202110209-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS A. Equator Region Polar Region i. In this region,sun rays fall vertically. So i. In this region, the sun rays are always the temperatures are very high. inclined. So the temperatures are very low and the region has cold weather. ii. Though the temperatures are high, rainfall occurs frequently. ii. Being a cold cap region, snow occur frequently. iii. The forest in the equatorial region are called Equatorial Rainforest. iii. Due to the permafrost condition no trees are grown except creepers, iv. The region has a variety of arboreal lichens, grass, shrubs etc., that too fauna, like lizards, monkeys, bats, only in summer. birds, squirrels, poisonous snakes, insects etc. iv. In this region very limited wild life is seen . e.g. Caribou, seals, walrus, v. In this region density of population is polar bears etc. high. v. Due to the unbearable physical and vi. Economic activities like agriculture, climatic conditions, very limited number cattle rearing, commerce, industries of people called Eskimos live in are found on a large scale. scattered settlements. vii. This region lies between 0º to 10º N vi. Only hunting and fishing are the main and S latitude. occupations or economic activities in this region. vii. The cold deserts are extended in this region. viii. This region lies between 66½º to 90º North Pole. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. In this chapter there are many aspects that are very different from the place where you live. Look at the subheadings in this chapter and make a list of them. Now create a wall paper with illustrations and descriptions comparing life in your location with that in the Tundra. [Refer to TB page 48 Q4] A. S. No. Aspect Andhra Pradesh The Polar Region 1. Location AP lies in tropical zone; AP’s This region that lies near the poles is latitudinal extent is 12°41’ to 19.07°N called the polar region. It lies in latitude. between the north pole and the arctic circle. 2. Seasons There are mainly three seasons in There is only summer and winter our place like summer, winter and seasons in this region. We do not rainy seasons. observe rainy season. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 49

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS S. No. Aspect Andhra Pradesh The Polar Region 3. Vegetation In my place there is a tropical Due to the “permafrost” condition deciduous forests with moderate there is a limited vegetation which is rainfall. All main food and cash crops called Tundra vegetation. During the are also grown. summer only some coloured plants, lichens, grass, shrubs and berries are grown. 4. People In my place the Telugu speaking In this region people who are called people who are called Dravidians Eskimos live in scattered live. Population density is also very settlements. There are two main high. groups referred to as Eskimos: Inuit and Yupik. 5. Group In A.P people live in villages, towns The Eskimos live in fairly small Life and cities like civilian societies. groups. In the eastern region, a Families are the units of the society. typical group might have 25 to 45 They have permanent settlements. people.They migrate due to seasonal changes. 6. Hunting The people in our place have In the Tundra, people used to hunt and overcome the stage of hunting. Now the animals and fish for their fishing they have adopted agriculture, livelihood. They are still at the stage industries, trade and commerce etc., of hunter gatherers. as their occupations. 7. Food Cereals, pulses, edible oils, The Tundra people get their daily diet vegetables, fruits & dry fruits, meat, from meat, milk and fish. Vegetables milk, fish are used as food by the are scarce. people who live in our place. 8. Shelter In our place people build their People in Tundra usually live in ice shelters using RCC roof and live in shelters called igloos. In summer thatched houses and multi storyed they live in tents made of animal skin. buildings. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 50

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 9. Clothing In A.P people wear different types of In the polar region people wear and clothing according to the seasons. clothes made of animal skin and use Crafts They wear cotton clothes in summer skin to decorate the things which are and sweaters in winter seasons. used daily by them. Bone, ivory, Pottery, making silk, making gold and wood and soft stone called silver ornaments etc. are the ancient soapstone are used to make small crafts in our place. figures of people and animals as well as weapons and tools. Masks are carved of wood, painted and decorated with feathers and animal skins. 10. Religious Different religious beliefs are Eskimo religion shows deep concern beliefs practiced in our place. Hinduism, for life, health, sickness, starvation Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and and death. All Eskimo groups believe Jainism are the main religions in a supernatural powers called sila followed by the people. and spirits. They believe that people and animals have souls that live after death. 11. Recreation Dance, music, games, cinemas, Wrestling, racing, harpoon throwing televisions, sports, dramas etc. are contests and other vigorous athletic the recreation activities. activities are popular. Parties and social visits are often occasions for huge feasts of meat and fat. Q2. Imagine one entire day (24 hours) when the sun does not set and another day when there is no sun. What changes will you make in your daily lives? Write a short note on them. [Refer to TB page 48 Q5] A. When the sun does not set for entire day When there is no sun for an entire day (24 hours) 1. Day starts normally as usual. 1. Day will be gloomy and we will not be energetic and Enthusiastic to go to work as it is still dark. 2. Until evening we don’t find any difference. 2. We need to arrange lights at our homes and work place during the morning as it is still dark. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 51

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 3. But at dusk we feel tired and we get sleep during the night hours but since the sun is still shining in the sky psychologically we like to stay awake but this has an effect on sleep. 4. We try to make our room dark to sleep. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The region which lies near the poles is called the polar region. ii. The boundary of the polar region is known as the ‘Arctic Circle’. iii. The Tundra region has a unique type of vegetation known as ‘Tundra Vegetation’. iv. In this region it is extremely cold. Since the sun does not go high up in the sky, it is never warm. v. Most of the region is treeless. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 52

SESSION 2 THE POLAR REGIONS – SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 53

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 2.2 Terminology 1. Icebergs: During the summer huge chunks of ice break off and float into the ocean. This huge chunks of ice is called icebergs. 2. Eskimos: The people, who live in tundra region are called Eskimos. 3. Kayaks: Kayaks are small canoe like boats made of animal skins stretched over a wooden frame. 4. Igloo: The ice made shelter or house for Eskimos is called igloo.(The Eskimos word “igloo” means shelter). 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Re–write the false statements with correct facts: (a) Animal body parts were used only in clothing. [Refer to TB page 48 Q1] A. In Tundra region, caribou, walrus, whales and seals etc, are present. Eskimos use the parts of these animals to fulfill their different needs. For example, they use their meat and flesh for food, skins for clothing and sheltering, for the blankets & coats, horns for building boats and tents. Hence, the parts of the animal body are not only used in clothing, but are also used for different needs. The above sentence is not correct. (b) Major part of the food includes vegetables. Ans. Vegetation in Tundra region is a unique type of vegetation known as the “Tundra vegetation”. There is no scope to growing vegetables in this Tundra vegetation because of the climate and permafrost conditions. Hence, the people in Tundra depend upon animals on large scale. They take meat, milk and fat regularly as food material. So the above sentence is not correct. (c) Popular games among the people in Tundra are closely related to their daily lives. Ans. The above sentence is quite correct. Popular games like wrestling, racing and throwing harpoon in Tundra are quite related to their daily lives. (d) Contact with people from outside impacted their health. Ans. Above statement is also quite correct because the outsiders brought new diseases to which the Eskimos had no immunity, or natural resistance to smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough, pneumonia, mumps, scarlet- fever and diphtheria were the most dangerous of these diseases. Hence, we can support the above statement. SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 54

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS Information Skills Q1. What are the ways in which life of people in Tundra are dependent on climate of the region? Describe in the context of following aspects. [Refer to TB page 48 Q3] A. Climate influences the people of the Tundra. F ood Dress Travel Shelter These people wear Cereals and grains skins of animals and They need vehicles The land is covered are not cultivated here their fur. They wear which are wide in with a layer of snow. due to frozen ice. clothes covering their shape to travel in ice. Laying foundation is They should lead their whole body. So they travel on not possible. So they life with meat and fish. platform like vehicles live in wooden tents They cannot even called sledges. These covered with animal cook the food. So they are drawn by polar skins. And also they should eat raw meat. dogs. They use construct houses of They store the food in kayaks and umiyaks ice blocks. They use frozen ice. to travel in waters in ice blocks as cots. summer. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The most commonly accepted meaning of ‘Eskimos’ is ‘Snowshoe–netter’. ii. Hunting seals and fishing are the primary occupations of the Eskimos. iii. Their food is related to their atmosphere. iv. Their houses are known as ‘Igloos’. v. The Eskimos believe that spirits control the things like life, health, sickness, starvation and death. vi. They have relations with the rest of the world. vii. The pattern of relation between the Eskimos and outsiders has been described as ‘boom and bust’. SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 55

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which are the coldest months of the Tundra region? (ii) When does the sun begin to shine in the Tundra region? (iii) Which animals are used by Eskimos to pull the sledges? Short Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What do you know about the religious beliefs of the Eskimos? Are they similar to your religious beliefs? Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Mention five points about summer in Tundra region. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the questions given below: The first Europeans to be seen by Eskimos were Vikings from Iceland. In 1576–78, when the English mariner Martin Frobisher visited Baffin Island, other Europeans began to explore deeper into the Eskimo area. Danish, Norwegian and English explorers sailed into the seas of the Far North. By 1728, the Russians had arrived in Siberia and Northern Alaska. i. Who were the first Europeans seen by Eskimos? ii. The English mariner visited Baffin Island. iii. Who were the explorers who sailed into the seas of the Far North? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 56

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS iv. In which countries did Russians arrive in 1728 A.D? v. What are the reasons for the above explorations? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe graph of monthly temperature in south pole given below and answer the following questions: i) In which month least temperature was recorded in the period 1960–1990? ii) According to the prediction for year 2080 which months will have maximum temperature? iii) What does the predictive temperature graph of 2080 states about mean temperature in south pole? iv) What is the difference between 2080 least mean temperature and 1960–1990 least mean tempera- ture? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why most of Tundra region is tree less? What is the food of Ezkimos CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 57

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS AS5-Mapping Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the polar region on the world map, and answer the following question. Which countries fall within this region? Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a given world map: a. Greenland d. Finland b. Bering Strait e. Alaska c. Canada f. North America CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 58

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (ii) Locate the following on a given world map: (5.2) a. Asia e. Russia b. Norway f. Sweden c. Iceland g. Baffin Island d. Siberia CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 59

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The region which lies near the poles is called . (A) Temperate belt (B) Polar region (C) Equator (D) Tropical belt (ii) The boundary of northern polar region is known as the __________. (A) Arctic Circle (B) Horizon (C) Inclined axis (D) Equinoxes . (iii) The northern part of the continent within the polar region is known as (A) Taiga region (B) Tropical region (C) Tundra region (D) Permafrost . (iv) Eskimos gather berries during (A) Summer (B) Winter (C) Rainy season (D) Autumn CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 60

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (v) Shamans are the people skilled in . (A) racing (B) fishing (C) debate (D) rituals (vi) season occurs in Tundra during the months of November, December and January (A) Autumn (B) Summer (C) Winter (D) Rainy (vii) Eskimos depend on ________ to live. (A) Fishing (B) Hunting (C) Both (D) None (viii) The Eskimos entered by crossing the Bering Strait from Asia. (A) North America (B) Africa (C) Asia (D) Australia (ix) Eskimos sleep on a bench covered by . (A) Human skin (B) Animal skin (C) Both A and B (D) None (x) Eskimos believe in a supernatural power called . (A) Sila (C) Devils (B) Spirits (D) Both A and B CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 61

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (xi) The frozen upper soil layer is called . (A) Snow (B) Ice (C) Frost (D) Permafrost (xii) Most of the region is treeless. (A) Temperate (B) Tropical (C) Tundra (D) Mediterranean (xiii) On water, Eskimos use open boats called . (A) Sledges (B) Vikings (C) Igloo (D) Umiaks (xiv) skin is preferred in winter because it is soft and warm. (A) Deer (B) Reindeer (C) Fox (D) Caribou fawn (xv) On Northern coast of Alaska, shaped houses are built of logs and whale ribs (A) Circular (B) Spherical (C) Dome (D) Cylindrical CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 62

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (xvi) Mukluks are . (A) Weapon (B) Utensil (C) Coat (D) Boots AS3-Information Skills 10. Choose the correct answer. (xvii) Observe the graph below and answer following two questions: Temperature in the month of July was 63 (A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20 CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS

(xviii) Highest precipitation in the year was CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (A) 40 (B) 43 (C) 45 (D) 35 (xix) In Eskimos community Sila is (B) Supernatural power (A) Kayaks (D) Permafrost (C) Umiaks (B) Bear (D) Seal (xx) hunting is essential for Eskimos. (A) Deer (C) Caribou fawn CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 64

5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM SESSION 1 FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM – FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Afforestation: Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. 2. Deforestation: Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is there after converted to a non–forest purpose. 3. Forest Management: Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with the overall adminis- trative, economic, legal and social aspects and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects especially silviculture, protection and forest regulation. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the difference between Ever green forests and Deciduous forests?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 62 Q8] SESSION 1. FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 65

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM A. There are following differences between Ever green forests and Deciduous forests: i. Ever green forests are dense forests with variety of trees whereas Deciduous forest are not so dense. ii. Ever green forests are always green whereas Deciduous forests shed their leaves during very dry seasons. iii. Ever green forest tree examples are bamboo,jamun etc. and Deciduous forest tree examples are Ageisa, Maddi (Arjuna) etc. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Based on the details given in the above text, or from what you already know about the forests, compare the type of forest that is closest to your area of living on the following aspects. [Refer to TB page 62 Q3] A. Density of trees Types of trees Special features of trees found In our area there is less Babul (Tumma) They can grow up to 6–10 m rainfall Bulusurega Most of the trees have thorns and high temperature. In this Sandal Trees and bushes are scattered in the region, there is a scope only Neem forest for Trees can grow even in less availability thorny types of trees to grow. of water These forests are not thick, and have low density of trees and bushes. Hence, I can say there is a low density of forests. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The large area of land with tall trees, bushes, shrubs and wild life is called forest. ii. There are a huge number of useful products that are obtained from forests. Ex :Timber, Medicines, Honey etc. iii. The forests are classified mainly into evergreen forests, deciduous forests, thorny forests and littoral (Sea coast) and swamp forests. iv. Every year about one hundred sq. km. of forests are lost in our state. It is a very unsafe situation that is concerned with environment and bio–diversity. v. Those who live in forests and use forest products for their livelihood are called Tribes. vi. Tribes cultivate by making small clearings or podu in the forests. This cultivation is known as podu cultivation. vii. The human activities such as building roads and railways, making ships, mining, cutting trees for timber, establishing paper mills etc. are responsible for decreasing the number of forests. SESSION 1. FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 66

SESSION 2 FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM – FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Forest Rights Act: The government of India has enacted the forest right act in the year 2006, to protect the right of the tribals over the forests. This is known as forest rights act–2006. 2. Reserve Forest: Reserve forest is a type of protected forest under legal protection. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 67

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for your agreement or contradiction. 1. The notion of private property is important to protect the forest. 2. All forests needs to be protected by human beings. 3. Over the centuries most people living on earth have reduced their dependence on forest for their livelihood. [Refer to TB page 62 Q1] A. The notion of private property is not much important to protect forest because forests are national resources to every citizen of our country. It should be under government control. ‘All forests need to be protected by human beings’ is the second statement. It is also agreeable. Each and every one in the different communities depends upon forests either directly or indirectly. Hence all human beings have to protect forests for their existence on the planet earth. The third one is also an agreeable statement because the modern communities have reduced their de- pendence on forests for their livelihood over the countries. They arrange alternate ways to fulfill their daily needs. Information Skills Q1. Is the present state of forests in Andra pradesh is in a satisfactory situation? Discuss in your class? A. The government had declared 23% of all the land in the state as forest land. Among this only 16% is covered with trees and remaining 7% is open grounds. This forest cover is lost due to felling of trees, encroachment, mining etc., which is not satisfactory. Losing forests lead to many problems. There will not be any home for wild animals, because of which they may come into towns or nearby villages. There will be an in balance in the nature leading to global warming and losing forest leads to soil erosion. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Create a timeline to show the major changes in use of forest over centuries. It may be necessary to look at your textbooks from previous classes. [Refer to TB page 62 Q2] SESSION 2. FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 68

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM A. Event Changes affecting tribal life Impact on forest Emergence After the emergence of agriculture, The tribal people cultivate by making of Agriculture tribal people gave up migrating and small clearings or podu in the forests. started settlements. They developed This affects the forest area that has from food gathering to food been decreasing. production. The social and economic conditions have been increased. Arrival of the During the last two hundred years Since the arrival of the colonial rule colonial after the establishment of the British forests were rapidly cut down. This rulers Rule in our country, the tribal people happened in two ways. Firstly, there gradually lost their control and was a great demand for wood for rights over the forest. The forest various purposes like building laws of British rulers restricted the railways, ships, factories, mines, traditional / customary rights of the houses, furniture etc. As a result of tribal users. By one stroke these pressures, large tracts of forest the tribal people were rendered were cut down and wood was sold. homeless in their own homes. On Plantations of tea, coffee or the lands of forests which the tribal rubber, eucalyptus have been started people were allowed to cultivate, in the forests. This leads to they had to pay very high revenue. decreasing the forest area rapidly. Government After the independence, the Indian After the independence, the Rules Government also continued the Government of India declared Indian British laws regarding forests. Hence, forest policies in 1952 and 1988 and there was no change in the living also enacted and implemented the standards of the tribal people. So, that Forest Protection Act in 1980. The the tribal people had been protesting Government sought to involve village and fighting against these processes. communities living close to the forests After prolonged debate the Parliament in their protection and the passed the Forest Rights Act in 2006. development of degraded forest land. According to this act the tribal people Thus a new policy was put into got a right to hold and live in the forest practice in 1988 which eventually led land under the individual or common to the Joint Forest Management. It occupation for habitation or self actually meant that the Forest cultivation for livelihood by a member Department and local communities or members of forest dwellers. will call abrogate in regenerating degraded forests, planting trees. Also Government prohibited human activities in the forests such as mining, quarrying, hunting, building dams etc. These forests are called reserve forests. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 69

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM Mapping Skills Q1. Observe the map of forest land in Andhra Pradesh and find out which district(s) has/have the maximum forest covered area. [Refer to TB page 62 Q4] [Refer to textbook page 55 for map] A. In Andhra Pradesh state, the Khammam district has the maximum forest cover. After this, the forests of Adilabad, Kadapa, Chittoor, Warangal, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Kurnool and Karimnagar districts follow. Krishna district has a very low forest cover. Q2. Locate the various places mentioned below different photographs of forests given in this chapter in an Atlas. What similarities and differences can you find among them? [Refer to TB page 62 Q7] A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. A few children in a school participated in Vanamahothsavam program and they planted some saplings. How do you respond to this? [Refer to TB page 62 Q5] A. Among the several afforestation programs, Vanamahothsav is one of the main ones. In the context of degrading forests rapidly, this type of program is very important. In the Vanamahothsav program plantation of trees or saplings is conducted on a large scale in open places, road sides, play grounds etc. Participation of children in Vanamahothsav is a wonderful thing . Children should know the importance of trees and need to plant trees. By participating in Vanamahothsav programs children can canvas the importance and severe need for plantation of trees. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 70

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 2.4 Key Concepts i. The British Government in India made laws in 1864 and 1878 to create the Forest Department which was given control over the forests. ii. After Independence the Government of India also decided to continue the British forest laws. In 1952 and 1988 it announced two forest policies. iii. The forest policy in 1988 which eventually led to the Joint Forest Management actually meant that the Forest Department and local communities would collaborate in regenerating degraded forests and plant trees. iv. By notifying the rights of the tribes in India over the forests, the Government of India enacted the Forest Rights Act in 2006. v. According to the Forest Rights Act –2006, the Indian tribes got back the rights of cultivating the forest, gathering the produce from forests and also have the title deeds of their cultivating lands in the forest. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH 71

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the best definition of forest? (ii) What are coniferous trees? (iii) Where do Littoral forests grow? Short Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Describe Community Forest Management. Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Tribal people depend upon forests for their livelihood. How? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the following text and answer the questions given below. About 64,000 sq kilometres of the state are declared as forest by the government. This is about 23% of all land in the state or nearly one quarter of our state. However, all this is not really forested as only about 16% of our land has tree cover to qualify as forest. This means that is about 7% of our forest lands are open grounds and with very few trees. Even this forest cover is dwindling due to felling, encroachment, mining etc. Every year about one hundred sq kilometres of forests are lost in our state. i. What is the percentage of forest in our State? ii. How many sq kms of forest land is lost in one year? iii. Percentage of our forest lands available as open grounds and very few tees is iv. Find out the required percentage of forest area in a State. CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 72

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following text and answer the question below The tribal people had been protesting and fighting against these processes. Their cause was taken up by many nongovernmental agencies which built a national campaign for tribal rights over forest. After prolonged debate the Parliament passed the Forest Rights Act in 2006. For the first time it was accepted that during the last 200 years gross injustice had been done to tribal people and others by denying them traditional rights over the forests which actually belonged to them. It also recognized that it was impossible to preserve the forest without restoring the rights of the tribal people, etc. Why was Forest Rights Act 2006 passed? Do you think it was necessary? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the following text and answer the questions given below. About 64,000 sq kilometres of the state are declared as forest by the government. This is about 23% of all land in the state or nearly one quarter of our state. However, all this is not really forested as only about 16% of our land has tree cover to qualify as forest. This means that is about 7% of our forest lands are open grounds and with very few trees. Even this forest cover is dwindling due to felling, encroachment, mining etc. Every year about one hundred sq kilometres of forests are lost in our state. i. What is the percentage of forest in our State? ii. How many sq kms of forest land is lost in one year? iii. Percentage of our forest lands available as open grounds and very few trees is iv. Find out the required percentage of forest area in a State. CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 73

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM (ii) The data given below is taken from Status of Forest Reports 2015, released by the Government of India. Answer the questions by studying the data. i. Maximum percentage of geographical area is covered by ii. What is percentage of total forest cover in the country? iii. Among the types of forest covers, which constitutes the maximum percentage? iv. What is the total area covered by scrubs? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Find out the initiatives taken by the Government to conserve the forests of India and increase the forest coverage. List them. CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 74

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM AS5-Mapping Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) With the help of given index and map answer the following questions. i. What types of forests are found in Anantapur? 75 ii. In which districts of A.P. are deciduous forests spread? iii. Name the different type of forests in A.P. (ii) Study the map and answer the following questions: Refer to map titled 'Forests' on page number 55. i) Which type of forest is found in Machilipattam? ii) In which district of A.P. Thorn forest are found? iii) _______________ forest is found in most part of A.P. CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Very Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Do you think we will able to live without trees? Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) List down the problems faced by tribals in India. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) Indian Parliament passed the first Forest Rights Act in (A) 2000 (B) 1979 (C) 2006 (D) 1996 (ii) During the same time as CFM, several _________ sanctuaries were established in the forests to protect wildlife. (A) Deer (B) Tiger (C) Wild birds (D) Elephant (iii) In 1988, policy declared that the primary task should be to associate the tribal people in the protection of forests. (A) the National Forest (B) the animal sanctuary CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 76

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM (C) the wild life (D) to save the forest (iv) The industry needs large quantity of pulp wood. (A) textile (B) rubber (C) fodder (D) paper (v) kind of forest could be used by the people. (A) Protected (B) Reserved (C) Sanctuary (D) Wild sanctuary (vi) is an example of quick–growing tree. (A) Teak (B) Pine (C) Eucalyptus (D) Rosewood (vii) Koringa Mangroves are in (A) Andhra Pradesh (B) Kerala (C) Kolkata (D) Karnataka (viii) is an example of typical vegetation of littoral and samp forests. (A) Sandal (B) Boddu ponna CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 77

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM (C) Chenchu (D) Pulp (ix) Deodar forest is in , Himalayas. (A) Anaimudi (B) Gulmarg (C) Coringa (D) Coorg (x) Anaimudi is in . (A) Western Ghats (B) Eastern Ghats (C) Vindhya hills (D) Aravalli hills (xi) Evergreen forests are found in (A) Andhra Pradesh (B) Tamil Nadu (C) Kerala (D) Madhya Pradesh (xii) Which of the following trees grows in thorny forests (A) Teak (B) Sandal (C) Maddi (D) Vegi CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 78

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM (xiii) Mangrove forests are mostly found in (A) High rainfall, low temperature (B) High rainfall and temperature (C) Low rainfall, high temperature (D) Sandy beach and marshy lands (xiv) Gonds are tribes found in (A) Telangana (B) Andhra Pradesh (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Rajasthan (xv) Teak trees grow in regions with (A) High rainfall, low temperature (B) Moderate rainfall and warm temperature (C) Low rainfall, high temperature (D) Sandy beach and marshy lands CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 79

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM AS3-Information Skills 12. Choose the correct answer. (xvi) Answer the following questions from the graph above 80 Most of the forest land as percentage of area is diverted from which state (A) Jammu & Kashmir (B) Punjab (C) Haryana (D) Tamil Nadu (xvii) Which of the following states did not divert any forest land? (A) Daman & Diu (B) Meghalaya (C) Nagaland (D) Assam CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM (xviii) The percentage of land diverted by Tamil Nadu is (A) 0.033 % (B) 0.5 % (C) 0.2 % (D) 0.25% (xix) Which of the following trees are found in deciduous forests? (A) Teak (B) Neem (C) Maddi (D) All of the above (xx) Shifting cultivation is restricted now a days because (A) It’s difficult to cut trees (B) Results in deforestation (C) Tribals are not cultivating any more (D) None CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING THEM 81

6. MINERALS AND MINING SESSION 1 MINERALS AND MINING – CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 82

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING 1.2 Terminology 1. Minerals: A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and abiogenic in origin. A mineral has one specific chemical composition. 2. Underground Mining: We can build underground tunnels to mine minerals that lie very deep. This is called underground mining. 3. Open pit mining: Just making a large pit and keep extracting the minerals is called open pit or open cast mining. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Janaki is currently a farm labourer. She wants to become a miner. Can you explain what changes will occur in her nature of work; employment scenario; health risks etc? [Refer to TB page 76 Q3] A. Currently Janaki is a farm worker and now she wants to become a miner. There are so many problems that she would face in her new job as a miner. Many changes will also occur in her nature of work, employment scenario, and health point of view. They are : i) Nature of work: Janaki’s nature of work as a farm worker is planting saplings, harvesting, watering the plants, and other farm duties endorsed by the farmer. But if she becomes a miner, she has to do work such as arranging blasting material in the mines, making ore into little particles for the transportation, carrying the extracted mineral ore outside the mines etc., ii) Employment Scenario: While being a farm worker, Janaki did not get employment throughout the year, as agriculture is known as seasonal activity. But Janaki gets employment throughout the year as a miner and also she may earn more income as miner than as a farm worker. iii) Health Risks : As a farm worker, Janaki has been facing no health risk, but if she becomes a miner she has to face so many health risks like diseases of the lungs and kidneys, skin allergies, heart problems, cancers etc., Q2. Narrate the difference in requirement of labour in mine while using machines and human labour. [Refer to TB page 76 Q4] A. 1) While using machines in mines, the requirement of human labour is very less. 2) Because a single machine can do work, which requires a number of human labourers. 3) But if human labour is used, a number of human labourers are required. 4) As a highly populated nation, in our country human labourers should be used more than machines. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. How has been the contribution of mining to economy identified in this chapter? [Refer to TB page 76 Q5] A. 1) Minerals are treated as national wealth. This wealth should belong to each and everyone in our country. 2) Whatever benefits come from the mining should be distributed among the citizens. SESSION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 83

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING 3) In this concern, our governments nationalized mines all over India in 1970. 4) Currently, according to the new national mineral policy, mines in the country are being leased to the private companies to extract minerals and sell them. 5) As gaining financial benefits, private mining companies should pay royalty to government. 6) This becomes income to the governments through the mining sector. 7) This amount paid as royalty is being used for the welfare of the citizens and country. 8) In this way mining has been contributing to economy identified in this chapter. It is used for the welfare of the public or the nation .So, we can say that minerals belongs to all citizens. Q2. To whom do the minerals belong: The minerals do not belong to any particular person but they belong to all people. How do you justify? [Refer to TB page 76 Q7] A. The minerals in the country don’t belong to a single person or a private company or even not to the gov- ernment. As minerals are treated as National wealth, they belong to all the people living in the country Thus the government has nationalized all the mines in the country and any economical benefit that comes through mining is used for the welfare of the public or the nation. So, we can say minerals belong to all citizens. Information Skills Q1. Prepare a table showing different minerals and their uses.[Refer [Refer to TB page 76 Q10] A. Mineral Its Uses Iron Ore It is mainly used in steel, pellitization, sponge iron, pig iron industries. Mica It is used extensively in electrical and electronic industry. Lime It is used in cement, carbide, iron and steel, soda ash, chemical, sugar, paper, Stone fertilizer, glass industries. Granite It is used in cutting and polishing industry, decorative panels, monuments, flooring panels. Manganese It is used in potassium permanganate, ferro alloys, iron and steel, batteries, chemicals, ceramic, glass industry. Barytes Barium (extracted from Barytes) are used for industrial and medical purposes. Barytes is also used in drilling deep holes for petroleum and natural gas. Feldspar It is one of the raw materials used in making of glass and ceramic ware (like wash basins etc). SESSION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 84

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What aspects of regulations in mining by the government do you agree with? And why? [Refer to TB page 76 Q6] A. In 1970s the government took over all mines. It owned and operated most of the mines and sold the min- erals to various factories or traders or exported them. In this way it was able to control the extent of mining so that there was no over exploitation or methods which were dangerous or harmful to people, especially the workers. It could also ensure that the important minerals like fuels, precious metals etc., were mined for public benefit and were not under control of private companies which only cared for increasing their profits. The government announced a New National Mineral Policy in 1993 and allowed private companies to lease mines and operate them. In this way the government could retain regulatory control over the mining to get income from them and at the same time encourage private companies to invest money and bring in new technologies. On the other hand there has also been uncontrolled mining by the private companies far in excess of the permits given to them and disregard for environmental and safety measures. Hence, I agree with the old system of mining under the control and supervision of the government which gave more benefits to the nation. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How are minerals helping the country in development?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 76 Q9] A. Minerals are helping the country’s development in following ways: i. It is helping country in manufacturing sector for creating goods and services. ii. It helps to generate revenue by exporting minerals which are surplus in country. iii. It helps in attracting investors across the world to set up industries in country. iv. It fulfills country’s energy demands. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Environmentalists differentiate between two kinds of resources renewable and non–renewable. ii. More number of minerals are available in limited quantity. These are exhausted while utilizing frequently. Ex: Coal, Copper, Iron, Gold, Silver, Mercury etc. iii. Andhra Pradesh is very rich in mineral resources. It is a large producer of granite, Kadapa stones, etc. iv. Minerals can be taken out for use by humans through a process of mining or digging the earth. v. There are several ways of mining –We can make a large pit and keep extracting the minerals and we can build underground tunnels to mine minerals that lie very deep. vi. Just as we use a well or drill a tube well to get mineral water, we can drive very deep tube wells to get crude oil or natural gas. vii. Most of the mining practices result in disturbing the surface area, it can mean cutting down forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits or mounds. viii. Mining also pollutes the nearby rivers and water resources, such as tanks, streams etc. ix. Mining employs a large number of people. It thus provides livelihood for nearly ten lakh people in India and over one lakh people in Andhra Pradesh. x. Minerals in fact do not belong to any particular owner but belong to all people of the country and have to be used in everyone’s interest. SESSION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 85

SESSION 2 MINERALS AND MINING – SINGARENI COAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Renewable resources: A renewable resource is a natural resource which can replenish with the passage of time, either through biological reproduction or other naturally recurring processes. 2. Non–renewable resources: A non – renewable resource which cannot be reproduced, grown , generated, or used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate. 3. Coal: Coal is a combustible black or brownish–black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. 4. Barytes: Barytes or barite (Baso4) is a mineral consisting of barium sulphate. The Barytes group consists of barite, Celestine, anglesite and anhydrite. SESSION 2. SINGARENI COAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY 86

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Create a table to classify major health challenges; precautions; and care taken towards protecting mine workers: 1. While working in the mines 2. While being employed. [Refer to TB page 76 Q2] A. While working in the mines While being employed Major Health Challenges Because of dust, smoke in Other employees are facing the mines, workers are health problems as compared frequently facing so many to mining employees. Other health problems. For example employees are facing general diseases of lungs, kidneys, health problems like high cancers, heart problems, skin blood pressure, diabetes. allergies etc. Precautions Mining employees should These employees need not take precautions from health take any special precautions . point of view. For example But they have to take putting masks to nose, nutritional food, doing regular wearing gloves to hands physical exercise is important. shoes to feet. getting health checkups for every 6 months / 1 year. Care taken towards protection Safety measures should be Other employees need not taken in the mines to prevent take any precautions while accidents which occur working. Because they work frequently. Putting helmet on in safe places. the heads with light. Announcement should be done before conducting blasting in mines. Other safety measures suggested by the security personnel should also be followed. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Look at the image below. There are two different statements made by TWO different people. What aspect of mining are they talking about? [Refer to TB page 76 Q8] SESSION 2. SINGARENI COAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY 87

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING A. In the above picture two persons are talking to each other. Among them one is a common man and another one is a mining contractor. The common man says “we cannot live because of minerals”, but the mining contractor says “we cannot live without minerals”. In this context they made two different statements. The common man suffers a lot because of mining in nearby villages. They are facing so much of health problems, livelihood problems, environmental problems so he said that he couldn’t live because of minerals. The mining contractors get more profits by extracting and selling minerals in mines. They get financial boom because of mining so that he said that he couldn’t live without minerals. Information Skills Q1. Create a flow chart showing the visit to the underground mining. [Refer to TB page 76 Q1] A. SESSION 2. SINGARENI COAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY 88

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING 2.4 Key Concepts i. In 1970s the government took over all mines. It owned and operated most of the mines and sold the minerals to various factories or traders or exported them. ii. A New National Mineral Policy was announced in 1993, and the government allowed private companies to lease mines and operate them. iii. The companies were to pay a royalty to the government for the minerals they extracted and sold. iv. Director General of the mines safety monitors the safety aspects and periodical medical examination. Employees below 45 years will have thorough routine checkups every 5 years. Employees above 45 years will have thorough routine checkups every 3 years. v. Mangampeta is in YSR Kadapa district and has one of the largest reserves of barytes. vi. These are extensive coal deposits in the four districts of Khammam, Karimnagar, Adilabad and Warangal. These mines are operated by the Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL). vii. SCCL is currently operating 15 open cast and 35 underground mines in 4 districts of Andhra Pradesh and World. viii. Barytes available in the upper layers is of lower grade while those mined from a depth are of higher grade. The quality is determined by the grain size of the stone. ix. Everyday 16,000 tons of waste material and 3,000 tons of barytes are mined and transported. x. It was always a risk to go down as accidents may occur. A tunnel maycollapse or get flooded by water or there can be fire and suffocation due to poisonous gases. SESSION 2. SINGARENI COAL FIELDS: A CASE STUDY 89

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is a mineral? (ii) What are the kinds of minerals? (iii) What is mining? Short Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) State the difference between renewable and non–renewable resources. Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) When did the government take over all the mines? How did they retain the regulatory control over the mining? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer following questions: A New National Mineral Policy was announced in 1993, and the government allowed private companies to lease mines and operate them. The companies were to pay a royalty to the government for the minerals they extracted and sold. In this way the government could retain regulatory control over the mining, get income from them and at the same time encourage private companies to invest money and bring in new technologies. Q) What was effect of New National Mineral Policy announced by government in 1993? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) List out the names of the minerals available in your locality/state. CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 90

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the welfare measures taken for the benefit of miners? Do you think they are sufficient? Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Discuss the pros and cons of allowing private companies to mine our minerals. How do you think they can be regulated? How do you think the environmental concerns can be taken care of? AS5-Mapping Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) See the mineral map of Telangana and A.P. and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 91

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING i. Name the districts where coal is available. ii. Which mineral is abundantly available in Y.S.R. Kadapa district? 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of Andhra Pradesh: i. Mangampeta 92 ii. Cuddapah iii. Kolluru AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Very Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What problems of mining impact the environment? Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How does the mining activity affect our environment?(6.2) CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Aluminum is extracted from ore. (A) Mica (B) Iron (C) Asbestos (D) Bauxite (ii) is a shiny mineral used extensively in electronic industry. (A) Chrome (B) Feldspar (C) Asbestos (D) Mica (iii) mineral is used for preparing stainless utensils. (A) Mica (B) Chrome (C) Feldspar (D) Gold (iv) Minerals can be taken out for use by through process called mining. (A) Animals (B) Plants (C) Human (D) Machines CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 93

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING (v) Minerals generally occur deep in the . (A) Moon (B) Universe (C) Space (D) Earth (vi) New National Mineral Policy was announced in the year . (A) 1339 (B) 1999 (C) 1993 (D) 2008 (vii) Remaining coal in Singareni is purchased by other . (A) Government (B) People (C) Companies (D) All the above (viii) Singareni coal mine employees are about workers. (A) 20,000 (B) 65,000 (C) 30,000 (D) 5,000 (ix) Karimnagar coal mine is operated by . (A) SCCL (B) KCCL (C) BCCL (D) ICCL (x) Due to inhalation of coal dust disease is caused. (A) Cholera CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 94

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING (B) Cancer (C) Influenza (D) Black lung disease (xi) The only gold mine in India is . (A) Kolar (B) Jharia (C) Bailadilla (D) Mayurbhanj (xii) Andhra Pradesh is a large producer of of various colours. (A) Coal (B) Granite (C) Iron (D) Copper (xiii) Northern districts of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh have large deposits. (A) Coal (B) Iron (C) Granite (D) Mica (xiv) In the government took over all mines. (A) 1970 (B) 1980 (C) 1990 (D) 1993 CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 95

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING (xv) Today SCCL is jointly owned by the Government of India and State Government of . (A) Andhra Pradesh (B) Telangana (C) Karnataka (D) Tamil Nadu (xvi) Singareni mainly supplies coal to power plants of the government. (A) Nuclear (B) Thermal (C) Wind (D) Solar (xvii) Mangampeta is one of the largest reserves of minerals in the world. (A) Barytes (B) Mica (C) Granite (D) Manganese (xviii) National Mineral Policy was enacted in year . (A) 1970 (B) 1983 (C) 1973 (D) 1993 CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 96

CHAPTER 6-MINERALS AND MINING AS3-Information Skills 13. Choose the correct answer. (xix) Observe pie chart given below and answer following two questions: Percentage of energy produced by coal and peat is less than combined output of energy produced by (A) Renewable & waste and oil (B) Oil and Gas (C) Geothermal and oil (D) Hydra and Renewables (xx) Least energy is produced by (A) Hydro (B) Nuclear (C) Geothermal (D) Gas CHAPTER 6. MINERALS AND MINING 97

SESSION 1 7. MONEY AND BANKING 1.1 Mind Map MONEY AND BANKING – MONEY 1.2 Terminology 1. Barter: Barter is a system of exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. 2. Forms of money: Money is any object or records that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given socio–economic context or country. Money is in various forms. They are metal coins, paper currency, cheque, credit and debit cards. SESSION 1. MONEY 98