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7. Voice after them. Future The lion killed the deer. (Active) The deer was killed by the lion. (Passive) The car will be washed next week. Intransitive Verbs: These kinds of verbs do not require washed tomorrow. objects after them. Future continuous The east is where the Sun rises. (Voice can be changed.) washed if they had CHANGE OF SUBJECT The car will be visitors. being if it had been dirty. Present conditional before we arrive. The car would be Active Voice Passive Voice Past conditional I Me He Him The car would have washed She Her been You You They Them Infinitive It It We Us The car must be washed Who Whom Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice. Please note: Sometimes there are two objects in a 1. Present perfect continuous tense sentence. While changing the voice, we can make any 2. Past perfect continuous tense one of the two objects, subject of the passive sentence. 3. Future continuous tense Active: The principal gave the student an appreciation 4. Future perfect continuous tense letter. Passive 1: The student was awarded an appreciation CHANGES IN MODALS: letter by the principal. Passive 2: An appreciation letter was given to the AUXILIARY VERB ACTIVE PASSIVE student by the principal. MODALS IN PASSIVE VOICE VOICE CHANGES IN TENSES: VOICE She can French can speak be spoken Can/ Can/Could+ be+ French. by her. Could 3rd verb He has to His work finish his has to be Simple present Has to/ Has to/ Have work. finished. Have to to+3rd verb You must Traffic obey the rules must The car is washed every day. traffic rules. be obeyed. washed at the This book Present continuous Must Must+3rd verb may be moment. read by The car is being washed yesterday. me. washed the other Simple past May may+be+3rd verb I may read day. this book. The car was washed since you Past continuous left. Might NO CHANGE washed before they Should NO CHANGE The car was being arrived. Present perfect IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like command, order, advice, and request. The car has been REQUEST: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are requested to’. Past perfect had been • Please switch off the lights when you leave the The car room. (Active) • You are requested to switch off the lights when you leave the room. (Passive) 87

7. Voice ADVICE: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You are advised to’. • Take complete rest for immediate recovery. (Active) • You are advised to take complete rest for immediate recovery. (Passive) COMMAND OR ORDER: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘Let or ordered to’ • Get out. (Active) • You are ordered to get out. (Passive) SUGGESTION: • Respect the elders. (Active) • Elders should be respected. (Passive) Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept Map and Key Points Recapitulation of rules-active & PS – 1 passive voice PS – 2 Self-evaluation PS – 3 Self-evaluation sheet 88

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice. An example is provided. You should check your answer sheets carefully before submitting. Ans: The answer sheets should be checked carefully before submitting. 1. Somebody found a purse and a phone in the canteen. 2. We use the refrigerator to keep vegetables fresh. 3. Somebody broke into our house while we were away. 4. Do these children play football? 5. Read the instructions before taking the medicine. 6. Some people are requesting the film star for an autograph. 7. You are to take these pills three times a day. 8. Will he accept our invitation? 9. The chief minister praised the boy for his brave act. 10. Write your name at the top of this sheet. 11. She will dust all the furniture before sweeping the house. 12. What have people done about this? 13. I had certainly locked the door before leaving for office. 14. No one has used the building for the last fifty years. 15. Who has broken this vase? 16. The public will forget this incident in some time. 17. No one has ever taken him at his word. 18. You must not take the joke too seriously. 19. Why was she shouting at you? 20. Did the sound frighten you? PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Change the following sentences from passive to active voice. An example is provided. Was homework finished by Shubham on time? Ans: Did Shubham finish his homework on time? 1. The child will be taken care of properly. 2. Research in the field of cancer is being conducted by the scientists. 3. He is considered to be the richest man in the country. 4. Is French being learnt by her? 5. These herbs were recommended by my mother. 6. The old building was taken down by the public authorities. 7. The hall lights were left on by me intentionally. 8. Was the food cooked by mother? 9. The car was pushed into the river by the thieves. 10. A novel is being read by Meera. 11. Has the email been sent by you? 12. A stone was being thrown by the kid. 13. A car has been bought by him. 14. The door had been knocked at by someone. 15. Potatoes are eaten by almost everyone. 16. Why has this ticket been bought by you? 17. The third language is being taught by her. 18. The fish is eaten by the cat. 19. Help was offered to them by her. 20. By whom was this beautiful painting created? 89

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct option given. An example is provided. My grandfather built this house in 1970. This house ———————- in 1970 by my grandfather. a. Was built b. Was build c. Has built Ans: a. 1. The police has arrested the thieves. The thieves ————————- by the police. a. Have arrested b. Have been arrested c. Had arrested 2. The teacher is revising the chapter for the examination. The chapter ———————- by the teacher for the examination. a. Have revising b. Has been revised c. Is being revised 3. I have been reading this book for five hours. This book ———————- by me for five hours. a. Have been reading b. Has been read c. Have being read 4. He asked the students to submit their reports by the end of the week. The students ———————- to submit their reports by the end of the week. a. Are asked b. Has asked c. Were asked 5. The teacher punished him for lying. He ——————— by the teacher for lying. a. Has been punished b. Punished c. Was punished 6. He has always wanted to become a successful writer. It ——————— wanted by him to become a successful writer. a. Have always wanted b. always wanted c. has always been 7. They are taking good care of the inmates in the prison. Good care of the inmates in the prison———————– by them. a. Is being taken b. Was being taken c. Are being taken 90

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 8. As the patient could not walk, they carried him in a wheel chair. As the patient could not walk he ———————– in a wheel chair. a. Has carried b. Was carried c. Was carrying 9. They took the injured to the nearby hospital. The injured ———————- to the nearby hospital. a. Were taking b. Took c. Were taken 10. I water my plants once a week. My plants ———————- once a week. a. Are watered b. Were watered c. Are watering 2. Read the following set of instructions and fill in the blanks in passive voice in an appropriate way. HOW TO PREPARE ORANGE MARMALADE • Wash the oranges and lemon thoroughly. • Cut the oranges into 1/8-inch slices using a knife, removing the seeds. • Stack the orange slices and cut them into quarters. • Place the oranges into a stainless steel pot. • Add the lemon zest and juice to the water in the pot. • Set it over high heat and bring to a boil for approximately 10 minutes. • After that reduce the heat to maintain a rapid simmer and stir it frequently for 40 minutes. • You can test the readiness of the marmalade by placing a teaspoon of the mixture onto the chilled plate and allowing it to sit for 30 seconds. • Tilt the plate. The mixture should be a soft gel that moves slightly. If mixture is thin and runs easily, it is not ready. • Place a funnel onto the top of the jars and put the marmalade into the jars. Place a ring on each jar and tighten. • You can store it in the refrigerator. Unopened marmalade will last for 6 months outside too. The oranges and lemon (a) are washed thoroughly. The oranges (b) ___________1/8-inch slices using a knife, removing the seeds. The orange slices (c) __________and they (d) __________quarters. Oranges (e) __________into a stainless steel pot. The lemon zest and juice (f) __________to the water in the pot. It (g) __________high heat and (h) __________to a boil for approximately 10 minutes. After that the heat (i) __________to maintain a rapid simmer and it (j) __________frequently for 40 minutes. The readiness of the marmalade (k) __________by placing a teaspoon of the mixture onto the chilled plate and allowing it to sit for 30 seconds. The plate (l) __________. The mixture should be a soft gel that moves slightly. If mixture is thin and runs easily, it is not ready. A funnel (m) __________onto the top of the jars and marmalade (n) __________into the jars. A ring (o) __________on each jar and it (p) __________. It (q) __________in the refrigerator. Unopened marmalade will last for 6 months outside too. 91

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following sentences and decide 4. The examiner told the students not to talk in whether it is in active voice or passive voice. the hall. An example is provided. (10 Marks) The students ________________ by the examiner Ram was eating an apple. not to talk in the hall. Ans: active a. Have been told b. Were told 1. Wheat is grown in northern India. c. Were being told 2. They kept a large aquarium at their place. 5. They say that women are more hardworking 3. The chief guest addressed the audience. 4. He parked the car on the road. than men. 5. The robber was not found by the police last Women ________________ to be more hardworking than men. week. a. were being said 6. The doctors are preparing the patient for a b. were said c. are said major surgery. 6. The recent cyclone has destroyed many 7. They will keep the tiger in the zoo. 8. The train will be stopped because of some houses. Many houses ________________ by the recent technical problem. cyclone. 9. A song is going to be sung. a. Have been destroyed 10. We must write to her. b. Were being destroyed c. Were destroyed 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct option give. 7. She would have called you. An example is provided. (10 Marks) You ________________ by her. a. would have been called The management is interviewing new people for b. would be called the job. c. were being called New people ________________ for the job. 8. She will reject the offer. a. Are being interviewed The offer ________________ by her. b. Were interviewed a. will have been rejected c. Have been interviewed b. would be rejected c. will be rejected Ans: a. 9. This surprises me. I ________________ by this. 1. Ram is typing his resignation letter. a. would have been surprised His resignation letter ________________ by Ram. b. will be surprised c. am surprised a. Is typed 10. The king gave him a reward. b. is being typed He ________________ a reward by the king. c. has been typed a. Was given b. Gave 2. Everyone understands English. c. Is given English ________________ by everyone. a. is understood b. has been understood c. was understood 3. The residents brought up some issues during the welfare meeting. Some issues ________________ by the residents during the welfare meeting. a. have been brought up b. brought up c. were brought up 92

8. Speech Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Change different kinds of sentences from direct • Differentiate direct speech from indirect & reported speech to indirect speech and vice versa. speech. • Use direct and indirect speech in writing. Concept Map In the above table, you can capture the basic purposes Speech and the verb of the reporting speech is ‘says’. of knowing reported speech and using it effectively in BASIC RULES our daily lives. Changes in Person of Pronouns: • 1st Person pronouns in reported speech are always Key Points changed according to the subject of the reporting Indirect speech is also known as reported speech. speech. When you report someone else’s statement in your • 2nd Person pronouns in reported speech are always own words without any change in the meaning of the changed according to the object of the reporting statement, it is called indirect speech. speech. Direct Speech: She says, “I am very happy today.” • 3rd  Person pronouns in reported speech are not Indirect Speech: She said that she is very happy today. changed. In the first sentence, we have conveyed the message 3. CHANGES IN PERSON: of the girl using her actual words. In the second 1. First person pronouns (I, we, me, mine, us, ours) sentence, the reporter conveyed her message but in normally change to the third person (he, she, they, his own words without any change in the meaning. his, her, their, him, her, them). Thus, both direct and indirect speeches are two The teacher told me, “I want to meet your father.” different ways of reporting a statement of a person. The teacher told me that she/he wanted to meet my “She says” in the above sentence is the Reporting father. Speech, “I am very happy today.” is the Reported 2. There will be no change in the pronoun when the 93

8. Speech speaker reports his own words. PAST TENSE I said, “I am working in a bank.” I said that I was working in a bank. PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT 3. Second person pronouns (you, yours) change They said, “They They said that they had according to the person of the object of the exercised.” exercised. reporting verb. He told her, “I will buy this dress for you.” PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT He told her that he would buy that dress for her. CONTINUOUS I told her, “You are late for the meeting.” I told her that she was late for the meeting. They said, “They were They said that they had 4. Third person pronouns do not normally change. exercising.” been exercising. She said, “I owe money to him.” She said that she owed money to him. PAST PERFECT (No change) 4. CHANGES IN TENSE FUTURE TENSE: No changes are made except shall Changes in Verbs: and will are changed into would. If the reporting speech is in present tense or future Direct Speech: They said, “They will exercise.” tense, then no change is required to be made in the Indirect Speech: They said that they would verb of reported speech. This verb could be in any exercise. tense i.e., present, past or future. For example: Direct Speech: He says, “I am ill.” 5. OTHER CHANGES IN WORDS: Indirect Speech: He says that he is ill. If the  reporting verb  is in  past tense, then reported WORDS CHANGED INTO verb will be changed as per the following way: This That These Those Here There Now Then Sir/Madam Respectfully Today That Day Yesterday The Previous Day/the day before DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Tomorrow Following Day or Next Day PRESENT TENSE Tonight That Night PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE Good Morning, Greeted They said, “They They said that Good Evening, Good exercise every day.” they  exercised every day. Day PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST • She said, “I am going to Delhi tomorrow.” CONTINUOUS • She said that she was going to Delhi the next day. • They said, “Madam, the time is over.” They said, “They are They said that they were • They said respectfully that the time was over. exercising every day.” exercising every day. CHANGES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES: Let’s see how we change different kinds of sentences PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT from direct to indirect speech. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES They said, “They have They said that they had Sentences that make a statement are called assertive exercised.” exercised. sentences. These sentences may be positive, negative, false, or true statements. In such kind of sentences, PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST said is changed into told and above mentioned rules PERFECT CONTINUOUS are followed. Direct Speech: She said, “I am going to recite a poem.” They said, “They have They said that they had been exercising since been exercising since morning.” morning. 94

8. Speech Indirect Speech: She said that she was going to recite verb said to is changed into asked. a poem. Direct Speech: “What is your profession?” he said. Direct Speech:  Ram said to me, “I was not writing a Indirect Speech:  He asked me what my profession letter to my brother.” was. Indirect Speech: Ram told me that he was not writing In yes/no questions, we use if or whether in the indirect a letter to his brother. speech. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Direct Speech:  “Are you coming for the movie?” she Imperative sentences are sentences that give an order asked me. or a direct command. These sentences may be in the Indirect Speech:  She asked me if/whether I was shape of advice, entreaty, request, or order. coming for the movie. The reporting verb is changed according to reported EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES speech into order in case the sentence gives a direct Those sentences, which express our feelings and command. For example: emotions, are called exclamatory sentences. Mark ORDER: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are of exclamation is used at the end of an exclamatory replaced by the word ‘ordered’. sentence. Direct Speech:  The teacher  said  to me, “Shut the Rules: door.” 1. Interjections (alas,  aha,  hurray,  etc.) are omitted Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered me to shut the door. along with the sign of exclamation. REQUEST: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech 2. Reporting verb, ‘said’ is always replaced are changed into requested. The words ‘Please/Kindly’ are removed without any word in its place. with  “exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, Direct Speech: He said to me, “Please turn on the fan.” exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or Indirect Speech: He requested me to turn on the fan. exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow”. ADVICE: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech Direct Speech:  He said, “Hurrah! We have won the are changed into advised. match” Direct Speech: The teacher said to him, “Utilise your Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that they had time.” won a prize. Indirect Speech: The teacher advised him to utilise his Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam” time. Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she SUGGESTION: These sentences generally start with failed in the exam. ‘Let us’. The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are Direct Speech: Ram said, “Wow! What a nice weather changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’. it is” Direct Speech: She said to him, “Consult a doctor.” Indirect Speech: Ram exclaimed with wonder that it Indirect Speech:  She suggested him to consult a was a nice weather. doctor. Direct Speech: He said, “Oh no! I broke my ankle.” COMPULSION: These sentences generally start with Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with pain/grief that he had “Do not” broken his ankle. Direct Speech: He said to me, “Do not make haste.” 5. OTHER KINDS OF SENTENCES (HOPE, PRAYER, WISH) Indirect Speech: He forbade me to make haste. Direct Speech: My father said to me, “May you live long!” INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Indirect Speech:  My father prayed that I might live long. Those sentences, which ask questions, are called Direct Speech: She said, “I wish that I were rich!” interrogative sentences. Every interrogative sentence Indirect Speech: She wished she had been rich. ends with a sign of interrogation. The reporting 95

8. Speech Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Direct & Indirect speech PS – 1 CONTENT PS – 2 Starter activity and Key Points PS – 3 Self Evaluation Self Evaluation Sheet PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 19. “Have you anything to do this evening?” I asked her. 1. Put the following interrogative sentences into indirect speech. An example is provided. 20. My sister said to me, “Are you going to take a He asked Meera, “Are you going to attend the bus or a taxi?” conference?” Ans: He asked Meera if/whether she was going to attend the conference. 1. “When will you be coming back again?” I said my the grandmother. 2. The reporter enquired to the producer, “When are you releasing the new movie?” 3. “How are you going to solve this problem?” the teacher asked the student. 4. He said to his friend, “Why should we turn back now? 5. The accident victim said to the passers-by, “Where am I?” 6. “Shall I do it or shall I ask someone else to do it?” he wondered. 7. Meera said to Mohan curiously “What are you going to do with all these tools?” 8. He wondered, “Where has everyone gone?” 9. I asked the new girl, “Where do you live?” 10. The wanderer said to the princess, “Wouldn’t you like to be as free as a bird?” 11. The policeman said to the driver, “Do you mind if I see your license?” 12. “Are you leaving on Tuesday or on Wednesday?” I said to my father. 13. He said to Reena, “Did you hear anything interesting in the office?” 14. The instructor in First Aid said, “Mohan, what will you do to a fainted person?” 15. “Where have you been hiding yourself?” his elder brother said to him impatiently. 16. Mother said to her child, “Why are you crying?” 17. “When shall we ever meet again?” he asked. 18. The boy said to the teacher, “Shall I open the windows?” 96

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 5. I warned him ______ wander off alone on the road. 1. Put the following exclamatory sentences into indirect speech. An example is provided. a. do not The boy said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the match.’ b. not to Ans: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had c. Do not to won the match. d. Not to do   1. The old man said, ‘Alas! I broke my arm.’ 6. The zookeeper said, “ ______ the animals.” 2. The child said, ‘What a beautiful scene!’ a. Not to feed 3. The girl said, ‘How beautiful this dress is!’ b. Do not feed 4. The student said, ‘How difficult the sum is!’ c. not feed 5. The students said to the teacher, ‘Good d. not to feed to morning, Teacher!’ 7. Mother told me ______ the vegetables for her. 6. ‘How glad I am to meet you!’ said Alice. a. peel  7. The Emperor said, ‘Alas! Our enemies are too b. peeling strong!’ c. to peel 8. ‘Hurrah! I have won a prize‘’ cried the boy. d. please peel 9. They said to us, “Welcome! Please come in.” 8. Ram told Meera that ______ for a swim that 10. She said, “How foolish I have been!” evening. 2. Read the following sentences carefully and a. if he was going make your choice from the options given b. he was going below. An example is provided. c. whether he go for The judge asked the convict ______ him d. go for immediately. 9. The hosts asked the guests ______. a. please answer a. Whether they liked the food. b. answers b. If you liked the food. c. answering c. If you are liking the food. d. to answer d. If they are liking the food. Ans: d. 10. The owner of the bird said, “______ the bird.” 1. Mother said, “______ before going to school.” a. Did not scare. a. Tidy your room b. Not to scare. b. to tidy your room c. Scare not c. tidy my room d. Do not scare d. To tidy my room 2. The teacher said, “ ______ what you are doing?” a. if I could know b. Can I know c. can you know d. If I am knowing 3. The librarian asked ______. a. will we enjoy the book  b. if we are enjoying the book c. if we enjoys the book d. whether we enjoyed the book 4. The policeman asked the child, “______ the way to your house?” a. whether you know b. do I know c. Do you know d. Whether I know 97

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Rewrite the following sentences into direct speech. An example is provided. My mother asked me to buy a dozen bananas for the smoothie. Ans: My mother said to me, “Buy a dozen bananas for the smoothie.” 1. I told myself that I would finish this book by that afternoon. 2. The lawyer asked the culprit to speak louder. 3. The lady requested the engineer to complete the building by the following week. 4. Ram reported to the police that his wallet had been picked in the bus. 5. The gardener asked the young girl which rose she wanted. 6. The principal suggested the teachers and students to grow more plants around their school to beautify it. 7. Brother asked me not to enter his room while he was away. 8. The doctor told the patient to read the prescription carefully before taking the medicine. 9. The mother warned the boy not to swim in cold water. 10. He wondered why there was no sign of life there. 2. Put the following imperative sentences into indirect speech. An example is provided. My father said, “Don’t try to open the tin.” Ans: My father forbade me to open the tin. 1. The doctor told him, “You must eat plenty of green vegetables.” 2. “Don’t try any of your tricks on me,” the boy warned him. 3. She said to the girl, “Leave me alone.” 4. He said to the woman, “Please don’t go through so much trouble for me.” 5. The customer said to the waitress, “Please bring me a glass of plain water.” 6. “Don’t be too confident of yourself,” I said to her. 7. The invigilator said, “You may handover your test papers.” 8. Mother told the children, “Look after yourselves while I am away.” 9. “Don’t throw the rubbish on the road,” the lady shouted. 10. “Bring me that blue file from the shelf,” she said to the clerk. 98

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Change the following sentences from direct b. Vimal said that I am very happy that day speech to indirect speech. An example is because my father has got promotion. provided. (10 Marks) c. Vimal said that he is very happy today because The teacher said to the students, ‘Have you done his father has got promotion. your homework?’ d. Vimal said that he was very happy today Ans: The teacher asked the students if they had because his father has got promotion. done their homework. 3. The chief guest said in his speech, “The young 1. The stranger asked the man, ‘Will you help people of today are tomorrow’s leaders.” me?’ a. The chief guest said in his speech that the 2. Rama said, ‘I have been reading this young people of that day are the next day’s magazine.’ leaders. 3. Mother said to Ram, ‘Go and change your b. The chief guest said in his speech that the shirt.’ young people of today are tomorrow’s leaders. 4. The librarian said, ‘I had read this book before c. The chief guest said in his speech is that the I recommended it to you.’ young people of that day are the next day’s leaders. 5. Shyam said to Meera, ‘I will bring my guitar to your party.’ d. The chief guest said in his speech that the young people of yesterday are today’s leaders. 6. The officer told the clerk, ‘Bring me that file.’ 7. The teacher said to the students, ‘Have you 4. The children said, “We are building a castle out of sand.” read this poem?’ 8. Meena asked me, ‘Where is your watch?’ a. The children said that they would build a 9. Gyan said to us, ‘I watched this movie last castle out of sand. week.’ b. The children said that they will build castle out 10. Mother asked, ‘What is the matter?’ of sand. 2. Read the following sentences and choose c. The children said that we are building a castle the correct option. An example is provided. out of sand. (10 Marks) Reena said, “I met with an accident last week. d. The children said that they were building a a. Reena said that I met with an accident last castle out of sand. week. b. Reena said that I had met with an accident last 5. The doctor said to the patient, “I am looking at week. your x-ray.” c. Reena said that she had met with an accident that week. a. The doctor said to the patient that I am d. Reena said that she had met with an accident looking at your x-ray.   the week before. Ans: d. b. The doctor told that patient that I was looking at your x-ray. 1. Vivek said, “I am not watching this programme.” c. The doctor told the patient that he was looking at his x-ray. a. Vivek said that I am not watching this programme. d. The doctor said to the patient that he was looking at his x-ray. b. Vivek said that he was not watching this programme. 6. Mohan said, “I couldn’t get the tickets for the movie. c. Vivek said that had not been watching that programme. a. Mohan said that he couldn’t get the tickets for the movie. d. Vivek said I had not been watching this programme. b. Mohan said that he hadn’t get the tickets for the movie. 2. Vimal said, “I am very happy today because my father has got promotion.” c. Mohan said that he can’t get the tickets for the movie. a. Vimal said that he was very happy that day because his father had got promotion. d. Mohan said that he couldn’t get the tickets for that movie. 99

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 7. The principal said to the student, “You must give an answer to me.” a. The principal told the student that he must give an answer to me. b. The principal told the student that he must give an answer to him. c. The principal told the student that you must give an answer to him. d. The principal told the student that you must give an answer to me. 8. The players said to the captain, “We have been practising since the last week.” a. The players told the captain that we have been practising since the week before.  b. The players told the captain that they had been practising since the last week.  c. The players told the captain that we had been practising since the last week. d. The players told the captain that they had been practising since the week before. 9. The manager said to the new boy, “You may meet me next month.” a. The manager told the new boy that he may meet him the following month. b. The manager told the new boy that you may meet me the following month. c. The manager told the new boy that he might meet him the following month. d. The manager told the new boy that he might meet him the next month. 10. “I like that red shirt over the counter,” said Gyan to his mother. a. Gyan told his mother that he liked that red shirt over the counter. b. Gyan said to his mother that he had liked that red shirt over the counter. c. Gyan told his mother that he had like that red shirt over the counter. d. Gyan told his mother that he had liked that red shirt over the counter. 100

9. Figures of Speech Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • To critically appreciate a piece of poetry and • To identify figures of speech like simile, metaphor, prose. personification, alliteration, paradox and hyperbole • Use these devices effectively in their own in poetry and prose. compositions. Concept Map We use different figures of speech in “figurative Other examples: language” to achieve the desirable impact in the • Her eyes are like comets. readers. • The glow of the tube-light was as bright as the Today our lesson is about some basic FIGURES OF sunshine. SPEECH • In winter, when it rained, he climbed into bed 1. Simile and felt as snug as a bug in a rug. 2. Metaphor • At exam time, the student was as busy as a bee. 3. Personification 4. Alliteration 2. METAPHOR: A metaphor is like a simile. Two objects 5. Paradox are compared, without the words ‘as or like’. It is an 6. Hyperbole indirect comparison. PURPOSE OF USING FIGURES of SPEECH 1. For adding beauty and variety-by using figurative • Their mom was the rock of the family. (As strong as a rock) language. 2. Clarity- a complex subject can be expressed Other examples: • The ship was a tiger roaring through the water. imaginatively and attractively. • The airplane was an elephant running on the 1. SIMILE: A simile shows a likeness or a direct runway. comparison between two objects or events. A simile is • The girl was a kitten to the new baby. usually introduced with the words- like, as, as……..so. • Time was a thief to me this year. • He’s as dumb as an ox. (As brainless as an ox) Please note: Both similes and metaphors link one thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like” 101

9. Figures of Speech whereas a metaphor doesn’t. It creates a relationship • Alliteration is found often in poetry and prose, as directly and leaves more to the imagination. well as in commercial writing like brand names Simile: You are like sunshine of my life. and marketing taglines. Metaphor: You are my sunshine. 3. PERSONIFICATION-: In personification, non-living Other examples: objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, persons or human-beings. So in other words, we assign The furrow followed free; human qualities to a non-human object, animal, or an We were the first that ever burst idea. Into that silent sea.” Personification helps the writers to create more vivid (From William Shakespeare’s “Romeo and Juliet”) descriptions, to make readers see the world in new “From forth the fatal loins of these two foes; ways, and to more powerfully capture the human A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life.” experience of the world (since people really do often 5. PARADOX: interpret the non-human entities of the world as A paradox is a figure of speech that seems to contradict having human traits). itself but at the same time, contains some truth or The rain poured down on the wedding guests, reason. indifferent to their plans. “Life is much too important to be taken seriously” Describing the rain as “indifferent” is an example of by Oscar Wilde (The more important something is, the personification, because rain can’t be “indifferent,” more important it is not to take it seriously.) nor can it feel any other human emotion. Other examples: Other examples: • Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. • The waves winked in the sunlight. • I am nobody. • The wind played hide-and-go-seek among the • “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the trees. young.” – George Bernard Shaw • The shadow of the moon danced on the lake. • Wise fool • There was a heavy thunderstorm, the wind • Truth is honey, which is bitter. • “I can resist anything but temptation.” – Oscar snorted outside, rattling my windowpanes. • The flowers were blooming, and the bees kissed Wilde 6. HYPERBOLE them every now and then. Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which a writer or 4. ALLITERATION: Repeated consonant sounds at speaker exaggerates for bringing emphasis. the beginning of words. It is meant to be more than “My backpack weighs a ton,” (The speaker doesn’t a tongue twister. It is used to emphasize something actually think the backpack weighs a ton but wants to important that a writer or speaker would like to communicate that he is carrying a very heavy load.) express. Other examples: Bob brought the box of bricks to the basement. (Repetition of sound ‘b’) • The homework list was miles long. The repeating sound must occur either in the first • The alarm clock could be heard around the letter of each word, or in the stressed syllables of those words. world it was so loud. Please note: • I felt like I hadn’t seen you in years. • She thought she was the best tennis player on • Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, not just letters. this planet. • Alliterative words don’t have to be right next to each other. Other words can appear between them. 102

9. Figures of Speech Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Figures of Speech: Simile, PS – 1 CONTENT metaphor, alliteration, PS – 2 Starter Activity and Key Points personification, paradox and PS – 3 hyperbole. Self Evaluation Self Evaluation Sheet 103

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Read the following sentences and identify which poetic device has been used in each of them. Also explain why you chose this answer. An example is provided.. Simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, hyperbole, paradox. She is an angel. Ans: metaphor (comparison) 1. Loud silence 2. A ton of worry was lifted from his back when he finished the work. 3. My brother was boiling mad. 4. He saw his childhood friend after ages. 5. It was early morning – I met a cat yawning and stretching in the street. 6. The assignment was a breeze. 7. The skyscraper was so tall that it seemed to kiss the sky. 8. There was a fisherman named Fisher who fished for some fish in a fissure. 9. Life is going to be clear skies from now on. 10. Boneless ribs 2. Spot metaphor in the following sentences and explain their meanings. An example is provided. He saw the soul of dust when passing through the dust storm. Ans: Soul of dust – source of dust 1. Her dance is a great poem. 2. Laughter is the best medicine. 3. Words are daggers when spoken in anger. 4. His words are pearls of wisdom. 5. The curtain of night fell upon us. 6. The city was a concrete jungle. 7. The sun was a glowing ball of fire in the sky. 8. She was a teddy bear and everyone loved her. 9. The moon was a bright ball of smoke in the night sky. 10. The students in this class are all brains. 104

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Spot personification in the following sentences and explain how personification has been employed in the following. An example is provided. The tall pines in the hilly area fondled the clouds. Ans: humanly attribute of fondling given to tall pines 1. The long road to his home was a twisting snake. 2. The full moon peeped through partial clouds. 3. His car suffered a severe stroke in the middle of the road. 4. The ship danced over the waves of the ocean. 5. When he saw the test, the words and the ideas fled from his mind. 6. The city streets whispered quietly during the night. 7. The tree appeared angry when it lost its leaves. 8. The warm smile of the sun made me happy that summer was finally here. 9. The leaves whistled in the wind. 10. The car died on the side of the road. 2. Spot alliteration in the following sentences and explain alliteration has been employed in the following. An example is provided. The beautiful bouquet blossomed in the bright sun. Ans: Repetition of sounds ‘b’ 1. How many cookies could a good cook cook?  2. Bobby Bippy bought a bat. 3. If coloured caterpillars could change their colours constantly could they keep their coloured coat coloured properly? 4. A fly and flea flew into a flue. 5. How much dew does a dewdrop drop if dewdrops do drop dew? 6. I’m a sheet slitter. I slit sheets. 7. Suzie, Suzie, working in a shoeshine shop. 8. To sit in solemn silence in a dull, dark dock. 9. Betsy baked better bread with bananas, blueberries, and butter. 10. While walking wearily home I wondered where Wally was. 105

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Following is a mix bunch of sentences containing hyperbole and paradoxes. Identify each and name them. An example is provided. I must be cruel only to be kind. Ans: Paradox 1. If there’s one thing that I know, it’s that I don’t know anything at all. 2. I am nobody. 3. The child is father of the man. 4. The weather was so hot that literally everything was on fire. 5. He told that their friendship was deeper than the sea, and sweeter than honey. 6. The blacksmith’s hand was harder than the rock. 7. Their principal was omnipresent, as he seemed to be all around the school all the time. 8. The child is father of the man. 9. Your enemy’s friend is your enemy. 10. The businessman was so busy that he was attending to a million calls simultaneously. 11. The boy was dying to get a new school bag. 12. The old man was older than the Himalayas. 13. The mule is able to lift tons of weight uphill. 14. His classmates laughed at him, saying he had a pea-sized brain. 15. All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. 16. Wise fool. 17. I’ll never reach the end of the race. 18. The final rule you need to remember is to ignore all rules. 19. It took him a million years for finish his homework. 20. The pile of garbage reached the sky. 106

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following sentences and identify 2. Spot Simile in the following sentences which poetic device has been used in each of and explain their meanings. An example is them. Also explain why you chose this answer. provided. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) Simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, The students moved as fast as lightning after the hyperbole, paradox. exams. He remained as cool as cucumber. Ans: Simile (comparison with words as …as) Ans: as fast as lightning-students moving quickly after the exam 1. Something in a thirty-acre thermal thicket of thorns and thistles thumped 1. The history paper was as tricky as a maze. and thundered. Alliteration (repetition of 2. The boys in the playing field were feeling as sound ‘th”) happy as dogs with two tails. 2. The labourer worked all day long and slept 3. He is as straight as an arrow. like a log that night. Simile (comparison with 4. The new baby looked as cute as a cupcake. words like) 5. The frog wasn’t moving because it was as 3. He saw a man as tall a power pole. Hyperbole dead as a doornail. (Exaggeration) 6. When she got her result, her mom was as 4. The tree was pulled down, and the birds cried proud as a peacock. over its dead body. Personification (Human 7. At the end of the day, I feel as free as a bird. attributes given to tree-dead body) 8. Finding the ring she lost was like finding a 5. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. needle in a haystack. Alliteration (repetition of sound ‘p”) 9. The girl walked as slow as a snail because she 6. Dark days Paradox (contradiction) was so exhausted. 7. The audience listened to his speech as quietly 10. He wouldn’t change his mind and was told he as mice. Simile (comparison with words as … was as stubborn as a mule. as) 8. Nobody goes to the mall anymore — it’s too crowded. Paradox (contradiction) 9. The young athlete looked as strong as an ox. Simile (comparison with words as …as) 10. The skies of his future began to darken. Metaphor (Comparison of future with skies darkening-bleak and hopelessness) 107

10. Articles Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Define the term “Article” • Identify a Definite and Indefinite article • Choose the proper type of article for a given noun Starter Activity Study the following passages. 1. I watched a car as it came up our road. The car stopped outside out house and a man got out. The man was carry a case in his hand. With the case in his hand, the man looked like a salesman. 2. During our journey we came to a bridge. As we were crossing the bridge, we met an old man and spoke to him. The man refused to answer us at first. He could tell at a glance that we had escaped from a prison. As soon as Jim produced a revolver, the man proved very willing to answer our questions. He told us exactly where we were and directed us to a farm where we could find food. The farm was a mile away. We use a/an to introduce a person or a thing for the first time. This shows that the listener or the reader does not know what we are referring to. After the first reference, we use the. These ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called arti- cles. Key Points Today we will take a quick review of ARTICLES which ‘a’ is used before Once upon a time there was you have already learnt in your previous classes. words beginning a a thirsty crow who flew DEFINITION: An article, like an adjective, modifies consonant sound about in search of water. the noun. It adds to the meaning of the noun. An She has been a loyal friend article is always used before a noun or an adjective for many years now. that modifies the noun. One day, when I was reading a book, I received a ‘an’ is used before There was an empty bottle strange telephone call. words that begin of cold drink on the table. In the above sentence, article ‘a’ modifies nouns book with a vowel sound. and telephone call and are placed before book in the first case and adjective strange in the second case We became an independent respectively. country in 1947. TWO TYPES OF ARTICLES: ‘a’ is used before Every big city in India has a Indefinite Articles (A, An) and Definite Articles (The) words that begin university. with e or u when they have an initial Austria is a European coun- USE OF ‘A’ and ‘An’ EXAMPLES y sound. try. I saw her sitting at a desk. Use of ‘a’ before I live in a one-storey build- words that begin ing. Before countable I gave him an orange to eat. with o but sound Deven, a once famous actor nouns in the singu- has now disappeared. We do not say a milk or a like w. lar number tea because they are un- countable nouns. However, The king adopted a son to we can say a cup of milk or a Use of ‘an’ before make him an heir of his mug of tea. words that begin fortune. with a silent ‘h’ Raj Kumar is an honest busi- ness man. 108

10. Articles He has done an MBA in With nouns Can you pass the jug Use of ‘an’ before Finance. mentioned for please? abbreviations, if the first time, consonants begin I lodged an FIR in the nearest however it clear The city changed with a vowel sound. police station when someone 2 which person completely after the stole my purse. or thing we are riots. talking about. Use of a or an A dog is a domestic animal. before a singular countable noun A cow is a useful animal. Before musical My brother can play instruments. the flute. which is used to represent a class of 3 My mother is fond things. of playing the harmonium. use of a or an to Not a bird could be heard. indicate one An engineer came to check With objects The moon is full our refrigerator. that are unique tonight. 4 (only one of Use of a/an in front She’s an American. (noun) something) The earth revolves of Nationality or around the sun. religion. Kushal is a Buddhist. With nouns This is the man I told use of a/an in front He is a Smith. (a member of followed by you about. of proper nouns the Smith family) 5 a descriptive He is the boy who is like members of a It’s a Dickens novel. (a novel phrase. elected as the head family, literature written by Charles Dickens) boy this year. and art When we The kidnapper is a Use of a/an or one It is a quarter of a kilometre make double man we must catch with: to the school. comparison and the sooner the 6 better. • Whole numbers: He bought a dozen bananas. The higher you go, the a/one hundred, colder it is. thousand. Before sports India won the World • Fractions: a/one cups and Cup last year. quarter, half. 7 trophies. A number of teams are taking part in the • Money: a/one Asia Cup. pound, dollar. Before caste and The Rajputs are • Weights, mea- communities. brave people. sures: a/one kilo, 8 foot The Marathas are DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE”: hard working. Before the This is the same book adjectives that you gave me. USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES ‘same & whole’ With nouns we There is a bedroom and after the The whole class was have mentioned and a living room. adjective ‘all & absent. previously. The bedroom is quite 9 both’ used with large. All the boys were plural nouns. present there. 1 There was a thirsty crow. The crow found Both the brothers some pebbles and a were honest. pitcher. He dropped the pebbles in the pitcher. 109

10. Articles Before She is the weaker of With You are the first one comparative the two sisters. superlatives, to arrive. degree in case of 19 ordinals, the 10 a choice. Which is the more same, the only. This is the best beautiful of the two choice among all. sisters? With media. What’s on the televi- 20 sion? Before proper Surdas is the Milton I went to the cinema. noun for of India. the sake of Kalidas is the 11 comparison. Shakespeare of India. THE OMISSION OF ARTICLES: Before a She is the woman. 1. Before proper noun. common noun to • Have you spoken to Hema? 12 give it the force He is the man for this • Bangalore is the capital of Karnataka. of a superlative. job. 2. With uncountable nouns • Rice is the main food in Asia. Before the dates. The letter came on • Milk is often added to tea in India. For example the 10th of May. 3. Before names of materials. 13 (i) I was born of the 5th • Silver is a useful metal. of September. • Tea grows in India. Exceptions: Before the The BJP • The tea of Assam is very famous. (particular tea. political parties. The Labour Party • The water of the Ganga is sacred. (particular 14 The Janta Party water) With national The Japanese drink 4. Before abstract nouns as qualities, feelings and groups. too much green tea. states used in general sense. 15 The Indians are • Truth is a noble quality. emotional people. • Honesty is a virtue Exceptions With classes of The old are respected • He always tells a lie. people. by the young. • My father always speaks the truth. 16 We should help the 5. Before collective nouns in general sense. needy. • Life is complex. • Society does not allow this. With individual The lion is fast disap- items which pearing. 6. Before names of languages. represent a class. • French is a difficult language. 17 The rose is a sweet • He speaks German very well. flower. 7. Before ‘hobbies, profession and sports’. • Dancing is her profession With some The Thames flows • Rakesh loves playing hockey. geographical names. In into the North Sea. 8. Before names of disease. • Cancer is the dreaded disease. 18 particular: Have you ever been to • AIDS is spreading like wild fire. oceans, seas, the Netherlands? Exceptions: the Measies, Mumps, the rickets, the rivers, regions. plague, the flu. 9. Before material nouns. • Platinum is an expensive metal. • I like gold than silver. 10. Before Regular meals • I take breakfast at 8 a m. • You should take dinner early. Exception: They gave us a good breakfast. (When preceded by an adjective) 110

10. Articles 15. Before names of relation like ‘Uncle, mother, father’ etc. in place of possessive adjectives. 11. Before expressions such as all day, all night, by air, by sea. • Father will go to Delhi Tomorrow. • Aunt is expected any moment. • He will go by air. • He works all day. 12. Names of academic subject • I was never good at Mathematics. • My sister got full marks in English. 13. Days, months and years • 1948 was a wonderful year. • I have an off on Saturday. 14. After the noun’s possessive cases. • His brother's car. • Peter's house. Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS -1 Starter Activity and Key Recap of articles and their PS -2 Points types PS -3 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation Sheet check or Peer check* 111

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Read the following passage and insert articles wherever required: I. Read the following sentences and supply ‘the’ or ‘X’. An example is provided. It had rained earlier in day and as Gaurav left house, he lifted his eyes to sky. Sun was coming Letusnowlookinto__________waysofkeepingfit. out again and quite suddenly rainbow appeared Ans: Let us now look into the ways of keeping fit. up there above trees. Gaurav thought it was good 1. Ensuring one’s personal health is ___________ sign. His mother had been most positive person he had ever known. His mother was one who had responsibility of each citizen. always believed in pot of gold at end of rainbow. 2. It involves being disciplined in ___________ Mom was undying optimist, he thought. physical and mental matters. 3. ___________ former is relevant to maintaining physical health. 4. Mental matters relate to having ___________ right attitude and values. 5. Many diseases that we see are as a result of a lack of ___________ physical and mental discipline. 6. Physical discipline involves maintaining ___________ health of the body. 7. There are many factors to consider in ___________ matter. 8. Many people feel proud at building up ___________ massive muscles. 9. But they fail to remember that after an age it would be impossible to do such ___________ exercises. 10. In maintaining physical health, ___________ better objective is to follow a strict regimen. 11. A physical trainer’s advice will be useful in creating a set of simple exercises that will benefit all ___________ the parts of the body. 12. A nutritionist may be able to advice on an ideal diet that will be helpful for ___________ good physical health. 13. Besides, we can also get a good understanding of what types of ___________ food should be avoided. 14. Having knowledge of ___________ family diseases that a family is prone to suffer will be helpful. 15. The advice of a doctor may be sought to find out what may be done to delay or totally avoid ___________ onset of family diseases. 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) II. The following passage has not been edited. In each line, there is an article I. Decide which word or words are correct. An which is omitted. Supply a, an or the in the example is provided. following text. An example is provided. I think that’s ________ thing to say. Before Word After a. a awful b. an awful c. awful Prevention is better than cure. This holds good Ans: I think that’s an awful thing to say. even in matter (a) in the matterof road accidents. Accident can happen (b) due to anything. Sim- 1. Ram goes to _______ on the bus. plest but (c) at same time, dangerous perhaps a. work b. a work c. the work is (d)people slipping down on road (e)caused by orange (f)or banana peel. Without meaning any 2. I don’t know what to do. It’s________ problem. harm, (g)a person may throw away orange peel a. quite difficult b. a quite difficult c. quite a (h)or banana skin on the (i)road or the sidewalk. difficult When person, (j)walking briskly, steps on peel, he or she will (k)slip down. So people must not 3. ________ is my favourite sport. throw peelings(l)on road but should deposit (m) a. Cricket b. A cricket c. The cricket them in dustbin. In some (n)countries offenders are severely punished. 4. ________ starts at nine o’clock. a. School b. A school c. The school. 5. We had ________ time at the function yesterday. a. really nice b. a really nice c. really a nice 6. Kamal opened a drawer and took out ________ a. photos b. a photos c. the photos 7. Did you learn to play________? a. guitar b. a guitar c. the guitar 8. We can finish the rest of the curry during ________ a. breakfast b. a breakfast c. the breakfast 9. While I was in hospital, they gave me________ a. X-ray b. a X-ray c. an X-ray 10. I might listen to________ a. radio b. radios c. the radio 11. We need to protect________ from pollution. a. environment b. an environment c. the environment 12. Why do they always play________ music? a. so terrible b. such terrible c. such a terrible 113

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following sentences and correct the errors in the articles. An example is provided. At an end of the busy day, sleep is a best tonic. Ans: At the end of a busy day, sleep is the best tonic. 1. I have just rented the first-class accommodation with the private bathroom. 2. I recently attended the workshop by our counselor on how to manage time spent on a use of an internet. 3. Lately an environment has seen the increase in randomly strewn rubbish. 4. Halfway through a meal we realised we got a wrong order. 5. I am a avid bird watcher. 6. I would like to propose that the programme be initiated to study about a birds. 7. A Takahe is the flightless bird indigenous to New Zealand. 8. I suppose I owe her the apology. 9. You've been studying for the long time. 10. Her enthusiasm was not dampened in a least! II. Read the following passage and insert articles wherever required: As argument became more intense, some by- standers tried to calm two men, saying that it was small matter. Mr. Sen and shop owner ignored by- standers and shouted even louder at each other, hurling greater insults and using more violent gestures. Suddenly, shop owner was so heated and angry that he threw punch at Mr. Sen. Mr. Sen recovered from momentary shock and threw shop owner punch too. This time, nobody wanted to get involved for fear that they might get hurt in process. Three police men patrolling area were attracted by fight too. Panicky screams of crowd told them that they had to act fast as more people might get hurt. 114

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with articles a, an, the or x (where not required): (10 Marks) 1. We’re leaving at __________ sunrise. 2. We’re invited to __________ Smiths for __________ lunch. 3. We must be home before __________ midnight. 4. Let’s have __________ dinner on __________ terrace. 5. I’m often sound asleep at __________ night. 6. Do you always have __________ tea at four? 7. We reached __________ village before __________ sunset. 8. We’ve come here to see __________ sunset. 9. __________ lunch I ordered was delicious. 10. I had __________ nice breakfast at __________ Taj. II. Rewrite the following sentences after inserting appropriate articles. In some cases, articles may not be necessary. An example is provided. (10 Marks) We started early in morning. Ans: We started early in the morning. 1. Sun sets in west. 2. Hope for best and prepare for worst. 3. All are brave when enemy flies. 4. Poor woman lives in small hut. 5. Sun shines brightly during day. 6. Birds suffer when they are kept in cages. 7. It was happiest moment of my life. 8. Man cannot survive without water. 9. Where did you put car papers? 10. Seamstress was an old woman. 115

11. Contractions and Possessives Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • avoid common mistakes related to the use of • explain what an apostrophe is apostrophes • list the uses of apostrophes • use apostrophes to form contractions and show possession Starter Activity SET 1 SET 2 It is a sunny day. We are driving in a car, which It’s a sunny day. We are driving in my uncle’s car. belongs to my uncle. The orders of the customer have been dis- The customer’s orders have been dispatched. patched. The cat belonging to Sam is sick. Sam’s cat is sick You cannot feed animals in a zoo. You can’t feed animals in a zoo. The hat which belongs to Rahul is red in colour. Rahul’s hat is red in colour. From the above sets of sentences, we can see how by using a comma above (APOSTROPHE) we can shorten the sentences without changing their meaning Key Points Today our lesson is about Apostrophe for making To form a contraction: contractions and possessives. RECAPITULATION: in your lesson of punctuation Words Contractions Examples marks, you have read about apostrophes help to Am show the possession of a noun. is ’m I am disappointed in you. I’m disappointed in you. Examples: has • I am using my brother’s pen. He is not coming with us. • Mohan’s house is huge and beautiful. Are Apostrophes may be small but they are important He’s not coming with us. punctuation marks. ’s USES OF APOSTROPHES: It is his birthday today. 1. To show possession: It’s his birthday today. a) With a singular noun, add ’s He has got a child. • A woman’s hat He’s got a child. • The man’s car ’s • My dad’s brother b) With a plural noun (ending in s), add an Rama has been angry. apostrophe after s • The dogs’ leashes (more than one dog) Rama’s been angry. • The teachers’ room • Guys’ night out We are staying in a hotel. (c) With a plural noun (not ending in s), add ’s We’re staying in a hotel. ’re They are football players. They’re football players. • Men’s clothing • People’s dream • Children’s books. 116

11. Contractions and Possessives Would I would love to a cup of are not- aren’t working tea. they are not working I’d love to a cup of tea. today. They aren’t ’d They would have gone by today. now. They’d have gone by now. Cannot – can’t I cannot come in the Had I wish I had waited longer. evening. Have I wish I’d waited longer. I can’t come in the Will evening. ’d He had been married a year. Could not - couldn’t He’d been married a year. They could not make to the party. She would have cleared They couldn’t make to the exam. the party. She would’ve cleared the exam. Not Did not - didn’t ’ve Ram did not finish his I have something I want work. to show you. Ram didn’t finish his I’ve something I want to work. show you. Does not - doesn’t He will turn twenty Megha does not work tomorrow. hard. He’ll turn twenty Megha doesn’t work hard. tomorrow. ’ll Do not - don’t She will submit the work They do not belong to this in the evening. place. She’ll submit the work in They don’t belong to this the evening. place. Had not - hadn’t She simply had not looked. She simply hadn’t looked. Has not - hasn’t Ganesh has not returned my call. Ganesh hasn’t returned my call. 117

11. Contractions and Possessives n’t You have not been good. You haven’t been good. Will not- won’t My uncle will not come today. My uncle won’t come today. Should not- shouldn’t You should not have washed them in the Not n’t machine. You shouldn’t have washed them in the machine. Must not-mustn’t We must not be late. We mustn’t be late. Madam Ma’am Might not-mightn’t of the o’clock It might not have done clock damage inside. Let’s It mightn’t have done Let us damage inside. May I help you, madam? May I help you, ma’am? It is four of the clock. It is four o’clock. Let us look at some examples. Let’s look at some examples. COMMON APOSTROPHE ERRORS: 4. You’re and your • You’re coming with us, isn’t it? (You are) 1. It’s and its • Where is your book? (Possessive) It’s: contraction of the words it is or it has. • It is unclear what he meant. 5. They’re, their and there • It’s unclear what he meant • They’re going home today. (They are) • It has got to be finished today. • This is their house. (Possessive) • It’s got to be finished today. • Is there any water in the jug? (Pronoun) Its: Indicates possession. The hotel raised its rates. The parlour celebrated its tenth anniversary. 2. Words ending in ‘s’ • I heard dogs barking in the street. (plural of dog) • I heard a dog’s bark in the street. (possessive) 3. who’s and whose • Who is coming to the party? (Who is) • Whose shirt is this? (Possessive) 118

11. Contractions and Possessives Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET PS -1 Starter Activity and Key Contractions and PossessiveS PS -2 Points PS -3 Evaluation with self- Self-evaluation check or Peer check* Sheet 119

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Underline the word that best completes the sentence. An example is provided. The snake sheds (it’s, its) skin every few months. Ans: The snake sheds its skin every few months. 1. (It’s, Its) really not my problem, but I will try to help you. 2. The plane landed late and now (it’s, its) leaving late. 3. He said that (it’s, its) the best restaurant in town. 4. I like the colour of (its, it’s) fur. 5. Why don’t you check (its, it’s) collar? 6. The city is known for (its, it’s) culture. 7. (its, it’s) quarter to four. 8. (its, it’s) already late now. 9. I think (its, it’s) going to rain today. 10. (its, it’s) got to be here somewhere. II. Fill in the blank with ‘who’s’ or ‘whose’ that best completes the sentence. The first one is done as an example: __________ left their shoes here again?’ shout- ed the dad. Ans: Who’s left their shoes here again?’ shouted the dad. 1. ___________ not in the class today? 2. ___________ pen is this? 3. ___________ broken the vase? 4. ___________ taken my book? 5. __________ notebook has been stolen? 6. ___________ in the room? 7. ___________ dad is a doctor? 8. She’s the woman ___________ going to be our new teacher. 9. Ask Reena, she knows ___________ who. 10. Do you know ___________ car that is? 120

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Contract the highlighted words appropriately. An example is provided. I am very tired. 1. Ram should not talk so much. 2. They have written the report. 3. Let us go to school. 4. He did not play well. 5. I could not find my car. 6. Here is your book. 7. I would ask the class teacher. 8. Who is this lady? 9. They had forgotten their schoolwork. 10. Where are you from? 11. I am not sure who is coming to the cinema tonight. 12. They are waiting for us. 13. She would have failed. 14. The dog is happy. It has had its breakfast. 15. It is a sad state of affairs. 121

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Identify whether the apostrophe is used to show possession or a contraction. An example is provided. The Kumars’ garden is done by a professional. Ans: Possession 1. Who’s going to help me? 2. I need Rita’s phone number. 3. It’s on the kitchen shelf. 4. You’d better ask your mother. 5. I’m never going to tell lies. 6. I shouldn’t have bothered you. 7. Why is Neetu’s brother here? 8. My mom’s coming home soon. II. Rewrite the sentences after correcting the mistake. An example is provided. We have three cats. The cats litter box in the terrace. Ans: We have three cats. The cats’ litter box in the terrace. 1. All of the boys went to the restaurant. The boys bill was over thousand rupees. 2. Its lady’s night at the club. 3. The kids room are very messy right now. 4. The boxes labels are mixed up. 5. The last time I saw Ram, he was in the teachers room. 6. The childrens book section is on the top shelf. 122

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Form a contraction for each of the following. (10 Marks) Sl.No Words Contraction 1 Who is 2 Cannot 3 He would 4 They have 5 We are 6 You had 7 I am 8 Should not 9 Will not 10 Could have II. Rewrite the sentences. Put apostrophes in the correct places. An example is provided. (10 Marks) Its a nice day outside. Ans: It’s a nice day outside. 1. Manojs brothers got blue eyes. 2. Wheres your mothers car? 3. Radhikas appointments at four oclock. 4. My sisters teachers name is Mrs Das. 5. Im Rams best friend. 6. Geetas favourite subject is Maths. 7. Rahuls 16 and hes a player. 8. Devikas sisters a teacher. 9. My fathers brothers a doctor. 10. Whens your sisters birthday? 123

12. Determiners and types Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Use determiners accurately within sentences • Define the term “determiner” • Identify determiners within sentences. • Identity types of determiners. Starter Activity LIST OF DETERMINERS Articles Demonstratives Interrogative Possessive Quantifiers Distributive A This Few/A Few Each An That Whose My Every These Little/A Little Either The Those Which Your Some/Any Neither What His Much/Many/More How Many Her More How Much Its No/enough Our A lot of/lots of/ Their plenty of Number expres- sions: ordinal, cardinal, and percentages From the above sets of sentences, we can see how by using a comma above (APOSTROPHE) we can shorten the sentences without changing their meaning Key Points words starting with a consonant and vowel sounds respectively. EXAMPLES: a boy, an apple, a car, a RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have helicopter, an elephant, a big elephant, an itchy already learnt about “Determiners’. sweater, an ugly duck, a European, a university, a unit, Today we will again take a detailed review of the an hour, an honour. topic DETERMINERS AND THEIR TYPES. Uses: DEFINITION: A determiner is a word that introduces a noun. It always comes before a noun and also 1. To refer to something for the first time or to refer comes before any other adjectives used to describe to a particular member of a group or class. the noun. • I’ve finally bought a nice house. Note the highlighted words in the following passage. • An elephant is used to transport logs of wood in These are the determiners which are placed before jungle. nouns. There are those who do not believe that the melting of 2. Names of jobs. glaciers provides evidence that this planet’s climate • My mother is a bank manager. system is changing. But there is other evidence – our • I want to become a professional dancer. summers are getting hotter, a fact brought into sharp focus by a 45-degree Celsius day in Cape Town, which 3. With nationalities and religions in the singular. was the hottest day ever recorded in that city. This • I am an Indian. event must surely have shaken even those cynics • Ms Mary is a Catholic. who argue that global warming is just an obvious lie put out by those with interests in the alternative 4. With the names of days of the week when not energy industry. referring to any particular day. 1. ARTICLES (A, AN and THE) • My brother was born on a Thursday. The two indefinite articles A and An are used with • You could visit on a Saturday sometime. 124

12. Determiners and types 11. Withcountriesthatincludethewords“republic”, “kingdom”, or “states” in their names. 5. With singular nouns after the words ‘what’ and ‘such’. • I am visiting my uncle in the United States. • What a shame! • Jack is the Republic of China. • She’s such an awesome singer. 12. With newspaper names. 'the' is a definite article and is used in the follow • I read it in the Deccan Herald today. ing ways. • Medha works for the Times of India. 13. With the names of famous buildings, works of 1. To refer to something which has already been mentioned. art, museums, or monuments. • Have you ever see the Taj Mahal in full moon? • On Monday, an armed man entered the bank and he stole money. The thief hasn’t been It looks fabulous. caught yet. • I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower. 14. With the names of hotels & restaurants. • I was walking past a juice shop and I decided to • We took our guests to the Golden Lion. go into the shop. • They kept the reception at the Taj. 15. With the names of families, but not with the • There’s a position available in my firm. The job will involve some travel in and around the city names of individuals. • We’re having dinner with the Kumars tonight. 2. To speak about something when there is just one • The Khannas are hosting this party. of something in that place. • We went on a walk in the park yesterday. The article ‘the” is not used with names of countries, • Where is the restroom? names of languages, names of meals, People’s • I enjoyed the book you gave me. names, with titles when combined with names, the’s possessive case, names of shops, years, uncountable 3. In sentences or clauses where you define or nouns, names of individual mountains, lakes and identify a particular person or object. islands, names of towns, streets, stations and • The man who directed this movie is famous. airports • He is the physician who is treating me. DEMONSTRATIVES: Demonstratives show the 4. To refer to people or objects that are unique. relation between an object, event, or person in • Clouds drifted across the sky. regards to the speaker. These determiners show • The Prime Minister will be addressing tonight. both the physical and mental closeness as well as the distance. 5. Before superlatives and ordinal numbers. 1. This: Used with singular nouns & uncountable • This is the highest building in Bangalore. • I was so curious that I read the last chapter of nouns which is near the speaker. the book first. • Is this Meera’s house? • What a nice surprise this is! 6. With adjectives, to refer to a whole group of 2. That: Used with singular nouns & uncountable people. nouns which is far from the speaker. • The French enjoy cheese. • Is that Meera’s house over there? • My father donated a lot of money to the poor. • What a nice surprise that must have been! 3. These: Used with plural countable nouns which 7. With decades. are near the speaker. • My dad was born in the forties. • These books are mine. • This is a painting from the 1820’s. • What are you up to these days? 4. Those: Used with plural countable nouns which 8. With clauses introduced by only are far from the speaker. • Sunday is the only day when we have a weekly • Those books are yours. off. • Those days are long gone. • My sister is the only person I trust. Demonstratives can be placed in many ways. 9. With certain Proper Nouns (geographical areas, rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, 5. Before the noun or the adjective that modifies canals, and oceans) the noun. • Hiking across the Mount Everest would be • This blue car needs repairing. difficult. • That book over there will help you. • Sri Lanka is surrounded with the Indian Ocean. 125 10. With countries that have plural names • Have you ever been to the Netherlands? • I know a man who lives in the Philippines.

12. Determiners and types • Either situation might be the case. • Neither of them have a clue what is on my mind. • These apples are really juicy. 5. Use of all, none and any with more than two • Those boys joined the team first. people or things. 6. Before a number by itself when the noun is • All the shops were closed during the strike. understood from the context. • None of the shops were open during the strike. • I would like to try this one. • I don’t think any of the shops were open during • That one is spoilt. • I’ll take these two. the strike. • Those two are not so beautiful. 6. Use of little, a bit of, a lot of, a large amount of 7. Can be used by themselves when the noun they modify is understood from the context. etc. for uncountable nouns. • I’ll never forget this. • He wanted a little encouragement from the • That has nothing to do with my family. • I didn’t ask for these. teacher. • Those aren’t yours. • The doctor will be in to talk to you in a few QUANTIFIERS: They are used in the sentence in order to express the quantity such as many, few, minutes. enough, little, much, most, any, some, any, etc. • A large quantity of sugar was sold. 7. Use of few, several, a large number of with 1. We use quantifiers when we want to give someone countable nouns. information about the number of something: how • Few words to the wise suffice. much or how many. • There are several amendments under • Most babies take their first steps sometime between 9 and 12 months. consideration. • We ate some snacks during the picnic. • A large number of people visit this temple. • We saw lots of animals in the zoo. 8. Use of some, plenty, any, lots of, no etc. with both countable and uncountable nouns. 2. Used with both countable and uncountable nouns: • He made some profit this year. all, any, enough, less, a lot of, lots of, more, most, • Some leaves were lying on the ground. no, none of, some, plenty of, heaps of, a load of, • Don’t make any noise while you work. loads of, tons of etc. • A golden key can open any door. • There was lots of space in the car. 3. Used with countable nouns only: both, each, • This year I bought lots of books. either, few, fewer, neither, several, a couple of, • He has no time. hundreds of, thousands of etc. • There are no coins in the piggy bank. 4. Used with uncountable nouns only: a little, much, INTERROGATIVES: Like all determiners, these also a bit of, a great deal of, a good deal of modify nouns and pronouns. There are three inter- rogative determiners: what, which, and whose. They HOW TO PLACE QUANTIFIERS: are called “interrogative” because they are usually used to ask questions. 1. Before a noun when talking about members of a group in general. • What book are you reading? (modifies the noun • Few snakes are venomous. book) • Both sisters work in the school. • He never have enough money. • Which shirt are you going to buy? (modifies the noun shirt) 2. Uofspeeoofptlheeo…r wthhinegnst.alking about a specific group • Few of the snakes are venomous. • Whose computer is this? (modifies the noun • All of the adults work for livelihood. computer) • He has spent all of his money. Possessives: Possessive determiners are used to 3. Use of every or each with a singular noun to modify nouns to denote possession. They take the mean all: place of the definite article the, and state whom or • There was a crowd on every street during Holi. what an item belongs to. • Each child was given a prize. Personal Pronoun Possessive Determin- 4. Use of both, either and neither while talking er about two people or things: • Both Rahul and Geeta were watching a movie I My yesterday. You Your He His 126

12. Determiners and types She Her It Its We Our Their They Possessive determiners are usually placed in front of the noun they modify. • Please return my books as soon as possible. • Have they returned their books to the library? • The Earth spins on its axis. Whose as a possessive determiner is used in interrogative sentences to inquire about possession. Whose book is lying on the table? Do you know whose idea this was? Please note: Possessive determiners are often confused with possessive personal pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs). While possessive pronouns can stand on their own, taking the place of a noun, possessive determiners cannot. Whose is this mistake? It’s mine. (Correct) It’s my. (Incorrect) since it requires a noun. It’s my book. (Correct) • 6.  Distributive Determiners: Distributive determiners refer to a group of people or things, and to individual members of the group. They express how something is distributed, shared, or divided. Some of the examples/ words/list of distributive determiners are- each, every, all, either and neither, etc. • ‘Each’ and ‘Every’: They talk about the individual members of a group. • Each bird likes to hear himself sing. • Every heart has its own sorrow. Each can also be used with plural nouns and pronouns but must be followed by ‘of’. Every cannot be used with plural nouns. • Each of the children received a present. • All’: It collectively talks about the whole group. 1. It can be used with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns. • Money is the root of all evil. • I love all dogs. 2. It can be used with uncountable nouns and plural countable nouns also. • He wasted all his time. • All of the birds flew away. 3. It can be used with plural pronouns by using ‘of’ 127

12. Determiners and types • All of us were highly disappointed. • All of them went late that evening. 4. It can be used in questions and exclamations with uncountable nouns by using ‘this’ or ‘that’, and countable nouns by using “these’ and ‘those’. • Who has scattered all this paper in the room? • Why is all of that sugar on the floor? • Look at all those balloons! • Where did all of those flowers come from? Half: It is used to talk about a whole group divided in two. It is prefixed with ‘a’ or ‘an’ for measurements. • I had half a cup of milk left. • I bought half a kilo of flour. • Half the people have already left. • Half of an apple isn’t very much lunch. Both: It refers to the whole pair. It can be used with plural nouns on its own, or it can be followed by “of”, with or without an article. • Both puppies are white in colour. • Both the puppies are white in colour. • Both of the puppies are white in colour. • I told both of them to calm down. Either: It is positive and when used alone, refers to one of the two members of the pair. It can also be used with a plural noun or pronoun if followed by “of”. Work Plan Coverage details Practice Sheet Determiners and their types PS -1 Concept Coverage PS -2 Starter Activity and Key PS -3 Points Self-evaluation Evaluation with self- Sheet check or Peer check* 128

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Complete the following dialogues using this, that, these and those. An example is provided. Raj: Are we going out ___________ evening? Rahul: I can’t really. I’ll be working late at the office. Ans: Raj: Are we going out this evening? Rahul: I can’t really. I’ll be working late at the office. 1. Meera: I hear you’ve got a new car. Rita: ___________ is right. I’ve just bought a new Swift. 2. Sid: What’s the matter? Pooja: It’s ___________ sandals. They don’t fit properly. They’re hurting my feet. 3. Ram: It’s so boring here. Shruti: I know. Nothing ever happens in ___________ place. 4. Mom: What is wrong with you? You look frightened. Vicky: You won’t believe ___________, but I’ve just seen a ghost. 5. Geeta: What bikes are ___________? . Tom: I don’t know. They are too far away to see properly. 6. Captain: The match is three weeks from today. Shyam: Sorry, I won’t be able to play as I will be away all ___________ week. 7. Ganesh: Hello, Can I help you? Sumi: Hello ___________ is Sumi. Can I speak to your mom, please? Rahul: ___________ seats aren’t very comfortable, are they? Sonia: No, I don’t think I’ll want to sit here very long. II. Complete the following sentences using many, few, much and little. An example is provided. 1. The main town on the island is very small and does not have many important buildings. The people do not have (1) _______ money, and they have (2) _______ contact with the outside world. There is not (3) _______ chance of the place attracting large numbers of tourists. The roads are not very good. There are lots of bicycles but not (4) _______ cars. And there are hardly any of the modern facilities which visitors expect. There are (5) _______ shops, and there is (6) __________ entertainment. 129

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with each or every. An example is provided. There were four dresses in the wardrobe. Each dress was a different color. 1. The Olympic Games are held ______ four years. 2. ______ parent worries about their children. 3. In a game of badminton, there are two or four players. ______ player has a racket. 4. Shyam goes to gym ______ Thursday evening. 5. I understood most of what they said but not ______ word. 6. The book is divided into five parts and ______ of these has three sections. 7. I get paid ______ four weeks. 8. We had a great weekend. I enjoyed ______ min- ute of it. 9. I tried to phone her two or three times, but ______ time there was no reply. 10. Car seat belts save lives. ______ driver should wear one. 130

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. I’m very hungry. Give me ______ food. a. a few  I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate option: b. much  c. any  1. There isn’t ______ food in the house. d. some a. any  b. many 10. I’m tired. I need ______ sleep. c. some  a. a few  d. a few b. plenty of  c. many  2. How ______ boys have finished the paper? d. a large number of  a. a few  b. some c. much  d. man 3. He spends ______ his time playing video games. a. many of  b. a great deal of c. a few of  d. a large number of 4. Can you lend me ______ coins? a. many  b. any c. a few  d. a great deal of  5. There was ______ rain yesterday. a. a few  b. any c. a little  d. many 6. The thieves stole ______ sheep. a. a large number of  b. a great deal of c. much  d. a little  7. There is only ______ tea in the cup.     a. several  b. a little c. a few  d. a lot of  8. We don’t have ______ time to finish this work. a. a little  b. some  c. much  d. many  131

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Correct these sentences when necessary. An example is provided. (10 Marks) I’m sorry there isn’t many food left. Can I make some sandwiches for you? I’m sorry there isn’t much food left. Can I make some sandwiches for you? 1. You should drink more water and lesser tea. 2. Have you got much books? I’ve only got a few. 3. He has little friends because of his bad behaviour. 4. It was an interesting talk and I paid many attention to it. 5. She didn’t bring some food for the picnic so I shared my food with her. 6. We have run out of sugar. There’s only few left. 7. There are too much students for the class trip. 8. He didn’t give me some good advice although he said a lot of things. 9. Rama has given me much good ideas. 10. Can I have any ice-cream, please? II. Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning. An example is provided. (10 Marks) There wasn’t anyone in front of me in the queue. There was no one in front of me in the queue. 1. You don’t know anyone in this city. You know ____________________________ 2. Reeta met no one in the library. Reeta didn’t ____________________________ 3. I told nobody to go with me. I ____________________________ 4. They ate nothing during the breakfast. They didn’t ___________________________ 5. My friend told no one anything about the result. My friend didn’t __________________ 6. Satya didn’t tell anybody about his plans. Satya told __________________________ 7. I didn’t say anything. I said ____________________________ 8. The airport isn’t anywhere near here. The airport is __________________________ 9. I don’t want anything to eat. I want ____________________________ 10. The kids did nothing during their vacation. The kids didn’t ______________________ 132

13. Pronouns Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Understand the usage of the relative pronoun. • Define the term ‘Pronoun. • Write the sentence by using reduced relative • Differentiate between different types of clauses pronouns and their usage. • Identify pronouns as a part of speech. • Understand the usage of “it” as an impersonal pronoun. Starter Activity Types of Pronouns PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS EMPHATIC PRONOUNS They are used as sub- They are used for high- stitutes for a noun or a These are used to show own- They refer to another lighting, stressing or pronoun in a sentence: ership: His, yours, hers, mine, noun in the sentence emphasizing the noun He, I, she, you, it, they, me, ours, theirs, mine etc. and end in –self or – or pronoun that comes him etc. selves: Himself, Myself, before it: myself, himself, herself, yourself, our- herself, itself, yourself, selves etc.) themselves, ourselves INTERROGATIVE PRO- DEMONSTRATIVE PRO- INDEFINITE PRO- DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS NOUNS NOUNS NOUNS They refer to people or They are used to ask ques- They are used to indicate They are used to refer things one at a time: tions: what, which, who, nouns: this, that, these and to some persons or each, every, either, nei- whom, whose etc. those things that are not ther definite or specific: all, anything, something, each, every, some, any, many, one, everything everybody, etc. Key Points • It is raining. • ‘What is the time now?’ ‘It is 5 o’clock.’ In the above table, you can see various types of • It is always cloudy on the hills. pronouns. In your previous class, you have already 2. The pronoun ‘it’ is used as a provisional subject, read about various kinds of PRONOUNS. Let’s take a when the real subject is an infinitive. quick review of Pronoun and its types. • It is not easy to defeat him. DEFINITION: The word which replaces a noun in a • It is dangerous to play with fire. sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps us 3. It is used to represent a noun in the neuter gender. to avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and • I am taking the bread back to the bakery because speech. it isn’t good. EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS: I, me, mine, myself, she, • The tree was cut. It lost its foliage. her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves. 4. It can be used to represent a young baby of either Today we will learn about uses of Impersonal Pronoun sex. (it), Relative Pronouns and Reduced Relative Clauses • The baby is crying. It must be hungry. • I did not disturb the child because it was USES OF IT: sleeping. It is also one of the pronouns which is the only 5. It can also be used for small and domestic animals. impersonal pronoun in English. The following are • I love my dog. It is adorable. some of the important uses of it. 1. It can be used as a subject to an impersonal verb. 133

13. Pronouns 5. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way. We met a girl who had lost her way. • I will not sell my cow because it yields 10 litres of milk every day. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES: A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause 6. It is used as an emphasizer before a noun or a introduced by a relative pronoun. pronoun. • It was Ritu who painted this picture. What is the name of that boy who just walked • It was the Chief Minister who made this in? announcement. Here the clause ‘who just walked in’ is an example of a relative clause. It modifies the 7. It can be used to refer to a preceding statement. noun boy. Relative clauses are also called • Rohan was scolded by his teacher; and he could adjective clauses. not forget it all his life. Relative clauses are sometimes shortened. • The weather is getting warm, it is an indication of the spring approaching. HOW TO REDUCE A RELATIVE CLAUSE? A participle can often be used instead of a RELATIVE PRONOUN: relative pronoun and full verb. DEFINITION: A Relative Pronoun joins two sentences and refer back to a noun before it. • The girl who sits next to me is my cousin. Now when we shorten the relative clause EXAMPLES: who, whom, whose, which, that ‘who sits next to me’, we get: 1. Jaipur which is called the pink city, is the The girl sitting next to me is my cousin. capital of Rajasthan. • The lady who lives next door works in a bank. 2. This is the boy whose work I was telling you The lady living next door works in a bank. about. • Yesterday I read a book which was written by 3. Pay heed to what I say. Hemingway. Yesterday I read a book written by COMBINING TWO SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE Hemingway. PRONOUN: • Most people who were invited to the party EXAMPLES: didn’t turn up. 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by Most people invited to the party didn’t turn up. the teacher. The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by • Anyone who enters the garden without the teacher. permission will be punished. Anyone entering the garden without 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother permission will be punished sent it. The parcel which my brother sent reached me this morning. 3. This is the house. Jack built it. This is the house that Jack built. 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. Bring me the file which is on the table. 134

13. Pronouns Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Starter Activity and Key Recap of pronouns and their PS -1 types, usage of 'it', relative PS -2 Points pronoun, reduced relatives PS -3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet 135

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Here are some notes. Write them as sentences beginning with it. An example is provided. Pleasant to lie in the sun Ans: It is pleasant to lie in the sun. 1. Certain that he is arriving. 2. Monday, 13th June today. 3. Rains a lot in Assam. 4. 22 degree Celsius yesterday. 5. 100 kilometers from here to Chandigarh. 6. Important to get in the meeting yesterday. 7. Difficult making such decisions 8. A pleasure to welcome you all. 9. A pity that they couldn’t come. 10. Nice to see you. II. Rewrite these sentences using phrases with ‘of’, making any necessary changes. An example is provided. Your brother is always in trouble. That _______ ______________________________________. Ans: That brother of yours is always in trouble. 1. He is not my friend. He is no ________________ ____________________________. 2. We watched a play by Shakespeare. _________ ___________________________. 3. Now tell me about your problem. ___________ ______________________________. 4. We have known him for years. He is our friend. He is ________________________. 5. Her loud music drives me crazy! That ________ ____________________________. 6. Their neighbours have been complaining again. Those________________________. 7. My sister’s friend phoned from New Delhi. A ___ ____________________________. 8. Your radio keeps us awake. That ____________ ___________________________. 136