202110716-PERFORM-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-ENGLISH-G08-FY_Optimized

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate relative pronouns. An example is provided. I talked to the girl ___________ car damaged my gate. Ans: I talked to the girl whose car damaged my gate. 1. Hari is a taxi driver, ___________ lives in the corner. 2. I live in a house in Mysore ___________ is in Karnataka. 3. This is the girl ___________ is new in the class. 4. That's Ram, the boy ___________ has just been given the first prize. 5. I read your story ___________ was very interesting. 6. The man ___________ father is a professor lives next door to me. 7. The children ___________ you found shouting in the street are not from our school. 8. What did you do with the money ___________ your mother lent you? 9. You should listen attentively to ___________ your teacher tells you in the class. 10. This is the fort ___________ Shivaji built. II. Supply the correct reflexive pronouns in the following. An example is provided. I enjoyed ____________ very much at the party. Ans: I enjoyed myself very much at the party. 1. I see you have cut ____________ again. Why don’t’ you learn to be careful? 2. She has no reason to blame ____________ for what has happened. 3. I think that poor dog has hurt ____________. 4. We enjoyed ____________ playing football on the beach. 5. Our new neighbours knocked at our door and introduced ____________. 6. Mohan had to absent ____________ from work as his mother was ill. 7. How did dad dry ____________? Did he use my towel? 8. My aunt prides ____________on her ability to judge people’s characters. 137

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate relative pronoun. An example is provided. Mrs Joshi ______________ is a teacher, lives nearby. Ans: who 1. Thank you for your gift ______________ was really amazing. 2. Our neighbour ______________ son works in a bank has a new car. 3. That’s the hotel ______________ rooms are very small. 4. Where is the book ______________ I bought yesterday? 5. Do you know the man ______________ is distributing the pamphlets? 6. The student ______________ got the highest score is very hardworking. 7. Those shoes ______________ you want to buy won’t even match your dress. 8. Children ______________ parents are friendly tend to be more sociable. 9. The questions ______________ the interviewer asked were difficult. 10. Sachin Tendulkar______________ used to play for Indian cricket team was an exceptional player. II. Rewrite the following sentences after reducing the relative clauses. An example is provided. Who is that man who is waving at us? Ans: Who is that man waving at us? 1. Most of those who were trying to get the free passes were unsuccessful. 2. The money which is collected during the function will go to help a new orphanage. 3. The woman who is talking to your mother is my aunt. 4. The house that stands at the end of the road will soon be sold. 5. The man who is watering the plants is my helper. 6. The boy who was waiting in the hall expected a phone call. 7. A picture that shows the image of a person is a portrait. 8. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores. 9. The questions that were discussed will be important for your exam. 10. The girl who was picked up by my father from the station was my cousin. 138

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. In each of the following sentences a pronoun has been highlighted. Identify the type of pronoun from the box given below. An example is provided. (10 Marks) Personal Relative Indefinite Interrogative Reflexive Demonstrative Distributive Emphatic Possessive What is the title of that article? Ans: Interrogative 1. Those are Rahul’s. 2. They didn’t give themselves a chance to prepare before participating in the competition. 3. The car that hit my neighbour belongs to the man down the road. 4. Do you know when the show begins? 5. I will send someone at once. 6. Have you been there before? 7. Each of the boys was given a present. 8. Who will be the head boy this year? 9. He yelled to his assistant, “Give me that!” 10. I myself heard his remarks. II. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns made from the words given in the bracket. An example is provided. (10 Marks) Samir looks so happy. _________ friends gave __________ a guitar for his birthday. (He) Ans: Samir looks so happy. His friends gave him a guitar for his birthday. 1. Wecanphonemygrandmaandask___________ about the recipe. (She) 2. Are ___________ your friends? (they) 3. He is working on ___________ presentation. (he) 4. Excuse ___________, can I ask a question? (I) 5. ___________ can swim really well. (they) 6. He is ___________ neighbour. (we) 7. This is not ___________ jacket, ___________ was blue. (I) 8. She found the suitable dress for her birthday so she bought it for __________. (She) 9. These two cats are ___________. (we) 10. ___________ don’t eat potatoes because __________ don’t like __________. (they) 139

14. Rules of Agreement Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • subject-verb and subject-verb related to the • Recall the concept of noun, pronoun, deter- collective nouns write correct sentences according to the rules miners, subject, verb and collective nouns • Understand the rules of agreement be- tween noun-pronoun, noun-determiners, Starter Activity Rules Of Agreement • Nouns and Pronouns • Subject-Verb Agreement • Nouns and Determiners • Subject Verb Agreement Key Points related to Collective Nouns RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND PRO- 5. Relative pronouns: that, which, who, whom, what, NOUN and whose. Recapitulation: Nouns are words that name people, places, things, ideas, actions, or qualities. 6. Reflexive pronouns: myself, herself, ourselves, and itself. Types of Nouns 7. Indefinite pronouns: everybody, either, none, and 1. Common Nouns: student, state, dog something 2. Countable Nouns: cat/cats ditch/ditches woman/ Rules: women 1. Singular Noun, Singular Pronoun: When writing a 3. Uncountable Nouns: water, snow, salt 4. Collective Nouns: committee, team, family sentence, using the same word more than once 5. Abstract Nouns: loyalty, value, love can get repetitive. 6. Compound Nouns: necktie, father-in-law, post • Rita did not eat her food as her food was office tasteless. 7. Proper Nouns: William Faulkner, England, Elizabe- • Rita did not eat her food as it was tasteless. than Since food is singular, use a singular pronoun (it) A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun to replace it. or noun phrase. Pronouns refer to either a noun that • Each student must make his or her own project. has already been mentioned or to a noun that does Since the subject is singular (each), the pronoun not need to be named specifically. (his or her) must also be singular. • Neither Italy nor France expected that it wouldn’t Types of Pronouns get to the quarter finals last year. 1. Personal pronouns: I, we, you, they Since the subject is singular (neither), the 2. interrogative pronouns: what, which, who, whom, pronoun (it) must also be singular. • A group of teachers is meeting to see if it can find and whose 3. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, a way to help weak students. Since the subject is singular (a group), the ours, and theirs. pronoun (it) must also be singular. 4. demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, and 2. Plural Noun, Plural Pronoun: When the subject of the sentence is plural, the pronoun in the sen- those tence becomes plural as well. • When  students  arrive on the first day of school, students arrive with a mix of emotions. 140

14. Rules of Agreement • When students arrive on the first day of school, they arrive with a mix of emotions. Since students is plural, use a plural pronoun to replace it. • When a teacher and a student disagree on some question, they should discuss the situation. Since the subject is plural (a teacher and a Singular: this and that • Plural: these and those student), the pronoun (they) must also be plural. • Indefinite pronouns (any, each, few, other, • The mother hoped that the  boys had finished some, etc.) their lunch fully. • Cardinal Numbers (one, two, three, etc.) Since the subject is plural (boys), the pronoun • Ordinal Numbers (last, first, second, etc.) (their) must also be plural. • Possessive proper nouns (Bob’s, Sarah’s, • Both the client and the vendor agreed that their America’s) follow-up meeting could be schedules the next day. Rules: Since the subject is plural (both), the pronoun 1. No use of articles with singular proper nouns. (their) must also be plural. • When Rahul and Vijay joined the team Use of article ‘the’ with plural and collective members, they were scared. proper nouns. • When Rahul and Vijay joined the team • Agra is a great place to visit. (Not The Agra) members, the team members were scared. • The Kumars went to Agra for vacation. The pronoun here (they) is unclear--to whom 2. Use of ‘a’ or ‘an’ for a nonspecific common noun. does it refer? Was the team scared? Were Rahul Use of ‘a’ with consonant sound and ‘an’ before and Vijay scared? In this example, because the a vowel sound. pronoun ‘they’ is uncertain, we can choose a • The student carried a pencil and an eraser gave noun. RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUN AND them to the teacher. DETERMINERS: 3. Use of ‘the’ for a specific common noun. Recapitulation: Nouns are words that name peo- ple, places, things, ideas, actions, or qualities. • Lata drove the cat to the pet’s clinic. Types of Nouns • Rahul opened the box and found a puppy • Common Nouns: student, state, dog • Countable Nouns: cat/cats ditch/ditches inside. woman/women 4. With singular countable nouns, following can be • Uncountable Nouns: water, snow, salt • Collective Nouns: committee, team, family used: • Abstract Nouns: loyalty, value, love 1. ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ • Compound Nouns: necktie, father-in-law, post • Mohit borrowed a story book and a novel from office • Proper Nouns: William Faulkner, England, the library. Elizabethan 2. A possessive pronoun Determiners: A determiner is a word which is used • I left my book at their house. at the beginning of a noun to indicate if the noun is 3. A relative pronoun specific or nonspecific. It also indicates how much • Whose car is parked in front of our gate? or how many, whose, which one, and similar infor- 4. The singular demonstrative pronouns: mation about noun that follows. • This winter I am going to the USA to meet my Types of Determiners • Articles (a, an, the) cousin’s family. • Possessive pronouns (my, our, your, his, her, its, 5. An indefinite pronoun their) • Each student is expected to attend every class. • Relative pronouns (whose, which, whichever, 6. A cardinal number (one) what, whatever) • Sarah arranged for one box to be delivered. • Demonstratives (this, these, that, those) • 7. An ordinal number (last, the first, second, third, etc.) • John is the first student to arrive. 8. A possessive proper noun • Sarah’s son will graduate in May. 141

14. Rules of Agreement season. 8. A possessive proper noun 5. With plural countable nouns, following can be • Geeta’s jewellery was stolen yesterday. used: RULES OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN SUBJECT AND VERB: 1. No article • Oranges provide a great source of vitamin C. The subject (Noun/Pronoun) and verb are the most 2. The article ‘the’ important elements of a sentence. The subject may • The trees are blocking the beautiful view. be singular or plural. The verb in a sentence must 3. A possessive pronoun (my, our, agree with the subject in number and person. Number: The verb must be singular if the subject is your, his, her, its, their) singular and the verb must be plural if the subject is • Her children are reading their books. plural. 4. A relative pronoun (whose, which, Person: The person of the subject can be first (I, we), second (you), and third (he, she, it, they). whichever, what, whatever) The verb changes according to the number and • Which boxes need to be moved? person of the subject. 5. The plural demonstrative 1. Singular subjects need singular verbs, while pronouns these or those plural subjects require plural verbs. • The librarian needs to move these books to • He is an excellent tennis player. • The boys work really hard. those shelves. 2. When the phrases function as a subject, they 6. An indefinite pronoun (some, any, have no effect on the verbs. • The perspective of different people varies from much, enough, more, most, other, such, little, less, least, the amount of) time to time. • I had to buy more sheets for the project. • A hundred kilometres is a long distance. 7. A cardinal number (two or any number above two) 3. Nouns connected by conjunction ‘and’ working • The teacher sent five students to the office. as a subject, will be plural and take a plural verb. 8. An ordinal number (last, the • My mother and father go to the church every first, second, third, etc.) Sunday. • Rahul and Amit are the third ones to win the • Apples and mangoes are my favourite fruits. scholarship. 9. A possessive proper noun 4. If the conjunction ‘and’ is replaced by together • John’s dogs are well trained. with/ along with/ accompanied by/ as well as, it will not affect the verb. The words used before 6. With uncountable nouns, following can be these expressions are the subjects. • California, along with Florida and Hawaii, used: is among the most popular US tourist 1. No article with generalizations destinations. • Salt is a popular spice. (Not The salt) • The colouring of the banks notes as well their 2. The article ‘the’ size varies in all the countries. • The mail arrived late. 3. A possessive pronoun (my, our, 5. If two singular nouns refer to the same person or your, his, her, its, their) thing, verb must be singular. • Gopi agreed to publish his poetry. • The chairman and the owner of the company 4. A relative pronoun (whose, which, has arrived. whichever, what, whatever) • The orator and statesman is dead. • Whose baggage was left out front? 5. The singular demonstrative 6. Certain nouns sound plural in form but singular pronouns this or that in meaning take singular verb. • She left that food out all weekend. • The news has been greeted with dismay by 6. An indefinite pronoun (some, any, both, local business leaders. many, enough, more, most, other, such, • Measles is spreading again because children few, fewer, fewest, the number of) are not being vaccinated. • Mother noticed more water leaking from the ceiling. 7. If two singular subjects (compound subjects) 7. An ordinal number (last, (the) first, second, third, etc.) 142 • The children enjoyed the first snow of the

14. Rules of Agreement 15. When a compound subject is treated as a single unit, it takes a singular verb. refers to one idea then the verb may be singular. • Slow and steady wins the race. • Bread and butter is a popular breakfast. • The long and short of the problem is this. • Dal and roti is a north Indian dish. 8. Some nouns are always plural. These nouns 16. When two or more subjects are connected by have two parts. Examples: Scissors, shorts, eyeglasses, pants, jeans, trousers, etc. either . . . or, or, neither . . . nor, the verb agrees • The scissors are in the kitchen drawer. with the number and the person of the nearest • The trousers were stained with mud. subject. Note: If these words are preceded by the phrase • Neither the government not the people are a pair of, they will be regarded as singular subjects. • A pair of jeans is needed by me. taking responsibility for this. • A pair of scissors was lying on the table. • Either Reena or I am doing it. 9. When a name of a country, a book or a film is 17. When either or neither are subjects, they always made up of a noun phrase, which has a plural head noun, it will take a singular verb. take singular subjects. • The United States is a big country. • Either of the two has done this. • The Arabian Nights is a famous book. • Neither of them was present in the meeting. 10. When a plural number represents a single Subject-Verb Agreement related to collective quantity for distance, weight or money, it takes nouns a singular verb. Collective nouns name a group or a collection of • Ten kilometers is a long distance. persons or things (family, union, group, committee). • Ten kilos is a heavy weight to carry. 1. When the collective noun refers to a group as a 11. Some nouns are always singular. When these nouns become the subjects, they always take unit, a singular verb is used. singular verbs. Examples: each, every, anybody, • The committee is meeting Friday. (The anyone, anything, Nobody, No one, Nothing, Somebody, Someone, Something, Everybody, committee refers to a single group so the Everyone, Everything, Either, Neither. singular verb ‘is’ is used.) • Everybody has his merits and faults. • The team is headed to the nationals after winning the state level match. • Neither of them is currently in paid employment. 2. When the collective noun refers to the individuals 12. When a sentence begins with ‘there’ the verb or items that make up the group, a plural verb is used. agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows it. • The committee have met the requirements set • There is no escape from fate. by the board of directors. (The committee refers •   There  are more foolish buyers than foolish to each individual member of the committee so the plural verb ‘have’ is used.) sellers. • The team were happy with their presentations 13. When the subject contains the phrase ‘a lot of’, to the judge. ‘one of ’it will be singular and take a singular verb. • A lot of extra work is going into this conference. • A lot of nit-picking was going on about irrelevant things. 14. When the subject contains the phrase ‘a number of’, it will be plural and takes a plural verb. If it contains ‘The number of’, it will be singular and takes a singular verb. • A number of people have been employed to deal with the backlog of work. • The number of days in this month is 31. 143

14. Rules of Agreement Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Starter Activity and Key Rules of agreement PS -1 noun-pronoun, determiners, PS -2 Points subject-verb, collective nouns PS -3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet 144

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 8. My mother and father were surprised when ________ heard the news. I. In the sentences below, fill in the blanks with pronouns which agree with the underlined 9. The boats look beautiful when ________ are nouns. An example is provided. tied up in the harbour. The man walked slowly because ___________ was carrying a heavy parcel. 10. I liked the picture so much that I had Answer: The man walked slowly because he was ________ framed. carrying a heavy parcel. 145 1. Although ___________ knew it was dangerous, the girl decided to ride the horse. 2. The tree is very tall, but ___________ does not give much shade. 3. She and I are not coming because ___________ are too busy. 4. The children are happy because ___________ have a holiday. 5. My father and I had planned to visit the zoo, but since it was raining, ___________ decided not to go. 6. The woman is pleased as ___________ found her lost wallet. 7. After the apples have been cut up, ___________ should be sprinkled with cinnamon. 8. Until ___________ retired, their father managed a business. 9. Because her brother used to study music, ___________ knows to play several musical instruments. 10. This chair is useless now since ___________ is very old. II. Paying attention to the meaning of the sentences below, fill in each blank with an appropriate pronoun and underline the nouns, they replace. An example is provided. My grandfather does not want to retire be- cause ________ loves his work. Ans: My grandfather does not want to retire because he loves his work. 1. The bicycle must be repaired before ________ can be ridden again. 2. When the moon is full, ________ rises just as the sun sets. 3. Reema and I love spending time together because ________ share many interests. 4. When my uncle was young, ________ enjoyed swimming. 5. When the lady entered the hotel, ________ asked to speak with the manager. 6. My friend and I had to leave early so that ________ could catch the train. 7. The grandmother is old, but ________ is still beautiful.

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Put in a, an, many, much, a few, or a little where necessary. Use X where none is required. The first one is done as an example: I wrote it on ______ piece of ______ paper. Ans: I wrote it on a piece of X paper. 1. He wants to write it in ______ ink, give him ______ pen. 2. He bought ______ orange and ______ banana. 3. They waited for ______ bus for half ______ hour. 4. ______ table is made of ______ wood. 5. During the hot season, most trees have only ______ leaves. 6. Too ______ exercise is bad for the body. 7. The cat caught ______ rats. Now there are no rats here. 8. There is still ______ tea in the pot. 9. He didn’t bring his money to buy ______ ticket so he borrowed ______ coins from me. 10. Has she got ______ friends? II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option from the bracket. An example is provided. We have imported __________ (fewer/less) videos this year than last year. Ans: We have imported fewer videos this year than last year. 1. __________ book was written by someone else. (most/most of the) 2. I would like __________ milk in this coffee. (a little/a few) 3. __________ businesses have gone bankrupt this year, (a good deal of, several) 4. We can’t accept the estimates __________ estimate is low enough (neither/either) 5. There have been __________ changes in the new edition. (no/any) 6. __________ effort has been put into this project. (a lot of /many) 7. There aren’t (much/many) __________ examples to prove that I am right. 8. There aren’t __________ dictionaries that can compare with this one (much/many) 9. __________ vehicles have just been recalled because of a design fault. (a lot of/much) 10. There has been __________ demand for videos this year than last year. (fewer/less) 146

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. I found all the questions difficult. Did you answer _________ of them correctly? (either, I. Choose the correct option from the bracket. any) An example is provided. 10. Rahul and Rohit like playing chess together, The play’s cast (are/is) rehearsing their lines. but _________ of them likes to lose a game. (all, Ans: are both) 1. The jury (consists / consist) of twelve people 147 chosen on the basis of their popularity. 2. The class (was / were) listening attentively as the teacher explained the lesson. 3. The committee (meets / meet) every month. 4. The procession (was / were) slowly making (its / their) way on the road. 5. The mob (was / were) running here and there waving (its/ their) posters and shouting loudly. 6. A swarm of bees flew angrily from (its / their) hive. 7. The police (is / are) often called upon at the accident sites. 8. The Board of Directors (was / were) dissatisfied with the Chairman’s decision. 9. A bunch of keys (has / have) been found in the car park. 10. The company (has / have) moved to (its / their) head office in Bangalore. 11. The government (was / were) elected with an increased majority. 12. A herd of cows (was / were) scattered over the three fields. II. Fill in the blanks with the correct word chosen from the pair given in the bracket. An example is provided. I have three pencils. Have you seen _________ of them? (Either, any) Ans: I have three pencils. Have you seen any of them? 1. I have three blazers, but _________ of them are new. (neither, none) 2. I have read five books on this subject, but _________ of them were very helpful. (neither, none) 3. He has three sisters, _________ of them have graduated from the same university. (all, both) 4. He owns three dogs, _________ of them are Pomeranians. (all, both) 5. There are two umbrellas here, but _________ of them is mine. (neither, none) 6. Gita and Sita are twins. They _________ dance very well. (all, both) 7. She has painted dozens of pictures. Have you seen _________ of them? (either, any) 8. My sister and I _________ enjoy classical music. (all, both)

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Change the following sentences according to 10. Neither Monica nor Sonia was willing to admit the subject given in the next line. An example that (she, they) had cheated. is provided. (10 Marks) She travels a lot. They ______________________ _______________________________ Ans: They travel a lot. 1. They laugh a lot. He ______________________ _______________ 2. I often drop things. She ____________________ _________________ 3. We drink a lot of tea. She __________________ ___________________ 4. I often forget things. He ____________________ _________________ 5. He often loses things. They _________________ ____________________ 6. We often pass your house. I ________________ _____________________ 7. I rush around a lot. He _____________________ ________________ 8. He cries at sad things. I ____________________ _________________ 9. I wear old clothes at home. She _____________ ________________________ 10. They manage all right. He _______________ ______________________ II. Choose the correct form of the (10 Marks) pronoun according to the nouns given. An example is provided. The clubs are holding (its/their) meeting. Ans: The clubs are holding their meeting. 1. Rahul and Raj said (he, they) felt too tired to travel any longer. 2. Either Gyan or Gopi will bring a sample of (his, their) own work. 3. Geeta and Hari called (her, their) friends for the party. 4. Either Geeta or her friends will present (her, their) project. 5. Neither my aunt nor my mother said (she, they) would be there. 6. Every student wants to impress (his or her, their) teachers. 7. Both Malti and Meeta said (she, they) were not exercising regularly. 8. The jury was asked to return to (its, their) seats. 9. Please remind each student to bring (his or her, their) homework tomorrow. 148

15. Sentences and types Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Identify contractions ‘isn’t’ and ‘aren’t’ and • Define a sentence. complete sentences and answer questions • Identify the kind of a sentence. using ‘is/is not (isn’t)’ , ‘are/are not(aren't). • Familiarise themselves with negative • Make question tags and use effectively in sentences. their day to day language. • Transform positive sentences into negative sentences. Concept Map Four types of sentences DECLARATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXCLAMATORY IMPERATIVE Makes a statement Asks a question Makes a command Shows surprise or or request strong feeling Ships are large What is your name? Clean up the floor. We won! Ends with a period Ends with a Ends with a period Ends with an question mark exclamation mark . ? .! Key Points 2. Interrogative Sentence: A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence. It RECAPITULATION: In the above concept map, we can begins with a helping verb or ‘wh’ question words see the kinds of sentences and their basic functions. like who, what, which, when, where and how. It DEFINATION: A SENTENCE is a group of words which ends with a question mark. has a Subject and a Predicate and it makes a complete Examples: sense. • Will you wait here? 4 TYPES OF SENTENCES: • Where have you been all this while? 1. Assertive sentence: An assertive sentence is a 3. Imperative Sentence: Imperative sentence sentence that states a fact. Such sentences are expresses a command, advice or a request. It simple statements. They state, assert or declare usually begins with a verb and the subject ‘you’ is something. They are of two types: Affirmative and hidden and understood. Negative. Examples: Examples: • Don’t speak to me in this way. • My cat always sleeps under the bed. -Affirmative 149 sentence • I don’t need a vacation. - Negative sentence

15. Sentences and types • Always remember what I said to you. To have have + not = have • bI hreaavkefansottyeeatt.en 4. Exclamatory Sentence: A sentence that expresses To do not / haven’t has + not = has not • They haven’t strong feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise etc. is / hasn’t discussed the called an exclamatory sentence. It ends with an had + not = had not tmhaetmte.rs between exclamation mark. / hadn’t Examples: do + not = do not / • She has not writ- • If only I was the spider man! don’t ten a single word • Alas! What has become of those refugees. does + not = does not isnheheetr.answer / doesn’t CHANGING AN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE INTO did + not = did not / • Mohit hasn’t yet NEGATIVE: didn’t realized the im- portance of time. NEGATIVE SENTENCES: state that something is opposite of the truth. We can use the following • I had not forgot- negative words to create a negative sentence. A ten my mother’s negative sentence should only have one negative. birthday. 1. No 2. Not • Hmeithteaddhniostpsruobje-ct 3. None till yesterday. 4. No one 5. Nobody • I do not understand 6. Nothing why you were 7. Neither behaving in this 8. Nowhere manner yesterday. 9. Never Negative sentences are created by placing an • I don’t eat cheese auxiliary verb/helping verb. We can use negative since I am allergic sentences by using contractions. to it. is + not = is not / • fReesesnioaniaslnsointgaepr.ro- • She does not isn’t acknowledge the are + not = are not / • The existence of efforts of her team- aren’t aliens isn’t prov- mates. en. • Renu doesn’t want • If you are not go- to work here any- ing to work hard, more. myoaurkwsi.ll get less • I know you did not finish your work. • She didn’t turn up for the annual function. • The superheroes Please note: The ‘be’ verb-‘am’ cannot be contract- in films aren’t real. ed. • My mother was OTHER WAYS OF MAKING NEGATIVE SENTENCES To be not pleased to see WITHOUT 'NOT': was + not = was not me running late / wasn’t for school. My mother never drinks coffee. None of my good friends came to school today. • She wasn’t writing Neither of them has finished the work. to please her Nothing is as refreshing as a cold shower on a hot readers. day. No one (or nobody, or none of the students) in my were + not = were • They were not class studies Sanskrit not / weren’t allowed to enter the premises. • You weren’t there when the accident took place. 150

15. Sentences and types TYPES OF QUESTIONS: There are two types of questions: 1. Yes or no questions 2. Wh questions - these questions start with words which, when, what, where, how. YES-NO QUESTIONS: Yes or no questions are questions whose expected answer is either \"yes\" or \"no\". HOW TO FORM YES-NO QUESTIONS: Way to form Examples Sentences with an we use order (Verb • They are Indians. - Are they Indians? 1 auxiliary verbs. Subject Object) • She is nice - Is she nice? Sentence with main Invert the subject • They are visiting Delhi. - Are they visiting Delhi? verb and helping (aux- and the (first) help- • She has done the homework. - Has she done the iliary) verb(s) ing (auxiliary) verb. homework? 2 • She has been working all night long. - Has she been working all night long? Other ways add ‘do’ • He will be reading the book. - Will he be reading the Present tense: book? a. With subjects- I, we, • I like apples. — Do you like apples? you, they • They go to a high school. — Do they go to a high school? b. with subject- he, she, • Nancy reads a lot. — Does Nancy read a lot? it does if the subject • He hates basketball. — Does he hate basketball? is the third person add does 3 singular (he, she, it). c. Verb in past tense add did • He discovered the truth. — Did he discover the truth? • She wrote a nice essay. — Did she write a nice essay? • They did the homework. — Did they do the home- work? QUESTION TAGS: Question tags are short questions at the end of statements. They are mainly used in speech when we want to: • confirm that something is true or not, or • To encourage a reply from the person we are speaking to. They are formed with the auxiliary or modal verb from the statement and the appropriate subject. RULES FOR MAKING QUESTION TAGS: 1. A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag. • Shyam is from Delhi, isn't he? • You can speak English, can't you? 151

15. Sentences and types 2. A negative statement is followed by a positive question tag. • They aren't sad, are they? • He shouldn't have reacted in this way, should he? WAYS OF FORMING QUESTION TAGS: 1. When the verb in the main sentence is in the present simple we form the question tag with do / does. • You play tennis, don't you? • Your sister works in IBM, doesn't she? 2. If the verb is in the past simple we use did. • Yesterday, my sister and her husband went to the cinema, didn't they? • She lived in Bangalore, didn't she? 3. When the statement contains a word with a negative meaning, the question tag needs to be positive • He hardly ever speaks, does he? • They rarely go out, do they? EXCEPTIONS: I am - I am attractive, aren't I? Positive imperative - Stop daydreaming, will / won't you? Negative imperative - Don't stop singing, will you? Let's - Let's go to the movie, shall we? Have got (possession) - He has got a car, hasn't he? There is / are - There aren't any spiders in the bedroom, are there? This / that is - This is Paul's pen, isn't it? Work Plan CONCEPT COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET COVERAGE Recap of sentences, Concept Map and negative sentence, yes-no PS -1 Key Points questions, question tags PS -2 Evaluation with self- PS -3 check or Peer check* Self-evaluation Sheet 152

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative. An example is provided. He _________________ not go to school by bus. (Does, has, do) Ans: does 1. I _________________ not like to watch science fiction. (do not, has not, not) 2. Rats _________________ not chase cats. (not, does not, do not) 3. Cats _________________ not like to chase dogs. (not, do not, does not) 4. Rama _________________ not want to talk with Rajni. (does, do) 5. Ram _________________ not work for an insurance company. (does, do, has) 6. I _________________ not like black coffee very much. (do, does, was) 7. I _________________ not enjoy playing basketball last evening. (did, does) 8. I _________________ not practice the sitar every morning. (does not, have not, do not) 9. My brother _________________ not take cab to the office. He travels by his own car. (does, do) 10. Our team _________________ not play well yesterday. (did, do, does) II. Change the following affirmative sentences into negative sentences. An example is provided. Shyam passed the test. / Shyam _______________ the test. (did not pass, did not passed, had not passed) Ans: did not pass 1. Hegavemeaglassofmilk./He_______________ me a glass of milk. (did not give, did not gave, had not given) 2. The workers finished the building in a month. / The worker _______________ the building in a month. (had not finished, did not finished, did not finish) 3. He goes to office at 9 o’clock. / He _______________ to office at 9 o'clock. (did not go, does not go, does not goes) 4. She speaks English fluently. / She _______________ English fluently. (does not speaks, does not speak, did not speak) 5. They arrived in the morning. / They _______________ in the morning. (did not arrive, did not arrived, had not arrived) 6. He calls his mother every day. / He _______________ his mother every day. (did not call, does not calls, does not call) 153

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Complete the sentences with the correct question tags. An example is provided. Mr Sharma is from Jammu. Ans: isn't he? 1. The car isn't in the garage, ___________? 2. You are the librarian, ___________? 3. She went to the market yesterday, ___________? 4. He didn't greet me, ___________? 5. Vehicles pollute the environment, ___________? 6. Mr Kumar has been to Germany recently, ___________? 7. The watch is very expensive, ___________? 8. He won't tell her, ___________? 9. Dad had a red car, ___________? 10. The flight is great, ___________? II. Rearrange the following groups of words to make meaningful questions. An example is provided. Need do help you? Ans: Do you need help? 1. from Delhi you are? 2. have can Namita a pet? 3. dogs do have they? 4. we do butter need for the sandwich? 5. love your father does curd and cheese? 6. an eraser there in your pouch is? 7. do like tea or coffee your parents 8. you outskirts do live in the 9. brother your play football does 10. restaurant a this good is? 154

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following questions and add appropriate question tags. An example is provided. Have you finished your homework? No, __________. Ans: I haven’t. 1. Are you from Delhi? Yes, _________. 2. Is she nice? Yes, _________ 3. Have they finished their work? No, _________. 4. Is the dog in the balcony? Yes, _________. 5. Are you a student? No, _________. 6. Has your letter come? Yes, _________. 7. Is he a teacher? Yes, _________. 8. Have your parents come? No, _________. 9. Are they students? Yes, _________. 10. Are we done? Yes, _________. II. Make Yes/No Questions with auxiliary/modal verbs. An example is provided. Maria is a doctor. Ans: Is Maria a doctor? 1. Yes, my grandmother can read. 2. Yes, it might be broken. 3. Yes, we will join. 4. No, Gitanjali is going to leave. 5. My brother is going to be hired. 6. He is being interviewed now. 7. He should practice more. 8. Ships are made here. 9. The order has been approved. 10. He loves this town. 155

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Arrange these groups of words in the right order. Add (.), (?), (!). Describe each sentence as assertive, interrogative, exclamatory or Imperative sentence. An example is provided. (10 Marks) the coffee/don’t spill Ans: Don’t spill the coffee. (Imperative) 1. today’s papers/have you seen 2. to meet you/how nice 3. my umbrella/where did you put 4. arrived/the train/fifteen minutes late 5. on time/the plane/won’t arrive 6. the electricity bill/I can’t pay 7. for me/open the door/please 8. parked my car/I/of the village/in the centre 9. awful mistake/what an 10. by tomorrow/finish/your/will you/work II. Read the following sentences and identify the kind of sentence. (affirmative, negative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperative). An example is provided. (10 Marks) Why do you believe that? Ans: interrogative 1. I want to know the reason. 2. Please accept my apology. 3. How marvellous the painting is! 4. I am not going to the library. 5. When did you first notice that your bag was missing? 6. Ask my mother for the recipe. 7. Did you solve the worksheet yet? 8. Hand me your coat. 9. It’s hard to believe that this paper is made from wood. 10. There are no more apples in the refrigerator. 156

16. Tenses Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson students will be able to: • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future tense. Starter Activity Study the following sets of sentences: 1. Hi! I am Meera. I like badminton and usually play the sport every day. Till yesterday, I played only at home. Tomorrow I will play badminton in my school team too. 2. Lim is a lazy boy. He works on a rubber plantation. His job is to empty the tins of latex hanging round the trees that his father taps every day. Yesterday there was a mist in the air. Lim went round the trees, one by one, inspecting the tins and emptying them. “I will take what I have got and not worry about anything else” he thought. Key Points RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have 3. Present Perfect: already learnt about “Verbs’. A VERB is a word that To show an action that started in the past and has is used to convey what the subject of the sentence is, just finished. does or has. • I have finished my work. To show an action when the exact time of the Please notice how the verbs change the forms in the action is not known. above sentences according to the time of the action • We have visited Goa many times. they denote. The form of an action with respective To express an action that started sometime in the time is called TENSE. past and is still continuing. Today our lesson is about TENSES. • I have studied in this school for six years. DEFINITION: Tenses refer to the state of the verb. The state or tense of the verb explains the time of the 4. Present Perfect Continuous: action. This tense shows the action which started in the past and is still continuing at the time of speaking. There are three major tenses in English. These include • I have been studying in this school for ten years past, present, and future. Each of these tenses can now. explain an event that occurred in the past, an event that occurs in the present, or an event that will occur in the future. I. PRESENT TENSE: It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Present Tense: To denote scientific facts, universal truths • The sun rises in the east. To denote work done on daily basis. • They go to school by bus. 2. Present Continuous: To express an action taking place at the time of speaking. • Rohit is swimming in the pool. To denote an action that is going to take place in the near future. • We are going to celebrate Christmas in the school. 157

16. Tenses SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS: Assertive Subject + V1 + s/es + object She writes a letter. Simple Negative Present Subject + does not + v1 + s/es + object Interrogative She does not write a letter. Negative Does + Subject + v1 + s/es + object Interrogative Does she write a letter? Assertive Does + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object Does she not write a letter? Present Negative Continuous Interrogative Subject + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object She is writing a letter. PRESENT Negative Dad is going to Delhi tomorrow. Present Interrogative Perfect Subject + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + Assertive object Negative She is not writing a letter. Interrogative Dad is not going to Delhi tomorrow. Negative Interrogative is/am/are + Subject + v1 + ing + object Assertive Is she writing a letter? Is dad going to Delhi tomorrow? Present Negative Perfect Interrogative is/am/are + Subject + not + v1 + ing + Continuous object Is she not writing a letter? Negative Is dad not going to Delhi tomorrow? Interrogative Subject + has/have + v3 + object She has written a letter. Subject + has/have + not + v3 + object She has not written a letter. has/have + Subject + v3 + object Has she written a letter? has/have + Subject + not + v3 + object Has she not written a letter? Subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object She has been writing a letter. Subject + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object She has not been writing a letter. has/have + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object Has she been writing a letter? has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object Has she not been writing a letter? 158

16. Tenses II. PAST TENSE: chanting the mantras. Tense symbolizes the ever moving, non-stop 3. Past Perfect tense wheel of time which is forever busy gathering moments of future and throwing them into the To describe an action completed before a certain dustbin of past moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two actions happened in the past, past perfect is used It is divided further into four kinds. to show the action that took place earlier. 1. Simple Past Tense • The patient had fainted before the doctor came. To express an action that was completed before a To indicate an action completed in the past. It given point of time. often occurs with adverb of time. Sometimes it is • I had finished my work before 5 p.m. used without an adverb of time. 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense • I watched a movie yesterday. To denote an action that began before a certain Used for past habits or regular actions in the past. point in the past and continued up to sometime in • She attended the meetings regularly. past. The second action or event may be started or 2. Past Continuous Tense may be implied. To denote an action going on at some time in the • I had been learning Science in this school for 2 past. • I was watching a cricket match last evening. years. To mark out an action of relatively longer duration • She had been teaching in our school before she in the past. • When we reached the temple, the priest was joined the university. SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE: FORMS: PAST Simple Assertive Subject + V2 + Object. TENSE Past She wrote a letter. Negative Subject + didn’t + V1 + Object. Past She didn’t write a letter. Continuous Interrogative Did + Subject + V1 + Object? Negative Did she write a letter? Interrogative Did + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object? Assertive Did she not write a letter? Negative Subject + was/were +V1+ ing + Object. She was writing a letter. Interrogative Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object. Negative She was not writing a letter. Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object? Interrogative Was she writing a letter? Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Was she not writing a letter? 159

16. Tenses SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS Assertive Subject + had + v3 + object. She had written a letter. Past Negative Subject + had + not + v3 + object. Perfect She had not written a letter. Interrogative Had + Subject + v3 + object? PAST Negative Had she written a letter? TENSE Interrogative Had + Subject + not + v3 + object? Assertive Had she not written a letter? Past Negative Subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object. Perfect She had been writing a letter. Continuous Interrogative Subject + had + not been + v1 + ing + object. Negative She had not been writing a letter. Had + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object? Interrogative Had she been writing a letter? Had + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she not been writing a letter? III. FUTURE TENSE: To express an action which will be going on at a A period of time following the moment of specific time in the future. speaking or writing is called as future tense. • He will be doing his homework in the morning. 3. Future Perfect It is divided further into four kinds. To say that something will be finished by a partic- 1. Simple Future ular time in the future. • They will have shifted the house by Sunday To tell us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future morning. • She will meet you tomorrow. 4. Future Perfect Continuous 2. Future Continuous To talk about something that will be in progress To emphasize the duration of an activity that will at or around a time in the future. be in progress before another time or event in the • He will be distributing sweets in temple future. • She will have been completing four years in this tomorrow at 12 o'clock. In the example, the action will start in future school by the end of this month. (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future. 160

16. Tenses SYNTAX OF FUTURE TENSE FORMS: Assertive Subject + shall/will + V1 + Object. I shall write a letter. Simple Future Negative She will write a letter. Interrogative Subject + shall/will + not + V1 + Object. I shall not write a letter. Negative She will not write a letter. Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject +V1 + Object? Shall I write a letter? Assertive Will she write a letter? Shall/Will + Subject +not + V1 + Object? Future Negative Shall I not write a letter? Continuous Interrogative Will she not write a letter? Subject + shall/will + be+ V1+ ing + Object. Negative I shall be writing a letter. Interrogative She will be writing a letter. Subject + shall/will + not + be+ V1+ ing + Object. FUTURE Assertive I shall not be writing a letter. TENSE She will not be writing a letter. Shall/Will + Subject + be + V1+ ing + Object? Future Perfect Negative Shall I be writing a letter? Interrogative Will she be writing a letter? Shall/Will + Subject + be + + not+ V1+ ing Was/were + Negative Subject + not + ing+ Object? Interrogative Shall I not be writing a letter? Will she not be writing a letter? Assertive Subject + Shall/Will + have + v3 + object. I shall have written a letter. Future Perfect Negative She will have written a letter. Continuous Interrogative Subject + Shall/Will + not + have + v3 + object. I shall have not written a letter. Negative She will have not written a letter. Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + have + v3 + object? Shall I have written a letter? Will she have written a letter? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + v3 + object? Shall I have not written a letter? Will she have not written a letter? Subject + Shall/Will + have + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have been writing a letter. She will have been writing a letter. Subject + Shall/Will + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have not been writing a letter. She will have not been writing a letter. Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object? Shall I have been writing a letter? Will she have been writing a letter? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Shall I have not been writing a letter? Will she have not been writing a letter? 161

16. Tenses COVERAGE DETAILS PRACTICE SHEET Work Plan Tenses and forms PS -1 PS -2 CONCEPT COVERAGE PS -3 Starter Activity and Key Self-evaluation Points Sheet Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 162

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the simple present of each verb. An example is provided. Ram ____________ (walk) to work almost every day. Ans: Ram walks to work almost every day. 1. My uncle ___________ (work) in a factory. 2. It’s not right, you ___________ (know). 3. She never ___________ (get) up very early. 4. The concert ___________ (start) at 6 this evening. 5. I always ___________ (go) out on Saturdays. 6. He only ___________ (work) at weekends. 7. The children ___________ (eat) a lot of sweets. 8. Ritu and Rahul ___________ (wear) glasses. 9. Water ___________ (boil) at 100 degree Celsius. 10. Hot water ___________ (rise). II. Use simple present/ present continuous tense in the following sentences. An example is provided. Don’t rush me. I ___________ (work) as fast as possible. Ans: Don’t rush me. I am working as fast as possible. 1. At present, I ___________ (solve) some algebra problems. 2. What are you drinking? It _________ (look) awful. 3. She ___________ still ___________ (wait) to see the boss. 4. The Mehtas ___________ (live) in Mumbai. 5. He ___________ (hurry) to catch his train. 6. Here ___________ (come) the bus. 7. You are constantly ___________ (panic). Please calm down. 8. My father ___________ (read) the newspaper every morning. 9. We ___________ (enjoy) our holiday here very much. 10. He always ___________ (upset) people by asking personal questions. 11. What time ___________ he ___________ (arrive) tomorrow? 12. The earth ___________ (revolve) around the sun. 13. She never ___________ (forget) to lock the front door. 14. You can’t believe a word he says. He always ___________ (lie). 15. She ___________ (run) the 1500 meters in the next Olympics. 163

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Rewrite these sentences, using the Simple Past 10. When I ___________ (reach) the place, I or the Past Perfect of the verbs in the brackets. ___________ (discover) that he ___________ An example is provided. (already shift). The train ___________ (leave) when I 11. When I ___________ (meet) him yesterday, I ___________ (reach) the station. ___________ (realize) that I ___________ (not Answer: The train had left when I reached the see) him in over three years. station. 1. I ___________ (rush) to the hospital as soon as I 12. It ___________ (be) very late when I ___________ (hear) the news. ___________ (reach) home, but my sister 2. We ___________ (already pack) all our things ___________ (be) still waiting up for me. before the taxi ___________ (arrive). 3. They ___________ (finish) their breakfast just before the school bus ___________ (come) for them. 4. The fire ___________ (destroy) almost the whole village before someone ___________ (bring) help. 5. After I ___________ (wash) my hands, I ___________ (sit) down to eat. 6. The film ___________ (already begin) when we ___________ (reach) the cinema. 7. He ___________ (tell) me that the bus ___________ (leave) half an hour before I ___________ (reach) there. 8. After I ___________ (lock) the door behind me, I suddenly ___________ (remember) that I ___________ (not take) the book along with me. 9. I ___________ (go) out to see a friend after me ___________ (have) my bath. II. Read the following passage. There is an error related to verbs in each line. Identify the error and write the incorrect and the correct word in your answer book. An example is provided. I ran Green Way International, a conservation group that campaigned against and conducted research into environmental Incorrect Correct pollution. The data that we received from all corners ran run of the globe give us no cause for optimism. The results of our studies testified to the fact (a) ___________ ___________ that we are fight a losing battle. Of course, (b) ___________ ___________ environmental pollution was not a modern (c) ___________ ___________ phenomenon. It begins ever since (d) ___________ ___________ people start to gather in towns (e) ___________ ___________ and cities. The ancient Athenians removes refuse (f) ___________ ___________ to dumps outside the main city. The Romans dig (g) ___________ ___________ trenches outside their cities where they deposits (h) ___________ ___________ their garbage and even corpses leading to the outbreak of diseases. (i) ___________ ___________ (j) ___________ ___________ (k) ___________ ___________ (l) ___________ ___________ 164

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 9. I haven’t been able to go anywhere because of the rain that ____________________ (go) on for I. Complete the following conversation by using the last three days. present perfect or past simple. 10. I have noticed that those two dogs Here is the six o’clock news from CNN, on ____________________ (bark) at us ever since Monday the 25th April. Our reporter in Nepal we came here. ______________ (telephone) us ten minutes ago and ______________ (say) that Santosh Kumari and Bachendri Pal, are on top of the world today. They ______________ (reach) the top of Mount Everest half hour ago. Our reporter spoke to another climber on the expedition. Reporter: Are they still on the top of Mount Everest? Climber: No, they ______________ (start) their return journey. Reporter: How long ______________they ______________ (spend) up there? Climber: About 10 minutes. They______________ (take) some photographs of each other. Reporter: Are they in good health? Climber: Well, they’re both tired but they’re fine. But there is one problem: the weather ______________ (change). There is more cloud and the wind is quite strong. II. Use the verbs in the box in either future perfect or present perfect continuous tense. An example is provided. The mountaineers ____________________ (reach) the top by noon. Ans: The mountaineers will have reached the top by noon. 1. The team ____________________ (work) for six hours without taking a break to be able to finish the project today by five p.m. 2. The plane ____________________ (land) by the time we arrive at the airport in this slow traffic. 3. Don’t worry. You and I ____________________ (cover) most of the work by noon. 4. Our family ____________________ (run) this business for the past two decades. 5. Hopefully we ____________________ (finish) the construction work before the end of this month. 6. I am aching all over. I ____________________ (clean) the whole flat on my own. 7. The machines ____________________ (run) for the whole day. 8. We are planning to set off in the afternoon. I hope the weather conditions ____________________ (improve) by then. 165

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with the correct option. 7. I ______ the door before I realized that the keys The first one is done as an example: were inside the house. (10 Marks) a. lock Anne is a painter. Right now she __________ for b. locked her new show of her paintings next month. a. is preparing c. has locked b. prepares d. had locked c. prepared 8. When Seema ______ her first pay, she bought presents for her parents. d. prepare a. receive Ans: Anne is a painter. Right now she is b. received preparing for her new show of her paintings next month. 1. Although the police ______ every precaution, c. has received the robber managed to escape. a. take d. had received b. takes 9. It's lovely to wake up in the morning and ______ birds singing. a. hear c. has taken d. had taken b. hears 2. The boys ______ television every night unless c. heard they have homework. a. watch d. hearing b. watches 10. Gopi ______ thousand rupees for that bag. c. watched a. pay d. watching b. paid 3. Rita ______ an appointment to see the doctor. c. pays It is at 10.00 am tomorrow. a. fix d. paying b. fixes c. fixed d. has fixed 4. They ______ when they are ready. a. come b. came c. will come d. have come 5. Rahul ______ watching horror films although he has nightmares afterwards. a. like b. likes c. liked d. will like 6. It ______ every evening for the past week. a. is raining b. was raining c. has been raining d. had been raining 166

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins II. Fill in the blanks with the correct 7. The people ______ to leave the building option. An example is provided. immediately. (10 Marks) a. ordered The earth ______________ around and around b. will order on its axis. c. have ordered a. is spinning b. spun d. have been ordered c. has been spinning d. spins 8. Next year, many famous artists ______ to Ans: The earth spins around and around on its perform at the charity concerts. axis. 1. When I went back to my village after few years, I a. are invited found that a lot of changes ______. a. are taken place b. were invited b. were taken place c. have taken place c. has been invited d. had taken place 2. Look! A cat ______ by a dog. d. will be invited a. is chased b. is being chased 9. The roof was leaking for the past few weeks but c. was being chased it ______ now. d. has been chased a. was repaired 3. I'm sorry the house is not available any longer. It ______ to a family. b. is repairing a. is rented b. was being rented c. has repaired c. has been rented d. will be rented d. is being repaired 4. My dad ______ to Hyderabad in 1997. a. is transferred b. was transferred 10. The price of the fuel______, but I doubt whether c. has been transferred it will remain so. d. should be transferred a. went down 5. Passengers ______ to eat or drink in the metro train. b. will go down a. are not allowed b. was not allowed c. has gone down c. had not allowed d. will not allow d. was going down 6. Firemen who battled the fire reported that it ______ under control after forty minutes. a. is brought b. was brought c. can be brought d. has been brought 167

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