Australia lie? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is the interesting thing about the shape of the Earth? CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) Earth looks ___________ because a large portion of the Earth is covered with oceans (A) Green (B) Black (C) Blue (D) Red (ii) ___________ is the model of the Earth. (B) Ball (A) Globe (C) Bar (D) Magnet (iii) The Earth acts like a very powerful ___________ which pulls us towards it. (A) Fire ball (B) Ball (C) Magnet (D) Machine (iv) Around __________ CE,scientists and sea–farers began to figure out that the Earth must be like a ball. (A) 1485 (B) 1400 (C) 1466 (D) 1500 (v) Columbus stopped at the ___________ islands near America. (A) Japanese (B) Indonesian (C) Philippines (D) Caribbean (vi) The ocean which is frozen is ___________ . (B) Pacific Ocean (A) Arctic Ocean (C) Indian Ocean (D) Atlantic Ocean (vii) The colour given to sea is ___________. (B) Blue (A) Yellow (C) Violet (D) Magnet CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 22

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (viii) The longest line of the latitude is ___________. (A) North Pole (B) South Pole (C) Tropic of Cancer (D) Equator (ix) Columbus, the Italian explorer, set out from Europe in ___________ in the western direction. (A) 1574 (B) 1942 (C) 1492 (D) 1715 (x) __________ are two points on the opposite ends of the Earth. (A) Poles (B) Latitudes (C) Longitudes (D) Equator CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 23

3A.LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH SESSION 1 LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH – TYPES OF LAND FORMS: HILLS, PLATEAUS AND PLAINS 1.1 Mind Map Andhra Pradesh 1.2 Terminology 1. Mountain: It is the place which is very high and steep slopes with very little flat land on them. 2. Plateau: Having more flat lands with some hills in between them. 3. Plain: Level lands with very gentle slopes. 4. Coast: A long stretch of land next to the sea. 5. Cyclone: A violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle. 5. Floods: Flood are caused by cyclones which bring heavy rains from the sea along with strong winds. SESSION 1. TYPES OF LAND FORMS: HILLS, PLATEAUS AND PLAINS 24

CHAPTER 3A-LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1.3 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. Point out different landforms on the map of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Colour them as given below. [Refer to TB page 27 Q6] a) Plain –Green b) Plateau –yellow c) Mountains –Brown A. Refer to map titled 'Southern Landforms in India' on page number 19. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Land we live in is non-uniform or uneven. ii. Mountains, plateaus, and plains are three major landforms on earth. iii. Landforms with great height, steep slopes, and little flat land are called as mountains. iv. Plateaus are high lands with more flat surfaced land than mountains. v. Plains are leveled lands with a gentle slope. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are the physical surface features of the land like mountains, plain set called? (ii) What are the two main rivers of Andhra Pradesh? (iii) From where does the Krishna river originate? (iv) Name the cities which are located in the Deccan plateau? (v) In which direction is the Bay of Bengal located? 2. Fill in the blanks. (vi) Rivers like Krishna and Godavari originate in the___________ of the Western Ghats. (vii) ___________ barrage was built across the Krishna river at Vijayawada. (viii) Alluvial soils have ___________ water holding capacity. Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why do Krishna and Godavari flow towards the East and drain in Bay of Bengal? CHAPTER 3A. LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 25

CHAPTER 3A-LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH (ii) What is the difference between alluvial soil and black soil? (iii) What is a Delta? Give examples. (iv) Why are the lands close to a river suitable for growing fruit–bearing trees? Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Name the important kinds of land forms and explain each of them. (ii) Population density in plain areas, and especially in the Krishna delta is high. Write reasons for this. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Show the different land forms of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. a) Deccan Plateau Region b) Eastern Plain c) Eastern Ghats d) Bison Hill e) Papi Hill f) Nallamalai Hills g) Velikonda CHAPTER 3A. LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 26

CHAPTER 3A-LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 6. Choose the correct answer. (i) Wages means ___________. (B) Salaries (A) Rent (C) Interest (D) Mountains (ii) There are ___________ main kinds of landforms. (A) One (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four (iii) Alluvial Soil is also known as ___________. (B) Nalla Regadi bhumi (A) Ondru bhumi (D) None of the above (C) Isuka bhumi (iv) Stretch of land next to sea is known as ___________. (A) Coast (B) Delta (C) Eastuary (D) Plain (v) Population density in plain area is usually___________ . (A) Lower (B) Higher (C) Moderate (D) None of the above CHAPTER 3A. LANDFORMS OF ANDHRA PRADESH 27

3B.PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA SESSION 1 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 1.1 Mind Map 1. Soils:–Alluvial, black cotton soil, sandy soil. 28 2.Irrigation:–With krishna water. 3. Rains:–By south west monsoon. 4. Crops:–Paddy, sugarcane, pulses, turmeric, red grams, millets. 5. Vegetables:–Orchards. 6. Poultry, rice, mills. 7. Good road connectivity. 8. Location :–Near Vuyyuru in Krishna district. SESSION 1. LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What kind of changes are taking place in Penamakuru village? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 27 Q1] A. Farmers of Penamakuru village are growing sugarcane instead of paddy. They show interest to cultivate, commercial crops only like banana, turmeric etc., and pay less interest towards food crops. Based on the growth of irrigation and availability of loans to purchase the seeds and fertilizers some changes in penamakuru village has taken place. Q2. How do the poor and landless families earn their livelihoods in the plains? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 27 Q2] A. The landless families work in the fields and houses of others for earning, Some people earn by making basket, catching rats, rearing pigs and fishing some people work in the mills and poultries. Q3. What are the difficulties of farming in plain villages like Penamakuru? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 27 Q3] A. It is very difficult to cultivate the uplands, under canals in the plain village like Penamakuru, which have less water facility. As the whole land in the village is under cultivation, there is not much land for grazing cattle Floods and famines cause many problems to the farmers as they depend on monsoons Farmers having small holdings are becoming permanent debtors. Farmers who are cultivating with bore wells, got vexed with improper supply of electricity. Q4. Why do plains like the Krishna delta have a very dense settlemennt? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 27 Q5] A. 1) This area gets abundant rainfall and ground level water and irrigation facility. 2) All types of crops can be grown in this area such as paddy, vegetables and orchard. 3) Due to the availability of good resources,from the agriculture, the agro-industries will be developed in this region. 4) As the area is plain, the road network in this region also provides connectivity. 5) So, very dense settlements and a very large number of people live in Krishna delta. 1.3 Key Concepts i. Penamakuru is a village situated in the Krishna Delta. ii. Vuyyuru is 35 km away from Vijayawada city, the Penamakuru village is 3 km from Vuyyuru. iii. Prakasam Barrage was built across the Krishna River at Vijayawada in 1853. iv. Bandar canal takes off from the Krishna River. From all the canals about 12 lakh acres of land is irrigating. v. Bandar canal flows from the North West of the Penamakuru village to the South East direction. vi. Penamakuru village is situated between the Krishna River which flow to the west of the village and the Bandar canal. vii. In Penamakuru, the soils are mostly fertile alluvial black soils (ondru bhumi). Crops will grow well in these soils. viii. In Penamakuru, there are clayey black soils (Nalla regadi bhumi) upto a depth of 15 feet. ix. There is a mechanised poultry farm and a rice mill in Penamukuru. x. Since, Penamukuru is on high ground it was not adversely affected even during the worst floods of 1997, 2006 and 2009. SESSION 1. LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 29

SESSION 2 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – AGRICULTURE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What happens if all farmers of the village to grow only sugarcane or turmeric? Give your reasons. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 27 Q4] A. No, it will not be a good idea. If all the farmers of the village grow only sugarcane or turmeric. There will be scarcity for food crops. Some farmers have to cultivate food crops, vegetables, orchards along with cash crops as they are necessary to the public. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE 30

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 2.3 Key Concepts i. Sandy soils (lsuka bhumi) are present in some parts of the village nearer to the river on the west and south. ii. This region receives rains from June to October from the South West monsoon. iii. From November to May there is little rain from the North East monsoon. iv. As Penamakuru is very close to the river Krishna the ground water can be found by digging for only 15 to 25 feet. v. Penamakuru is lucky as it is on highlands and has not been affected during floods. vi. Paddy is extensively cultivated all over the coastal plains especially in Krishna district. vii. Salva is sown and transplanted in the month of June and July. viii. From the last few years farmers of this are cultivating crops like sugarcane, turmeric, yam and banana. ix. In uplands of Penamakuru village the farmers are cultivating the vegetables like brinjal, lady finger, pil- lipesara and cabbage and fruits like guava, sapota and papaya. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE 31

SESSION 3 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 32

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 3.2 Improve Your Learning Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How are the people of handicrafts helped by the government? [Refer to TB page 26 Q7] A. The Indian handicrafts industry provides employment opportunities to more than 6 million craftsmen throughout India. The Office of Development Commissioner Handicrafts is responsible for formulation and implementation of several schemes for the development of handicrafts at the central level. This office also provides necessary guidance to the state goverment for formulation and implementation of their na- tional schemes. Some of the schemes are Babasahib Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana, Credit Guarantee Scheme etc. All India Handcrafts Board was established in 1952 to look into the problem faced by handicrafts industry and suggest measures for improvement and development. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Out of 750 families in Penamakuru, 10 families have 10 acres of land, 150 families have land below 5 acres and remaining families do not have any land. ii. In this village, people of all castes live. iii. In Penamakuru, animal rearing, basket wearing, making Agro Industries like poultry and rice mills are the different kinds of professions followed by the people. iv. The road network in this region is well developed. v. Availability of labour is more in this village. Images 1. Houses of farmers and hut SESSION 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 33

2. Poultry farm CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 3. Rice mill 4. Basket making SESSION 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 34

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Tractors a. Bore well for irrigation ii. Loans b. Contract farming iii. Kallam to be in italics c. Help in ploughing iv. Companies d. Borewell v. Agriculture e. Banks or moneylenders 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Instrument b. Chemical that kills pests i. Pesticide c. Borrow money ii. Depletion d. Crop reaping iii. Harvest e. Reduction of products iv. Loans v. Equipment 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What type of soil is found in Penamakuru village? (ii) Who gives money on interest to the farmers? (iii) Why do farmers welcome contract farming? (iv) Name some crops that are grown during contract farming (v) What are MTU 2716 and Swarna? CHAPTER 3B. PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 35

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 4. Fill in the blanks. (vi) Rivers like Krishna and Godavari originate in the of the Western Ghats. (vii) barrage was built across the Krishna river at Vijayawada. (viii) type of buffaloes gives more milk. (ix) Traders usually pay higher prices for dry . (x) Today four out of five are farmers. (xi) On the banks of live 15 – 20 basket weaving families. (xii) is an instrument that crushes the grain. (xiii) Alluvial soils have water holding capacity. (xiv) Farmers borrow money to buy inputs like seeds, fertilizers and . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Name the crops that grow in Penamukuru village? (ii) Why are the expenses of digging a bore well very low in Penamakuru village? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the major changes that have taken place in Penamakuru village? (ii) Identify the following in the given map. a) Godavari b) Krishna c) Tungabhadra d) Penna e) Kolleru lake f) Pulicat lake CHAPTER 3B. PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 36

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 7. Choose the correct answer. (i) Sandy soil near the river in Penamakuru is good for growing (A) paddy (B) cabbage (C) sapota (D) sugarcane (ii) ___________ of all rural families are mainly agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh. (A) One–fifths (B) Two–fifths (C) Three–fifths (D) Two–thirds (iii) ___________ are the popular sources of water for irrigation in Penamakuru village. (A) Bore wells (B) Tanks (C) Canals (D) None of the above CHAPTER 3B. PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 37

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA (iv) Kharif is the ___________ agricultural season. (B) second (A) first (C) intermediate (D) None of the above (v) Contract farming means ___________ . (B) Tenants of land (A) Government land (C) Owners of the land (D) Agreement on farming (vi) are the common feature in the plains. (B) Agro-industries (A) Industries (C) Forestry (D) Fishries (vii) is not a commercial crop. (A) Sugar cane (B) Cotton (C) Pulses (D) Chilli (viii) Which of the following occupations is not practised in the village? (A) fishing (B) farming (C) poultry-rearing (D) mountain climbing CHAPTER 3B. PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 38

4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU SESSION 1 SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU – LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 1.1 Mind Map 1. Location :–East of anantapur singanamala mandal. 39 2. Soils :–Red soil, soudu soil. 3. Water resources :–tanks, wells, bore wells. 4. Low and erratic rainfall drought prone. 1.2 Terminology 1. Plateau: The lands which are situated at a height. SESSION 1. LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the bore wells of the plains and the plateaus. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q1] A. Bore wells of the plains: The plains have plenty of water. The ground water can be found only by digging for 15 to 25 feet. Hence the expenditure on digging bore well is very low. Since the entire region is electrified, most of the bore pumps have submersible pumps operating with electricity. Bore wells of the plateaus: It is very expensive to dig bore wells in the plateau. The ground water can be found below 250 feet to 1000 feet. Sometimes they cannot find water after digging 1000 feet or more. Only 5 –10 farmers who have more land have bore wells. Q2. What difference would it make to the village if the rainfall in the region increases? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q4] A. If the rainfall is increased and the rain water is stored at proper time and way, there would be many changes in the village. The villagers can grow crops successfully and they can get drinking water and all the villagers can earn livelihood. Q3. Can you think of some ways to improve the soils of this village? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q5] A. It is important to improve soil quality like contour bunding and use of organic manure. The farmers should grow diverse food crops rather than only one cash crop. They should repair and restore the old tanks and spring channels to irrigate the lands. They should use organic pest control methods like Neem solution. These are some more ways to improve the soils of this village. Q4. Write a one line description for the words given below: [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q7] Sr. No. Item In salakamcheruvu 1. Soil 2. Water 3. Crops 4. Markets 5. Occupations SESSION 1. LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 40

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU A. Item In salakamcheruvu Sr. No. Soil Less fertile and retains less 1. Water 2. moisture. Crops 3. Rain is the only source of Markets water,otherwise digging 250 4. Occupations 5. feet below the ground Only one crop can be cultivated that too commercial crop like millets, ground nut and sapota. The market is controlled by the buyers. Agriculture, cattle rearing, charcoal making and brick making. 1.4 Key Concepts 1. The high lands with more flat lands and some hills in between them are called plateaus. 2. Unlike the plains which are flat, plateaus are marked by several small hills, hill ranges and hill rocks inter- spersed with flat areas between them. 3. These are more rocky, with thin layers of soil and it receives low rainfall. 4. Salakamcheruvu, a village which is 30 km away to North east of Anantapur in Singanamala Mandal. 5. The soils of this region have little humus , nutrients ,little capacity to hold water and degraded and become uncultivable “Soudu” soils. These are not suitable for all crops. 6. Drought is a recurring phenomena due to the unreliable and improper raining. 7. People of this plateau region store rain water and use ground water. 8. In Anantapur district thousands of tanks are present. 9. But in the last 30 years, they have declined due to the improper care. 10. Agriculture in salakam cheruvu is unpredictable. Farmers resort to some other means of livelihood such as animal herding, charcoal and cement brick working etc. 11. Water is found at 250 feet depth. 12. There is a chance of growing only kharif crop in salakam cheruvu. SESSION 1. LAND, CLIMATE AND WATER RESOURCES 41

SESSION 2 SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 42 1. Ground water: Water source in the underground. SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the changes in crop pattern of Salakamcheruvu and Penamakuru. What are the similarities and differences? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q2] A. The similarities and differences are: Salakamcheruvu: The farmers here grow only one crop in the Kharif or monsoon season. Earlier farmers grew food crops but at present they are interested in cultivating commercial crops like Groundnut. Due to water problem some farmers are planting orchards of sapota, sweet lime etc. Penamakuru : The farmers here grow 2 to 3 crops a year, salva and dalva. These farmers also cultivate commercial crops like sugarcane instead of food crops. In the uplands the farmers cultivate turmeric, yam, banana etc. Fruit bearing trees and orchards are cultivated in the sandy lands, near to the river Krishna. Q2. What non–agricultural occupations are there in your village? Find out in detail about one such occupa- tion? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q6] A. Student’s response. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you think agriculture can be a profitable profession in places like Salakamcheruvu? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q3] A. No. I think that agriculture is not a profitable profession in places like Salakamcheruvu, Where there is lack of water resources. Q2. Are all lands of your village agriculturally productive? What are the measures that should be taken to convert them as agriculturally productive?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q9] A. No, all lands of my village are not agriculturally productive.To convert them as agriculturally productive following measures should be taken: • Rotating the crops on perodic basis to retain fertility of land. • Mixing staple crops with nitrogen fixing leguminous crops like pulses. • Using organic fertilizers like manure , cow dung etc. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following in the Andhra Pradesh map: [Refer to [Refer to TB page 36 Q8] (i) Anantapur , Kurnool, Kadapa , Chittoor. (ii) National highway from Ananthapur to Tadipatri SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 43

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU A. 2.4 Key Concepts i. In Salakamcheruvu water is found below 250 feet. ii. The farmers of Salakamcheruvu grow only one crop in the Kharif or Monsoon season. iii. Earlier farmers grew food crops –millets like Ragi, Sama, Varagu, Korra, Sorghum etc., pulses and a little paddy. iv. Besides the food crops farmers grew cotton and groundnut which they sold in the market. v. Due to the water problem farmers grow orchards of sapota and sweet lime etc. SESSION 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 44

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Hyderabad 1. Match the following. Column A i. Salakamcheruvu ii. Deccan Plateau b. Water resource iii. Monsoon season c. Singanamala mandal iv. Non–landed farmer d. Millets, pulses, paddy v. Tanks, wells, bore wells e. Waged labour 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Animal herding, charcoal making, brick making i. Soil ii. Water b. Soudu iii. Crops c. Village market sells local iv. Markets making d. Millets v. Occupation e. Tanks 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are ‘Soudu’ soils? (ii) What is ground water’? (iii) Which tree leaves are used to feed the sheep? (iv) What is drought’? (v) Which tree is used to make charcoal? (vi) What is a ‘plateau’? CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 45

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (vii) Which animals are reared for milk? (viii) If the crops of one place become dry due to uncertain rain, what do we call it? (ix) Is soudu soil suitable for all crops? (x) What are fertilisers? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The plains are . (xii) The plateaus of Andhra Pradesh are mostly a part of . (xiii) Soudu soils have high content of . (xiv) The hills form the escarpment of the plateau. (xv) The rainfall in Salakamacheruvu is . (xvi) Salakamcheruvu is in mandal. (xvii) In Salakamcheruvu water is found below feet. (xviii) The farmers of Salakamcheruvu grow crops only in the season. (xix) Earlier the farmers mainly grew . (xx) The farmers of Salakamcheruvu do not cultivate . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is the reason for the declining level of the ground water in Salakamcheruvu village? (ii) What would happen if everyone opted for non–agricultural occupation? (iii) What crops are grown in the village of Salakamcheruvu? CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 46

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the other livelihood sources to the people of Salakam cheruvu village? (ii) Compare the nature of fields in Penamakuru and Salakam cheruvu to bring out their similarities and differences. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Answer the following questions with the help of information showing in the table. Salakamcheruvu –Village information Item In Salakamcheruvu 1 Soil These soils have little humus or nutrients. They cannot hold much water. 2 Water Rely on rain fall 3 Crops Grow only one crop (Cash crop) 4 Markets Controlled by the buyers 5 Occupations Agriculture and animal herding i. What kind of soil do you find in Salakamcheruvu? ii. On what do they rely for water? iii. How many crops are grown by the farmers of Salakamcheruvu village? iv. What are controlled by the buyers? v. What are the main occupations in Salakamcheruvu? CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 47

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places in an outline map of Andhra Pradesh. a) Anantapur b) Salakamcheruvu c) Velikonda Hill d) Kadapa e) Chintakunta CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 48