202110189-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) Salakamcheruvu is a village named after a . (A) Plateau (B) Pond (C) Tank colour. (D) Lake (ii) The soil in Salakamcheruvu is in (B) Yellow (A) Green (C) Pink (D) Red (iii) In Salakamcheruvu village crops are grown only in season. (A) Kharif (B) Summer (C) Dalva (D) Rainy (iv) Generally in Salakamcheruvu, it rains in the month of . (A) June, July (B) February, March (C) October, November (D) August, September (v) The soils of Salakamcheruvu are . (A) Alluvial (B) Black (C) Soudu (D) Blue (vi) In Salakamcheruvu water is found below feet. (A) 100 (B) 250 (C) 300 (D) 50 (vii) The distance between Salakamcheruvu and Ananthapur is . (A) 30km (B) 40km (C) 20km (D) 25km CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 49

CHAPTER 4-SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU (viii) The soil of Salakamcheruvu has capacity to hold water. (A) More (B) Enough (C) Little (D) No (ix) The sources of water in Salakamcheruvu are and well. (A) Rain (B) Canal (C) River (D) Tank (x) In the month of August the farmers of Salakamcheruvu sow (A) Green gram (B) Red gram (C) Bengal gram (D) Black gram CHAPTER 4. SALAKAM CHERUVU - A VILLAGE ON THE PLATEAU 50

5. KUNAVARAM - TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS SESSION 1 KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS – THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BISON HILLS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Tribe: a social division in a traditional society consisting of families or communities linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, with a common culture and dialect, typically having a recognized leader. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the various ways in which the tribals are dependent upon the forests around them? [Refer to TB page 46 Q1] A. The tribals like konda Reddys are dependent on forests in many ways like :– i) They use the forest land as agriculture land in a distinct technique called ‘Podu’. For this they clear a patch of forest by burning or cutting. ii) They collect nuts, fruits, honey, tubes, soap nuts, green leaves etc. from forest. iii) The tribals use the bamboo for making baskets, winnowing fans , mats, tools like digging sticks, bows,and arrows, ladders etc. SESSION 1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BISON HILLS 51

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS Q2. List out various means of living of these tribals. [Refer to TB page 46 Q2] A. Podu cultivation and hunting are the main source of living of tribals. Apart from these basket making, winnowing fans, ladders, implements like digging sticks, chicken coops by using bamboos or other woods from the forest are the means of living for them. They sell them in local markets. Some of the edible forest products are also sold in the weekly market –Santha. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title ‘Customs’ page 44 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 46 Q10] A. Student’s Activity Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. The area of forest is decreasing day by day due to indiscriminate cutting. What measures shoulb be taken to stop this. [Refer to TB page 46 Q11] A. Forests are one of the most important natural resources for us. They help in the occurrence of rainfall, help in soil conservation and improve moisture holding capacity of the soils. Decreasing of forests will disturb the ecological balance in the long run. The following measures can be taken to protect forests: i) Community forest management programs should be encouraged. ii) Creating environmental awareness program among people. iii) Conducting programs like ‘Vanmahotsav’ by the government. iv) Afforestation Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following places in Andhra Pradesh map. [Refer to TB page 46 Q9] (a) East Godavari (b) Bison Hills (c) River Godavari Ans. Hint- refer to link- www.mapsofindia.com/maps/andhrapradesh/rivers/ SESSION 1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BISON HILLS 52

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 1.4 Key Concepts 1. Bison hills are spread in both Khammam and West Godavari districts along either banks of river Godavari. 2. The tributaries of Godavari-Sabari and Sileru. 3. Kunavaram–A tribal village is situated on the confluence of the river Sabari. 4. In Kunavaram, the tribe Konda reddys is dwelling. 5.˙The colour of the soil in Kunavaram is red. SESSION 1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE BISON HILLS 53

SESSION 2 KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS – AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Kitchen garden: A garden or area where vegetables, fruits or herbs are grown for domestic use. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do you think they grow so many crops? [Refer to TB page 46 Q3] A. They grow mixed crops without any irrigation, depending fully on rains. This normally gives them enough food for about six months only. This is not sufficient for them as they should take care of the remaining six months. So they grow many crops. Kondareddy follows district system called ”podu” or “hum” because they are living in hilly area.They grow so many crops because they use shifting cultivation in the forest land and they use organic manure only.This normally gives them enough food for about six months. So,they have to grow more crops. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 54

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS Q2. What will happen if they have to grow crops on the same field every year ? [Refer to TB page 59 Q4] A. If they have to grow crops on the same field every year, the fertility of the land and the return per acre would be decreased. 2.4 Key Concepts 1. KondaReddys grow crops in a distinct way called ‘Podu’ or Jhum Cultivation. 2. Podu is practised widely in Chhattisgarh and the north eastern states like Arunachal Pradesh. 3. Konda reddys do not use plough or hoe nor do they use any fertilizer. 4. These tribes build Machans and guard the fields from wild animals and birds till the harvest is over in De- cember. 5. The principal crops are maize, tubers, millets, pulses, vegetables etc. 6. The average yield of Jowar per acre of Podu field is 250 kgs. 7. In kitchen garden maize, vegetables like beans, gourd, chillies etc., are grown. 8. They collect honey, tender bamboo shoots, various edible fruits, tubers, nuts, green leaves from forests. 9. Especially in summer, they drink the juice of caryota palm (Jilugu). 10. They fetch water from natural springs. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY 55

SESSION 3 KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS – SOCIAL LIFE 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. SOCIAL LIFE 56

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 3.2 Terminology 1. Forest products: The products which are available in forest. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the nature of the fields in the three villages you have studied to bring out their similarities and differences. [Refer to TB page 46 Q5] A. Differences : Penamakuru is in coastal region, Salakamcheruvu is in plateau region and Kunavaram is in hill region. Similarities 1) In these three regions more priority had been given to food crops to cash crops. 2) In these regions various vegetables and crops are grown. Fields of Penamakuru Fields of Salakamcheruvu Fields of Kunavaram i) These have alluvial i) These have soudu soil. i) These have the forest land. and black soil. ii) The soil is more fertile ii) The soil is not cultivable and less ii) The soil is fertile and and cultivable. fertile. cultivable through podu. Q2. Compare the work done by the families of the tribal throughout the year with the work done by the families of Plains and Plateau villagers. [Refer to TB page 46 Q6] A. Families of the tribal Families of Plains and Plateaus In agriculture, transplantation is mainly Family together works on the fields, hunting or done by women. collection of the forest produce. Harvesting is done by men and women Men mainly engage in cattle rearing and together. agriculture while women and children engage in collection of edible forest produce and basket weaving. SESSION 3. SOCIAL LIFE 57

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS Q3. Describe the cultural activities of these tribes. [Refer to TB page 46 Q8] A. They worship Gods of nature, every family has got their Kula devatha i.e; family God/Goddess. During the festivals all the members of the tribe get together even if they are living in separate settlements. They worship Muthyalamma (village deity), Bhumi Devi (Earth goddess), Ganganama (River goddess) and Vana Devatha. They celebrate marnidi panduga, gongura panduga and pachcha panduga as their festivals. On festive days the women of the tribe perform group folk dances. During these festivals all members of the tribe get together. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Do you think it is important to preserve the life style of tribals ? Give your reasons. [Refer to TB page 46 Q7] A. Yes, it is a very important to preserve the life style of the tribals because the heritage and culture of the tribal people reveals the ancient history. They possess very intimate knowledge of the forest environment and intensive use of the products of the forest without disturbing it. 3.4 Key Concepts 1. With the Bamboo, they make baskets, winnows and chicken coops etc. and take them to the Santhas for sale. 2. They live in small houses built of mud, bamboo and thatch. 3. In Kuna, altogether 78 families are living and the total population is 528. 4. Men and women together participate in all types of work. SESSION 3. SOCIAL LIFE 58

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Podu a. Baskets ii. Tribe b. Fruits, tubes, nuts etc. iii. Bamboo c. Jhum cultivation iv. Kitchen garden d. Konda Reddys v. Forest products e. Vegetables 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Weekly market a. River Godavari ii. Gongura panduga b. Khammam iii. Polavaram Dam c. Green festival iv. Pancha Panduga d. Santha v. Kukkunur e. September 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Name the place where the tribe Konda Reddy dwells. (ii) What is the important source of food for Konda Reddys in summer? (iii) Which river joins Godavari in Kunavaram? (iv) For which mills do the Konda Reddys supply raw material? (v) Which cultivation is an ancient practice in the hilly regions? (vi) What is the total population of Konda Reddys? CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 59

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS (vii) What do the Konda Reddys use to clear the patches of forest? (viii) Where do men go to offer prayers to their God? (ix) In which month do the Konda Reddys harvest the crop? (x) Which project will submerge villages in Kunavaram Mandal? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) Bison hills are spread in both and districts. (xii) Konda Reddys build to guard the fields from wild animals and birds. (xiii) The tributaries of the Godavari, and flow from Bison hills. (xiv) Tender bamboo shoots are called . (xv) village is at the foot of Bison hills. (xvi) is used to make baskets, winnows, chicken coops etc. (xvii) Podu cultivation is widely practised in the states of and Arunachal Pradesh. (xviii) Konda Reddy worships Gods of Nature and every family has got their . (xix) In the Bison hills the rains arrive in the month of . (xx) The water of dam will irrigate the region between Godavari and Krishna deltas. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the reasons for the decrease in the area of Podu cultivation? (ii) How do Konda Reddys use forests for their livelihood? CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 60

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) When the rains arrive in june, Konda Reddy’s dibble seeds with the help of digging sticks. Or they sow seeds of many crops together by broadcast method. They do not use plough or hoe. They do not use any fertilizers to get better yield. Do you find any difference between our method of agriculture and the Tribal method of agriculture? If so what is it? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Study the following table which shows details of Kunavaram in various fields and answer the following questions: S.No Item Details of Kunavaram 1 Major activities Collection of fruits from the forest,sowing, harvest. 2 Shifting cultivation This cultivation is also done in states, like Andhra Pradesh, 3 Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh 4 Crops Jowar (jonnalu), maize (mokka jonna), tubers (dumpalu), millets (samalukorralu), red gram (kandulu), greengram 5 (pesarlu). Bamboo It is used to build houses, fences etc.People also makes baskets, winnows Festivals The festivals celebrated by them are Muthyalamma, Mamidi panduga,Gongura panduga, Pachha panduga i.What are the different types of crops grown in Kunavaram? ii. How do people use the bamboo in Kunavaram? iii. Which are other states that use shifting cultivation? iv. What are the main festivals of Kunavaram? v. What are the major activities in Kunavaram? CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 61

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Based on the information given below, prepare a table. In the Bison hills, it stops raining around November, so the Reddys use their axes to clear patches of forest in December. They set fire to the dry logs in April or May just before the rainy season. When the rains arrive in June they dibble seeds using digging sticks. Or they sow seeds of many crops together. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the map of Andhra Pradesh. i. River Godavari ii. River Shabari iii. River Sileru iv. East Godavari v. West Godavari CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 62

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Suggest some measures so that the tribes like Konda Reddys do not become extinct. Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Usually Projects or dams are built for the benefit of the people. But they are not boons to everybody. They may benefit some villages and damage some others. If you were a scientist what efforts would you put in to see that the project would be beneficial to all the people? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Bison hills are spread along the banks of the river . (A) Godavari (B) Krishna (C) Cauvery (D) Penna (ii) The Konda Reddys dwell on the hills in and around. (A) Penamakuru (B) Salakamcheruvu (C) Kunavaram (D) none of the above (iii) River is the tributary of river Godavari. (A) Jhelum (B) Shabari (C) Ravi (D) Tungabhadra (iv) The language spoken by Konda Reddys is . (A) Tamil (B) English (C) Malayalam (D) Telugu CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 63

CHAPTER 5-KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS (v) Konda Reddys grow crops in a distinct way called cultivation. (A) Podu (B) Shifting (C) Jhum (D) all of the above (vi) The principal crop of the Konda Reddys is . (A) jowar (B) maize (C) millets (D) pulses (vii) One of the most important festivals of Konda Reddys is the festival of . (A) banana (B) apple (C) grapes (D) mango (viii) A long pole in front of their house with some neem branches is called as . (A) Mysamma (B) Muthyalamma (C) Pochamma (D) Yellamma (ix) All major activities like agriculture, harvest, collection of fruits from the forest begin after festival. (A) Green (B) Red (C) Yellow (D) Blue (x) dam project would submerge a large number of villages in Kunavaram mandal. (A) Polavaram (B) Annavaram (C) Gannavaram (D) Dharmavaram CHAPTER 5. KUNAVARAM -TRIBAL VILLAGES ON THE HILLS 64

6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD- THE EARLIEST PEOPLE SESSION 1 FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE – LIFE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS 1.1 Mind Map 1) Gathering food and hunting 65 2) Use of stone tools 3) Discovery of fire 4) Nomadic life 5) Paintings 6) Shared living 7) Learning to grow crops and domestication of animals 8) Settled life SESSION 1. LIFE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 1.2 Terminology 1. Stone tools: The tool which was made from stone. 2. Microliths: Fine, small pieces of large stone. 3. Archaeologist: One who excavates the old/ ancient places. 4. Nomads: A person that travels from place to place to find fresh pasture for its animals and has no permanent home. 5. Hunter gatherer: a member of a nomads who live chiefly by hunting and fishing, and harvesting wild food. 6. Shared living: The life of sharing food, idea etc., 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the tools used by the earliest people with those of modern times. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q3] A. Earliest People ’ s tools Modern tools Today we use the tools made of different The tools of earliest man were made up of metals. only stones, bones or stick. They are machine made and sophisticated. The earliest tools were little blunt and had Today every tools has a handle with wood or limited use. other strong metal The old tools had no handles separately but moulded handles. Q2. Why did the earliest people travel from place to place? In what ways are they similar to /different from the reasons for which we travel today? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q4] A. The earliest people travelled from place to place in search of food. a) Today people are working in various professions for the sake of food. So they are moving from place to place in search of new jobs. b) Difference from the reasons for which we travel today: Today people travel all over the world for many reasons for e.g. site seeing, entertainment, to meet their relatives etc. Q3. Why do you think earliest people didn’t wear cotton or woollen clothes? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q1] A. The earliest people did not know how to grow plants or domesticating animals. The cotton is obtained from plants and woollen is obtained from sheep or other animals. So the earliest people did not wear cotton or woollen clothes. Q4. What tools would you use today for cutting fruits? What would you do if these tools are not available? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q2] SESSION 1. LIFE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS 66

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE A. We use knives, cutters etc., for cutting fruits. If these tools are not available we would also use sharp edged stones. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following Rock Art site in the map of Andhra Pradesh. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q5] A. Chintakunta B. Adoni C. Kavali, Vinukonda D. Nayudupalli E. Velpu Madugu F. rikalahasti A. Refer to map titled 'Important Rock Art Sites in Andhra Pradesh' on page number 52. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you say that the lives of earliest people became easier by domesticating animals? [Refer to TB page 58 Q11] A. People usually select those animals that are useful and are not prone to diseases. Only selected types of animals were allowed to breed. Thus animals tended by people became different from wild ones. In the process people got plenty of benefits like regular supply of meat, animal skin and milk. Thus the lives of earliest people became easier by domesticating animals. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Thousands of years ago all the people lived by collecting fruits, honey, wild grains and edible and decibel tubers and roots that grew naturally in the forests. ii. They led the life by hunting birds and animals. iii. They did not know to cultivate crop or rear any animals. iv. Before going to hunt, the hunter needs to know the hunted animals intimately, its habit and behaviour. v. Today we use machines, tractors and tools made of steel etc. vi. The earlier people used tools made of stone, bones and wood. vii. Thousands of years back they began to make fire, probably by striking two stones. viii. We can learn much about the lives of early people by studying the roots they used and the locations from where they were found. ix. The discovery of fire brought about great changes in early people’s life. x. The earlier people used to live in small group in the caves or under trees or rocks. xi. They led their life with constantly moving from one place to another. Such people were called “Nomads”. xii. The early people drew picture of animals and hunting scenes on the walls of many caves and rock shelters. xiii. In our state, the Yanadis and Chenchus live by hunting and gathering food. xiv. The early people lived in small groups and led a nomadic life. Hunter or gatherers shared the food they collected with all the members of the group. Due to this they did not have any rich or poor among them. They were all equal. xv. Even though they hunted wild animals hunter/ gatherers had a great respect and regard for the forest, the plants and the trees. xvi. Archaeologist is one who excavates the old/ancient places. xvii. Domestication is a process of proper care and protection of plants and animals. xviii. The primitive person is one who doesn’t know how to read and write. xix. Neolithic stone tools SESSION 1. LIFE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS 67

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE SESSION 1. LIFE OF HUNTER-GATHERERS 68

SESSION 2 FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE – BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 69

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 2.2 Terminology 1. Domestication: Process of proper care and protection of plants and animals. 2. Settled life: The inevitable staying at one place. 3. Podu agriculture: A type of agriculture. 4. Herders: The people who act as a shepherd or a cowherd. 5. Neolithic: Of the later or more advanced stone age. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. List three ways in which the present lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of the Neolithic people? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q6] A. Today farmers know the method of cultivation such as ploughing, Sowing, irrigation and protection of the crops, whereas the herders do not know the methods of cultivation. They learnt gradually how to cultivate and domesticate the animals and plants after the finding of a new stone tool i.e; Axe head fixed to a wood and taught them to their children and to next generations. Q2. Prepare a list of five questions that you would like to ask an archaeologist. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q9] A. 1) How will you opt the site for digging? 2) What safety measures do you take in collecting the remains? 3 What steps do you take in exhibiting them in the museum? 4) How do the remains help in studying the past? 5) Can you prove your studies on the past? Q3. There are many things in the picture given below. Which of these things did not belong to the Hunting or Gathering people? “Which things could have belonged to both the hunting and gathering people as well as the agriculturists”Put different signs to distinguish them. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q10] SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 70

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE A. The things belonged to hunting and gathering people were : 1. Pot 2. A fire place 3. Sickle. The things belonged to both hunting and gathering people as well as the agriculturists were 1.The arrow and bow 2.Sickle 3.The hut 4.The stove or fire place 5.Plough 6.Dead deer 7.Fruit basket 8.Growing trees etc. Q4. Solve the crossword puzzle using clues given below. [Refer to TB page 5 Q6] A. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 71

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE Information Skills Q1. Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agriculture product of earliest people and write a few lines about each of them. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q7] A. List of domesticated animals. a) Cattle b) Sheep c) Goat d) Donkey List of agriculture products. a) Paddy b) Wheat c) Barley d) Millets f) Tubers g) Vegetables List of domesticated animals. a) Cattle : The earliest people domesticated cows and bulls for the agriculture purposes Such as tilling, ploughing etc. b) Sheep : Sheep was domesticated for the supply of meat, skin and milk. c) Goat : Goat was domesticated for meat, skin and milk. d) Oxen : Oxen were domesticated for carrying loads and for ploughing. e) Donkeys : There were domesticated for carrying loads only. List of agriculture products: a) Paddy : The earliest people learnt how to plant the paddy and they domesticated it for food. b) Wheat : By moving here and there, they learnt about the crop of wheat for food. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 72

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE C) Barley : They learnt from the neighbouring places and they domesticated it. d) Pulses & Millets : By knowing the importance of pulses & millets, they learnt to grow. e) Tubers : They learnt about the tubers which were grown under the earth, that they give some energy. f) Vegetables : They learnt about it from the neighbouring places and domesticated these vegetables. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. If there was no stove and no grinding stone, how would it affect our food? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 58 Q8] A. If there is no stove it will be late and difficult to cook food. Firewood will not be sufficient for the present population. If there is no grinding stone some kinds of foods like idly, dosa, vada and chutneys etc., may not have come into wide use. 2.4 Key Concepts 1. Around 12,000 years ago only, they learnt to grow crops. 2. Different people in different places learnt to grow paddy wheat barely, pulses, millets, tubers and vegetables. 3. People allowed gentle animals to come near their campus and eat grass and other left over food. This leads to domestication. 4. In this way they used the domesticated animals in useful ways. 5. Initially many people practised shifting agriculture like the “PODU” and also combined a little hunting and gathering from the forest along with growing crops. 6. The people began to stay in the same places for a longtime to look after the plants, watering, weeding, driving away animals and birds. 7. When staying at one place became inevitable, they constructed huts of stones, wood, mud, and dried grass. 8. Vessels were needed to store and cook grains in water, milk etc. 9. The early farmers made tools with sharp edged stones tools to cut the trees and twigs. 10. This period of early agriculture is called Neolithic period. 11. The earliest evidence for cultivation of crops was from Baluchistan about 9000 years ago. Kashmir around 5000 years ago and also in Bihar. 12. The Ashmounds are in found in Kurnool, Mahaboobnagar and Anantapur districts. 13.They led their life by hunting birds and animals. 14. Before going to hunt, the hunters need to know the hunted animals intimately, its habits and behaviour. 15. Today we use machines, tractors and tools made of steel etc. 16. The early people drew pictures of animals and hunting scenes on the walls of caves and rock shelters. 17. After thousands of years they began to make fine small pieces from hardstone. These pieces were called Microliths. 18. They led their life constantly moving from one place to another. Such people are called “Nomads”. 19. In our state, the Yanadis and Chenchus live by hunting and gathering food. SESSION 2. BEGINNING OF AGRARIAN AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES 73

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What enabled the early man to cut flesh, dig the earth for tubers, and hunt animals? (ii) What types of houses did the early people construct? (iii) What are microliths? (iv) What was the new stone invented in the Neolithic period? (v) Define nomads. (vi) Is shared living found in the present day? (vii) Which material was used for painting by the early people? (viii) In which places are hundreds of caves found? (ix) What has some religious importance for the early people? 2. Fill in the blanks. (x) In India, we find early evidences of cultivation of crops from Baluchistan about years ago. (xi) Neolithic sites are found in and districts of our state. (xii) Archaeologists believe that around five thousand years ago hunters of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka began to . (xiii) Chintakunta is located in District. (xiv) The early people practiced or podu. (xv) The excavations at in Warangal district have brought to light a hearth of burnt clay along with large number of Microliths. (xvi) Hunter–gatherers did not have any among them. (xvii) The earliest people led a life. CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 74

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How did the early people store their grains? How do we store grains in the present? (ii) Who are Archaeologists? Name some of the things the archaeologists could discover during their excavations in the earlier times. (iii) How can an archaeologist tell us about the people who lived thousands of years ago? (iv) Write about the tools used by the early farmers? (v) Where did the early people draw the pictures? Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) When did people start living a settled life? (ii) Prepare a list of domesticated animals and agricultural products of the earliest people and write a few lines about each of them. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following table and answer the questions: S.NO People / Item Description 1. Microliths Fine, small pieces from hard stone 2. Nomads Regularly move from place to place 3. Early People Drew pictures of animals & hunting scenes on the walls 4. Eleswaram Rock art site in Nalgonda district 5. 80 years ago Chenchu hunter–gatherers 1. What are fine, small pieces from hard stone called? 2. Who drew pictures of animals and hunting scenes? CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 75

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 3. Where do they draw pictures? 4. When were the chenchu hunter gatherers found? 5. Where do you find Chintakunta? 6. Why do nomads move from place to place? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What is shared living? Why do you think the earliest people followed it? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Point out the following districts. a) Kakinada b) Prakasam c) Srikakulam d) Anantapuram CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 76

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (ii) Locate the following places in outline map of India. (a) Kashmir (b) Bihar (c) Telangana (d) Karnataka CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 77

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. Refer to map titled 'Important Rock Art Sites in Andhra Pradesh' on page number 52. i. Name the rock art sites in Kurnool? ii. Where do you find Naidupalli and Singarayakonda rock art sites? iii. How many rock art sites districts are there in Andhra Pradesh? iv. Which districts have two rock art sites in Andhra Pradesh? v. How many districts have single rock art site in Andhra Pradesh? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Explain the efforts made by early human beings for their survival from the stage of gathering food to growing food. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The earliest tools were excavated at ___________. (A) Vijayanagaram (B) Vishakhapatnam (C) Mahaboobnagar (D) Kurnool (ii) People who regularly move from place to place are called ___________. (A) Nomads (B) Civilized (C) Archaeologists (D) Minors (iii) ___________ are hunter–gatherers of our time. (A) Yanadis (B) Chenchus (C) Gondu (D) Both A and B (iv) Hunters share the food they collected with all the ___________ of the group. (A) women (B) men (C) members (D) children CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 78

CHAPTER 6-FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE (v) The period of early agriculture is called ___________. (A) Neolithic period (B) Megalithic period (C) Paleolithic period (D) Early people (vi) Growing crops started only about ___________ years ago. (A) 1,200 (B) 14,000 (C) 12,000 (D) 1,300 (vii) The earliest evidence of domestication is found at the borders of the districts of___________ (A) Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka (B) Bihar (C) Uttar Pradesh (D) Madhya Pradesh (viii) Podu means ___________. (A) agriculture (B) shifting agriculture (C) cattle rearing (D) none of these (ix) Pre-historic paintings have been found in rock shelters at____________. (A) Ramagundam (B) Pandavulagutta (C) Amarabad (D) Yeleswaram (x) As early people learnt to practise agriculture and grow more crops, they began to __________. (A) live in caves (B) domesticate animals (C) settle down in one place (D) make microliths CHAPTER 6. FROM GATHERING FOOD TO GROWING FOOD - THE EARLIEST PEOPLE 79

7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES SESSION 1 AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES – TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 80

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 1.2 Terminology 1. Migration: To move from one place to another place. 2. Kharif: the autumn crop sown at the beginning of the summer rains. 3. Contract farming: Agreement on farming. 4. Pesticide: Chemical that kills pests. 5. Moneylenders: Who gives money for interest. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How can the Government can help the farmers in Venkatapuram and curb the migrations?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q1] A. Government can help the farmers in Venkatapuram and curb the migrations by the following measures. 1) By providing loans. 2) By following certain Government schemes. 3) By setting small scale industries. 4) By setting dairy farms, poultry farms, shops etc. 5) By providing employment, wages etc. within the villages. 6) By improving the conditions of the farmers by providing education through schools and colleges. 7) By providing the basic needs like food, clothing, and houses and improving their livelihood. 8) By establishing scholarships, health care systems for protection from diseases, infections etc. 9) By providing scholarships to the needy students. 10) Input subsidies, compensations should be given at the time of natural calamties and crop dangers. 11) Waiver of interest on loans, additional loans for the next crop, extension of repayment period, total waiver of loans of small farmers should be implemented. Q2. Compare the condition of one big farmer of your village with that of Vijayakumar in Venkatapuram.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q3] A. 1) Like Vijayakumar of Venkatapuram, the big farmer (Raju) of my village has a big compound wall, inside which there is paddy harvester, a thresher and a tractor–trailer. 2) The big farmer has a large “kallam” or threshing floor used to dry the harvest. 3) He has a godown like large shed to keep paddy, fertilizer bags and other farming equipments. 4) Raju has 25 acres of land with three bore wells. 5) Raju has more than 20 murrah buffaloes whose milk he sells. 6) He has a fertilizer shop in the village. 7) Since Raju lends farmers and other labourers in times of need, he is able to get labourers regularly to work on his fields. 8) Raju has another house in the nearby town in which his wife and children live. SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 81

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Q3. Who took bank loan in Venkatapuram? What for? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q4] A. 1) Vijayakumar took bank loan of Rs. 25 lakhs in Venkatapuram to buy the harvester and thresher. 2) He hires them out to other farmers on rent basis. Many farmers in Venkatapuram and surrounding villages use these equipments. Q4. How do banks and moneylenders give loans to the farmers? Do you think borrowing from moneylenders is profitable, what are the alternate sources? [Refer to TB page 67 Q5] A. 1) Banks and moneylenders give loans to the farmers on assurity of land, gold etc. 2) No, borrowing money from moneylenders is not profitable because they lend the money on high rate of interest. 3) The alternate source is borrowing money from bank because bank lends the money with less interest. 4) Money lenders also give loans to the farmers by mortgaging gold or the household documents or the land documents. They will take the agreement from the farmers to repay the loan within the stipulated period. 5) The co–operative societies are best alternatives if they are properly managed, they give loans at less interest rates. 6) Recently some private financial organizations and co–operative banks are also coming up for giving loan on gold and other properties. Q5. How do you think the conditions of farmers can be improved?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q6] A. 1) By following Government employment schemes. 2) By improving their daily wages. 3) Through proper education. 4) Giving loans with less interest. 5) Providing daily requirement items like fertilizers and pesticides cheaply. The above steps may improve the conditions of the farmers. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read about contract farming in page62 in your text book and answer the following question. If there are any contract farmers in your area discuss their experiences.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q10] A. (i) Contract farmers enter into a contract with companies for production and supply of some special crops. (ii) Many farmers find this arrangement welcoming as they give advances for the crop inputs and are as- sured of the prices. However, the farmers have to bear the risk of poor harvest. (iii) In order to get high yield under contract farming, farmers apply chemical fertilizers intensively and exploit ground water resources. SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 82

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Information Skills Q1. Fill in the following table:[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q2] Person Wages during Wages during Wages in Wages in normal season harvesting non–agricultural government season works scheme Men Women A. Person Wages Wages during Wages in Wages in during harvesting non–agriculture government sneoarmsoanl season works schemes Men Rs. 120 Rs. 150–200 Rs. 200 –250 Rs. 120 per day per day per day Women Rs.70—80 Rs.120—150 Rs.200 Rs.120 Q2. Compare three farmers in Venkatapuram and furnish details.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q7] A. Subject Ravi Ramu Vijaya kumar Sr. no. 2 Acres 25 Acres 1. Size of land (in 4 Acres acres) 2. Source of Bore well Village tank 3 Bore wells irrigation 3. Agriculture tools Manual Manual Paddy harvester, a thresher, a and tractor trailer. implements 4. Use of fertilizers Pesticides More Pesticides 5. Manner of selling Lower price, Wet Lower price Wet Higher price Dried Groundnut Groundnuts Groundnuts Groundnuts 6. Other works – Works as Tractor Murrah Buffaloes, driver lends money to small farmers SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 83

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Q3. Collect news items on problems faced by small and marginal farmers and the measures taken by govern- ment to mitigate their problems. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q8] A. Project work. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Now–a–days all farmers prefer cash crops to the food crops. Does this lead to any problems? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 67 Q9] A. Yes it leads to the shortage of food crops. Mapping Skills Q1. On the map of India, point out the regions where groundnut is grown. Take the help of atlas. [Refer to TB page 67 Q11] SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 84

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES A. SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 85

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 1.4 Key Concepts i. Farmers work in the groundnut field bearing the scorching sun. ii. Women workers earn about Rs. 70—80 per day whereas men workers earn Rs. 120 per day. iii. During harvest or sowing seasons, women labourers get Rs. 120— 150 per day whereas male workers get Rs. 150 — 200 per day. iv. Some farmers in neighbouring villages cultivate flowers and grapes. Farmers who go regularly gets employment in neighbouring villages. v. Nearly two –fifths of all rural families are mainly agricultural labourers in Andhra Pradesh. vi. Farmers borrow money to buy input like seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. vii. Due to low yield of crop or crop failure sometimes farmers are unable to pay back their loans. viii. In some parts of A.P, companies have made contracts with farmers to cultivate crops like maize, amla, rice, palm oil etc. ix. In contract farming, companies advise farmers to follow specific farming practices and also provide finan- cial support. x. Big farmers like Vijayakumar have a large ‘Kallam’ or ‘threshing floor’ to dry the harvest, they also have godown like large shed to keep paddy, fertilizer bags and other farming equipments. xi. The main crop of A.P is paddy. Other food crops like ragi, jowar, maize have declined and have been replaced by cash crops like sugarcane, groundnut, chillies etc. xii. All these crops need investments in the form of seeds, water, fertilizer, pesticide etc. for which the farmers have to take loans. xiii. Now–a–days the agriculture in most of the areas of AP is dependent on bore wells. xiv. Bearing the expenditure of bore well is not only a burden to small farmers but also ruins their lives. SESSION 1. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE FARMERS 86

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the column A with column B Column A Column B i. Harvest season of groundnut a. Landless labourers ii. Village b. Money lenders or Village brokers iii. Less earning c. Venkatapuram iv. Borrow money practices d. Specific farming v. Contract farming e. February 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. . (i) What crop was being harvested in the village of Venkatapuram? (ii) Are the earnings high in non–agricultural jobs? (iii) How does Ravi the employer pay the farmers in his groundnut field? (iv) When does Ravi employ labourers in his fields? (v) During the harvest season or sowing season how much do the male workers earn? (vi) How deep was Ramu’s bore well dug to get water? Did he get water? (vii) Which are the non agricultural activities the farmer does? (viii) Name any two cash crops grown in Andhra Pradesh. (ix) Why does Ramu like to work in government schemes? 3. Fill in the blanks. (x) The farmers of Venkatapuram village, harvest the ground nut seeds in the month of CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 87

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES (xi) Ramu depends upon the village tank for . (xii) Vijayakumar has a large or threshing floor, used to dry the harvest. (xiii) crop is cultivated by farmers through contract farming. (xiv) Nearly 2 th of all rural families are mainly labourers in Andhra Pradesh. 5 (xv) jobs are rare in rural areas. (xvi) Small farmers mostly borrow money from . (xvii) Many families in Venkatapuram have migrated to . Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the problems faced by the people of Venkatapuram? (ii) What is meant by contract farming? (iii) What kind of work do the farmers do in the village of Venkatapuram? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Compare the conditions of big farmers of your village with Vijayakumar of Venkatapuram. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How do you think the conditions of farmers can be improved? AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Suggest some measures to solve the problems faced by small farmers. CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 88

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) At present more than half of the lands in the villages of A.P depend on ____________. (A) canals (B) tanks (C) borewells (D) None of these (ii) _____________ continues to be the main crop that is cultivated in A.P. (A) Wheat (B) Paddy (C) Vegetables (D) Cocoa (iii) The farmer, Vijayakumar has ____________ acres of land. (A) 35 acres (B) 30 acres (C) 15 acres (D) 25 acres (iv) Vijayakumar provides_____________ for Ramu’s paddy fields. (A) water (B) fertilizers (C) seeds (D) pesticides (v) Ravi borrowed Rs._________ to dig a borewell. (B) 60,000 (A) 50,000 (C) 75,000 (D) 40,000 (vi) Ravi’s __________ was also plucking groundnuts. (A) mother (B) mother in law (C) daughter (D) father CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 89

CHAPTER 7-AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES (vii) In the Government employment schemes, the men as well as women earn __________. (A) Rs.100 per day (B) Rs. 120 per day (C) Rs. 150 per day (D) Rs. 200 per day (viii) Weekly markets held once in a week are called ___________. (A) Rythu Bazar (B) Santha (C) Super Markets (D) None of the above (viii) Which of the following statements is true? (A) Most agricultural labourers in A.P. are landless. (B) Agricultural labourers in A.P. get a lot of work throughout the year. (C) One can earn more as an agricultural worker than as a construction worker. (D) Women agricultural workers usually earn more than male agricultural workers. (ix) In _____________ farmers make a formal agreement with companies for production and supply of specific crops. (A) Individual farming (B) Mixed farming (C) Contract farming (D) Intensive farming (x) Extensive use of fertilizers has led to deterioration in _____. (A) groundwater resources (B) crop yield (C) farmer’s profits (D) soil quality CHAPTER 7. AGRICULTURE IN OUR TIMES 90

9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE SESSION 1 COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE – STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 91 1. Anthropologist: The person who studies about man. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 1.3 Improve Your Learning Information Skills Q1. Collect information about the relationship between Furor Haimendorf and the tribal societies.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q4] A. 1) Furor Haimendorf came to Andhra Pradesh in 1940s. 2) He was a famous scholar who studied the tribes of Andhra Pradesh by living among them. 3) He noted down their culture, lifestyle, beliefs, decision making etc. 4) He studied the Chenchus, the Konda Reddy and the Gonds and wrote books about them. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Why do you think Panch and Patla was possible only within a tribe? Why is it not possible in societies with people from different communities?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q1] A. This was possible only within a tribe whose members were more or less equal because of the following reasons. 1) All members of a tribe consider themselves to be descendants of common ancestor and consider each other to be their relatives. 2) The resources like land, forests, pastures and water etc, are the common wealth of the entire tribe. So they can share and use these resources subject to the rules they frame together. 3) There is no difference between rich and poor as everyone has a share in the common resources of the tribe. 4) All families of a tribe do all kinds of work like cultivation, gathering food from the forests, grazing animals etc. 5) Women, men and even children share the work of the family. 6) They celebrate festivals and conduct rituals to please the tribal gods and their ancestors. 7) They also have distinct myths, customs and ways of singing, dancing and painting which are common to all the members of the tribe. If the members were not equal or if people from different communities lived together, then there would be fights, quarrels, disputes etc. Q2. Have you heard of any such Community Panchayat in your area? Discuss its functioning with your teachers, parents and elders.[Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q2] A. We have heard of such Panchayats in the remote villages of Andhra Pradesh. In these Panchayats there is one headman (Rayudu) . The Panchayat is held usually once in a month, or whenever a problem arises. In the panchayats the victim is called for and asked for details of the case by the headman. When the victim give the details of the case, the accused will also be given a chance to give his/her explanation. The head man may also ask the gathering for more details. After hearing all the details of the case the headman delivers his judgement. All of the villagers have to obey his judgements. Like wise the panch fixes the dates of the major festivals, permits marriages or divorces, sets down norms of marriages or death rights and settles the disputes. (Make similar by your own ) SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 92

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE Q3. If the Panch did injustice, what alternatives do tribes have?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q5] A. If the tribe feels that they have been done injustice in the judgement of the Panchayat, he can go to the Government police or courts to settle their disputes. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following districts in the Andhra Pradesh map where more tribal people live. [Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q6] a) East Godavari b) West Godavari c)Vishakapatnam d) Srikakulam SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 93

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Do you accept the judgement of Gond panchayat without going to police or court?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 87 Q3] A. Yes, l will accept the judgement of the Panchayat irrespective of police and court. I am satisfied with the judgement because they are the highest authority in a village. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Many different kinds of societies are called Tribes. ii. In Andhra Pradesh the Chenchus, the Konda Reddys, the Gonds, Koyas, Yanadis, Savaras etc. are tribals. iii. All states in India have one tribe or the other living in the forests. iv. They all have different ways of life, different languages, culture etc. v. A tribe may settle over a large area in several small villages or habitat. Ex: Konda Reddy tribe. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF TRIBAL SOCIETIES 94

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE vi. The village headman derives their authority from the village ‘Panch’ or the council of adult male house holders. vii. The village panch in a sense represents the Gond society as a whole. viii. Panch will fix the dates of major festivals, allow marriages, or divorces, set down norms for marriages or death rites and settle disputes. ix. The panch can impose fines and may even force a person to leave the village or even order all other Gonds not to have any relation with him. x. Every village has a headman or ‘patla’ who is generally hereditary. xi. The panch meet only once in a while the headman functions on a daily basis. xii. He is usually from the family of the person but who would have led the formation of the village in the beginning. xiii. Haimendorf was a famous anthropologist who studied about tribals of A.P. xiv. Good regions are now occupied by marathas and telugu people. xv. Patla receieves the guests of the tribes serve the guests in different ways. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the column A with Column B Column A Column B i. Gonds a. Fixes dates for major festivals ii. Panch b. Anthropologist iii. Haimendorf c. Patla iv. Village headman d. Please gods v. Festivals e. Tribes 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who are tribes? (ii) What do the tribes do to please Gods and their ancestors? (iii) Name some of the tribes of Andhra Pradesh. (iv) Who are anthropologists? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 95

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE (v) Is there any difference between the rich and the poor in tribal societies? (vi) Who represents the Gond society as a whole? (vii) What kind of work do the tribal families do? (viii) When did the headman of the tribe lose his important position? (ix) Who has greater power in a family in decision making? 3. Fill in the blanks. (x) The tribes give a lot of importance to the celebration of . (xi) Every village has a headman or Patla who is generally . (xii) With the election of through general elections, the headman lost his importance. (xiii) The head man received special privileges in the form of on his fields. (xiv) The different kinds of societies who live in forest are called . (xv) When the head man becomes arrogant and goes against the wishes of the people, the Panch can him with another person. Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the main functions of the patla? (ii) What are the common characteristics shared by the tribes? (iii) How does the panch settle the disputes? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Discuss the similarities and differences between the government in a ‘Gond’ tribe and in modern democ- racy. CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 96

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places in the Andhra Pradesh map where more tribal people live. a) West Godavari b) Nellore c) Vishakhapatnam d) Guntur AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity 97 Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How can you maintain cleanliness of your village/town? CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE

CHAPTER 9-COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) In many tribes ______________ have greater power and role in decisionmaking. (A) children (B) women (C) men (D) grandparents (ii) The tribes of Gond are living in the district of ___________. (A) Adilabad (B) Karimnagar (C) Khammam (D) Guntur (iii) The famous scholar who studied the tribes of Andhra Pradesh was ___________. (A) Father Herbert (B) Lord Hastings (C) Peterson (D) Furer Haimendorf (iv) The village headman is called ___________. (B) Panch (A) Patla (C) Panchayat (D) Sarpanch (v) The Patla is answerable to the ___________. (B) farmers (A) soldiers (C) women (D) panch CHAPTER 9. COMMUNITY DECISION MAKING IN A TRIBE 98