202110209-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

Social Workbook_8_P_1.pdf 1 10/17/19 6:46 PM Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents Unit Theme Content Page No. 1. Diversity on the Earth 1. Reading And Analysis of Maps 1 2. Energy from the Sun 16 3. Earth Movements and Seasons 34 4. The Polar Regions 48 5. Forests: Using and Protecting Them 65 6. Minerals and Mining 82 7. Money and Banking 98 114 2. Production, Exchange and 8. Impact of Technology on Livelihoods 131 Livelihoods 9. Public Health and the Government Project Based Questions 143 Additional Map Based Practice Questions 144

1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS SESSION 1 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 1

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 1.2 Terminology 1. Projection: Reducing the surface of a three–dimensional planet to a flat map. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Do you think the use of maps has changed between the time of ancient Greeks and now? In what way is it similar and different? [Refer to TB page 1 Q7]) Aspect In ancient Greece Now Similarities Differences A. Between the time of ancient Greeks and now, the use of maps has been changed. In ancient time Greeks showed the places which were visited by them in their maps and placed their own places at the centre of the maps. But there was lack of accuracy in the maps prepared by the Greeks. Greeks used maps in wars. For example before 2,300 years ,king Alexander used maps in his invasion of the world. Greeks also used maps to develop their trade. Now, we use maps for many purposes. Particularly in our own times, maps are used extensively for planning and development of the countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources etc. This is done with the help of maps. SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 2

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Aspect Maps at the time of Greeks S.no Maps in our time Similarities 1) Greeks used their maps 1) Now–a–days maps are Differences in trade and ocean voyage. used in trade, voyages also. 2) They used maps to identify 2) Now maps are used at the army targets at the times of times of war to identify wars. army targets and destinations. 1) The Greeks did not use 1) maps extensively other than Now different countries trade & voyage. make maps and use them for development planning 2) Greeks prepared only 2) and other aspects. political maps in those days. Now different thematic maps are prepared for different purposes. For example physical, political, population, climate maps etc. Q2. In what ways were the maps prepared by the British different from the one made by Ptolemy or Al–Idrisi? [Refer to TB page 1 Q7] A. Maps of Ptolemy and Al–Idrisi British maps 1.They prepared maps to establish their rule 1.Al–ldrisi prepared maps for his kings and over the areas and to exploit their resources. their interests. 2.These maps give more information about 2.Ptolemy’s maps give more information of their colonies Europe and nearby countries 3.These are relevant to present day maps. 3.These maps show their continents in the centre of the earth. 4.These show the north towards the top of 4.Al–Idrisi’s map shows the south towards the map the top of the map. SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 3

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 1.4 Key Concepts i. A map is used by geographers to show features that we consider important–for example : distribution of rainfall, soil types, population, language spoken by people, crops grown, markets, schools etc. ii. A map actually is a model of a place with features that the map maker considers to be of importance. iii. Some of the earliest surviving maps were made by Sumerians (present day Iraq) about four thousand years ago. iv. Babylonians made some of the earliest ‘world maps’. That is the world as they thought of it. v. Greek geographers like Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus (now in Turkey) and Herodotus, also prepared world maps by arranging places from east to west and north to south. vi. The Greeks tried to make the maps accurate with the help of longitudes and latitudes. vii. Ptolemy was one of the most famous geographers of the ancient world who prepared detailed maps of the world using longitudes and latitudes. viii. Books of Ptolemy were used by the Arab scholars and sailors to prepare maps. ix. One famous Arab map maker was Al–Adrisi who prepared a world map for his king in 1154. x. Chinese too prepared maps as their emperors wanted to know about the villages and towns under their control. xi. Africa was also mapped from an Indian ocean perspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area, which Europeans would not visit until much later. xii. European map makers were greatly influenced by religious ideas of the Bible and made maps of the world to represent those ideas. xiii. Around 1480s Europeans rediscovered Ptolemy’s books and were stunned to learn about his accurate description of location of places. xiv. During 15th century, Ptolemy inspired a new enthusiasm in Non–Arabic world and some important schools –The Italian school, the French school, the English school, the German school emerged. xv. Columbus went westwards and discovered America while Vasco da Gama went around Africa and reached India. xvi. Greeks divided the world into three continents, Europe, Libya(Africa) and Asia, which were seperated by the Mediterranean Sea and placed themselves in the middle. xvii. Alexander, the Greek King tried to conquer the whole world and came to India some 2300 years ago. SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 4

SESSION 2 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – USE OF MAPS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Symbols: Symbols are something that represent an idea, a process or a physical entity. The purpose of symbol is to communicate meaning. 2. Geographer: A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth’s natural environment and human society. Although geographers are historically known as people who make maps. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the text of page number 8 about the “Use of maps in our times” and answer the following question: What are the various purposes for which maps are used in our times? [Refer to TB page 1 Q7] A. Use of Maps in our Times As we saw above, maps were made and used for a variety of purposes: for trade, sailing, for conquests and colonising and for fighting wars. In our own times maps are used extensively for planning, development of countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources etc. This SESSION 2. USE OF MAPS 5

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS is done with the help of maps. For example, we can make a map of regions which have very little drinking water. We can compare this map with maps showing water resources –rainfall, ground water and rivers. Based on this comparison, we can decide what is the best way to make drinking water available to all the people of the region –by sinking tube wells, or building dams across streams or making tanks (cheruvus) or bringing water from distant places in large pipes. Similarly, we can plan agricultural development, setting up new industries, building roads, hospitals and schools with the help of maps. Information Skills Q1. Can you suggest how maps can be used to plan setting up new schools and colleges? What different kinds of maps would have to be studied for this? Maps are also used by companies to plan their business work. To set up a school or a college first one has to find out about the area, transportation facilities. A. In ancient times maps were used only for limited purposes, but now a days maps are used for different purposes like– 1) Development of countries 2) Planning for countries 3) To know the details of the natural resources like minerals, soils, forests, underground water, rivers etc 4) For agricultural development 5) To build road and railways for transportation 6) To establish different industries in different regions 7) For the purpose of wars etc. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Many people believe that making of maps by the Colonial powers was a more powerful tool for exploitation and control of the colonies than guns. Do you agree? [Refer to TB page 1 Q7] A. When European powers colonised entire continents of North and South America, Africa, Australia and Asia, they needed to know about the places, their climate, crops, mineral resources and about the people living there. They set on scientific expeditions consisting of map makers and others to explore different parts of the world and prepare maps. These teams fought their way into interiors of the continents by crossing mountains, deserts and rivers and fighting local people to get the necessary information. This information and the maps enabled the colonial powers to establish their rule over these areas and also exploit their resources. Hence, many people believe that the making of maps by the colonial powers was a more powerful tool for exploitation and control of the colonies than guns. SESSION 2. USE OF MAPS 6

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 2.4 Key Concepts i. In our times, maps are used extensively for planning and development of countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and it’s resources etc. ii. Mercator devised a method for showing the correct shapes and directions of continents but with distortion of sizes and distances. iii. When the British established their power in India, they began making detailed maps of the interiors of the country. iv. Britishers established a department called ‘Survey of India’ to survey the entire country and prepare maps. v. Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and air forces needed them. Thus map making received great impetus during the first two world wars. vi. Maps are made and used for a variety of purposes; for trade, sailing, for conquests and colonising and for fighting wars faced by a region and its resources. vii. Sir George Everest was the person who measure the height of the Mt.Everest for the first time using scientific methods. (Mt.Everest was named after George Everest) SESSION 2. USE OF MAPS 7

SESSION 3 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Contour lines: Contour are line on map joining places of where height is measured from sea level. 2. Cartography: the art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. SESSION 3. READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 8

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Study the School atlas carefully by looking at various thematic maps. [Refer to TB page 1 Q7] A. Krishna Adilabad Similar- Thematic map ity/Differences 1. Rivers Krishna river High Comparatively High Adilabad is more 2. Population 4 million and above Moderately high fertile Marginal 3. Minerals: fertility High High Comparatively a) Copper High Adilabad is developed b) Iron High Exists in this area. c) manganese Low d) Zinc NIL Comparatively e) Coal Krishna has more Does not exist transport facilities. 4.Textile park 5.Airports Exists Does not exist 3.4 Key Concepts i. Usually a map focuses on only one aspect. Such maps are called ‘Thematic Maps’. ii. Map makers usually use their own symbols, some symbols are used conventionally by most map makers. In India we usually follow the conventions used by the Survey of India. iii. Relief feature means the high and low places on the surface of the earth. The main relief features are hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places. iv. Contours are lines on a map joining places of the same height measured from the sea level. v. Contour lines are also called isolines –lines joining places with some common features. vi. Contour lines give an indication of the slope of the land as well as the elevation above sea level. vii. An Atlas is a collection of maps –usually arranged according to different themes. SESSION 3. READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 9

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) On what material were Sumerian maps imprinted? 2. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who was one of the most famous geographers of ancient world? 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are conventional symbols? Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How did the Greek geographers prepare world maps? 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Classify the maps according to the information provided by them. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Mention the uses of Maps in earlier centuries and in our times. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question: CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 10

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Population can also be shown on a map through shading. These are called population density maps. First we estimate the total number of people living in a place. Then we measure the total area of the place and then divide the number of people by the area of the place. For example if the area of a village is ten square kilometres and one thousand people live in it, the population density of the village population is hundred per square kilometre. By using the same method we can find out the density of population of entire states. How can the government prepare density of population of different states of India? Give some examples. AS3-Information Skills Very Short Answer Type Questions 8. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Black a. Places where minerals are available ii. White b. Waste lands iii. Light red c. Land useful for agriculture iv. Yellow (topographical maps) d. Boundaries v. Brown e. Cropped area Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) List four states in India which have least density. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Can you suggest how maps can be used to plan the setting up of a new school or college? What are the different kinds of maps that have to be studied for this? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 11

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS AS5-Mapping Skills Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the map and answer the following questions: [Refer to textbook page 16 for the map] i. Name any four places where red soil found. ii. Name any four places where black soil is found. iii. Name a district where both red soil and black soil are found. iv. Soil which is least found in the state is. Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Identify the following countries in Atlas and mark them in the outline of map of the world. i. Brazil ii. Canada iii. New Zealand iv. South Korea v. Russia vi. Germany vii. Britain viii. South Africa AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Very Short Answer Type Questions 13. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) States like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are less developed when compared to Southern States. Point out one reason from the data given in the Chapter. Short Answer Type Questions 14. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What effects did preparation of maps had on local people of a region? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 12

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 15. Choose the correct answer. (i) Al Idrisi prepared world map for his king in the year CE. (A) 1145 (B) 1415 (C) 1541 (D) 1154 (ii) The shape of the earth is a . (A) spherical (B) rectangular (C) like a flat disc (D) triangle (iii) The survey in 1802 began in Chennai because all the heights are measured from_______. (A) sea level (B) plain level (C) river level (D) lake level (iv) Anaximander was a geographer. (A) Sumerian (B) Greek (C) Babylonian (D) Dutch (v) In the16th century, ____________emerged as a major trading power. (A) Sumer (B) Iraq (C) Holland (D) China (vi) A political map gives information about.__________. (A) mandals (B) mountains (C) rivers (D) plateau (vii) In 1802 William Lambton began one of the most important geographical surveys in the world starting from_________. (A) America (B) Chennai (C) Mumbai (D) Iraq CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 13

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (viii) went westwards and discovered America. (A) Anaximander (B) Columbus (C) George Everest (D) Mercator (ix) Babylonians imagined the world as a . (A) triangle (B) oval (C) flat (D) round disc (x) The _________ tried to make the map accurate with the help of longitudes and latitudes. (A) Sumerians (B) Babylonians (C) Japanese (D) Greek (xi) Which of the following is represented by a physical map? (A) Literacy (B) Rivers (C) Agriculture (D) Countries (xii) Contour lines are also called as . (A) isolines (B) isohyets (C) isopleths (D) isobars (xiii) Sea route to India was discovered by . (A) Ptolemy (B) Columbus (C) Alexander (D) Vasco da Gama (xiv) Father of Dutch Cartography was . (A) Anaximander (B) Columbus (C) George Everest (D) Mercator (xv) From the table “Density of population 2011” given in the chapter, which of the following states has the highest density of population? (A) West Bengal (B) Bihar (C) Andhra Pradesh (D) Uttar Pradesh CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 14

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (xvi) In Land Use maps, grasslands are represented by . (A) dark green (B) light grey (C) light green (D) light red (xvii) For hills, the values of contours . (A) remain same (B) increase towards the center (C) decrease towards the center (D) no definite order (xviii) India is surrounded by which of the following seas. (A) Bay of Bengal (B) Red Sea (C) Aral Sea (D) Mediterranean Sea (xix) Which of the following states does not share a border with Andhra Pradesh? (A) Telangana (B) Karnataka (C) Madhya Pradesh (D) Orissa (xx) Refer to Atlas. Mt. Everest is situated in which of the following countries? (A) India (B) Nepal (C) Bhutan (D) China CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 15

SESSION 1 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 1.1 Mind Map ENERGY FROM THE SUN – THE SUN 1.2 Terminology 1. Atmosphere: The mass of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. 2. Equatorial regions: The region, which is located as side of the equator, roughly from 10 N and 10 S latitudes. 3. Condensation: It is the changes of the physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. 4. Solar Radiation: The energy constantly emitted by the sun is known as solar radiation. 5. Insolation: The solar radiation received on on the earth surface is called an “insolation”. 6. Angle of incidence: The angle of the sunrays reaching earth surface is called an angle of incidence. 7. Heat balance: The process of terrestrial radiation balancing the temperatures on the earth is called “Heat balance”. SESSION 1. THE SUN 16

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the following false statements. pg no (31) A. a) If a place is closer to the sea, irrespective of its distance from the equator, it will always be cooler. Ans.The temperature of a particular place depends upon so many factors such as altitude, relative distri- bution of land and water, distance from the sea, ocean currents, prevailing winds, slope of the land, cloud –cover etc. Hence, the distance from the sea of a particular place and also distance from the equator influences the temperature of that place. So we can say that the above statement is false. b) As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes warmer because the sun is closer to you. Ans. According to the ‘normal lapse rate’/ on an average, temperature decreases at the rate of about 6°C for every 1000 metres of ascent. So, as we go up higher from the earth, it becomes colder instead of warmer, even though the sun is closer to us. c) Sun heats the air first and then the earth. Ans. Actually, the sun heats the earth’s surface through the process of insolation. Then the sun heats atmosphere, through the process of terrestrial radiation. So the sun heats the earth first and then air. The above statement is false d) Global warming is related to oxygen. Ans. Global warming is related to global warming gases, such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, methane but not related to oxygen. The above statement is false. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Nithin says thermal power is better to use, but Padmaja says that Solar Energy is better. Which of them do you support ? Why? [Refer to TB page 3 Q2] A. In the above context, I would like to support Padmaja. In the production of thermal power coal is used. Use of coal releases sulphurdioxide (SO2) gas which pollutes the air. It is also released as waste from the thermal power stations. Moreover, coal is a non–conventional type of resource. Solar energy, which is emitted from the sun in the form of heat and light doesn’t pollute the nature and is a conventional type of resource. That’s why it is also called green energy or pollution –free energy. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The energy constantly emitted by the sun is known as solar radiation. ii. The solar radiation received on the surface of the earth is called ‘insolation’. iii. There is a difference in temperatures received by the earth through the process of insolation. iv. The equatorial regions have greater temperatures than the polar regions. v. Due to the process of insolation the earth’s surface heats as well as cools in a short period of time, but the ocean takes a longer period of time to get heated and to cool. vi. The equatorial regions are warm throughout the year. SESSION 1. THE SUN 17

SESSION 2 ENERGY FROM THE SUN – TEMPERATURE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Maximum temperature: The highest temperature, recorded so far in a particular place is called maximum temperature. 2. Minimum temperature: The lowest temperature, recorded so far in a particular place is called minimum temperature. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. What’s the difference between the highest temperature in table 2 and the lowest temperature in table–1 ? [Refer to TB page 25 Q1] A. The highest temperature in table –2 is 33°C The lowest temperature in table –1 is 15°C Difference = 33 — 15 = 18°C Q2. Give three possible explanations for the differences between the average temperatures in Thiruvanantha- puram and Shimla in January [Refer to TB page 25 Q2] SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 18

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN A. The three possible explanations for the difference between the average temperatures in Thiruvananthapu- ram and Shimla in January are: i) Thiruvananthapuram is under the influence of oceanic type of climate, where as Shimla is under the con- tinental type of climate. ii) Thiruvananthapuram is closer to the equator, but Shimla is farther away from the equator. iii) Thiruvananthapuram is elevated less than a 100 meters from sea level, but Shimla is more than 2000 meters above the sea. Q3. Look at the graph of Minimum Maximum temperature of Delhi on the right and answer the question below: [Refer to TB page 25 Q2] A. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nov Dec 19 a. What is the average highest temperature in July? Ans. 30.5°C b. How warm does it usually get in June? Ans. . 27.5°C c. How cool does it usually get in December? Ans. 7.5°C d. Is there a bigger difference between night and day temperature in May or in August? Ans. In the month of May. e. When is Summer? Ans. April, May and June Month. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Mapping Skills Q1. Given here are the average maximum temperatures of three places A, B, and C. Make graphs of them. What can you guess about each place by looking at the table and graphs? Place ABC Jan 23 –3 31 Feb Mar 26 1 32 Apr May 33 6 33 Jun July 38 12 32 Aug Sep 41 17 32 Oct Nov 39 21 29 Dec 34 25 29 33 24 29 33 21 30 33 14 30 29 8 30 25 2 31 SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 20

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN A. The graph shows average maximum temperatures of 3 places A,B and C from January to December. The following facts are observed by looking at the given table and the graph: i) Among the three places ‘B’ is the hottest place, while ‘A’ is the coldest one. ii) In place ‘C’ there are no fluctuations in the temperature throughout the year. iii) April, May and June months are the hottest months in place ‘A’, while June, July and August are the hottest months in place ‘B’. iv) As no fluctuations are observed in temperatures of the place ‘C’, it may be nearer to the equator. v) As low temperatures are observed in place ‘B’, it may be located on an elevated area like a hill or a mountain. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The atmosphere of the earth gets heated through the process of terrestrial radiation. ii. The atmosphere of the earth gets heated near to the surface of the earth. iii. If the proportion of global warming gases like CO2, Methane, Sulphur hexafluoride etc. increase in the atmosphere,then radiated heat will be absorbed by the atmosphere near to the surface which lead to increase in the temperature called global warming. iv. Different seasons bring changes in the temperature. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 21

SESSION 3 ENERGY FROM THE SUN – FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Temperature inversion: Generally temperature decreases with increasing height or altitude in atmosphere but when it increases with increasing altitude it’s called as temperature inversion. 2. Global warming: when increase in a green house gases in earth’s atmosphere trap more terrestrial radiations, temperature of atmosphere increases above normal called global warming. SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 22

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Delhi and Mumbai are both situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 meters. Why is there so much difference in their monthly average temperatures? In which months are the average temperatures in these two cities most similar? Can you explain?[Refer to [Refer to TB page 31 Q4] A. Although both Delhi and Mumbai are situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 meters, there is considerable difference in their monthly average temperatures. As Mumbai is more close to sea so it has moderate type of climate through out the year, whereas Delhi is situated away from sea so it has continental type of climate i.e it experience both harsh winters and sorching summer.The average temperature of the two cities are similar in the months of September and October. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Suppose, the temperature in Moscow was –8°C at 10 AM on 6 December. Twenty four hours later it was 12°C higher. What was the temperature at 10 AM on 7 December? [Refer to TB page 3 Q1] A. It was 4°C at 10 AM on 7th December in Moscow. Q2. Given below are the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures of Jodhpur. Make a line graph of them. Which are the hottest and coldest months of the year? Table : Average monthly Maximum temperatures in Jodhpur, Rajasthan(°C) [Refer to TB page 3 Q1] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Minimum 9 12 17 22 27 29 27 25 24 20 14 11 Maximum 25 28 33 38 42 40 36 33 35 36 31 27 SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 23

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN A. April, May, June are the hottest and November, December & January are the coldest months of the year in Jodhpur. Q3. Between Bhopal, Delhi, Mumbai and Shimla, which two places show a similar temperature pattern? How can you explain the similarity between these two places? [Refer to TB page 3 Q2] A. Among the four places given in the above question, Bhopal and Delhi have a similar temperature pattern. The following similar climatic and other geographical conditions make Bhopal and Delhi have a similar temperature patterns. i) Both places are under the continental type of climate. ii) Both places are almost at the same height to the sea level. iii) Both places are farther to the sea shore. iv) Both places are far away to the equator. 3.4 Key Concepts i. Scientists have recorded the highest and lowest temperatures on earth. ii. Six maximum–minimum thermometers can be used for measuring the temperature of a place. iii. Different places have different temperatures. iv. Temperature differs on the top of a mountain and changes as we go North or South from the equator. Places near and far from the sea have different temperatures. v. Two types of climates are there moderate and extreme climates. vi. The highest temperature is from a place called Azizia in Libya(Africa) in July 1922 .The temperature reached 57.8o C vii. At Vostok station in the Antartic, temperature fell to -89.2 o C in July 1983. SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 24

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Why is North India cooler than South India in winter? (ii) What is inversion? (iii) What is called ‘Angle of Incidence’? Short Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is meant by solar radiation? Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Explain heat balance of earth? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question: Some gases like carbon dioxide prevent radiation of heat from the earth. Carbon dioxide in the atmo- sphere increases due to increased use of diesel and petrol, cutting down of forests etc. If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases then less heat will be radiated causing an increase in global temperatures. This causes global warming. Q. What are the effects of global warming? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe below given table of average monthly temperature of Hyderabad and answer the following questions: CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 25

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN i) In which month the difference between maximum temperature and minimum temperature is least? (3.1) ii) Which month has highest maximum temperature? (3.2) AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Temperature in Panaji does not change much throughout the year whereas Hyderabad experiences extreme temperature. Can you explain why? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 26

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Look at the following map that shows sunrise and sunset in different cities in India and answer the questions given below. i. In which of these cities does the sun rise first? 27 ii. In which of these cities does the sun set last? iii. How long is day time in Hyderabad? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places on the given India map. a. Shimla e. Mumbai b. Bhopal f. Panaji c. Hyderabad d. Thiruvananthapuram AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity 28 Very Short Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What could be the reason for the increasing rate of global warming? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Do you think that there is a difference in heating of land and water? Why? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) We grow vegetables and fruits in very cold regions by building (A) Igloos (B) green houses (C) house boats (D) nurseries (ii) Azizia, the place that recorded highest temperature, is located in (A) Atlanta (B) Alabama (C) Qatar (D) Libya (iii) Ultra violet rays are a form of energy we receive from the (A) Lauran (B) Sun (C) Moon (D) Mars (iv) regions are very cold throughout the year. (A) Equatorial (B) Polar (C) Mountain (D) Tundra (v) is/are constantly emitted by the Sun. (B) Rain (A) Water (C) Energy (D) Radiations (vi) Temperature differences between places also causes and rain. (A) rivers (B) mountains (C) floods (D) winds CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 29

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN (vii) The rays of the Sun fall about degrees on the Equator. (A) 180 (B) 35 (C) 90 (D) 40 (viii) Angle of Incidence is due to the sun rays slanting towards the (A) Mars (B) Poles (C) Equator (D) Moon (ix) Shimla is at an elevation of about meters above the sea level. (A) 400 (B) 700 (C) 2200 (D) 200 (x) For every 1000 m increase in the elevation, the temperature decreases by (A) 4° C (B) 5° C (C) 6° C (D) 7°C (xi) The highest parts of a mountain generally have the temperatures (A) Highest (B) Lowest (C) Moderate (D) Warm (xii) We cannot see but only feel the difference in the (A) Air (B) Pressure (C) Temperature (D) Density (xiii) In July 1983 at Vostok Station in the Antarctica, the temperature fell to Celsius. (A) –80.2 (B) –87.2 (C) –86.2 (D) –89.2 CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 30

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN (xiv) in the atmosphere increases due to the increased use of diesel and petrol, cutting down forests etc (A) Nitrogen dioxide (B) Sulphur dioxide (C) Carbon dioxide (D) Carbon monoxide (xv) The sun rays first heat the surface. (A) Water (B) Land (C) Atmosphere (D) Earth (xvi) When water reaches a temperature around it starts boiling. (A) 120 (B) 110 (C) 100 (D) 90 CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 31

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS3-Information Skills 12. Choose the correct answer. (xvii) Observe below image and answer following two questions: Select the correct option: 32 (A) Absorbed by clouds–4% (B) Absorbed by atmosphere–16% (C) Absorbed by land–21% (D) Absorbed by sea–34% (xviii) Select the correct option: (A) Reflected by atmosphere–20% (B) Reflected by clouds–6% (C) Reflected from earth surface–4% (D) Reflected from water surface–11% CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN (xix) Select the correct pair: (A) Sea shore–Moderate climate (B) Hill tops–warmer region (C) Equatorial region–cooler climate (D) Temperate region–extreme climate (xx) Select the correct pair: (A) Azizia–50 degree Celsius (B) Vostok Station–(–89.2) degree Celsius (C) Least possible temperature–(–200 degree Celsius) (D) Global warming–SO2 CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 33

3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS SESSION 1 EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS – SEASONS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Seasons: As the earth revolves around the sun by tilting its axis, there are four different climatic conditions in a year. These are called seasons. 2. Curvature of the earth: As the earth is in spherical shape the surface of the earth is curved this is called curvature of the earth. SESSION 1. SEASONS 34

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the six seasons of Indian climate? [Refer to TB page 39 Q8] A. Indian climate is divided into six seasons in a year. They are: 1) Vasanta (Spring) 2) Grishma (Summer) 3) Varsha (Monsoon) 4) Sharad (Autumn) 5) Hemanta (Winter) 6) Shishir(Winter & Fall) Q2. Why do you think Andhra Pradesh does not receive any snowfall during winter months? [Refer to TB page 39 Q2] A. 1) Usually snowfall occurs in high altitude regions or temperate and polar belts. 2) As Andhra Pradesh is in the tropical belt, it does not get snow fall during winter months. 3) This is also because the tropical belt has higher temperatures than sub–tropical and Polar Regions. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the first paragraph of this chapter and answer the following question: What is the impact of seasons on the lives of human beings? [Refer to TB page 39 Q9] A. 1) Seasons influence the lives of all beings in all aspects and in different ways. 2) Crops cultivated by man depend on seasons. 3) Clothes worn, food habits, etc also change according to seasons. 4) Customs, traditions and festivals are celebrated according to seasons. 5) Some businesses and trade follow the changes in the seasons. Seasons impact each and every aspect of the lives of human beings. Information Skills Q1. Collect information about time of Sunrise and Sunset for different months of the year in your place (you can look up the local newspaper for this). Calculate the duration of day and night – how many hours every day – for every month. Do you see any pattern in this? [Refer to TB page 39 Q4] A. Sunrise Sunset Day time Night time Date / Month 18 – 13 Duration Duration 18 – 27 11 – 40 12 – 20 1/1/2012 06 – 33 18 – 31 11 – 47 12 – 13 1/2/2012 06 – 40 11 – 58 12 – 02 1/3/2012 06 – 33 SESSION 1. SEASONS 35

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 1/4/2012 06 – 18 18 – 29 12 – 11 11 – 49 1/5/2012 06 – 05 18 – 29 12 – 24 11 – 36 1/6/2012 06 – 01 18 – 34 12 – 33 11 – 27 1/7/2012 06 – 06 18 – 41 12 – 35 11 – 25 1/8/2012 06 – 12 18 – 40 12 – 28 11 – 32 1/9/2012 06 – 12 18 – 28 12 – 16 11 – 44 1/10/2012 06 – 08 18 – 11 12 – 03 11 – 57 1/11/2012 06 – 08 17 – 58 11 – 50 12 – 10 1/12/2012 06 – 18 18 – 00 11 – 42 12 – 18 By calculating the duration of day and night for every month in my place the following pattern is observed: 1) In summer season, duration of day is more than the duration of night. Day time is longer. 2) When it is rainy season, the duration of the day gradually decreases and the duration of the night increases. 3) In rainy season the duration of day and night are almost equal, except a little variations. 4) In winter the duration of night is more than the duration of the day. There are long nights and short days during winter season Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you think there is any correlation between the crops grown in your region and the seasons? Find out by discussing with your elders and friends and write a short essay. [Refer to TB page 39 Q1] A. 1) There are three major seasons in our region. They are summer, monsoon and winter seasons. 2) The summer extends from March to Mid –June, Monsoon from Mid –June to end of October, and Winter from November to February. Like this, the seasons change throughout the year. 3) There is a correlation between the crops grown in our region and the seasons. 4) Every year the agricultural season starts in mid –June and continues till November. It is called rainy crop, and also ‘Kharif’ season. 5) In this Kharif season in our region, paddy is the main crop. 6) From November to February there is another crop season which is called ‘Rabi’. It is also called winter crop. Wheat is the main crop in the winter in our region. 7) If water is available, there is another crop season also in summer. It is called ‘Zayad ’ or ‘Zaid’. 8) The above information clarifies the correlation between the crops grown and the seasons in our region. In the winter the duration is more than the duration of the day. It means there are long nights and short days during the winter season. SESSION 1. SEASONS 36

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS Q2. Explain the idea of rotation of the Earth to your parents or sisters or brothers. Write down their questions or doubts and try to answer them. [Refer to TB page 39 Q5] A. i) Movement of the Earth on its own axis is called rotation. ii) The Earth rotates around just like a top that spins. iii) The Earth takes about 24 hours to rotate on its own axis. iv) It moves from west to east. v) This is the reason why the sun, the moon and the stars rise in the east and set in the west. vi) The effect of rotation is the occurrence of day and night. vii) The exposure to sunlight greatly influences the local temperature and climate. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Imagine that the Earth does not rotate but goes around the Sun throughout the year. What difference will it make to the seasons and distribution of temperature? [Refer to TB page 39 Q6] A. If the earth does not rotate but goes around the sun throughout the year, the following differences will take place in the seasons and distribution of temperatures: 1) Day and Nights will not occur. 2) The hemisphere which faces the Sun will have day throughout the year and the other hemisphere remains dark. 3) Concerning the distribution of temperature in the hemisphere, the side which faces towards the Sun will have temperature, while the other one will remain as a cold region. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Earth rotates on it’s own axis from west to east. This is known as the earth’s rotation. The earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. ii. While rotating, the earth also revolves around the sun on its orbit. This is known as earth’s revolution. The Earth takes 365 days and 5.56 hours to complete one revolution around the Sun. iii. Day and nights occur because of earth’s rotation. iv. Due to earth’s revolution and rotation there are varying lengths of day and night, seasons occur and change in the altitude of the mid–day Sun. v. Due to the incline in the Axis of Earth’s rotation and it pointing in the same direction throughout the year, there are seasonal differences between the Northern and Southern hemisphere. SESSION 1. SEASONS 37

SESSION 2 EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS – TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Earth’s tilt: The earth while rotating around the sun it tilts for 23.5 degree tilt to its axis or 66.5 degree tilt to the equator. This is called earth’s tilts. 2. Snow Fall: In the winter season, the water vapour in the cloud is converted into billions of tiny particles of snow depending upon the temperature this snow starts falling on to the earth’s surface.This is called snow fall. 3. Temperature Belts: The earth is divided into the belts according to the difference of the temperature. These belts are called temperature belts. 4. Horizon: The horizon or skyline is the apparent line that separates earth from sky. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Identify a country in the Temperate Belt in both Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Compare the seasons in those countries and your place. Which will be warmer in May – June and which will be cooler in December –January or in March –September? [Refer to TB page 39 Q7] A. When I identify two countries, one from the Northern hemisphere and one from Southern hemisphere in the temperate belt and compare the seasons in those two countries and my place, I understand the following SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 38

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS things: 1) In May - June, the country which is located in Northern Hemisphere in temperate belt is warmer than the country from the Southern Hemisphere. My place also remains warmer in May - June as it is located in Northern hemisphere. 2) In December - January, the country which is located in Northern Hemisphere in temperate belt is cooler than the country from the Southern Hemisphere. My place is also cooler than the country in Southern Hemisphere. 3) In March - September, both countries from Northern and Southern Hemisphere in temperate belt have the same temperature as the Sun’s rays fall vertically on the equator in the months of March and September. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. We have rainy season. How do you think it is related to the movement of the Earth and the pattern of Sun’s rays ? Does it occur in the summer, winter or in the season in between? [Refer to TB page 39 Q3] A. 1) Rainy season is related to the movement of the Earth and the pattern of Sun’s rays. 2) As the axis of Earth’s rotation is inclined, during some months, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun while in some months the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun. 3) As a result when the Northern Hemisphere has Summer, Southern Hemisphere has Winter. This is the main reason for change in the seasons. 4) While there is change in the Winter and Summer seasons, climate change occurs. It causes rain for three to four months. This is called Rainy season. 5) In India at the end of the Summer, the South - West monsoon takes place and it causes heavy rains all over the country except for some places. 6) Hence, we can say that rainy season occurs in between the summer and winter seasons. 7) The spherical shape of the Earth and the tilted axis causes seasons which are influenced by solar heat. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The Sun rays fall at a right angle (900) at the equator and starts going towards the north and south poles. ii. The Sun rays fall vertically on the Equator in March and September, on the Tropic of cancer in June and on the Tropic of Capricorn in December. iii. The Earth’s surface area in between tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn is called ‘Tropical Belt.’ iv. When we move towards north and south of the tropical belt we find the moderate Temperate Belt. v. Due to the incline in Earth’s axis there is a day for six months and night for six months in the polar regions. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 39

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which continents are called southern continents? (ii) When do we not feel rotation? (iii) Where do we find temperate zones on the earth? Short Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Explain the effect of earth’s tilt. Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Differentiate between earth’s revolution and earth’s rotation. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question: The angle keeps increasing as we move towards the two Poles. As a result it is hotter in the areas which face the Sun directly and less hot in the areas that receive the Sun rays at an angle. As a result of the tilt of the axis the area which faces the Sun directly keeps shifting throughout the year. Q. What is the effect on insolation received and temperature on earth due to tilt of axis? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 40

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the graph below and answer the following four questions: 1) Which month receives maximum solar insolation? 2) How many months are there between two equinox? 3) Which months receive least solar insolation? 4) How many months are there between two solstice? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What would happen if seasons do not occur in appropriate time? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given out line map of India. (5.1) a. Delhi c. Karnataka e. Arabian Sea b. Western Ghats d. Dandi CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 41

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 42

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (ii) Look at the given map and answer the given questions. i. Name the continent which is entirely to the north of the equator. ii. Name the continents which are entirely to the south of the equator. iii. Which continents are spread both to the north and south of the equator? iv. Which latitude passes through the centre of India? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) The countries of Southern Continents have a different cycle of (A) days (B) nights (C) seasons (D) time (ii) The shape of the Earth and its curvature affect the occurrence of seasons. (A) spherical (B) triangular (C) rectangular (D) pyramidal CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 43

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (iii) The earth’s movement around the is called revolution. (A) Sun (B) itself (C) Moon (D) Jupiter (iv) The earth’s movement around an is called rotation (A) the Moon (B) the Sun (C) an imaginary line called Axis (D) Mars (v) The earth moves around the sun on its own . (A) axis (B) orbit (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above (vi) The point of sunrise is called . (A) Vertical (B) Horizon (C) Amazon (D) Norway (vii) is the land of midnight Sun. (A) America (B) India (C) Greece (D) Norway (viii) continent us located entirely to the south of the Equator. (A) North America (B) Asia (C) Australia (D) Africa CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 44

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (ix) The belt extending from Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn is called the . (A) Polar Belt (B) Equatorial Belt (C) Tropical Belt (D) None of these (x) In Ohio in USA, it heavily. (A) Rains (B) Snows (C) Warms (D) All the above (xi) Human beings live along with a large community of plants and . (A) Microorganism (B) Trees (C) Lichens (D) Animals (xii) The earth rotates or goes around just like a spins (A) Disc (B) Top (C) Coin (D) Plate (xiii) The of the earth is from west to east. (A) Rotation (B) Revolution CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 45

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (C) Tilt (D) Spin (xiv) An illusion is created by the spin of the Earth. (A) Westwards (B) Northwards (C) Eastwards (D) Southwards (xv) The region where it warms in summer and very cold in winter is called . (A) Frigid zone (B) Tropical zone (C) Temperate zone (D) Polar zone (xvi) The axis of the earth is tilted by degrees. (A) 21.5 (B) 22.5 (C) 23.5 (D) 24.5 CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 46

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (xvii) Observe below graph and answer the following four questions: Select the correct statement: (A) Maximum incoming solar radiation is between 3–5 pm (B) Maximum outgoing terrestrial radiation is between 12–6 am. . (C) Minimum incoming solar radiation is between 12–6 am (D) Minimum outgoing terrestrial radiation is between 3–5 pm. (xviii) Select the correct statement: (A) Temperature is directly proportional to solar radiation. (B) Temperature is inversely proportional to solar radiation. (C) Temperature is equal to solar radiation. (D) Temperature is independent of solar radiation (xix) Select the correct option: (B) sunrise–maximum solar radiation (A) noon–Maximum solar radiation (C) sunset–Maximum solar radiation (D) Night–maximum solar radiation (xx) Select the correct option: (A) Maximum temperature–6 am (B) Maximum temperature–6 pm (C) Minimum temperature–12am (D) Minimum temperature–6 am CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 47

SESSION 1 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 1.1 Mind Map THE POLAR REGIONS – POLAR REGIONS 1.2 Terminology 1. Arctic Circle: 66 ½ North latitude is called arctic circle. 2. Tundra vegetation: Tundra vegetation is the plants that grow in regions with extremely cold temperatures year–round. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Based on what you studied about equator regions in Class VII how is polar region different from Equator region? [Refer to TB page 48 Q2] SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 48