202110716-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G08-FY_Optimized

9.1 The Great Stone Face - I Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: On the day of the general’s arrival, Ernest and all the other people of the valley left their work and proceeded to the spot where a great banquet had been prepared. Soldiers stood on guard, flags waved and the crowd roared. Ernest was standing too far back to see Blood-and-Thunder’s face. However, he could hear several voices. (i) Why did people of valley leave their work? (ii) Why was a great banquet prepared? (iii) How did the people welcome the new arrival? (iv) Why had Ernest come there? (v) Could he see the General’s face? Why not? Extract 2: So his mother told him a story that her own mother had told her, when she herself was younger than little Ernest, that, at some future day, a child should be born near here who was destined to became the greatest and noblest person of his time and whose face, in manhood, should bear an exact resemblance to the Great Stone Face. Many still had faith in this old prophecy. But others took it to be nothing but idle talk. At all events the great man of the prophecy had not yet appeared. “Mother,” cried Ernest, clapping his hands above his head, “I do hope that I shall live to see him!” His mother was an affectionate and thoughtful woman. It was proper, she thought, not to discourage the fanciful hopes of her little boy. So she said to him. “Perhaps you may.” (i) Who told Ernest’s mother a story and when? (ii) Did anybody believe the story? (iii) What did Ernest say after listening to the story? (iv) How did the mother respond to Ernest’s wish? (v) Give the meaning of the following words in English: resemblance, affectionate. 37

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following poem “Locket” written by Amy Ludwig Van Der Water and answer the questions that follow: My oak tree wears a birdhouse like a locket on a limb. He loves to hold the birds. They always sing to him. He sways in time to songs of sky imagines travels over land. But he is rooted to the earth. An oak tree must forever stand. Birds sing worldly melodies as round his leaves they dainty-dart. Oak will never leave this place. He holds his locket near his heart. 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words or phrases from the passage. a. The oak tree loves to hold the birds because___________________________. b. The oak tree cannot travel to the lands he imagines about because ____________. c. Birds sing _______________near the oak tree and these_______________ him. 2. Answer the following questions in brief: a. What does the line “My oak tree wears a birdhouse like a locket on a limb.” imply? Identify the poetic device used here. b. “He sways in time to songs of sky imagines travels over land.” What does ‘he’ here refer to? Which poetic device had been employed here? Justify your answer. c. What forces the oak tree to forever stand? 3. Find the words which mean the same as following: a. Move to and fro   b. fixed c. something related to humanly life PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Writing: 1. Write a letter to your cousin Pulkit inviting him to spend his winter break with you. You are Rohan and you live at 24, Mall Road, Shimla. 38

10.1 The Great Stone Face - II Reading Comprehension Extracts Extract 1: The years hurried on, and brought white hairs upon the head of Ernest, and made wrinkles across his forehead and furrows in his cheeks. He was an old man. But not in vain had he grown old; more numerous than the white hairs on his head were the wise thoughts in his mind. And Ernest had ceased to be obscure. Unsought for, undesired, had come the fame which so many seek. He had become famous beyond the limits of the valley. College professors, and even the active men of cities, came from far to see and converse with Ernest, and he received them with gentle sincerity, and spoke freely with them of whatever came uppermost, or lay deepest in his heart or their own. (i) What did the first line tell us about Ernest? (ii) How had Ernest grown as a person? (iii) Describe Ernest’s fame. (iv) Why did the visitors come to valley? (v) How did Ernest welcome the visitors? Extract 2: “You can hear in them the distant voice of a heavenly song. But my life, dear Ernest, has not corresponded with my thoughts. I have had grand dreams, but they have been only dreams. Sometimes I lack faith in my own thoughts. Why, then, pure seeker of the good and true, should you hope to find me in the face of the mountain?” (i) Name the speaker and the listener. (ii) What can Ernest hear in the poet’s poems? (iii) Was there any relation between the poet’s life and his poems? (iv) Who is the pure seeker of good and true? (v) What does the poet ask him not to find in him and why? 39

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Reading Comprehension (Unseen Passage) I. Read the following passage and answer the following questions: Biological pest control uses a natural enemy of the pest to keep its numbers down. In the 1920s, a cactus called the prickly bear was brought to Australia from America. It quickly established itself in Australia and became a weed pest. It grew so fast that large areas became thickly covered with the catus and could not be used for farming. Removing the cactus with weed killers or digging it was an expensive task. Scientists, therefore began looking for ways of controlling the catus biologically. Eventually, they discovered a moth, catoblastis cactorum, which lays its eggs in the prickly pear cactus. When the caterpillars hatch out they eat away the cactus. If there are enough caterpillars, they eventually destroy the cactus. Millions of eggs of the moth were released onto the cacti by farm workers. The operation was so successful that within five years, most of the cacti were destroyed. Finally when the cacti had disappeared, the caterpillars too died out. In many ways biological control is safer that chemical control.. It does not involve introducing toxic chemicals into the environment. Nevertheless, biological control can also go wrong. The house sparrow was introduced into New York from Britain in the hope it would eat caterpillars that were damaging elm trees in public parks. Instead, they looked for food agricultural fields, and the birds that were meant to control pests became pests themselves. Fill in the blanks. a. Biological pest control uses a natural enemy of the pest to keep its numbers __________________. b. In the 1920s, a cactus called the prickly bear was brought to Australia from _________________. c. Scientists began looking for ways of controlling the cactus __________________. d. Finally when the cacti had disappeared, the ____________________ too died out. e. The house sparrow was delibrately introduced to protect __________ trees from _____________. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Writing: 1. Write a story beginning with: ‘ It was late evening, I was walking back home and suddenly I could hear footsteps following me. I turned….. ‘Add an element of happy surprise and end it at a happy note. 40

1. Phrases and Clauses • Understand types of relative clauses-defining and non-defining. Objectives • Use different types of clauses effectively in their At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: writing. • Define a phrase, a clause. • Understand relative clauses. Concept Map Key Points • My new car drove the long and winding road. • Saturday became a cool, wet afternoon. Recapitulation: In the above sentences, you may find nouns but the 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PHRASE AND A CLAUSE: nouns are not doing any action (verb.. They are all phrases. A phrase is a group of related words which does CLAUSES not have a subject or a verb so they cannot be used Recapitulation: There are two types of Clauses alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/ 1. Principal clause/main clause/Independent sentence, where they are used as parts of speech whereas a clause is a group of words that has a Clause is the main clause of the whole sentence. subject, a verb and a predicate and can sometimes It can stand on its own and delivers the complete act as a sentence and thereby gives a complete meaning. meaning. 2. Sub-ordinate clause/dependent clause also EXAMPLES OF PHRASES: contains a subject and a predicate but it cannot • The confused traveller was lost in the jungle. stand on its own. It is dependent on the Main • I saw a dog drenched in the rain. Clause to deliver the complete meaning. • The government dispensary has seen many cases of infectious disease in the recent time. 41

1. Phrases and Clauses • Though he is poor, he is happy. As subject He is happy - main clause, though he is poor - sub- • I bought the shoes that matched my dress. ordinate clause • Doesn’t that boy who lives next door, study with • Since I was sick, I could not go to school. I could not go to school - main clause, since I was you? As object of a clause sick - sub-ordinate clause • You shouldn’t believe everything that you hear • You will fail unless you work hard. You will fail - main clause, unless you work hard - from others. • I placed an order which arrived three weeks later. sub-ordinate clause • Have you met the boy whom we saw in the party? In the above sentences, though, since and unless are Please note: When the relative pronoun is object of its CONJUNCTIONS which join two clauses together into clause we sometimes leave it out: one sentence to make a complete sense. You shouldn’t believe everything you hear from others. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS: As object of a preposition: In this case, we generally 1. Coordinating conjunctions: They join two main put the preposition after the verb. • This is the house my grandparents live in. or Independent clauses. Examples: FANBOYS (For, • I have not yet seen the movie you were talking and, nor, but, or, yet, so) • He regularly goes to the library for he loves to read. about. • My brother goes for mountain-climbing and Please note: While using the possessive form i.e. swimming. whose, the preposition sometimes comes at the 2. Subordinating conjunctions: They join a main beginning of the clause. clause and a subordinate clause. Examples: So • I met a girl whose father is a musician. much so, that, when, where, which, what, how, 2. TO TALK ABOUT TIME (WHEN) AND PLACES whom, whose, whether, If, provided, provided that, not withstanding, as, as if, as though, as much as, as (WHERE) far as, as soon as, as long as, so long as, according • The day when our Annual Day was held was Sunday. to, after, before, because, until, unless, for, in that, • The town where he lives is very tiny and small. than that, now that, though, so that, in order that, 3. GIVING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (who, whom, wherever etc. Today our lesson is about RELATIVE CLAUSES- whose and which) DEFINING and NON-DEFINING. As subject RELATIVE CLAUSES tell us more about people and • My relatives, who migrated to the US, have decided things and we use the following relative pronouns to introduce them. to come back. • I just read a story, which is one of the loveliest RELATIVE PRONOUNS stories written by Premchand. SUBJECT  OBJECT  POSSESSIVE USED FOR As object who Whom whose People • We went for the cricket match, which we really who which which whose Things enjoyed. that that   Bothe people and • She’s the girl who helped me in my assignment. things As object of a clause • He finally met his old teacher, whom he had always RELATIVE CLAUSES PERFORM FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS: admired in the school. • We went to our native place, which we visited last 1. TO MAKE CLEAR WHICH PERSON OR THING WE ARE TALKING ABOUT. IN THESE CLAUSES, WE CAN three years back. HAVE THE RELATIVE PRONOUN WHO, WHICH, As object of a preposition: WHOSE OR THAT • She decided to contact Ms. Das, whom she had heard about in the school. • That’s the song which we listened to last night. 4. TO TALK ABOUT QUANTITY AND NUMBER (MANY OF WHOM, MOST OF WHOM, ONE OF WHICH, NONE OF WHOM, SOME OF WHICH, LOTS OF WHOM, TWO OF 42

1. Phrases and Clauses WHICH ETC.) 1. Sometimes the clauses look very similar but have • She has three houses, two of which are in Mysore. different meanings. • I have three brothers, one of whom is serving in the • My brother who works in the army wrote me a army. letter. (Defining) 6. USING ‘WHICH’ TO GIVE MORE INFORMATION • He is usually careless, which always annoys his This means that I have more than one brother, and that brother works in the army. teachers. • My brother, who works in the army, wrote me a • We’re late in leaving from home, which means we letter. (Non-defining) may miss our flight. This means that I have only one brother, and that NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES brother works in the army. These clauses are also used for providing extra Please note: The information in a defining relative information about a person or a thing, however it clause is essential, so we can’t leave it out whereas the is not necessary information. We don’t need that information in a non-defining relative clause is extra information to understand who or what is being information, so we can leave it out. referred to. We use who, which, whose or whom to 2. We can use ‘that’ instead of who, whom or which introduce a non-defining relative clause. • Reena, who I study with, is participating in the quiz in defining relative clauses, but not in non-defining relative clauses. competition this year. I think anyone who works in a call centre does not • Doctors are trying to detect the causes of dengue, enjoy enough sleep. I think anyone that works in a call centre does not which affects large number of people all over India. enjoy enough sleep. Please note: In writing, we use commas around non- Her firm, which was very old, closed down because of defining relative clauses. money shortage. IDENTIFYING DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE Please note: Her firm, that was very old, closed down CLAUSES: because of money shortage. (WRONG: You cannot replace which with that in this case) Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS PS – 1 Concept map and Key points • Recapitulation of Clauses and phrases- PS – 2 types, relative clause-defining and non- PS – 3 defining Self-evaluation sheet Self-evaluation 43

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Identify whether the following relative clause is defining or non-defining. An example is provided. The dress that I bought last week is too small for me. Ans: defining 1. Ram’s father, who lives in Bangalore, has 3 cars. 2. He gave me the pen that had a beautiful cap. 3. My friend Geeta, who was my school mate, is now a famous author. 4. My grandparents, who have gone to the native place, stayed with us for 20 years. 5. We stopped at the restaurant, which we had never visited before. 6. I’ve just come back from Mysore, where my uncle lives. 7. The rain that we had yesterday was heavy. 8. The girl who was accused of shoplifting has been caught. 9. Yesterday I saw an actor, whose film was a super hit last year. 10. My birthday, which was last month, was great fun. 11. Everybody who went to the party enjoyed it very much. 12. The man whose dog has run away, has gone to look for it. 13. I handed over the book to Ram, who is my close friend. 14. The project which you submitted last year was better than this one. 15. Mohan, whom I trust, is not right in this case. 16. The exam that I need to take this year will ensure my admission to my favourite college. 17. The manager sent me an email, which I read immediately. 18. The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable. 19. My neighbour, who is a famous author, has lost his house keys. 20. My sister who works in a bank spent her holiday in Mumbai. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Rewrite the following sentences after joining them in a single sentence. An example is provided. Meera clicked few photographs during the trip. Have you seen them? Ans: Have you seen the photographs which Meera clicked during the trip? 1. You lost a key. Did you find it? 2. Reena is wearing a jacket. I like it. 3. Gyan’s two dogs are black. They are playing outside. 4. Elephants can sometimes be found in temples. They are large and grey. 5. I gave you some money. Where is it? 6. She told us a story. I didn’t believe it. 7. We decided to stop at the museum. We had never been into that museum. 8. You bought some bananas yesterday. How were they? 9. My cousin came to see us last month. She lives in Delhi. 10. My father works in a bank. He is 40 years old. 2. Read the following sentences and underline the words that ‘which’ refers to. An example is provided. They climbed Everest, which is the highest mountain in the world. 44 Ans: Everest 1. They climbed Everest, which made them world-famous. 2. Rahul sang and played the guitar, which everyone enjoyed a lot. 3. The car stopped at a cottage, which was in bad shape. 4. The bus stopped at a roadside hotel, which allowed everyone to get out. 5. We listened to the news, which was fake.

PRPARCATCITCIECSEHSEHEETE-T1- (2P(SP-S1-)2) 6. He gave me papers, which were enclosed in an envelope. 7. They fought with each other, which is very unusual. 8. His bicycle, which cost a fortune, is broken. 9. Their bungalow, which is near here, looks massive. 10. The person whom you want to meet has just left. PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Add the missing relative pronoun in the following sentences. An example is provided. I know a man ____________ can pull a tractor with his teeth. Ans: who 1. It’s a kind of sweet ____________ melts in your mouth. 2. My aunt____________ came yesterday has gone out to market. 3. He eats only the food, ____________ his mother cooks. 4. The book, ____________ you lent me, was very outdated. 5. The city ____________ my father lived was Mysore. 6. The table ____________ was broken is now repaired. 7. He’s one of the students____________ Ms. Gupta really likes. 8. The old man ____________ lives next door came to invite us for his son’s wedding. 9. I will buy the book ____________ you have written. 10. People ____________ work in schools are admired. 11. Has this ice-cream got a flavour ____________ pleases you? 12. Have you met anyone else ____________ sings so well? 13. The girl, ____________ lives next door, is a model. 14. I’m looking for someone to ____________ I can assign this work. 15. The rice ____________ I ate yesterday was not so good. 16. The road ____________ leads to the mall is a one-way road. 17. Mr. Kumar, ____________I met at the trade fair, is a famous businessman. 18. The building, ____________was very old, has been demolished. 19. The cadets, ____________ failed the health parameters, were disqualified. 20. The colony ____________ I live is very neat and clean. 45

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Join the sentences in column 1 to describe people correctly to their occupations in column 2. The first one is done as an example. COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2 A takes photographs. 1 a thief B is very intelligent. C sells meat. 2 a dentist D plays a musical instrument. E is ill in hospital. 3 a butcher F designs all kinds of buildings. G steals things. 4 a fool H looks after your teeth. I is very stupid. 5 a musician WHO J doesn’t tell the truth 6 a genius 7 a patient 1 8 a liar 9 a photographer 10 An architect 2. Fill in the blanks with correct option. 5. She went to meet her parents, _______ she got An example is provided. back from her trip. We went for a trip to Jaipur, _________ we went to a. where see the main bazar. b. when a. where c. whose b. which 6. The student ______ won the science contest is c. that visiting NASA next month. Ans: where a. which 1. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, ________ wrote b. when c. who the famous poem “Vande Mataram,” was born 7. This is the manual _______ I received with the in West Bengal. a. who machine I bought from you. b. whose a. that c. whom b. where 2. Edmund Hillary climbed Mount Everest, c. why _______ is the highest mountain peak in the 8. He decided to join this job _______ allows him world. a. that to work from home. b. where a. where c. which b. which 3. I met a girl________ brother works in a c. who restaurant. 9. I want to go to a place _______ I can explore a. that b. whom mountains and valleys. c. whose a. that 4. I bought the book _______ my sister wanted b. where for her birthday. c. why a. that 10. I met a girl _______ can speak six languages. b. when a. where c. who b. which c. who 46

2. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Understand Noun case. • Define the term ‘noun’. • Use different types of nouns in their writing • Identify nouns as a part of speech. • Differentiate between different types of nouns and correctly. their usage. Starter Activity PROPER NOUNS COMMON NOUNS MATERIAL ABSTRACT NOUNS COLLECTIVE NOUNS Freedom NOUNS London Oceans Milk Honesty Army Maruti Cyclones Iron Class Ganesh Water Intelligence Family Britania Planet Cotton Convenience Pack Pizza hut Notebook Wool Friendship Herd January Gold Audience Biscuit Bravery City Add words from the word bank on the bottom to the correct boxes below. Write your own definition in the boxes below for each type of noun category. WORD BANK Kanpur, girl, bunch, childhood, wood, school, bench, crowd, poverty, paper, Samsung, beauty, chair, creativity, Jhansi, dog, chocolates, weight, quilt, bird, truck, Meena Key Points Examples: • The boy threw the ball to Bruno, his dog. 1. Nouns are parts of speech which are naming • Today I met my best friend, Anita. words. They name people, place, animal, thing and • We are going to Agra this summer vacation. quality. • During my 6th grade, Mrs Das used to teach us KINDS OF NOUNS English. 1. PROPER NOUN • We went to The Furniture Palace and bought a new Definition: Names of particular people or places and things are called proper nouns. Proper nouns sofa set. always begin with a capital letter. Proper nouns includes: • The days of the week and the months of the year, 47

2. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns for example: Sunday, December, March, Friday etc. 5. A troupe of actors. • The names of festivals and some special days, for 6. A panel of judges. 7. A gang of robbers. example: Christmas, Mother’s Day, New Year’s Eve, COLLECTIVE NOUNS THAT STAND FOR A GROUP OF Holi, Diwali etc. THINGS • The names of buildings, mountains, rivers and seas, 1. A bunch of keys. for example: The  Great Wall of China, Taj Mahal, 2. A pile of clothes. Niagara Falls, Mount Everest, River Ganges etc. 3. A collection of books. 2. COMMON NOUN 4. A string of pearls. Definition: Common nouns are naming words that are 5. A set of stamps. common to people, places, things and animals of the 6. A galaxy of stars. same kind. They are not capitalized unless they begin 7. A pack of cards. a sentence. For example  boy, girl, doctor, town, city, 8. An atlas of maps. dog, car and so on. 9. A bouquet of flowers. Examples: 10. A bunch of grapes. • Pink pearls are occasionally found. Examples: • Both the teams in a cricket match consist of twelve Up in the beams of the hayshed lived a family of players each. pigeons. Bernie watched over her litter of tiny white • The coast was ruined because of the floods and the kittens. In one compound they had a flock of sheep. banana industry was badly damaged. Dad kept a watchful eye on them, because of the pack • He held out his hand for the dog to sniff. of wild dogs that sometimes roam the hills. They also • The great bird was high in the air and flying towards had a large herd of cows, which were brought in for the far-off mountains. milking twice a day. Occasionally they could see a 3. COLLECTIVE NOUN flock of wild ducks fly overhead on their way to the Definition: Collective nouns are used to name a group lake. of persons, places, animals or things. A collective 4. MATERIAL NOUN noun represents a complete whole. For examples: Definition: These are the names of materials or a library of books, a team of players and a family of substances which different things are made of. For four. example: flour, cement, iron, steel, wood etc. There COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR A GROUP OF ANIMALS AND are no plural forms of material nouns. BIRDS Examples: 1. A flock of sheep. • Cotton dresses are very comfortable to wear. 2. A herd of cattle. • He purchased a gold ring for her. 3. A stud of horses. • My friend’s father has a shop for diamonds. 4. A gaggle of geese. • Calcium is a good mineral for health. 5. A litter of cubs. • Taj Mahal is built using marble. 6. A flock of birds. 5. ABSTRACT NOUN 7. A shoal of fish. Definition: Abstract Nouns are the names of ideas, 8. A pack of wolves. feelings, qualities, actions or states which can neither 9. A swarm of bees. be seen nor touched. COLLECTIVE NOUNS FOR A GROUP OF PEOPLE Examples: 1. A crew of sailors. 1. His face turned red out of embarrassment. 2. An army of soldiers. 2. The king saw fear in his eyes. 3. A band of musicians. 4. A class of pupils. 48

2. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns 3. Having hot chocolate at bedtime is such a FROM ADJECTIVES: ABSTRACT NOUN comfort. ability ADJECTIVE anger 4. It’s such a joy to see a bird in flight. able beauty 5. Solitude had always been her friend. angry bravery Abstract nouns are derived particularly from nouns, beautiful difference verbs, and adjectives. brave difficulty FROM NOUNS: different envy difficult greatness NOUN ABSTRACT NOUN envious happiness Brother Brotherhood great hunger Child Childhood happy kindness Friend Friendship hungry length King Kingship kind honesty Leader Leadership long newness Man Manhood honest strength Member Membership new thirst Mother Motherhood strong uniqueness Neighbor Neighborhood thirsty weakness Scholar Scholarship unique width weak wisdom FROM VERBS: wide wise VERB ABSTRACT NOUN Act Action HOW TO FORM ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES Appear Appearance 1. Add-‘ness’ Behave Behavior Examples: Believe Belief • Ready - Readiness  Die Death • Happy - Happiness  Do Deed • Weak - Weakness Employ Employment • Sad - Sadness  Free Freedom • Mad – Madness Grow Growth 2. Add – ‘ity’ Invite Invitation Examples: Judge Judgement • Responsible - Responsibility Know Knowledge • Possible - Possibility Laugh Laughter • Scarce - Scarcity  Lose Loss • Hilarious - Hilarity Marry Marriage • Probable - Probability  Permit Permission 3. Add – ‘ance’ or ‘ence’ Please Pleasure Examples: Refuse Refusal • Independent - Independence Sell Sale • Important - Importance  Speak Speech • Silent - Silence  Think Thought Treat Treatment 49

2. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns NOUN CASE Examples: The CASE of a noun tells us about the position of that • I met your wife at a party. (“Your wife” is in objective noun in a sentence. FIVE CASES OF NOUN: case) • The grocer sells grocery. (“Grocery” is in objective 1. Nominative case 2. Objective case (or Accusative case) case) 3. Dative case • The painting is on the wall. (“Wall” is in objective 4. Possessive case (or Genitive case) 5. Vocative case case) 1. Nominative case: It is object of the preposition ‘on’. A noun is said to be in the nominative case if it is the • This is one of my rules. (“Rules” is in objective case) subject of a verb. It is object of the preposition ‘of’. Recapitulation: The subject of a sentence is the 3. Dative case: person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being A noun is said to be in dative case if it is the Indirect something. object of the verb. Examples: Recapitulation: Indirect object of the verb is the noun • Ram is an intelligent boy. (Ram is a noun in for whom or for which the action of the verb is carried Nominative case) out. • The postman brings letters. (The postman is a Examples: noun in nominative case) • The teacher gave the students few exercises. • I am reading books in the library. (“I” is a pronoun “Students” is in dative case. It is the indirect object of in Nominative case) the verb ‘give’. 2. Objective case (or Accusative case): • The Postman brought me a letter. Nouns or pronouns are said to be in objective cases if “Me” is in dative case. they are the direct objects of verbs or if they are the • Get him a pen. objects of preposition. “Him” is in dative case. Recapitulation: Direct object is the person or the thing 4. Possessive case (Genitive case): upon whom or upon which the action of the verb is A noun is said to be in possessive case, if it denotes carried out. possession or ownership. A noun or pronoun in the possessive case is governed by the noun that follows it. Examples: • This is your pencil. “Your” is in possessive case. • It is our idea. “Our” is in possessive case. • John’s sister has been hospitalized. “John’s” is in possessive case. 50

2. Nouns and Kinds of Nouns 5. Vocative case: A noun or a pronoun is said to be in vocative case if it is used to call (or to get the attention of) a person or persons. Examples: • Mr Smith, students are waiting for you in the main hall. “Mr Smith” is in vocative case. • You there, stand up. “You” is in vocative case. • Brother, a letter for you. “Brother” is in vocative case. • Chairman, all the letters are posted two days ago. “Chairman” is in vocative case. The nouns do not change their forms in the nominative and objective cases. But few pronouns change their forms between nominative and objective cases. Nominative case Objective case Possessive case I me My We us Our You Your You Him His He Her Her She It Its It Their They Them Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Nouns, their kinds, collective noun, PS – 1 CONTENT abstract noun, Noun cases PS – 2 Starter Activity and Key PS – 3 Points Self-evaluation sheet Self-evaluation 51

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Find and underline the abstract nouns in these sentences. An example is provided. Childhood is a stage without any worry. Ans: Childhood a. We watched in hopelessness as the train left the platform before we could catch it. b. It was such a disappointment when our team lost the match. c. The story tells of great moments of sadness and of happiness. d. By evening, I had given up all hope of finding my missing dog. e. With hunger, the boy looked at the cakes in the shop. 2. Given below is a passage describing Akbar, the great Mughal emperor. Complete the passage by filling in the gaps by choosing appropriate answers from the given options. Akbar was the greatest Mughal a. ____________. He was known for his b. ____________. His c. ________ of d. _________ fought several e. _________ under his (f) __________. He married the Hindu princess Jodhabai which revealed his (g) ____________. He also built the city of Fatehpur Sikri known for its (h) ____________ and magnificence. (a) (i) emperor (ii) person (iii) man (iv) minister (b) (i) anger (ii) arrogance (iii) wisdom (iv) cowardice (c) (i) group (ii) army (iii) fleet (iv) shoal (d) (i) people (ii) animals (iii) soldiers (iv) men (e) (i) wars (ii) disputes (iii) rulers (iv) animals (f) (i) guidance (ii) area (iii) rule (iv) kingdom (g) (i) tolerant (ii) tolerance (iii) tolerantly (iv) tolerating (h) (i) ugliness (ii) architecture (iii) poverty (iv) dirtiness PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Underline the correct nouns’ cases in the following sentences. An example is provided. The crowd was very big. Ans: Nominative 1. Always speak the truth. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 2. Our class consists of twenty students. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 3. The mahout gave the elephant a bunch of hay. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 4. Birbal was famous for his wit. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 5. Reena, I will call you in the evening. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 6. Maintaining cleanliness is your responsibility. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 7. A fleet of ships in the harbour. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 8. The Godavary overflows its banks every year. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 9. Sir, all the students have assembled in the class. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 10. We all love honesty. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 11. The soldiers’ sacrifice cannot be repaid. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 12. Ram gave his mother a gift. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 13. I recognized your voice at once (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 14. The class is studying grammar. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 15. Our team is better than theirs. (Nominative, Objective, Dative, Possessive, Vocative) 52

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Identify the abstract nouns in the following sentences. An example is provided. The government should ensure justice to all the citizens. Ans: Justice 1. The postmaster sat in the darkness. 2. The dentist began by asking the patient questions about their toothache. 3. He just acted out of politeness. 4. A large wall was made to provide defense to the city. 5. She is my childhood friend. 6. They were accused of theft. 7. Their friendship was strengthened after this incident. 8. Everyone faces some failure along the way. 9. He expressed sympathy for the poor lady. 10. Getting information from him is very difficult. 2. Highlight the possessive nouns. An example is provided. Where is Rahul’s bag? Ans: Rahul’s a. I put on Tania’s hat by mistake. b. In the exhibition, Jeevan’s model plane won the first prize. c. What is Suhas’ last name? d. My brother’s car is in garage. e. The companies’ workers went on strike together. 3. Use apostrophes to show ownership. An example is provided. Mom found books of my brother in his drawer. Ans: Mom found my brother’s books in his drawer. a. This is the old farmhouse of my aunt. b. Which is the house of Raj? c. Is this pen of Ravi? d. The policy offers one year of dental care. e. The lunchbox of Rama is broken. 53

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Answer the following questions: (10 Marks) A herd of elephants was going towards the lake. 1. ______________ noun is a noun naming a a. Common noun b.  Abstract Noun group of things, animals or persons. c. Collective noun d.  Material noun a. Common noun b.  Proper noun c. Collective noun d.  Material noun 8. Which of the following is an example of abstract noun? a. Flock b.  The Himalayas 2. ___________________ noun is something you c. happiness d.  salt can’t see, hear, touch or taste. 9. Identify the underlined noun. a. Common noun b.  Abstract noun Ram should get an award for his bravery. c. Collective noun d.  Material noun a. Common noun b.  Abstract noun c. Collective noun d.  Material noun 3. Which of the following is an example of proper noun. a. Mr. Kumar b.  anger c. sweets d.  quilt 10. Identify the underlined noun. All children must drink milk. 4. Identify the underlined noun. a. Common noun b.  Abstract noun The class was looking forward to the birthday c. Collective noun d.  Material noun party. 2. Fill in the blanks by making nouns from the a. Common noun b.  Proper noun highlighted words. Use these endings: -age, c. Collective noun d.  Material noun -hood, -ation, -ion, -ence, -ency, -ment, -ness, -ity, -ing. An example is provided. (10 Marks) 5. Which of the following is not a common noun? Can you explain this? Is there an a. Sonia b.  road _______________? c. dress d.  dog Ans: Can you explain this? Is there an explana- tion? 6. Identify the underlined noun. I borrowed the book “Gulliver’s Travels” from my 1. I decided this. It was my _______________. friend Rahul. 2. Don’t be so anxious. Control your a. Common noun b.  Proper noun c. Collective noun d.  Material noun _______________. 3. We all want to be happy. We all seek 7. Identify the underlined noun. _______________. 4. We all agree. We are all in _______________. 5. Who discovered this? Who made this _______________? 6. I was a child then. That was in my _______________. 7. She is absent. Can you explain her _______________? 8. Be more efficient. Improve your _______________. 9. I warned you. I gave you enough _______________. 10. Don’t argue. I don’t want an _______________. 54

3. Prepositions Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Write correct sentences using appropriate prep- • Recall the definition of a preposition. ositions and prepositional phrases. • Understand and identify kinds of prepositions. • Understand prepositional phrases. • Gain clarity regarding commonly confused prepositions. Starter Activity SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS PLACE POSITION DIRECTION TIME OTHER above after except across beyond on before as along by opposite at like among down out (of) by about at from outside for with away from in over during without behind in front of around from by below inside through in for beside into to between near towards off under up Notice the three columns. They contain the main Examples: prepositions. • In the beginning • After the fall Key Points • Down the street • By chewing RECAPITULATION: • Behind the scenes Definition: Prepositions are short words (at, in, on) • Under the sofa which show where, when or how the action took place • Through the tunnel in a sentence. They also indicate relationships between TWO TYPES OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: different words in a sentence. So as a part of speech, Adjectival Phrase: This prepositional phrase modifies they are used to show position, location, direction and a noun or pronoun like an adjective. It often specifies time. which person or thing (what kind, whose). They jumped into the river. • Geeta is the runner with the least amount of time. Many shops don’t open on Monday here. • The boy with her in her car is her son. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: • I bought a dress with yellow lace. Definition: A prepositional phrase is a group of words • The boy in the blue shirt is my brother. made up of a preposition (such as to, with, or across), Adverbial Phrase: This prepositional phrase modifies its object (a noun or pronoun), and any of the object’s a verb or an adverb and often specifies when, where, modifiers (an article and/or an adjective). why, or how something happened or to what extent. They tell us where something happened, when it • She walked on the stage with pride. happened, or specify which action happened. • The train went through the tunnel. How to identify prepositional phrases: • She looked under the table to see if she could find 1. Groups of words starting with a preposition. 2. Often describe nouns and verbs. her keys. 3. They cannot stand alone so won’t contain the • The moon rose over the ocean. COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS: subject of a sentence. These prepositions consist of two or three-word combinations acting as a single unit. Like simple 55

3. Prepositions prepositions, these two-word combinations come • He parked his scooter in front of my house. before a noun. • Though a precious metal, silver lost its value in Two word combinations: • according to relation to gold. • along with COMMONLY CONFUSED PAIRS OF PREPOSITIONS • apart from In and within • because of ‘In’ expresses the situation of something that is or • contrary to appears to be enclosed or surrounded by something • due to else whereas ‘within’ expresses something inside the • except for boundaries or limits. These limits can be of time or • instead of distance, or an area of understanding. • prior to In • regardless of He lives in New Delhi. Examples: In the above sentence, the preposition ‘in’ describes • He was late to the office due to sickness. the location of a person. • The world is a stage according to Shakespeare Other examples: • All of the team members advocated the view • We are in the house. • The clothes are in the cupboard. contrary to my advice. Within • The dress was great except for the price. The results will be delivered within a month. • A lake is adjacent to the bird sanctuary. In the above sentence, the preposition ‘within’ Three word combinations: simple preposition + noun describes the limit of one month. + simple preposition Other examples: • in aid of • Within seconds, she was drenched in the rain. • on behalf of • Only few cases fell within our criteria. • in front of Between and Among • in accordance with Between is used to indicate the space between two or • in line with three points in position or time. • in relation to • There were differences between  them from the • with reference to • with respect to start. • by means of • There is a match between the two teams tomorrow. Examples: • The harmony between him and his sister grew as • Ram donated a huge amount in aid of the blind they talked more to each other. school. • On behalf of the whole school, I welcome all the Among is used being in a group of things, usually more than two, or being part of a group. guests here. • The bees were buzzing among the flowers. • Seema has been a favourite among all her brother and sisters. • I’m happy that you are among us. Using between and among: • He is trying to decide between the green shirt, the blue shirt, and the black shirt. • He is trying to decide among these shirts. • She came and sat between Leena and Geeta. • She came and sat among her friends. 56

3. Prepositions COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Work Plan Recapitulation of prepositions, commonly PS – 1 CONTENT confused pairs, using since and for, prepositions to PS – 2 Starter activity and Key talk about time, place and reason, prepositional PS – 3 Points phrases (functioning as adjectives and adverbs) Self-evaluation Self-evaluation sheet 57

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Rewrite the following sentences after correcting the prepositions underlined. An example is provided. You must pay for the ticket advance. Ans: You must pay for the ticket in advance. 1. Here’s your pen, I took it mistake. 2. They’re working overtime to get the job finished time. 3. I met him chance out walking yesterday. 4. Several of his friends came: Rahul, Mohan and Ram, instance. 5. He drove so fast that I really felt my life was danger. 6. Much surprise it had stopped raining by the time I wanted to go out. 7. Man and the monkey have many things common. 8. No man can do two things once. 9. Keep all medicines reach of children. 10. Forget yourself and think of someone else change. 11. It takes about 30 minutes foot, or 10 minutes by car. 12. Ram visits his mother every day fail. 13. Fire investigators believe the fire was set purpose. 14. I am writing reference your job application. 15. The benches were empty except a single person. 16. The new proposal is line with our general line. 17. Judge not according the appearance. 18. I hope I will along with everyone. 19. There is some bread apart the milk. 20. They ate everything that was set front them. 58

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Identify whether the following prepositional phrases are adjectival or adverbial. An example is provided. The book on the top shelf is read out frequently. Ans: Adjectival 1. The boy without a moustache is my brother. 2. We ate our lunch during class. 3. Following my example, my sister took to dance. 4. We often hike up the hill in our village. 5. We all joined together to fight against the new rule. 6. We watched T.V. until well after midnight. 7. The curious boys went into the dark room. 8. That letter concerning your complaint has been received by us. 9. The movie about Bose’s life was a huge success. 10. We travelled to my aunt’s house in a car. 2. Frame sentences with the following conveying the meaning of each. An example is provided. At last Ans: After a long journey, at last we reached our destination. 1. On foot 2. By mistake 3. In advance 4. Out of reach 5. For instance 6. In danger 7. Without fail 8. By chance 9. On purpose 10. At once 59

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Read the following passage and fill in the correct prepositions wherever omitted. When I ran into the house, the wind was heavily blowing. As I hurried ______close the windows, I trembled ______the sound ______the howling wind. Suddenly, there was a loud crash. I jumped ______ fright as the front windowpanes were shattered. I quickly pushed the furniture next ______ the window ______ the other corner ______ the room. ______ the street, I saw rain coming ______ like a great sheet. I stood dumbstruck and looked ______ at the street. Water was rising so fast and poured out ______ the drains into the street. Cars broke ______ and a massive traffic jam would build up ______ just minutes. ______ I could close my ears ______ the ceaseless noise, there came a great noise. The giant tree ______ ______ my house had fallen ______. Another flash ______ lightning and another tree ______ the side of the street was uprooted. I was speechless ______ terror. 2. Fill in the blanks appropriately with in, within, among and between. An example is provided. Read ________ the lines. Read between the lines. 1. I sat ________Mohan and Ram.  2. Are we moving ________ the direction of the solution now? 3. ________ two years he was managing the store. 4. We agreed ________ ourselves. 5. Live ________ your means and save for a rainy day. 6. Divide the cake ________ you three. 7. Let’s keep this ________ us. 8. That’s a quarter of all the hungry people ________ the world. 9. Divide this ________ yourselves. 10. They quarrelled ________ themselves. 60

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Fill in the blanks with in, on or at. An example 6. Can I serve you ___________? is provided: (10 Marks) a. in anyway b. any way I will be with you _______ a minute. c. in any way Ans: I will be with you in a minute. 7. It wasn’t a good thing; ___________it was a 1. Your books are _______ the table. huge mistake. 2. I met my old friend _______ a party last night. a. On the contrary 3. We sometimes go to our native town _______ b. By the contrary c. In the contrary holidays. 8. I like games ___________, and especially 4. My mother always gets up early _______ the football. morning. a. In general 5. The movie started _______ half past 3. b. On general 6. My father’s birthday is _______ 23rd of c. By general 9. I met him very late on Friday night, December. 7. See you _______ Monday! ___________, early on Saturday morning. 8. Our house is _______ the end of the road. a. rather 9. Can you locate Kanpur _______ the map? b. or rather 10. I listened to the song _______ the radio. c. in rather 10. ___________your request, I am not yet able to 2. Choose the correct choice from the ones given below. An example is provided. (10 Marks) agree. I would rather have water ___________ cold drink. a. By request of a. instead of b. About request of b. instead from c. With respect to c. instead off Ans: instead of 1. ___________ the cold weather, we had an ice-cream. a. In spite of b. Despite of c. In spite 2. ___________ fire, walk quickly to the nearest door. a. In case of b. In case c. In case with 3. ___________ my colleagues and myself I thank you. a. in behalf of b. on behalf of c. on behalf 4. Insects propagate themselves __________ eggs. a. by means of b. by means c. by means to 5. ___________, I’m happy with the way I look. a. On the whole b. In the whole c. By the whole 61

4. Sentences - Simple, Complex and Compound Objectives • Construct different sentence structures correctly. At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Recall the concept of clauses-dependent and • Inter-conversion of different structures without changing the meaning. independent. • Differentiate between three different sentence structures. • Understand the difference between simple, complex and compound sentences. Concept Map Key Points Or, Yet, So). We visited Delhi, but we did not go to Agra this time. Recapitulation: 2. Dependent Clause: A Clause that has a subject and There are three types of Transformation of sentences. a predicate but cannot stand alone as a sentence. It is Those are – always a part of a sentence, on which it depends for meaning. 1. Simple Sentences SIMPLE SENTENCE: a sentence that has one 2. Complex Sentences independent clause it is called simple sentence. 3. Compound Sentences He confessed his mistake. Recapitulation: CLAUSE: The clause is where there COMPLEX SENTENCE: a sentence that has one will be a subject and a predicate as a group of words, clause and one or more subordinate clauses is called but that will not be considered as a full sentence. a complex sentence. The clauses can be of two types. He confessed that he had committed a mistake. 1. Independent Clause: A Clause that contains both a COMPOUND SENTENCE: a sentence that has more than subject and a predicate, can stand alone as a sentence one main clause is called the compound sentence. or can be a part of a multi-clause sentence. We use I went to watch a movie, but the movie was already conjunctions such as: FANBOYS ((For, And, Nor, But, houseful. 62

4. Sentences - Simple, Complex and Compound TRANSFORMING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO COMPLEX Complex Sentence:  The hunter aimed at the bird SENTENCES: which was flying. Converting simple sentences into complex sentences Rule 8: In the simple sentence starts with “without”, can be done by expanding a word or a phrase into we change it by adding “if/ in case”. a clause. While changing the complex sentences Simple sentence: Without putting oil in the motor, it into simple sentences, we can do the same thing by will not run. reducing a clause into a word or a phrase. Complex sentence: If you do not oil in the motor, it RULES OF COVERSION: will not run. Rule 1: “Present participle” to “since/as/when” at Rule 9: “at the time” is changed into “when”. the first half of the sentence. Simple sentence: He joined his father’s business at Simple sentence: Closing the door, he went back to the time of its downfall. his table. (Closing – participle) Complex sentence: He joined his father’s business Complex sentence: When he closed the door, he went when it was at its downfall. back to his table. Rule 10: “adjective” is changed into “that/which”. Rule 2: “Being/Verb+ing” to “as/when/since” at the Simple sentence: It was a big house. first half of the sentence. Complex sentence: It was a house which was big. Simple sentence: After losing the competition, our TRANSFORMING SIMPLE SENTENCES INTO team felt bad. COMPOUND SENTENCES: Complex sentence: As our team lost the competition, A simple sentence can be converted into a compound it felt bad. sentence by expanding a word or a phrase into a Rule 3: “Too…to” by adding “so…that (negative)”. clause and by using the coordinating conjunctions Simple sentence: My mother is too exhausted to do (FANBOYS) to connect the clauses. anything now. RULES: Complex sentence: My mother is so exhausted that Rule 1: Use of conjunction ‘and’ she cannot do anything now. Rule 4: “To” is changed to “so that”. 1. If two things are done in sequence: Simple sentence: He works hard to earn livelihood. Simple sentence: Going into the garden, he picked up Complex sentence: He works hard so that he can some fruits. earn livelihood. Compound sentence: He went into the garden and Rule 5: “in spite of/ despite”, is changed to “though/ picked up some fruits. although” in the sentence. Simple sentence: In spite of being intelligent, he 2. If the simple sentence talks about the cause couldn’t clear the exam. and the result: Complex sentence: Though he is intelligent, he couldn’t clear the exam. Simple sentence: Being sad, he started crying. Rule 6: “Because of” is changed to “since” at the Compound sentence: He was sad and he started beginning of the sentence. crying. Simple sentence: Because of the fire, hundreds of Simple sentence: She worked hard to give a great houses went up in smoke. performance. Complex sentence: Since there was a fire, hundreds Compound sentence: she worked hard and gave a of houses went up in smoke. great performance. Rule 7: “Subject + verb + object + present Rule 2: Simple sentence with “besides being,” is participle” is changed to “subject + verb + object + changed into “not only...….but also.” relative pronoun of the object + be verb Simple sentence: Besides being rich, he is humble. Simple Sentence: The hunter aimed at the bird flying. Compound sentence: He is not only rich but also humble. Rule 3: If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” it will be changed by using the conjunction “but” joining 63

4. Sentences - Simple, Complex and Compound the two different clauses. defeat. Simple sentence: In spite of his poverty, he never Compound sentence: You must fight hard or / begged money from anyone. otherwise, you will be defeated. Compound sentence: He is poor but he never begged Rule 5: Use of ‘for’ for showing the result or the money from anyone. consequence: Rule 4: If the simple sentence implies compulsion Simple sentence: Lata Mangeshkar is very popular for with the use of words ‘must’, it can be changed in her sweet voice. the following ways: Compound sentence: Lata Mangeshkar’s voice is Simple sentence: You must study hard to clear the sweet so she is very popular. test. Compound sentence: You must study hard or/ Rule 6: Use of ‘In the event of being’: otherwise, you will not clear the test. Simple sentence: In the event of not bringing the Simple sentence: You must study hard to escape the presentation, you will not be allowed to participate in failure. the seminar. Compound sentence: You must study hard or/ Compound sentence: You must bring the otherwise you will fail. presentation or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to Simple sentence: You must fight hard to avoid your participate in the seminar. TRANSFORMING COMPLEX SENTENCE INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE: • Though he is rich, he is modest. • He is rich, but he is modest. • As soon as the rain stopped, we went out. • The rain stopped and we got out. • In spite of being ill, he came for the meeting. • He was ill but he came for the meeting. TRANSFORMING COMPOUND SENTENCE INTO A COMPLEX SENTENCE: • He closed the door and went to bed. • Closing the door, he went to bed. • She is too tired to get up. • She is so tired that she cannot get up. • You study hard and you will get good marks. • If you study hard, you will get good marks. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Starter activity and Key Sentences - Simple, Complex and PS – 1 points Compound PS – 2 PS – 3 Self-evaluation Self-evaluation sheet 64

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Complete the following complex sentences by filling in the missing space with an appropriate clause. An example is provided. When ________________________________________, he returned it to the library. Ans: When he finished reading the book, he returned it to the library. 1. After _________________________________________, I will get ready for school. 2. I won’t go to office until________________________________________________. 3. The clouds thundered so loudly that ____________________________________. 4. By the time _________________________________, I will have changed my dress. 5. I cooked dinner while ________________________________________________. 6. Mohan although _____________________________________, failed the exam. 7. He waited in the lane until ________________________________________. 8. You are not allowed to go and play unless _______________________________. 9. As soon as ____________________________________, I will leave from home. 10. I wanted to visit my friend before ________________________________________. 2. Form compound sentences by using appropriate conjunctions (FANBOYS). An example is provided. Ram went to visit his friend. They went out for dinner. Ans: Ram went to visit his friend and they went out for a dinner. 1. Reena wants to join the course. She wants to gain qualifications for a new job. 2. Rahul invested a lot of money in the business. The business failed. 3. Ram didn’t understand the assignment. He asked his classmate for help. 4. She didn’t prepare for the competition. She didn’t realize how important preparation is. 5. Mother wants to stay home and relax. She also wants to have a cup of coffee. 6. The doctor checked the patient’s pulse. He immediately decided to operate on the patient. 7. We went out on a trip. We came home late. 8. Gyan went to his village. He also visited the village astrologer. 9. It is sunny. It is cold. 10. Would you like to play cricket? Would you like to play tennis? 65

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Change the following complex sentences into simple. An example is provided. I know that he is a hardworking boy. Ans: I know him to be a hardworking boy. 1. We could not figure out what he said. 2. When the boys saw the principal, they ran away. 3. I believe that the truth prevails. 4. Although he was unwell, he attended the meeting. 5. Those that are poor deserve our pity. 6. The idol that is made of silver was bought from Jaipur. 7. Since I was ill, I could not go to school. 8. We saw trees that were laden with fruits. 9. They took shelter under a tree because they were driven by the thunder. 10. He closed his business because he was deceived by his own partners. 2. Change the following compound sentences into simple sentences. An example is provided. Rama reached the college and listened to the lecture. Ans: Reaching the college, Rama listened to the lecture. 1. Manu is not only hardworking but also very enterprising. 2. Meera won the competition so her teachers praised her. 3. Rahul is a successful businessman, but he never flaunts his money. 4. He fell ill, but he went for the meeting. 5. Some laws are helpful and people don’t know about them. 6. Mother will go the store and buy grocery today. 7. You must contribute to the project or your name will not be included. 8. The mountaineer went to the highest peak and unfurled his country’s flag. 9. The nightingale was happy and she sang a song. 10. You must finish your work on time or you will miss the deadline. 66

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Read the following sentences and identify whether they are simple sentence, complex sentence or a compound sentence. An example is provided. It may give you satisfaction, but will rob you of peace and happiness in life. Ans: Compound 1. During my trip, I met few people who could speak English. 2. My father has been on rather too many tours and trips in the recent past. 3. We climbed up to the highest peak of the hill. 4. I don’t care how massive the work is. 5. He was sound asleep two minutes ago but now he is wide awake. 6. My brother is not tall enough to join the army. 7. Man struggles hard to earn his living. 8. I guess she will be late for the meeting as usual. 9. I have got four uncles and each of them is quite different from the others. 10. What makes a man happy is contentment. 11. The earth moves round the sun. 12. You can either come with me to the market or stay at home. 13. He will never leave home because he is not well. 14. Whenever you face any technical problem, please refer to the manual. 15. It was my father who paid for the hotel bill during our family trip. 16. The boy entered the room and came out after ten minutes. 17. Doctors claim that cancer is curable. 18. It is never a bed of roses. 19. Students stood up when the teacher entered the classroom. 20. He became restless and lost peace of mind. 67

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Convert the following simple sentences to 2. For each of the following, join the sentences complex. An example is provided. to make compound sentences. An example is My father was glad to hear of my having provided. succeeded. They went to the party. They were not invited to Ans: My father was glad that I had succeeded. the party. Ans: They were not invited to the party but they 1. No one can tell the time of the train’s arrival. went to it. 2. He shouted to the people standing near to 1. The vegetable vendor was rude to everyone. come to help him. He was generous. 3. In spite of all his success, he is never happy. 4. I would be grateful to be relieved of all this 2. He had slept very late the night before. He was late for his office. responsibility. 5. He escaped after sunrise to avoid being seen 3. They had to stay back for the class. They had failed the test. by anyone. 6. The thieves walked very carefully for fear of 4. The house was destroyed in the fire. The family was saved. being caught. 7. Every precaution is taken for the clear success 5. Ram was late for school. He was sent to the principal. of the plan. 8. She performed very well, to the astonishment 6. You must dress well. That will give the manager a good impression. of everyone. 9. The problem was too complicated to be 7. There was a big fight in the market. Even the passers-by got involved. solved. 10. We must hope for better times. 8. The rafters have to wear life jackets. They may drown in the river. 9. The child kept crying inside the cinema hall. Her parents had to get up. 10. He was walking through the wood. He saw a lion following him. 68

5. Modals Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Differentiate between the modals used for • Define modals and identify them permission, possibility, obligation, and necessity. • Differentiate them from the main verbs and other • Use these verbs correctly in their writing. auxiliary verbs. Starter Activity OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN USAGE ability MODAL VERB can possibility permission could informal requests past form of “can” may polite requests might possibility must possibility must not/ ask or give mustn’t permission (formal) shall past form of “may” should possibility you have to do it will it’s very logical or would very likely to happen you are not allowed to do it ought to future for “I” and “we” questions and suggestions for “I” and “we” the right thing to do advice what is likely or expected to happen future action or states (not plans) promises and intentions past form of “will” imagined situations for polite requests, offers and invitations to say what you want to do or have the right thing to do 69

5. Modals Key Points 2. permission to do (substitute form: to be allowed to) The above table shows the main modal auxiliaries or • Can I go to the cinema? modal verbs or just modals and the various functions performed by them. 3. request Recapitulation: In your previous class, you have • Can you wait a moment, please? already learnt about the following types of verbs: Main Verb: The main verb shows the action or state of 4. offer being of the subject. • I can lend you my car. Auxiliary verbs/Helping Verbs: The words which help the main verbs to complete their meanings are called 5. suggestion the auxiliaries or the helping verbs. • Can we go for a movie tonight? Auxiliary verbs are of two types: 1. PRIMARY AUXILIARIES (different forms of verbs do, 6. possibility • It can get very hot today. be, have) 2. COULD PRIMARY AUXILIARIES PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE 1. ability to do in the past (substitute form: to be Was, were able to) be Is, am, are did • I could speak English. had 2. Permission to do in the past (substitute form: to do Do, does be allowed to) • I could go to the cinema. have Has, have 3. Polite question • Could I go to the cinema, please? 2. MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS: Today we will see the 4. Polite request different uses of the above shown modal verbs. • Could you wait a moment, please? 5. Polite offer We use modal verbs with the main verbs. • I could lend you my car. Can I use your phone please? (Can-Modal Use-main 6. Polite suggestion verb) • Could we go for a movie tonight? May I borrow your pen please? (May-Modal borrow- 7. Possibility main verb) • It could get very hot today. 10 modal verbs: can, could, may might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to and three semi-modals: 3. MAY need, dare and used to. 1. Possibility Modal Verbs in Negative Sentences • It may rain today. Subject + Modal Verb + not + Verb (base form) 2. Permission to do in the present (substitute form: • You must not walk on the grass. (Mustn’t) to be allowed to) • We should not be late. (Shouldn’t) • May I borrow a book? Modal Verbs in Questions 3. Polite suggestion Modal Verb + Subject + Verb (base form) • May I help you? • May I help you? • Can I have another cup of tea please? 4. MIGHT Uses of Modal Verbs 1. Possibility (less possible than may) Below we have a list of modal verbs and the different • It might rain today. uses of each with examples. 2. Hesitant offer 1. CAN • Might I help you? 1. ability to do (substitute form: to be able to) 5. MUST • I can speak English. 1. Force, necessity • I must go to the library today. 70

5. Modals 2. Possibility • You should drive carefully in bad weather. • You must be tired. 2. Obligation 3. Advice, recommendation • You  should  switch  off the light when you • You must see the new movie. leave the room. 6. MUST NOT/MAY NOT 11. WILL 1. Prohibition (must is a little stronger) 1. Wish, request, demand, order (less polite than • You mustn’t use my room. would) • You may not use my room. • Will you please shut the door? 2. Prediction, assumption 7. NEED • I think it will rain on Friday. 1. To express obligation 3. Promise • I am fine. You need not worry about me. • I will start working hard. 2. To express necessity 4. Willingness • Children need to be obedient and disciplined. • Can somebody drive me to the station? - 3. To express compulsion I will. • Need you be so rude to me? 5. Habits • She’s strange, she’ll  sit  for hours without NEED NOT: Not necessary talking. • You needn’t go to school, it’s a holiday. 12. WOULD 8. OUGHT TO: similar to should  1. Wish, request (more polite than will) 1. Advice • Would you shut the door, please? • You ought to drive carefully. 2. Habits in the past 2. Obligation • Sometimes he would bring me some flowers. • You  ought to  switch  off the light when you leave. 13. DARE 3. To express the likelihood of something 1. To give challenge happening. • I dare you to compete with him. • My uncle ought to be here by now. 2. Confidence 4. Ought to + have + past participle of main verb is • I dare not to perform on such a big stage. used to express regret that something was not done or done. 14. USED TO • I ought to have called up earlier. 1. To express discontinued habit • You ought to have offered to help. • We used to watch many movies during our college days. 9. SHALL: It is used instead of will in the 1st person 2. Habitual action in the past Suggestion • My grandmother used to spend hours feeding the • Shall I carry your bag? sparrows. 10. SHOULD 1. Advice Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Starter activity and Key Modals-different uses PS – 1 Points PS – 2 PS – 3 Self-evaluation Self-evaluation sheet 71

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct modal verb. An example is provided. You _________ wash your hands before eating food. Ans: Should 1. The boys _________ run fast if they want to win the race. 2. If they release the movie this weekend, we _________ go for it. 3. _________ you like to join me for a cup of tea? 4. You _________ bring money tomorrow if you want to participate in the contest. 5. _________ I go to the washroom please? 6. You_________ to fulfill your commitment. 7. Children _________respect their elders. 8. She _________ leave for a business meeting tomorrow. 9. Mohan _________ to take a holiday after working tirelessly on this project. 10. Although he is obedient, he _________ be stubborn at times. 11. She told me that she was unwell so she _________not go to her dance classes. 12. The visitors _________not carry outside food inside the restaurant. 13. We _________help him immediately since he is in dire need of money. 14. _________you please lend me your car for a day? 15. He did not work hard but he_________ pass the examination. 16. She _________ be thankful to you for your kind help. 17. Drive slow lest you _________ miss the flight. 18. I _________ like to accompany my mother to the market in the evening. 19. My grandmother has grown so old that she _________ not walk without a stick. 20. Had he worked hard, he _________ have passed the examination. 72

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs according to the instructions given in the bracket. An example is provided. My cousin is just 2 years old, but she __________ walk already. (Ability) Ans: can 1. __________ borrow your book for a day? (Permission) 2. __________ you help me with solve this sum, please? (Polite request) 3. When my dad was in college, he __________ debate very well. (Past ability) 4. You __________ reach on time else you will not be allowed to enter the gate. (Prohibition) 5. I have an exam tomorrow so I __________ study till late tonight. (Intention) 6. I __________ work harder next time to get better results. (Promise) 7. __________ you mind if I eat another slice of cake? (Permission) 8. __________ you please drop me till the station. I am getting late. (Polite request) 9. Our country __________ become a developed economy within next few years. (possibility) 10. You __________ not add more spices. The curry is already too spicy. (Necessity) 11. You don’t look well. You __________see a doctor. (Advice) 12. __________ you mind lending me your book for couple of days? (Request) 13. Whose book is this? I am not sure. It __________ be Reena’s. (Possibility) 14. She __________ return from her trip because her son was sick. (Necessity) 15. You __________ leave at 3:30 today. (Permission) 16. Though he was ill and weak, he __________ get out of the building safely. (Ability) 17. The floor looks clean. You __________ sweep again. (Absence of necessity) 18. You __________ disturb me during my work! (Prohibition) 19. Whose book is this? It __________be Ram’s. I think I saw him reading it. (Strong probability) 20. I don’t believe it. It __________ be true. (Impossibility) 73

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Make sentences of your own with the following modals following the instruction in the bracket. An example is provided. Could (request) Ans: Could you help me set the table, please? 1. Can (ability) 2. May (permission) 3. Might (slight possibility) 4. Must (compulsion) 5. Would (polite request) 6. Used to (past habit) 7. Ought to (obligation) 8. Should (advice) 9. Shall (future tense) 10. Will (promise) 2. Choose the correct option from the ones given below. An example is provided. He didn’t feel very well yesterday. He ____________eat anything. a. cannot b. couldn’t c. mustn’t Ans: couldn’t 1. You ____________look at the person with confidence when you are talking. a. could b. should c. would 2. I took the car last evening. It ____________be here somewhere! a. can b. must c. would 3. I am allowing you but you really____________ be late to the school again. a. must not b. don’t have to be c. will 4. If you don’t start working harder, you ____________repeat the class next year. a. have to b. should c. can 5. His parents give him lot of money to spend. He ____________buy whatever he wants. a. Can b. Might c. Could 6. Call her now. She ____________ to be home by now. a. has b. must c. would 7. You ____________forget your raincoat. It’s going to rain today. a. Can’t b. needn’t c. mustn’t 74

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 8. He ____________be able to lend you some money, but I’m not sure yet. a. might b. would c. may 9. Entrance to the museum was free. We ____________pay to get in. a. needn’t b. didn’t need to c. must not 10. As a child he ____________ sing very well. a. could b. should c. would 75

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Rewrite the following sentences after doing 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal corrections in them. An example is provided. auxiliary verbs according to the instructions (10 Marks) given in the bracket. An example is provided. You must to be extravagant if you want to save (10 Marks) money. Bags ________ not be left unattended at the Ans: You mustn’t be extravagant if you want to airport. save money. Ans: Bags must not be left unattended at the air- port. 1. I can’t play tennis very well. 2. My grandfather can use the internet very 1. If you want to become fit, you ________ eat low fat diet. easily. It’s difficult for him. 3. He can does very difficult sums very easily. 2. ________ I take a photograph of you? 4. She can play three instruments when she 3. Students ________ borrow up to 6 books at was small. one time from the library. 5. I think everyone should voted in the 4. His story ________ be true but I don’t believe elections. him at all. 6. I could learning grow plants. 5. It’s good if you ________ speak more than one 7. You musn’t eat something in class. 8. If you want to have a better life; you haven’t language. 6. ________ you please help me move this table? to be rich. 7. I ________ talk even before I was two years 9. You should be so selfish if you want to win old. friends. 8. ________ you open the window, please? 10. They have exams next month. They mustn’t 9. I ________ move the table. It is too heavy. 10. You ________ keep your feet on the table. start studying now. 76

6. Conjunctions • List the different conjunctions accordingly. • Use them effectively in their writing. Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • Define the term ‘conjunction’. • Identify different categories of conjunctions according to their functions. Concept Map Recapitulation: conjunctions which are classified according to the functions they perform in a sentence. Definition: The conjunction is that part of speech 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS which helps us to join or connect two or more than These conjunctions link two clauses or phrases of two words, phrases or clauses in a particular sentence. equal value or equal status. They contain the following It helps in establishing a relationship among these conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) different parts of the sentence. 1. Connects two words: Rahul and Mohan stayed up Today we will learn about the different kinds of 77

6. Conjunctions all night preparing for their exams. unless She cannot go to sleep unless the 2. Connects two phrases: The monkey climbed up the baby stops crying. what I don’t know what to say. tree and on to a low branch. when When you were in Delhi, they sold 3. Connects two clauses: They sat with their backs to their house. whether I’m going home whether you like it us, and I could almost hear them mocking at us. or not. Other examples: • The hall opens on Tuesday, but they stage 3. CORRELATING CONJUNCTIONS  performances only on Saturdays and Sundays. Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. They help in • Have you seen the video or heard the latest song correlating one sentence element to another. by Sanjit? LIST OF THE MOST COMMON PAIRS • I wanted to sit in the front so I reached early. • Both / and 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS  • Either / or A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects • Hardly / when an independent clause to a dependent clause. • If / then Please note: When a dependent clause comes at • Just as / so the beginning of a sentence before the independent • Neither / nor clause, there is a comma between the two. However, • Not only / but also when the independent clause comes first, there is no • Rather / or need to put a comma. • Whether / or CONJUNCTION SENTENCE Correlative conjunctions must be used only when although Although he’s very rich he is equal ideas are used like: humble. and I like tea and coffee. • Either you will come with us or stay at home. as As I came she was leaving. • He is neither working nor looking for a job. As you couldn’t attend the class, I • Not only had I read books, I also write sometimes. because will lend you my notes. She goes to the library because she Please note: but loves reading. He reads books, but he doesn’t like We should be careful about the subject verb agreement even if magazines. while using correlative conjunctions. The verb must Don’t drive on the wet road even if agree with the second subject regardless of the first even though you are an expert driver. subject. Even though this book is very however popular, I don’t like it. • Neither my father nor my siblings like watching They worked hard for the movies. if test, however, they failed. in case If I am free, I will come for the party. • Neither my siblings nor my father likes watching in spite of Take your umbrella in case it rains. movies. He looks very unhappy in spite of all or the favourable conditions. 4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Do you like watching news or otherwise sports? CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS Work hard otherwise you will lose since the competition. accordingly additionally Since he was late, he ran to catch the bus. also anyway besides certainly comparatively consequently conversely elsewhere equally finally further furthermore hence henceforth however in addition 78

6. Conjunctions in comparison in contrast USAGE OF CONJUNCTIONS IN COMPOUND AND incidentally indeed COMPLEX SENTENCES instead likewise A compound sentence consists of two or more simple meanwhile moreover sentences. namely nevertheless These individual sentences can be joined together next nonetheless 1. By coordinate conjunctions: now otherwise rather similarly • He is very smart. He hides this. still subsequently He is very smart but he hides this. then thereafter • He is very smart. He makes mistakes. therefore thus He is very smart yet he makes mistakes. undoubtedly yet 2. By some of the correlative conjunctions: • He will not spend his money. He will not lend it. • Every action brings its own results and one gets He will neither spend his money nor will he lend opportunities accordingly. it. • All are comparatively small animals, few of them • He is a fool. He is too smart. exceeding the size of a rat. He is either a fool or too smart. 3. By using conjunctive adverbs: • I got a promotion, henceforth I would be getting • He waters his plants regularly; also, he uses more salary. manure. • You will be accompanied as far as the border; He waters his plants regularly and uses manure; thereafter you must find your own way. consequently he will have healthy plants. • There will undoubtedly be trouble if he is dismissed. A complex sentence consists of a main (independent) clause and at least one subordinate (dependent) Please note: Use a semicolon at the end of the first clause. independent clause, followed by the conjunctive We can use following conjunctions to join the subordinate adverb, followed by a comma before writing the clauses to the main clauses. second independent clause. after although even if as though in order as if because whether before that so that whichever how unless as far as as long as since whenever if whatever until which so provided whose that what while why when whoever whom whomever who • He refuses to study unless given a candy. • He studies after he is offered a candy. • Although he ran very fast, he could not win the race. Workplan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept Map and Key Points Types of conjunctions, usage in PS – 1 Self-evaluation Complex And Compound Sentences PS – 2 PS – 3 Self-evaluation sheet 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Read the following sentences and point out the conjunctions in the following sentences. State whether they are coordinating or subordinating or correlative conjunctions. An example is provided. I will either call him or send him a message. Ans: Coordinating 1. Shyam was tired, but he kept running towards the finish line. 2. While mom is cooking food, we can prepare the salad. 3. We use paint and brushes in Art class. 4. The boy was not hungry but thirsty. 5. Although I will miss my family, I’m excited about going to the hostel. 6. If my brother fails in the exam, my dad will be very disappointed. 7. After we ate lunch, we went for a walk. 8. If I do well in the exams, I will get a reward. 9. We can either walk or take a bus. 10. He is unsure whether he will pass or fail the test. 11. Tomorrow is a holiday, so the school will be closed. 12. She searched for her wallet, but she could not find it. 13. Ram lives in a pink and white building. 14. She teaches both chemistry and physics. 15. When we heard the school bell, we were exited. 16. Unless the rain stops, the match will be cancelled. 17. The roller coaster was both fun and scary. 18. Meera is a bit shy, yet she is very courageous. 19. Since I don’t know how to swim, I will stay here only. 20. Her eyes are neither black nor brown. PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunctions. An example is provided. You will not succeed _______ you work harder. Ans: unless 1. He must train very hard ______ he will lose the competition. 2. The teacher asked the boy to leave the class ______ he misbehaved. 3. I will not allow you to play ______ you clean your room first. 4. Ram brought some food for the dinner ______ he was not asked to do so. 5. You had better finish your work on time ______ you will be in trouble. 6. They decided not to go for the movie ______ the tickets were too expensive. 7. The boy wrote an application _______ sent it to principal. 8. You will not be allowed to sit for the competition______ you pay the fee. 9. ______ I don’t usually like junk food, but I enjoyed the noodles they served in the lunch. 10. The match will start at 11 a.m. ______ end an hour later. 11. They are not willing to pay for the food ______ it was not what they ordered. 12. The police searched through the site______ could not find any clues. 13. ________ you say so, I must believe it. 14. Catch me _______ you can. 15. Mrs. Das has taken two jobs ______ she hardly has time for herself. 16. ______ you do not come for the party, I will be left alone. 17. I will not join you for the movie ______ you pick me up. 18. They have been working in the field ______ the morning. 19. We arrived early at the hall______ we could get the seats easily. 20. He has managed to educate his children ______ he was jobless for a year. 80

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Choose the correct alternative while filling in the blanks. An example is provided. I wanted to buy the dress, I didn’t have enough money. a. and b. so c. however d. therefore Ans: however 1. You need to work harder; _______________, you’ll get less marks. a. moreover b. otherwise c. instead d. because 2. He is a weak leader, _______________, most people support him. a. nevertheless b. similarly c. therefore d. because 3. The tiger is endangered, _______________ it is on the endangered species list. a. and b. or c. but d. so 4. Did you want vanilla, chocolate, _______________both kinds of ice cream? a. nor b. or c. so d. yet 5. _______________ the city is becoming so environmentally friendly, it is being called the “greenest” city. a. Since b. However c. Although d. But 6. My new phone is not _______________ my old one. a. expensive than b. more expensive as c. as expensive as d. more expensive 7. _______________it rains, the match will be postponed. a. If b. Or c. And d. Unless 8. I wanted to learn more about the topic, _______________I decided to check online. a. or b. so c. yet d. unless 81

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. _______________I see the sun rise, l always sigh in amazement. a. When b. If c. Where d. Although 10. Every day here, it is_______________ raining _______________ drizzling. a. whether...or b. either...or c. neither...nor 11. _______________she worked in her garden, she went for a walk. a. After b. Because c. If d. Where 12. Meera decided to take an umbrella with her_______________ it looked like it might rain. a. although b. but c. because d. so 13. For dinner we will have_______________ rice or roti. a. both b. either c. neither d. because 14. I would eat ice-cream _______________I am full. a. and b. but c. or d. though 15. Both plants _____________ animals are abundant in this place. a. yet b. and c. nor c. but 16. I was tired, _______________I managed to finish my homework late at night. a. Although b. But c. Yet d. However 17. Which of these dresses do you like better, red _______________blue? a. and b. or c. but d. because 18. I ate too much _______________I had a stomach ache. a. Because b. Since c. Therefore d. Finally 82

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 19. He works hard to earn his livelihood _______________ does not spend much on himself. a. and b. or c. but d. so 20. _______________ my dad and mom enjoy tea. a. both, b. none c. neither d. either 83

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 1. Read the following story and fill in the appropriate conjunctions. (10 Marks) Today, roller skating is easy ______ fun ______ a long time ago, it wasn’t like this. ______ this idea occurred to a piano player in 1750, the idea of skating didn’t exist. This new adventure was invented ______ a man named Joseph Merlin used to dream about new things. ______ his work was making musical instruments, he liked to play the violin in his spare time. Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams ______ people used to call him a dreamer. One day he received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball. ______ of being very pleased ______ a little excited, he didn’t want to make a usual entrance to the party. As the day of the party came near, he began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party. He had an idea. He thought he would get a lot of attention ______ he could skate into the room. Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll ______ finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe. These were the first roller skates. Merlin was very proud of his invention ______ he dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin. On the night of the party ______ Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin, everyone was astonished to see him ______ there was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates ______he rolled on and on. Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall ______ down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin’s grand entrance for a long time! 84

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 2. The following passage has not been edited. There is a conjunction omitted in each line. Write the omitted word along with the word which comes before and after it. (10 Marks) Before word after they Anxiety ran high in the doctors they awaited the (a) doctors as recovery of a patient. The surgery had been a success the (b) patient developed an infection the situation seemed (c) hopeless. A young doctor recalled a traditional (d) remedy used by the native doctors he applied strips of (e) papaya fruit. Miraculously, it healed! the (f) success, it was made fun of. This incident is of 1977 the (g) doctors’ reactions were sign of few things will happen (h) in the future. There is a distrust about traditional medicine (i) it struggles is seen with superstition and mysticism. ( j) The belief that illnesses occur due to evil or angry (k) spirits gods and rituals of prayers and sacrifice (l) was held. 85

7. Voice Objectives At the end of this chapter, you will be able to: • How to use active and passive voice in writing. • Identify verbs in a variety of contexts. • Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for • Analyse verbs to determine whether constructions the audience and purpose of their writing. are in active or passive voice. Concept Map Definition: Voice determines whether the subject of the sentence does not change. performs or receives the action. Uses of Passive voice 1. To highlight the person or object that receives There are two types of voice in English grammar. an action rather than the person or object that 1. Active Voice: Subject performs the action. This performs the action. voice is used in general writing. 2. When we don’t know or do not want to express who performed the action. Structure: Subject + Verb + Object 3. When mentioning the subject is not necessary. • A window had been left open. 2. Passive Voice: Subject receives the action. • Every year thousands of trees are cut. • My car has been stolen. Structure: Object + Verb + Subject Please note: The sentences with intransitive verbs cannot be changed into passive voice. She wrote the test. The test was written Transitive verbs: These kinds of verbs require objects Someone has broken the by her. window. The window has been broken. Please note: When we change the voice, the meaning 86