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7. Subject Verb Agreement Month: September Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives • identify the subject in a sentence and determine the verb that agrees with it. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • write correct sentences according to the rules. • recall the definition of a subject and a verb. 1. You have a pet dog. 2. She has a pet dog. Starter Activity 3. They have a pet dog. 4. You look nervous today. Write down the following sets of sentences: 5. She looks nervous today. 1. I am a student. 6. The players look nervous today. 2. He is a good musician. 3. We are great friends. 4. I go for a walk every day. 5. Mohan goes for a walk every day. 6. We go for a walk every day. Notice the SUBJECTS in bold and VERBS underlined in the above sentences. You can clearly see how verbs according to the subjects, take a different form. Today our lesson is about Rules of Subject Verb Agreement. Key Points In the above sentence, ‘A study on African countries’ is a phrase but will be treated as a Singular subject I. The subject (Noun/Pronoun) and verb are the and takes a singular verb ‘shows’ whereas ‘people’ is most important elements of a sentence. The sub- a plural subject and takes a plural verb ‘live’. ject may be singular or plural. The verb in a sen- More examples: tence must agree with the subject in number and person. • The outlook of different people changes from time to time. Number: The verb must be singular if the subject is singular and the verb must be plural if the subject • A hundred kilometres is a long distance. is plural. Rule 3: Nouns connected by conjunction ‘and’ working as a subject, will be plural and take a plural Person: The person of the subject can be first (I, verb. we), second (you), and third (he, she, it, they). Examples: The verb changes according to the number and • My uncle and aunt are arriving today. person of the subject. • Rahul and his friends want to go on a tour. • Apples and mangoes are my favourite fruits. II.  RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: Rule 4: If the conjunction ‘and’ is replaced by Rule 1: Singular subjects need singular verbs, while together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ as well plural subjects require plural verbs. as, it will not affect the verb. The words used before Examples: these expressions are the subjects. Examples: • I am an excellent tennis player. • Vivek, along with his brothers is going to the • We are excellent tennis players. • Geeta is an excellent tennis player. city. (‘His brothers’ is not the subject of this • Alex plays well for his school team. sentence.) • They play well for their school team. • Maya as well as her friends is studying for the Rule 2: When the phrases function as a subject, they test. have no effect on the verbs. • Rahul accompanied by his parents is planning Examples: a trip to America. • A study on African countries shows that many people live below the poverty line. 101

7. Subject Verb Agreement Month: September Total Periods: 04 Rule 5: if two singular nouns refer to the same person neither. or thing, verb must be singular. Examples: Examples: • Everybody wants to lead a happy life. • The chairman and the owner of the company • Something is better than nothing. has arrived. (The chairman and the owner of the • Nobody lives in that house. company refers to the same person) • Neither of you is going for the party. • Each student has to make a project. • The poet and novelist is dead. Rule 13: When a sentence begins with ‘there’ the verb Rule 6: Certain nouns sound plural in form but agrees with the noun or pronoun that follows it. singular in meaning take singular verb. Examples: Examples: • There are dogs barking in the street. • There is a cow grazing in the field. • The news was false. Rule 14: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a lot • Mathematics is an interesting subject. of’, ‘one of ’it will be singular and take a singular verb. Rule 7: If two singular subjects (compound subjects) Examples: refers to one idea then the verb may be singular. • A lot of mosquitoes have gathered here. Examples: • A lot of water is needed for this project. • Slow and steady wins the race. • One of the students was selected for the final • The long and short of the problem is this. Rule 9: Some nouns are always plural. These match. nouns have two parts. Examples: Scissors, shorts, • One of my sisters is getting married next year. eyeglasses, pants, jeans, trousers, etc. Rule 15: When the subject contains the phrase ‘a Examples: number of’, it will be plural and takes a plural verb. • My trousers are in the suitcase. If it contains ‘The number of’, it will be singular and • My eyeglasses are dirty. takes a singular verb. • These scissors have become blunt. Examples: Note: If these words are preceded by the phrase a • A number of dancers are coming to the party. pair of, they will be regarded as singular subjects. • The number of dancers coming to the party is Examples: • A pair of jeans is needed by me. 12. • A pair of scissors was lying on the table. • A number of people prefer cricket to football. Rule 10: When a name of a country, a book or a film • The number of days in this month is 31. is made up of a noun phrase, which has a plural head Rule 16: When a compound subject is treated as a noun, it will take a singular verb. single unit, it takes a singular verb. Examples: Examples: • The United States is a big country. • Bread and butter is a popular breakfast. • The Arabian Nights is a famous book. • Dal and roti is a north Indian dish. Rule 11: When a plural number represents a single Rule 17: When two or more subjects are connected quantity for distance, weight or money, it takes a by either … or, or, neither … nor, the verb agrees with singular verb. the number and the person of the nearest subject. Examples: Examples: • Ten kilometres is a long distance. • Neither Reena nor his brothers are going to the • Ten kilos is a heavy weight to carry. Rule 12: Some nouns are always singular. When these party. nouns become the subjects, they always take singular • Either Reena and Meeta or I am doing it. verbs. • Neither the boys nor we are responsible for it. Examples: each, every, anybody, anyone, anything, Rule 18: When either or neither are subjects, they nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, always take singular subjects. something, everybody, everyone, everything, either, Examples: • Either of the two has done this. • Neither of them was present in the meeting. 102

7. Subject Verb Agreement Month: September Total Periods: 04 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEET Subject Verb agreement Rules of Subject verb Agreement PS-1 3 PS-2 PS-3 Self-test 1 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 103

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. This football game is one of the most enter- taining ever. I. Rewrite the following passage after changing the verb in agreement to the subject. 2. The players have one of the toughest oppo- The beaver, Canada’s national animal, have some nents of the year. unusual characteristics. One unusual fact about beavers are their large size. It weigh from 13 to 3. All the players started the game very excited. 35 kg. It spend a lot of time in the water. Its feet 4. Today, players are very excited to play all the is large and webbed for swimming. The wide and flat tail of beaver help it to swim. Thick underfur time. keep the beaver warm and dry, even in very cold 5. The players are all focused during the game. water. Beavers has been known to stay under wa- 6. My family goes to see the games as much as ter in icy ponds for as long as fifteen minutes. They also has long teeth which grows all their lives. possible. They uses these powerful teeth to cut down trees 104 for food and shelter. Beaver is one of the few an- imals that change its own environment. Beavers creates ponds by building dams with roots, sticks, mud and stones. Ans: The beaver, Canada’s national animal, has some unusual characteristics. One unusual fact about beavers is their large size. It weighs from 13 to 35 kgs. It spends a lot of time in the water. Its feet are large and webbed for swimming. The wide and flat tail of beaver helps it to swim. Thick underfur keeps the beaver warm and dry, even in very cold water. Beavers have been known to stay under water in icy ponds for as long as fifteen minutes. They also have long teeth which grow all their lives. They use these powerful teeth to cut down trees for food and shel- ter. Beaver is one of the few animals that changes its own environment. Beavers create ponds by building dams with roots, sticks, mud and stones. II. Use the form of the verb in bracket that agrees in number with the subject. Look at the example given for you. John ________ going to the mall after school today. Ans: is 1. This football game _______ one of the most entertaining ever. (be) 2. The players ________ one of the toughest opponents of the year. (have) 3. All the players _____________ the game very excited. (start) 4. Today, players ____________ very excited to play all the time. (be) 5. The players _______________ all focused during the game. (is) 6. My family _____________ to see the games as much as possible. (go) Ans:

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of II. Underline the correct verb in these sentences. verb. Choose the answers from the options Look at the example given for you. given in the brackets. Look at the example Every boy on the team (show, shows) good given for you. sportsmanship. Ramesh_____________ going to the mall after Ans: shows school today. (is/are) Ans: is 1. One of the boys (was, were) late for the 1. One of my friends______________ gone to game. Delhi. (has/have) 2. Each of the boys______________ given a 2. Each of the apples (was, were) ripe. present. (was/were) 3. Everyone (cheer, cheers) when the clown 3. Neither of the contestants ______________ able to impress the jury. (was/were) comes on the stage. 4. Oil and water ______________not mix. (does/ 4. One of my favourite food (is, are) pudding. do) 5. No one except Geeta and Renu (was, were) 5. He and I ______________ at the University together.(was/were) excited. 6. Slow and steady ______________ the race. 6. Neither you nor he (play, plays) the game (win/wins) 7. Neither he nor his brother ______________ correctly. any right to the property.(has/have) 7. Each player (try, tries) to win the game. 8. No prize or medal ______________ given 8. One of the slices (smell, smells) burned. to the boy, though he stood first in the 9. Neither he nor she (walk, walks) to school. examination. (was/were) 10. Learning to drive is easy if one (concentrate, 9. Either Meetu or Naresh ______________ responsible for this. (is/are) concentrates). 10. Neither the warden nor the students Ans: ______________ given any explanation for 1. Was 2. Were 3. Cheers 4. Is 5. Was 6. Plays this. (has/have) 7. Tries 8. Smells 9. Walks 10. Concentrates Ans: 1. has 2. were 3. was 4. do 5. were 6. wins 7. has 8. was 9. is 10. have 105

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Underline the correct verb in these sentences. 1. Either way (is, are) correct. 2. Unless every one of the players (cooperate, cooperates), the team will fail. 3. Each (seek, seeks) a job to do. 4. Neither of the teams (has, have) a perfect record. 5. (Has, Have) someone called me? 6. One of these dogs (has, have) fleas. 7. Every one of these houses (was, were) built this year. 8. Nobody from the team (has, have) arrived. 9. It was impossible because everybody (was, were) gone. 10. Nobody at school (know, knows) about this. 11. I am sure everyone (draw, draws) better than me. 12. Anybody from the four classes (has, have) a chance. 13. Somebody from among my friends (expect, expects) to call. 14. Someone from each class (attend, attends) the meeting. 15. One of you (work, works) too hard. Ans: 1. Either way (is, are) correct. 2. Unless every one of the players (cooperate, cooperates), the team will fail. 3. Each (seek, seeks) a job to do. 4. Neither of the teams (has, have) a perfect re- cord. 5. (Has, Have) someone called me? 6. One of these dogs (has, have) fleas. 7. Every one of these houses (was, were) built this year. 8. Nobody from the team (has, have) arrived. 9. It was impossible because everybody (was, were) gone. 10. Nobody at school (know, knows) about this. 11. I am sure everyone (draw, draws) better than me. 12. Anybody from the four classes (has, have) a chance. 13. Somebody from among my friends (expect, expects) to call. 14. Someone from each class (attend, attends) the meeting. 15. One of you (work, works) too hard. 106

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct form from the grammar. II. Rewrite the following sentences after Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) correcting the verb according to the subject. Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice cream Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) shop every day. Music soothe me. Ans: Some of the children (stops, stop) at the ice Ans: Music soothes me. cream shop every day. 1. My mother bake cake on my birthday every 1. Neither Gahana nor her friends (is / are) year. going to have a party. 2. Ram and Shyam is fighting again. 2. A number of students (have / has) received 3. They never takes bus to work. scholarships this year. 4. The people who own that house has no car. 5. One of these boys have a set of books. 3. All of the money (was / were) found. 6. Rahul and his brother is painting the fence. 4. Every man and woman (has / have) the right to 7. Both of my essays is brilliant. 8. One of my uncles work in an engineering vote. 5. The number of car accidents (is / are) firm. 9. Ritika and Julie has gone to the movie show. increasing every year. 10. Both of my daughters is doctors. 6. Both corn and wheat (is / are) grown in India. 11. Every one of the boys receive the chocolate. 7. Most of our furniture (is / are) in storage 12. There is two buckets in my bathroom. 8. My new pair of trousers (is / are) in the 13. This box of toys belong to Vivek. cupboard. Ans: 9. The Chinese (was /were) drinking tea in the 1. My mother bakes cake on my birthday every year 2000 B.C. year. 10. The police (is / are) on the alert for the 2. Ram and Shyam are fighting again. escaped criminal. 3. They never take bus to work. Ans: 4. The people who own that house have no car. 5. One of these boys has a set of books. 1. Neither Gahana nor her friends (is / are) go- 6. Rahul and his brother are painting the fence. ing to have a party. 7. Both of my essays are brilliant. 8. One of my uncles works in an engineering 2. A number of students (have / has) received scholarships this year. firm. 9. Ritika and Julie have gone to the movie 3. All of the money (was / were) found. 4. Every man and woman (has / have) the right show. 10. Both of my daughters are doctors. to vote. 11. Every one of the boys receives the chocolate. 5. The number of car accidents (is / are) increas- 12. There are two buckets in my bathroom. 13. This box of toys belongs to Vivek. ing every year. 6. Both corn and wheat (is / are) grown in India. 7. Most of our furniture (is / are) in storage 8. My new pair of trousers (is / are) in the cup- board. 9. The Chinese (was /were) drinking tea in the year 2000 B.C. 10. The police (is / are) on the alert for the es- caped criminal. 107

8. Auxiliaries and Modals Month: October Total Periods: 03 Learning Objectives • Define modals and identify them. • Differentiate between the modals used for At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: permission, possibility, obligation, and necessity. • Define auxiliary/helping verbs and identify them. • Use these verbs correctly in their writing. • Understand how helping verbs work. Concept Map VERB Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Primary Auxiliaries-be, Modal Auxiliaries or have, do Modals In your previous class, you have already learnt about the following types of verbs: Main Verb: The Main Verb shows the action or state of being of the subject. Auxiliary verbs/Helping Verbs: The words which help the main verbs to complete their meanings are called the Auxiliaries or the Helping Verbs. USES OF PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS: Key Points PRIMARY USES EXAMPLES AUXILIARIES Today we will learn about types of Auxiliary or Helping Verbs. Be In the formation Tia is reading. I. Auxiliary verbs are of two types: of continuous Boys are playing in the 1. Primary Auxiliaries (different forms of verbs do, tense ground. I am cooking food. be, have) In the formation She is helped by her of passive voice friend. Food is being cooked PRIMARY PRESENT PAST TENSE by me. AUXILIARIES TENSE Be Is, am, are Was, were Do To make They do not work Do Do, does did negative and hard. Have Has, have had interrogative Do they work hard? sentences They did not work hard? Did they work hard? Have Formation of She has done her perfect tenses homework. The boys have finished their dinner. PRIMARY AUXILIARY WORKING AS MAIN VERBS She is singing a song. (‘is’ working as a helping verb) She is here. (‘is’ working as a main verb) I have sent a letter to him. (‘have’ working as a helping verb) I have a car. (‘have’ working as a main verb) 108

8. Auxiliaries and Modals Month: October Total Periods: 03 2.  MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS MODAL VERB USAGE EXAMPLE I can do several things at the same time. Can Ability Miracles can happen. You can go now. when something is possible Can you come for a minute? She said she could pay for us as well. Permission Could you move your bag, please? It could be that he missed the train. informal requests It may rain tomorrow. May I speak? Could past form of “can” He said he might change his mind. This might fail. polite requests You must obey the law They left so early, they Possibility must be home by now. You mustn’t smoke in here. May Possibility I shall see him tomorrow. Let’s continue, shall we? ask or give permission (formal) What should I do? Might past form of “may” You should stop thinking about it. We should be back by midnight. Possibility Prices will go up next summer. Must you have to do it It’s alright, I’ll pick it up. it’s very logical or He told me he would come. very likely to happen What would you do if you were him? Would you please sit down? must not/ mustn’t you are not allowed to do it Would you like some tea? I would like a piece of cake. Shall future for “I” and “we” You ought to apologise. questions and suggestions for “I” and “we” Advice Will what is likely or Would expected to happen future action or states ought to (not plans) promises and intentions past form of “will” imagined situations for polite requests, offers and invitations to say what you want to do or have the right thing to do Modal auxiliary verbs express permission, possibility, certainty, necessity, ability and suggestion. They never change form. A complete list of modal auxiliary verbs follows: • Can/Could • May/Might • Must/have to • Ought to • Shall/Should • Will/Would • Used to 109

8. Auxiliaries and Modals Month: October Total Periods: 03 1. CAN/COULD: They are used to express a variety of 3. SHALL/SHOULD/OUGHT TO ideas in English: 1. Future tense with ‘I’ and ‘We’ 1. Ability • We shall overcome this difficult moment. Present and future: • I shall prepare a project for the science Examples: exhibition. • Mayuri can dance very well. 2. Offer of assistance or polite suggestion • I can help you with this tomorrow. • I can’t speak French. • Shall  we  go  for a walk? (sure of a positive Past: answer) Examples: • When I was a child, I could climb trees. • Shall I invite my friends for the dinner? • I was so excited that I couldn’t sleep. 3. To express a command (with second and third 2. Possibility Examples: person pronouns) • You can catch the flight if you leave now. • You shall not lie. • He can’t meet you now. He is in meeting. • She shall obey my orders. Examples: 4. To express a threat. (With second and third • The rain could cause flood the river this year. • She couldn’t be the one, who broke this vase. person pronouns) 3. Ask permission / give permission • You shall regret this. Examples: • They shall pay dearly. • Can you borrow your pen? 5. To express determination. • You can borrow my car. • You shall apologize. • Could I have your number? • Each one of one shall have a story book from 4. Make a suggestion • You could take the morning train to the town. me. Should 2. MAY/ MIGHT 1. Past tense of shall 1. Formal permission/prohibition • Meera said, “I shall be on time.” • You may start your exam now. • Meera said that she should be on time. • You may not park your car here. 2. A prediction or expectation that something 2. Polite request • May I know your name please? will happen • May I get a glass of water for you? • The assignment should be finished on time. 3. Possibility • I shouldn’t be late. The train usually arrives on • India may win the match. • He is a good orator so he may get the first time. 3. To give advice position. • We may not buy this house as it is very expensive. • You should take medicines on time • He might have become a doctor. (past • He should check that document before signing possibility) it. • My father might buy this car. (remote possibility) • You shouldn’t discourage him like this. 4. To make a suggestion (when there is no better 4. Moral duty • You should help the needy and the poor. alternative) • One should respect the parents. • You may as well come inside. It is going to rain. 5. Condition • I might as well take an off on Saturday. There’s • Should you need anything else, please call this no work to be done anyway. number. • Should you meet him, ask him to call me. 6. Used with lest to convey advice or caution • I am holding her hand lest she should fall. • Walk carefully lest you should slip. Ought to 1. Obligation • You ought to listen carefully. 110

8. Auxiliaries and Modals Month: October Total Periods: 03 • We ought to leave now. • I dare not to perform on such a big stage. 2. To express the likelihood of something hap- 5. WILL / WOULD pening. 1. To express simple future • My uncle ought to be here by now. • The journey ought to take about a day. • My son will pick you up at 7:00am. 3. Ought to + have + past participle of main verb • My mother won’t be happy with my results. 2. Instruction is used to express regret that something was • All the students will assemble at 7 am sharp. not done or done. • You will wear a formal dress for the occasion. • I ought to have called up earlier. 3. Habit • You ought to have offered to help. • He will do nothing but talk. • Every time I ask him how he’s doing, he won’t 4. MUST, HAVE TO, NEED TO, NEEDN’T 1. Necessity or requirement answer me Present and future: 4. Command • You must have a license to drive any vehicle. • Will you be quiet now? • She has to fill this application for admission in • Will you stop moving your chair? 5. Result the college by March 10th. • If you work hard, you will get good marks. • I need to leave early for the office tomorrow. • If he comes late, he will be punished. Past: • I had to work late last night. 6. Promise • I  needed to drink  take medicine for my • I will always remember you. • I will help you with your assignment. headache. 2. Conclusion 7. Determination • We will work hard and pass the examination. • She has lived in Paris for years. Her • I will bring the trophy to the school French must be very good. Would • He has fleet of expensive cars. He must be a rich 1. Past tense of will in indirect speech. man. • Renu said, ‘I will wait until you return.’ 3. Strong possibility/probability • Renu said that she would wait until I return. • He has practiced a lot. He must win the match. 2. Willingness and determination • I have studied hard this year. I must stand first. • She said that she would wait for me. • I would have my own way. 4. Prohibited or forbidden 3. Habitual action in the past • You must not drive over the speed limit. • After dinner we would all sit in the hall and chat • You mustn’t leave medicines in open. for a while. Need • My grandmother would tell me many stories of 1. To express obligation the past. • I am fine. You need not worry about me. 4. Polite request • I need to finish this work. 2. To express necessity • Would you drop me at the bus stand? • Children need to be obedient and disciplined. • Would you, please, call me a taxi? • You needn’t take these medicines. 5. Conditional possibility 3. To express compulsion • If I had wings, I would fly like a bird. • Need you be so rude to me? • If I were the Prime minister, I would lower taxes. • Need they come with us? Dare 1. To give challenge • He dares me to go alone in the dark room. • I dare you to compete with him. 2. Confidence • She dare not to say a single word to me. 111

8. Auxiliaries and Modals Month: October Total Periods: 03 6. USED TO 1. To express discontinued habit • We used to watch many movies during our college days. • My dad used to go for swimming when he was young. 2. Habitual action in the past • My grandmother used to spend hours feeding the sparrows. • He used to read lots of books in his school life. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEET Auxiliaries and Modals Auxiliaries and Modals - types PS-1 2 PS-2 Self-test 1 PS-3 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs according to the instructions given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she ……………… still read without glasses. (Ability) Ans: can 1. __________ I come with you? (Permission) 2. __________ you help me with my homework, please? (Polite request) 3. There was a time when I __________ run very fast. (Past ability) 4. You __________ not add more sugar. It is already too sweet. (Necessity) 5. We __________ reach late else we will not be allowed to enter the hall. (Prohibition) 6. It is raining outside so I __________ stay at home. (Intention) 7. I __________ buy you the pink frock next time. (Promise) 8. __________ you mind if I borrowed your car? (Permission) 9. __________ you take care of my dog for a day? (Polite request) 10. Our country __________ become a developed nation by 2025. (possibility) Ans: 1. can 2. could 3. could 4. need not 5. must not 6. will 7. will 8. Would 9. Will 10. May II. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: will, won’t, would, wouldn’t. Look at the example given for you. _________ you please help me lift this box? Ans: Will 1. I ______ like to order a large pizza for myself. 2. The principal _______ be pleased to hear that a window pane has been broken. 3. _______ it be okay if I stayed here tonight? 4. When I lived in Delhi, I________ call my mother as often as I do now. 5. The order ______ be shipped out tonight. Ans: 1. Would 2. Won’t 3. Would 4. Wouldn’t 5. Will 113

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans: (ANSWERS WILL VARY) 1. Can (ability) – My sister can sing very well. I. Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb 2. May (permission) – May I share your seat? from the bracket. Look at the example given for 3. Might (slight possibility) – The clerk might you. I _________________ understand how to solve come today. I am not sure though. this problem. (don’t, wasn’t, been, does, have) 4. Must (compulsion) – You must wear a proper Ans: Don’t 1. What ________________ the students doing uniform. when you entered the class? (was, were, are, 5. Would (polite request) – Would you bring me did, been) 2. Manu ________________ always wanted to a glass of water, please? ride a bike. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have) 6. Used to (past habit) – She used to spend 3. Where __________________ you go for your school picnic? (were, been, are, did, does) hours on the spinning wheel. 4. Why do you think she __________ give you 7. Ought to (obligation) – Children ought to the notes like she said she would? (didn’t, is, hasn’t, has been, have) show respect to their teachers and elders. 5. My mom _____________ going to be happy 8. Should (advice) – You should take medicine when she hears that I have got the first position. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has) only after a doctor’s consultation. 6. Karuna _____________ want to go for the 9. Shall (future tense) – I shall visit my grand- dinner outside; she wants to eat at home instead. (doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, was mother in the vacation. not) 10. Will (future tense) – I will finish my work by 7. I _________________ like the comedy show. It was not funny. (did, have, been, didn’t, next week. haven’t) 8. Why _______________ we go for dinner 114 tonight? (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was) 9. Where _____________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did) 10. My brother ________________ reached yet; he’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t, wouldn’t) Ans: 1 – were, 2 – has, 3 – did, 4 – didn’t, 5 – is, 6 – doesn’t, 7 – didn’t, 8 – don’t, 9 – were, 10 – hasn’t II. Make sentences of your own with the following modals following the instruction in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. Could (request) Ans: Could you help me set the table, please? 1. Can (ability) 2. May (permission) 3. Might (slight possibility) 4. Must (compulsion) 5. Would (polite request) 6. Used to (past habit) 7. Ought to (obligation) 8. Should (advice) 9. Shall (future tense) 10. Will (promise)

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) He may prefer to get some rest. 4. I could play guitar well when I was a child. I. Choose the right modal verb. 1. There are plenty of dresses you Now, I can just play few tunes. ____________ (haven’t, hasn’t, don’t, 5. The teacher said we must do this exercise didn’t) worn yet. You ____________ buy any. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not) on our own as it is for practice. But we could 2. It’s a hospital. You ____________ honk. take help if we require so. (mustn’t, needn’t, should not, may not) 6. Can you stand on your head for more than a 3. Mohan had been working for more than 11 minute? No, I can’t. hours. He ____________ (must, need, had 7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, better, mustn’t) be tired after such a long you need to work hard. day. He ____________ (may, should, must, 8. Take your hat. It might become very sunny had better) prefer to get some rest. later. 4. I ____________ (could, might, can, must) 9. You shouldn’t scatter books in your room. play guitar well when I was a child. Now, I 10. People mustn’t pluck the flowers in the gar- ____________ (may, can, must, need) just den. play few tunes. 11. Drivers must stop when the traffic lights are 5. The teacher said we ____________ (can, red. needn’t must should) do this exercise on our 12. May I ask a question? Yes, of course. own as it is for practice. But we ____________ 13. You needn’t go to pick her up. She is taking a (could, need, needn’t must) take help if we bus from the airport. require so. 14. Can you speak English? Yes, I can. 6. ____________ (must need may can) you stand on your head for more than a minute? 115 No, I ____________. (may not, can’t, needn’t) 7. If you want to learn to speak English fluently, you ____________ (could, need, needn’t must) to work hard. 8. Take your hat. It ____________ (need, should, mustn’t might) become very sunny later. 9. You ____________ (need, shouldn’t, mustn’t might) scatter books in your room. 10. People ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) pluck the flowers in the garden. 11. Drivers ____________ (could must may) stop when the traffic lights are red. 12. ____________ (may must should will) I ask a question? Yes, of course. 13. You ____________ (couldn’t needn’t mustn’t may not) go to pick her up. She is taking a bus from the airport. 14. ____________ (can need should may) you speak English? Yes, I ____________. (shouldn’t mustn’t may not can) Ans: 1. There are plenty of dresses you haven’t worn yet. You needn’t buy any. 2. It’s a hospital. You mustn’t honk. 3. Mohan had been working for more than 11 hours. He must be tired after such a long day.

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Correct the following sentences and rewrite II. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the them. Look at the example given for you. following modals. Look at the example given (10 Marks) for you. (10 Marks) Gyan said that he might have gone to Pune next year. Can/can’t, could/couldn’t, be able to, may/may not, Ans: Gyan said that he will go to Pune next year. might/might not, shall, should/shouldn’t, must/ 1. My brother has to walk to school yesterday must not, have to, don’t have to, need to as his bicycle got punctured. 2. The performance have been cancelled. You ________ take your car for service. The 3. We would have went to Delhi but the trip was brakes are squeaking. cancelled. 4. My mom told me that she might have baked Ans: must a cake for my birthday tomorrow, if she has time. 1. If you are sick, you ________ go to work. You 5. Aunt said she might have leave before dinner. will spoil your health. 6. They have called a taxi. They can go to the market. 2. Drivers _______ stop at red lights. 7. When my sister fell ill, I have called the 3. You _______ finish the assignment today. You doctor. 8. The boys should not had made so much can finish it tomorrow. noise. 4. You ______ stay here after 10 pm. 9. I could be very happy when I get promoted to 5. ______ we move into the living room? VIII. 6. You ______ trouble yourself. I am fine. 10. You can’t be very proud of your son winning 7. You _____________ park in front of the gate. so many prizes. 8. You ________ eat so many sweets. It will spoil Ans: your teeth. 1. My brother had to walk to school yesterday as 9. Where _________ you go if you had that his bicycle got punctured. much money? 2. The performance has been cancelled. 10. I’m sorry. I _______ help you. I don’t know 3. We would have gone to Delhi but the trip was how to do it. cancelled. Ans: 4. My mom told me that she might bake a cake 1. shouldn’t for my birthday tomorrow, if she has time. 2. must 5. Aunt said she might leave before dinner. 3. don’t have to 6. They have called a taxi. They will go to the 4. can 5. shall market. 6. needn’t 7. When my sister fell ill, I had called the doctor. 7. mustn’t 8. The boys should not have made so much 8. shouldn’t 9. would noise. 10. can’t 9. I will be very happy when I get promoted to VIII. 10. You must be very proud of your son winning so many prizes. 116

9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Month: September Total Periods: 03 Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Distinguish between the different forms of non- be able to: finite verbs – participle, gerund, and infinitive. • Identify finite and non-finite verbs. • Be able to use verbs correctly in their writing. Starter Activity 1. I asked him to write an application. 2. We ask them to finish their meal. Observe the following set of sentences: 3. I like reading. 1. I play 4. He loved reading. 2. We played 3. You were playing 4. He had played for the school team. You can see that in the first set of sentences, the verb “play’ changes according to the person and time (tense). Whereas in the second set of sentences, verbs ‘to write’ and ‘reading’ do not change. Recapitulate that in our lesson Parts of Speech, we learnt that VERBS are the words that show the action or state of being of the subject. Key Points acts as the subject of the verb is.) • I enjoy reading. (Here the gerund reading acts as Today our lesson is about FINITE AND INFINITE VERBS the object of the verb enjoy.) I. FINITE VERBS • I am interested in singing. (Here the gerund DEFINITION: Verbs that have different forms in different tenses and also change their form when singing acts as the object of the preposition in.) there is a change in the number or person of the 2. INFINITIVES: They are the first form of the verb. subject. Examples: come, work, is, am, break, stop etc. They are usually used with the marker ‘to’. Exam- Examples: ples: to sing, to dance, to run, to work, to look etc. Examples: • He goes to school every day. • To read is interesting. (to read- infinitive • They went to the mall today. • Mohan and his wife go to the office by bus. functioning as a noun, is- finite verb) • The monkey jumps from one branch to another. • I have an idea to help you study. (‘to help you • The boy jumped for the ball. • My brother serves in the army. study’- functions as an adjective, modifying the • They serve in the army. noun idea, Have-finite verb) • My brother served in the army. 3. PARTICIPLES Definition: A form of a verb that is used in a sen- II. NON-FINITES tence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb Definition: The verbs that do not change their form phrase, and then plays a role similar to an adjective when the number or person of the subject changes. or adverb. THREE TYPES OF NON-FINITES: TWO TYPES OF PARTICIPLES PRESENT PARTICIPLES 1. Gerunds • He kept me waiting. 2. Infinitives • After playing for an hour, he went home. 3. Participles • My daughter is watching a documentary. 1. GERUNDS: They end in –ing. Examples: singing, (Watching is used with is to form the present dancing, running, working, looking etc. continuous tense.) Examples: • I go running every morning. • Painting is my hobby. (Here the gerund painting • I heard someone singing. Since the gerund and the present participle have the same form (verb-ing), sometimes it can be confusing how to differentiate between gerund and a present participle. 117

9. Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Month: September Total Periods: 03 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GERUND AND PRESENT 2. PAST PARTICIPLES PARTICIPLE Past participles are formed from verbs. Past participles (just like present participles) can be used FUNCTION OF EXAMPLES as adjectives or used to form verb tenses. They have GERUND various endings, usually -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. (Always works as a Hiking is an exciting sport. Examples: noun) What I really like is reading Broken window Subject detective books. Painted frame Complement She suggested going for a Destroyed bridge movie. Object of a verb He ran out of the room FUNCTIONS OF PAST PARTICIPLE without saying a word. 1. To form the perfect aspect Object of a Could you give up lying and Examples: preposition start telling truth? Object of a We had no drinking water • We have lived happily. prepositional verb left. • They have helped me. Part of a compound • I had gone to work. noun 2. To form the passive voice • Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming FUNCTION OF PRESENT EXAMPLES PARTICIPLE in 1928. Continuous aspect I wasn’t listening. • He always needs to be told what to do. What have you • The vase was broken by me. Adjective been doing? 3. Used as adjectives The medical • I was really bored during the journey. Participle clauses test revealed • She’s interested in history. some worrying results. • My mother is frightened of spiders The man driving the car was not injured. Having nothing left to do, I left for home. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE Verbs Finite and Non-finite verbs and their types PERIODS SHEET Self-test 2 PS-1 1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins 118

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. Look at the example given for you. I like to play with my dog. Ans: Finite – like; non-finite – to play 1. He gave me an apple to eat 2. It was a documentary to see. 3. I wish to buy some books. 4. Barking dogs seldom bite. 5. He is about to leave. 6. It is time to start. 7. He was wearing a torn shirt. 8. He had his shirt ironed. 9. They got the house painted. 10. Finding the gate open, the man went inside. Ans: 1. Finite – gave; non-finite – to eat 2. Finite – was; non-finite – to see 3. Finite – want; non-finite – to buy 4. Finite – bite; non-finite – barking 5. Finite – is; non-finite – to leave 6. Finite – is; non-finite – to start 7. Finite – was wearing; non-finite – torn 8. Finite – had; non-finite – ironed 9. Finite – got; non-finite – painted 10. Finite – went; non-finite – finding II. Correct the error in each sentence. Look at the example given for you. You should not make important decisions without think carefully. Ans: You should not make important decisions without thinking carefully. 1. Rather than go to sleep, you should finish your homework. 2. You should ask others for help instead of think to do everything alone. 3. More examples can be seen now for compare the two systems. 4. It is worth to learn how to speak English. 5. Parents often try to stop their children from make a mistake. Ans: 1. Rather than going to sleep, you should finish your homework. 2. You should ask others for help instead of thinking to do everything alone. 3. More examples can be seen now for compar- ing the two systems. 4. It is worth learning how to speak English. 5. Parents often try to stop their children from making a mistake. 119

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the verb into either the gerund (-ing) or the infinitive (with ‘to’) form. Look at the example given for you. I don’t want (go) out tonight. Ans: I don’t want (go) out tonight. (going) 1. She avoided (tell) her friends about her plans. 2. I would like (come) to the function with you. 3. I enjoy (have) a cool bath in the morning. 4. She kept (talk) during the lecture. 5. I am learning (speak) English. 6. My mother has finished (cook). 7. Mohan decided (study) history. 8. He requested (come) with us. 9. I promised Vivek (help) him the next day. 10. We planned (go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home. 11. She agreed (bring) the book to the school. 12. We hope (visit) our native place in the summer vacation. 13. She suggested (go) to the museum. 14. I don’t want (leave) yet. Ans: 1. She avoided telling her friends about her plans. 2. I would like to come to the function with you. 3. I enjoy having a cool bath in the morning. 4. She kept talking during the lecture. (talking) 5. I am learning to speak English. 6. My mother has finished cooking. 7. Mohan decided to study history. 8. He requested to come with us. 9. I promised Vivek to help him the next day. 10. We planned going to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home. 11. She agreed to bring the book to the school. 12. We hope to visit our native place in the summer vacation. 13. She suggested going to the museum. 14. I don’t want to leave yet. 120

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) Ans: 1. The giant allowed the children to play in the I. Complete the following sentences with the right forms of the verb. Look at the example park. given for you. 2. My favourite pastime is playing guitar. The doctor is ___________________ (attend) to 3. We saw some children playing in the rain. the injured people. 4. Let me buy you a cup of coffee. Ans: Attending 5. My mother likes listening to the radio while 1. The giant allowed the children ___________________ (play) in the park. she irons the clothes. 2. My favourite pastime is 6. Mr Sharma is looking forward to meeting all ______________________ (play) guitar. 3. We saw some children his friends again. ______________________ (play) in the rain. 7. I know you are going to have lots of fun. 4. Let me _______________ (buy) you a cup of 8. I prefer travelling by train. coffee. 9. Do you want to come to the shop with me? 5. My mother likes _________ (listen) to the 10. Neeta’s worried about hurting herself on the radio while she irons the clothes. 6. Mr Sharma is looking forward _________ slide. (meet) all his friends again. 11. The taxi-driver refused to carry my luggage 7. I know you are going ___________________ (have) lots of fun. up the stairs. 8. I prefer _________ (travel) by train. 12. Hunting wild animals is prohibited in this 9. Do you want _________ (come) to the shop with me? country. 10. Neeta’s worried about _________ (hurt) 13. How long do you expect to stay in Chandi- herself on the slide. 11. The taxi-driver refused _________ (carry) my garh? luggage up the stairs. 14. Learning any language is not a quick thing. 12. ______________________ (hunt) wild 15. You don’t need to leave today. You may stay animals is prohibited in this country. 13. How long do you expect _________ (stay) in here tonight. Chandigarh? 16. My boss and I agreed to meet at 4 o’clock. 14. _________ (learn) any language is not a quick 17. Don’t forget to take your umbrella with you. thing. 18. My parents are planning to go abroad. 15. You don’t need _________ (leave) today. You 19. They are planning to bring me a bicycle. may stay here tonight. 20. She promised to return it as soon as possi- 16. My boss and I agreed _______________ (meet) at 4 o’clock. ble. 17. Don’t forget _________ (take) your umbrella with you. 18. My parents are planning _________ (go) abroad. 19. They are planning _________ (bring) me a bicycle. 20. She promised _________ (return) it as soon as possible. 121

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify the Ans: verb whether it is finite or non-finite. Look at 1. Finite – gave; non-finite – to sit the example given for you. (10 Marks) 2. Finite – was; non-finite – to see 3. Finite – want; non-finite – to buy 1. Paul walks to work every day. 4. Finite – bite; non-finite – barking Ans: Walks-finite 5. Finite – is; non-finite – to leave 6. Finite – is; non-finite – to start 1. Manya does her homework every day. 7. Finite – was wearing; non-finite – torn 2. My sister is doing her homework at the 8. Finite – had; non-finite – polished 9. Finite – got; non-finite – repaired moment. 10. Finite – went; non-finite – finding 3. They are writing a letter. 4. She speaks English Chinese very well. 5. He has a big car.  6. The plan has been examined today. 7. She tried to help him.  8. It is useless to to cry at problems. 9. Finding the gates widely open, the postman went inside. 10. He had his car cleaned.  Ans: 1. Manya does her homework every day. - finite 2. My sister is doing her homework at the mo- ment. –non-finite 3. They are writing a letter. - finite 4. She  speaks  English Chinese very well.  – non-finite 5. He has a big car. - finite 6. The plan has been examined today. –non-fi- nite 7. She tried to help him. - finite 8. It is useless to to cry at problems. –non-finite 9. Finding the gates widely open, the postman went inside. –non-finite 10. He had his car cleaned. –non-finite II. Find out the finite and non-finite verbs in the sentences given below. (10 Marks) 1. He gave me a chair to sit. 2. It was a sight to see. 3. I want to buy some clothes. 4. Barking dogs seldom bite. 5. He is about to leave. 6. It is time to start. 7. He was wearing a torn shirt. 8. He had his shoes polished. 9. They got the roof repaired. 10. Finding the door open I went inside. 122

10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound Month:July Total Periods: 04 Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Differentiate between three different sentence structures. • Construct different sentence structures correctly. Starter Activity Read the following sets of sentences: 1. Rahul waited for the train. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb) The train was late. (“train”-subject, “was”– verb) Both are independent clauses. 2. Rahul waited for the train but the train was late. (“Rahul”-subject, “waited”–verb, “but”-conjunction, train- subject, was-verb) (Rahul waited for the train-independent Clause, train was late-independent clause) 3. Rahul waited for the train which was late. (“Rahul”-Subject, “waited”–verb, “which”-relative pronoun) (Rahul waited for the train-independent clause, which was late-dependent clause) In the above set of sentences, the Sentence 1 is the example of a Simple Sentence, Sentence 2 is the example of a Compound Sentence and the Sentence 3 is the example of a Complex Sentence. Key Points independent clause since it can stand by itself or can be a part of a compound or complex sentence. Recapitulation: 2. Compound Sentence: It is a sentence made up CLAUSE: A clause has a subject and a predicate as a of two independent clauses. These two clauses are group of words, but that will not be considered as a connected to one another with a conjunction. full sentence. The clause can be of two types. There Please note: The best way to remember the are two kinds of clauses: conjunctions which join to make compound sentences is FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) 1. Independent Clause: It contains both a subject • The honest man did not take the money, for he and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence. A sentence can contain more than two clauses joined did not find it to be right. (‘For’ here works as with the help of conjunctions such as or, for, nor, so, because) yet, and, but. • The house is big and it is not very expensive. We went to New Delhi and visited the Rashtrapati • The guest did not eat food nor did he take tea. Bhawan. • The house is beautiful but it was very expensive. 2. Dependent Clause: It contains both a subject and • Let us cook dinner at home or we can go out to a predicate and cannot stand alone as a sentence. It dine. is always a part of a sentence, on which it depends for • He worked really hard yet he could not clear the meaning. exam. • He worked hard so he got good marks. THREE KINDS OF SENTENCES: 3. Complex Sentence: It is a sentence made up of SIMPLE, COMPOUND, AND COMPLEX an independent clause and one or more dependent 1. Simple Sentence: It has the most basic elements clauses connected to it. Some of the conjunctions that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb and a used for making complex sentences are after, completed thought. although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, • Many tourists visit Taj Mahal every year. though, unless, until, when, whenever, whereas, • It is built on the southern bank of the Yamuna wherever, while etc. • He went to the mountains so that he could River. regain his health. A simple sentence can also be seen as an • Unless he works hard, he cannot clear these exams. 123

10. Sentences-Simple, Complex and Compound Month:July Total Periods: 04 • The child was crying because he was lost in the 3. Simple sentence into a complex sentence: By crowd. enlarging a phrase into a dependent clause. • I could not go to school due to my illness.  • Although he loved the city, he disliked the traffic • I could not go to school because I was ill.  and the crowd. • He pleaded for his innocence. • He pleaded that he was innocent.    Please note: • She is an excellent painter. When the dependent clause go first in a sentence, a • She is a painter who is excellent. comma should be used to separate the two clauses. 4. Complex sentence into a simple sentence: • Whenever he goes to his village, everyone • Although I was ill, I attended the meeting. • In spite of my illness, I attended the meeting. comes to welcome him. • When the students saw the principal, the students When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used. became silent. • I could not meet him since I was busy in a • Seeing the principal, the students became silent. • Tell me your address. meeting. • Tell me where you live. TRANSFORMING SENTENCES 5. Complex sentence into a compound sentence: 1. Simple sentence into a compound sentence: By • Though he is poor, he is honest. enlarging phrase or word into a clause. • He is poor, but he is honest. • He worked hard to clear the exam. • As soon as the train stopped, we got down. • He worked hard and cleared the exam. • The train stopped and we got down. • In spite of coming here, she didn’t see her • As she was ill, she did not come. • She was ill, so she did not come. grandmother. 6. Compound sentence into a complex sentence: • She came here but did not see her grandmother. • The weather was bad and the match was stopped. • The teacher praised the boy for his honesty. • Since the weather was bad, the match was • The student was honest so the teacher praised stopped. him. • I saw a child and he was crying. 2. Compound sentence into a simple sentence: • I saw a child who was crying. • He was guilty, and he ran away. • Study hard and you will get good marks. • Being guilty, he ran away. • If you study hard, you will get good marks. • He worked hard, so the teacher praised him. • The teacher praised him for his hard work. • She studied hard and got good marks. • She studied hard to get good marks. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEETS Starter activity and Key Simple, compound and complex points sentences 3 PS - 1 1 PS - 2 Self-test PS - 3 Self- Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 124

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and add a second II. Complete the following complex sentences by sentence to make a compound sentence. Look adding an appropriate dependent clause to it. at the given example. Look at the given example. Mohan looked through the window and ________ It started to rain before _____________________ ______________________________. ________________________________. Ans: saw a car parked outside. Ans: It started to rain before we could leave for 1. I first avoided him, but ___________________ the trip. ___________________. 1. When__________________________________ 2. Ram wanted a stylish haircut so ___________ _________, it ran away in fear. ___________________________. 2. Rahul was extremely happy because _______ 3. She fell down on the road and ____________ ____________________________. __________________________. 3. I will clean the room while ________________ 4. He decided to go to his mom’s house for ____ ___________________________. ______________________________. 4. Reena will not get admission in the college 5. Ram left early from home yet _____________ unless ________________________. _________________________. 5. Once _______________________________, I 6. Meera should be more attentive in the class saw the surprise. or _____________________________. 6. Wherever ___________________________, he 7. Seema doesn’t like reading books nor ______ calls his mom twice in a day. ______________________________. 7. Although ____________________________, 8. Our team wants to win the game so________ she didn’t understand our problem. ____________________________. 8. Since _____________________________, I 9. He told the whole story to the police but ____ had to take shelter under the tree. _______________________________. 9. Reena works very hard whereas ___________ 10. The boys behaved themselves very well and _________________________. _______________________________. 10. She didn’t go to the doctor even though ______________________________ . Ans: (Answers will vary) 1. I first avoided him, but later helped him in his Ans: (Answers will vary) 1. When I was trying to give food to the hungry homework. 2. Ram wanted a haircut so went to an expen- dog, it ran away in fear. 2. Rahul was extremely happy because he got sive hair salon. 3. She fell down on the road and cut her knee. first position in his class. 4. He decided to go to his mom’s house for she 3. I will clean the room while you can prepare did not answer the phone. the breakfast. 5. Ram left early from home yet he couldn’t 4. Reena will not get admission in the college reach the office on time. unless she clears the entrance exam. 6. Meera should be more attentive in the class 5. Once I got up from my bed, I saw the surprise. 6. Wherever he goes, he calls his mom twice in a or she will not score good marks. 7. Seema doesn’t like reading books nor does day. 7. Although we told her the whole case, she she like to play with her friends. 8. Our team wants to win the game so we prac- didn’t understand our problem. 8. Since it was raining heavily, I had to take tice a lot every day. 9. He told the whole story to the police but they shelter under the tree. 9. Reena works very hard whereas her brother did not believe him. 10. The boys behaved themselves very well and is a lazy boy. 10. She didn’t go to the doctor even though she were praised by their parents. was extremely ill. 125

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the following simple sentence to II. Change the following complex sentences into complex. Look at the given example. simple. Look at the given example. I was excited to hear of my dad’s coming home He accepted that he was rude. soon. Ans: He accepted his rudeness. Ans: I was excited when I heard of my dad’s com- ing home soon. 1. Tell me where the exhibition will be held. 1. No one knew the time of arrival of the flight. 2. I have no time where I can help you. 2. He requested his friends to come to his help. 3. People who live in glass houses should not 3. Deceived by his own friends, he felt very sad. 4. I would be very thankful to be helped in my throw stones. assignment. 4. When the students saw the principal, they 5. The thief broke into the house in midnight to avoid being seen by anyone. ran away. 6. They took every care against the failure of 5. I was shocked when I noticed his the plan. 7. The puzzle was too difficult to be solved. stubbornness. 8. Let’s take a walk after having dinner. 6. After I finish my research on space, I will 9. The principal knew him to be a hard working boy. publish a paper. 10. We saw a pond full of fish. 7. She is a person who is a lover of animals. 8. I am not going to the function unless my Ans: 1. No one knew when the flight was arriving. mother comes with me. 2. He requested his friends so that they could 9. They must hope that there will be better come to his help. times. 3. He was deceived by his own friends so he felt 10. He performed so well that everyone was very sad. surprised. 4. I would be very thankful if I am helped in my Ans: assignment. 1. Tell me the place/venue of the exhibition. 5. The thief broke into the house in midnight 2. I have no time to help you. 3. People living in glass houses should not because he wished to avoid being seen by anyone. throw stones. 6. They took every care to ensure that the plan 4. On seeing the principal, the students ran did not fail. 7. The puzzle was so difficult that it could not away. be solved. 5. I was surprised to notice his stubbornness. 8. Let’s take a walk after we have dinner. 6. I will publish a paper after finishing my re- 9. The principal knew that he was a hard work- ing boy. search on space. 10. We saw a pond which was full of fish. 7. She loves animals. 8. I am not going to the function without my mother. 9. They must be hopeful of better times. 10. He performed well to everyone’s surprise. 126

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Combine the following pairs of simple II. Change the following compound sentences into sentences to make compound sentences using simple sentences. Look at the given example. appropriate conjunctions. Look at the given She came home and baked a cake. example. Ans: Coming home, she baked a cake. Reena loves to read books. Reena loves to paint. 1. Rahul is not only handsome but also Ans: Reena loves to read books and paint. intelligent. 1. Rahul will share his toys with his brother. 2. Ram is poor but he never begs for money. Rahul will be scolded if he doesn’t. 3. You must leave on time or you will miss the 2. Go to the bed early. You want to wake up on flight. time. 4. He was scared and he ran away. 3. Meera wanted to participate in the 5. Reena worked hard so her parents praised competition. She did not want to say it. her. 4. You must pass your test. You will not be able 6. She came to her village and met her old to go for the trip. friend. 5. She is a clever girl. She cannot solve the 7. You must cooperate with others or you will riddle. not be allowed on the team. 6. We reached home. We ate dinner. 8. I will go to the office and will reply to his 7. I won the competition. I was not satisfied email. with my performance. 9. He was ill, but he appeared for the exam. 8. The thieves looted the house. They set fire to 10. The team must practice every day otherwise it. they will lose the match. 9. He is rich. He is unhappy. 10. You must complete your work. You will not Ans: be paid. 1. Besides being handsome, Rahul is intelli- Ans: gent. 1. Rahul will share his toys with his brother or 2. In spite of his poverty, Ram never begs for will be scolded. money. 2. You want to wake up on time so go to the bed 3. You must leave on time to avoid missing the early. flight. 3. Meera wanted to participate in the competi- 4. Being scared, he ran away. 5. Reena’s parents praised her for her hard tion but she did not want to say it. 4. You must pass your test or you will not be work. 6. She came to her village to meet her old able to go for a trip. 5. She is a clever girl but she cannot solve the friend. 7. In the case of your being uncooperative, you riddle. 6. We reached home and ate dinner. will not be allowed on the team. 7. I won the competition but I was not satisfied 8. Going to the office, I will reply to his email. 9. In spite of his illness, he appeared for the with my performance. 8. The thieves looted the house and set fire to it. exam. 9. He is rich yet he is unhappy. 10. The team must practice every day to avoid 10. You must complete your work or will not be losing the match. paid. 127

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Study the following sentences and identify II. Form compound sentences by using whether they are simple, complex or appropriate conjunctions (FANBOYS). Look at compound. Look at the given example. the given example. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) Life is a bed of thorns. Meera has an appointment at three o’clock Ans: Simple _________ she must leave early. 1. My tooth hurt through the night. 2. The nurse came and opened the door. Ans: so 3. She felt a slight pain when the doctor gave her an injection. 1. I would like to buy this house _________ it is 4. As we passed by a stream, I made the too expensive. mistake of going too near the bank. 5. My father bought a new car one day. 2. My mother was going to the market 6. It was Sunday so the roads were not very _________ wanted me to accompany her. busy. 7. The journey took us two hours. 3. Mohan stayed in a hostel for 6 months 8. After some searching, I entered a darkened _________ felt homesick for a long time. room. 9. He wanted to run but was unable to do so. 4. Would you like tea _________ would you 10. She opened her eyes and gave me a smile. prefer coffee? Ans: 5. I crossed the road ___________ I wanted to 1. Simple avoid her. 2. Compound 3. Complex 6. My mom doesn’t drink milk ___________ 4. Complex does she drink coffee. 5. Simple 6. Compound 7. Should we start the meeting __________ wait 7. Simple for everyone? 8. Complex 9. Compound 8. He didn’t want to go to office ___________ he 10. Compound went anyways. 9. Everyone was busy ____________ I decided to go alone. 10. He ran out of money ___________ he decided to close the shop. Ans: 1. But 2. And 3. But/yet 4. Or 5. For 6. Nor 7. Or 8. Yet 9. So 10. So 128

11. Conditional Clauses Month: October Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives • Form different forms of conditional clauses accurately and express themselves more At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: effectively. • Identify the different forms of conditional clauses. Starter Activity FORM TIME EXAMPLE If + present…present Present He doesn’t get sick if Study the following table. Present/Future he takes medicines NAME Present/Future regularly. Past If she studies hard, she Zero conditional will pass the test. If he won the lottery, he First conditional If + present, will + verb would leave his job. Second conditional If I had called my friend, Third conditional If + past, would +verb he wouldn’t have gotten If + had = past perfect angry with me. + would have + past participle Key Points and yellow. Zero conditional is used when the result is always Conditionals sentences are with two clauses: an ‘if’ going to take place. clause and a main clause. The clause with ‘if’ denotes Please note: The ‘if’ in this conditional can be the (can be introduced by “unless” too) and the other replaced by ‘when’. is the consequence or the result. If the words “if” or • When you exercise, you can become fit. “unless” appear at the beginning of a sentence, there • You will get burned when you touch fire. is normally a comma separating both clauses. • When water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • If I go to bed early, I will be able to get up on time. (If • You can get green colour when you mix blue and the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the beginning, yellow. comma is needed) 2. The First Conditional: The first conditional • I will be able to get up on time if I go to bed early. sentence is created with simple present tense after ‘if’ (If the words ‘if’ and ‘unless’ appear at the end, no and simple future tense in the other clause. comma is needed) • If I am ill, I won’t go to the school. • Unless she works hard, she will not be able to clear • If she studies hard, she will get good result. the exam. • If I have enough money, I’ll help the poor and the • She will not be able to clear the exam unless she works hard. needy. Please note: The word “unless” involves a negative • My uncle will be late if the flight is delayed. meaning, so one of the clauses needs to change from The first conditional is used to talk about things negative to positive or vice versa. which might happen in the future. We describe the Types of conditional sentences: possibilities, which could easily come true. 1. The Zero Conditional: A zero conditional sentence 3. The Second Conditional: The second conditional is created with two verbs in simple present tense sentence is created with simple past tense after ‘if’ (both in the ‘if clause’ and ‘main clause’). and ‘would’ and the basic form of the verb in the • Unless you exercise, you cannot become fit. other clause. • You get burned if you touch fire. • If I become President of India, I would change the • If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. • You cannot get green colour unless you mix blue social security system. • Reena would travel all over the world if she were rich. • You would pass the exam if you ever worked hard. 129

11. Conditional Clauses Month: October Total Periods: 04 (You never work hard, so this won’t happen) • If you hadn’t been so lazy, you wouldn’t have become • If I were you, I would tell the teacher about this fat. incident. • We wouldn’t have missed the flight if we had left early. The second conditional is used to talk about things • I wouldn’t have been tired if I had gone to bed earlier. which are probably not going to be true or in present, The third conditional is used to talk about things which they are impossible. already occurred in past to describe situations that didn’t 4. The Third Conditional: The third conditional happen so we imagine the result in these cases. sentence is created with past perfect tense after ‘if’ FORMING CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (First, Second, and and ‘would have’ + past participle (3rd form of the Third Conditional) verb) in the second part of the sentence. 1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will buy a • She would have got admission in that college if she had big car. cleared the test. (She didn’t clear the test so didn’t get 2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would admission) buy a big car. Work Plan 3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have bought a big car. CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEETS Starter activity and Key points Conditional Clauses PS – 1 3 PS – 2 PS – 3 Self-test 1 Self- Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and ask’s the student’s to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 130

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Rewrite the following sentences after changing II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words according to the form mentioned in the bracket. according to the form mentioned in the Look at the given example. brackets. Look at the given example. If Raghu (not/be) casual towards studies, he If mom ___________ (drink) too much coffee, (pass). (Third conditional) she ___________ (suffer) from acidity. (First Ans: If Raghu hadn’t been casual towards stud- conditional) ies, he would have passed. Ans: Drinks, will suffer 1. If the day (not/be) so hot, we (go) for a picnic. 1. If you ___________ (empty) your pocket (Third conditional) carefully, you ___________ (not/lose) your keys. (Third conditional) 2. If mom (have) money with her, she (buy) the dress for me. (Second conditional) 2. If you ____________ (want) to come, __________ (call) me before 5:00. (Zero 3. If you (not/come), I (not/go) either. (First conditional) conditional) 3. If the children ___________ (be) in bed, I 4. If Ramesh (sleep) better last night, he (not/ ___________ (tell) them a story. (Second feel) so sleepy during the meeting. (Third conditional) conditional) 4. If Sheela ___________ (not/be) so stubborn, 5. If you (heat) ice, it (melt). (Zero conditional) the teacher___________ (have) forgiven her 6. If Reena (have) spare time, she (keep) more mistake. (Second conditional) plants in her garden. (Second conditional) 5. If I ___________ (not/go) to Delhi, I 7. If my grandfather (not/eat) on time, he ___________ (go) to Chennai.(Third conditional) (become) irritable. (First conditional) 8. If I (not/go) to bed on time, I (be) sleep till 6. If one ___________ (go) to the library, one ___________ (be) well-read. (Zero late in the morning. (First conditional) conditional) 9. If you (want) a new dress, you (need) money. 7. If we ___________ (not/fight) in the morning, (Zero conditional) we ___________ (come) together. (Third 10. If Ram (not/speak) good English, he conditional) (not/join) the marketing team. (second 8. If the kids ___________ (start) early, it conditional) ___________ (be) less stressful. (Second Ans: conditional) 1. If the day hadn’t been so hot, we would have 9. If I ___________ (not/go) to the marriage, gone for a picnic. I ___________ (not/have) so much fun with relatives. (Third conditional) 2. If mom had money with her, she would buy the dress for me. 10. If Seema ___________ (know) that I like chocolate, she ___________ (give) me some 3. If you don’t come, I won’t go either. more. (Second conditional) 4. If Ramesh had slept better, he wouldn’t have Ans: felt so sleepy during the meeting. 1. had emptied, wouldn’t have lost 5. If you heat ice, it melts. 2. want, call 6. If Reena had spare time, she would keep 3. Were, would tell 4. weren’t, would forgive more plants in her garden. 5. hadn’t gone, would have gone 7. If my grandfather doesn’t eat on time, he 6. Goes, is 7. hadn’t fought, would have come becomes irritable. 8. Started, would be 8. If I don’t go to bed on time, I will sleep till late 9. hadn’t gone, wouldn’t have had 10. knew, would give in the morning. 9. If you want a new dress, you need money. 10. If Ram didn’t speak good English, he wouldn’t join the marketing team. 131

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Finish the following sentences with an 2. Rewrite the following sentences after making appropriate conditional clause. Look at the the first conditional clauses. Look at the given given example. example. If we go for holiday this year, She (cook) dinner if you (go) to the supermarket. _____________________ Ans: She will cook dinner if you go to the super- Ans: we will visit Agra. market. 1. If the weather didn’t improve yesterday, 1. They (go) for a trip if they (have) money. ____________________________. 2. Seema (be) late if she (not/hurry). 3. Mom (take) a taxi if it (rain). 2. I had been to bed early, __________________ 4. I (not/eat) if Sheela (not/cook) for me. _________________________________. 5. If I (get) a chance, I (try) for a new job. 6. If he (be) chosen, he (try) for modelling. 3. _____________________________ if we get 7. If they (be/not) friends, they (stop) talking separated. with each other. 4. If you finish your food, 8. If I (earn) enough wealth, I (build) an old age _____________________________. home. 5. If Meera didn’t want to go out last night, 9. If she (not/come) late, she (be) promoted. _____________________________. 10. If we (win) this contest, we (travel) the world. 6. _____________________________ if mom Ans: called him up. 1. They will go for a trip if they have money. 7. _____________________________ if they are 2. Seema will be late if she does not hurry. invited. 3. Mom will take a taxi if it rains. 4. I will not eat if Sheela does not cook for me. 8. _____________________________ if she had 5. If I get a chance, I will try for a new job. got a job. 6. If he is chosen, he will try for modelling. 7. If they are not friends, they will stop talking 9. If you mix red and blue, _____________________________. with each other. 8. If I earn enough wealth, I will build an old 10. _____________________________ if he doesn’t pass this exam. age home. Ans: (answers will vary) 9. If she does not come late, she will be promot- 1. If the weather didn’t improve yesterday, we ed. go for the picnic to the beach. 10. If we win this contest, we will travel the 2. I had been to bed early, I would have felt world. more energetic. 3. Please call me immediately if we get sepa- rated. 4. If you finish your food, you will get a nice des- sert. 5. If Meera didn’t want to go out last night, she would say that clearly. 6. He would certainly go to see her if mom called him up. 7. They will come to the function if they are in- vited. 8. She would have left the college if she had got a job. 9. If you mix red and blue, you will get purple. 10. He will feel very bad if he doesn’t pass this exam. 132

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rewrite the following sentences after making II. Rewrite the following sentences after making the second conditional clauses. Look at the the third conditional clauses. Look at the given given example. example. If dad (have) a better job, we (be) able to buy a If you (not/argue) in the morning, we (not/miss) bigger house. the bus. Ans: If dad had a better job, we would be able to Ans: If you hadn’t argued in the morning, we buy a bigger house. wouldn’t have missed the bus. 1. If Reena (speak) perfect English, she (get) 1. If my parents (arrive) earlier, they (meet) my into a good job. new friend. 2. If we (live) in Delhi, I (learn) Hindi. 2. Mom (be) happier if dad (stay) at home. 3. If she (get) the subject of her choice, she 3. If he (become) a singer, he (be) a famous (take) admission in this university. person. 4. Mohan (be) happier if he (have) more friends. 4. If she (go) to a dance school, she (become) a 5. They (buy) this house if they (like) to stay great artist. here. 5. If we (not/go) to the party, we (miss) meeting 6. Meera (have) more money if she (not/spend) them. so much on clothes. 6. If he (not/take) the job, he (not/travel) so 7. Manu (come) to dinner if he (have) time. 8. Mom (call) the aunt if she (have) her number. much. 9. They (go) to Shimla on holiday if they (like) 7. We (not/be) friends if we (not/go) to the same cold weather. college. 10. We (not/be) late again if we (leave) early 8. They (be) late if they (not/board) the first from home. bus. Ans: 9. She (not/meet) Manu if she (not/go) to Delhi. 10. She (call) you if she (not/forget) her phone at 1. If Reena spoke perfect English, she would get into a good job. home. Ans: 2. If we lived in Delhi, I would learn Hindi. 3. If she got the subject of her choice, she would 1. If my parents had arrived, they would have met my new friend. take admission in this university. 4. Mohan would be happier if he had more 2. Mom would have been happier if dad had stayed at home. friends. 5. They would buy this house if they liked to 3. if he becomes a singer, he would be a fa- mous person. stay here. 6. Meera would have more money if she didn’t 4. If she had gone, she would have become a great artist. spend so much on clothes. 7. Manu would come to dinner if he had time. 5. If we had not gone to the party, we would 8. Mom would call the aunt if she had her num- have missed meeting them. ber. 6. If he had not taken the job, he would not 9. They would go to Shimla on holiday if they have travelled so much. liked cold weather. 7. We would not have been friends if we hadn’t 10. We wouldn’t be late again if we left early gone to the same college. from home. 8. They would have been late if they had not boarded the first bus. 9. She wouldn’t have met Manu if she had not gone to Delhi. 10. She would have called you if she had not for- gotten her phone at home. 133

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Rewrite the following sentences after making whether the ‘if’ clause is first conditional, the zero conditional clauses. Look at the given second conditional or third conditional. Look at example. (10 Marks) the given example. (10 Marks) If we (sleep) late, we (be) tired the next day. If I lived in New Delhi, I would see my aunt more Ans: If we sleep late, we are tried the next day. often. Ans: Second conditional 1. If my brother (cook), he (burn) the food. 2. You (get) sunstroke if you (not/wear) a hat on 1. If you hadn’t eaten all that cake, you wouldn’t have fallen sick. the beach. 3. If children (not/eat) well, they (not/be) 2. Plants die if they don’t get enough water. 3. If she had learnt French, she would have energetic. 4. If you (touch) an electric socket with wet joined the French embassy. 4. If dad wasn’t so tired, we would go out for hands, you (get) a shock. 5. If children (eat) too many sweets, they (get) dinner. 5. If you select the present, I will pay for it. cavities in teeth. 6. If Meera doesn’t quit her job, she will get 6. The children (get) overweight if they (not/ promotion soon. play) outside. 7. If I went out yesterday, I would go to the 7. If it (rain), the grass (get) wet. 8. If you (speak) rudely to him, he (get) theatre. 8. If we had not seen each other yesterday, we annoyed. 9. Lots of people (come) if Guptas (throw) a wouldn’t have fixed the meeting. 9. If public transport is efficient, people stop party. 10. Aunt (buy) expensive watches if she (go) using their cars. 10. If we waited there, we would be late. shopping. Ans: Ans: 1. If my brother cooks, he burns the food. 1. Third conditional 2. You get sunstroke if you don’t wear a hat on 2. Zero conditional 3. Third conditional the beach. 4. Second conditional 3. If children do not eat well, they are not ener- 5. First conditional 6. First conditional getic. 7. Second conditional 4. If you touch an electric socket with wet 8. Third conditional 9. Zero conditional hands, you get a shock. 10. Second conditional 5. If children eat too many sweets, they get cav- ities in teeth. 6. The children get overweight if they don’t play outside. 7. If it rains, the grass gets wet. 8. If you speak rudely to him, he gets annoyed. 9. Lots of people come if Guptas throw a party. 10. Aunt buys expensive watches if she goes shopping. 134

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 Objectives I take. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: I am taking. • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. I have taken. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future I have been taking. tense. Concept Map PRESENT PAST TENSES FUTURE I took. I shall/will take. I was taking. I had taken. I shall/will be taking. I had been taking. I shall/will have taken. I shall/will have been taking. Key Points 1. Simple Present Tense To denote scientific facts, universal truths RECAPITULATION: A VERB is a word that is used to • Water boils at 100 degrees. convey what the subject of the sentence is, does or To denote work done on daily basis. has. The verb ‘take’ changes the form in the above • I brush my teeth twice a day. sentences according to the time of the action they 2. Present Continuous denote. The form of an action with respective time is To express an action taking place at the time of called TENSE. speaking. 1. Today our lesson is about TENSES. • Meera is reading a book in the library. DEFINITION: Tenses refer to the state of the verb. To denote an action that is going to take place in the The state or tense of the verb explains the time of the near future. action. • They are going to stage Shakespeare’s play this There are three major tenses in English. These year. include past, present and future. Each of these tenses 3. Present Perfect can explain an event that occurred in the past, an To show an action that started in the past and has event that occurs in the present, or an event that will just finished. occur in the future. • They have completed the project. 1. PRESENT TENSE It is divided further into four kinds. 135

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 To show an action when the exact time of the action Subject + v1 + s/es + object is not known. She dances. • They have visited New York many times. Subject + does not + v1 + s/es + object To express an action that started sometime in the She does not dance. past and is still continuing. Does + Subject + v1 + s/es + object • He has already worked on this project for 6 Does she dance? Does + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object years. Does she not dance? 4. Present Perfect Continuous Subject + is/am/are + v1 + ing + object This tense shows the action which started in the past She is dancing. and is still continuing at the time of speaking. Subject + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + object • I have been working in this firm for ten years She is not dancing. is/am/are + Subject + v1 + ing + object now. Is she dancing? is/am/are + Subject + not + v1 + ing + object SYNTAX OF PRESENT TENSE FORMS: Is she not dancing? Subject + has/have + v3 + object Assertive She has danced. Subject + has/have + not + v3 + object Simple Present Negative She has not danced. has/have + Subject + v3 + object Interrogative Has she danced? Negative has/have + Subject + not + v3 + object Interrogative Has she not danced? Assertive Subject + has/have + been + v1 + ing + object She has been dancing. PRESENT Negative Subject + has/have + not been + v1 + ing + object Present Continuous She has not been dancing. has/have + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object Interrogative Has she been dancing? Negative has/have + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object Interrogative Has she not been dancing? Assertive Present Perfect Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative Assertive Present Perfect Negative Continuous Interrogative Negative Interrogative 136

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 2. PAST TENSE 3. Past Perfect tense It is divided further into four kinds. To describe an action completed before a certain 1. Simple Past Tense moment in the past, usually a long time ago. If two To indicate an action completed in the past. It often actions happened in the past, past perfect is used to occurs with adverb of time. Sometimes it is used show the action that took place earlier. without an adverb of time. • The train had left before we reached the station. • I went to the library yesterday. To express an action that was completed before a Used for past habits or regular actions in the past. given point of time. • She took care of her mother till she was alive. • Dad had reached before the dinner time. 2. Past Continuous Tense 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense To denote an action going on at some time in the To denote an action that began before a certain point past. in the past and continued up to sometime in past. • Mohan was writing a novel last month. The second action or event may be started or may be To mark out an action of relatively longer duration in implied. the past. • Reena had been learning dance for 6 years. • When we reached the peak of the mountain, the cool wind was blowing. SYNTAX OF PAST TENSE FORMS: Assertive Subject + v2 + Object. Simple Past Negative She danced. Interrogative Subject + didn’t + v1 + Object. She didn’t dance. PAST Past Continuous Negative Did + Subject + v1 + Object? Past Perfect Interrogative Did she dance? Assertive Did + Subject + not + v1 + s/es + object? Past Perfect Did she not dance? Continuous Negative Subject + was/were +v1+ ing + Object. She was dancing. Interrogative Subject + was/were + not + ing + Object. Negative She was not dancing. Interrogative Was/were + Subject + ing+ Object? Assertive Was she dancing? Was/were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Negative Was she not dancing? Subject + had + v3 + object. Interrogative She had danced. Negative Subject + had + not + v3 + object. Interrogative She had not danced. Assertive Had + Subject + v3 + object? Had she danced? Negative Had + Subject + not + v3 + object? Had she not danced? Interrogative Subject + had + been + v1 + ing + object. Negative She had been dancing. Interrogative Subject + had + not been + v1 + ing + object. She had not been dancing. Had + Subject + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she been dancing? Had + she + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Had she not been dancing? 137

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 3. FUTURE TENSE A period of time following the moment of speaking or writing is called as future tense. It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Future To tell us about an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after saying or in future. • Meera will perform on the stage tomorrow. 2. Future Continuous To talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future. • He will be visiting the court tomorrow at 12 o’clock. In the example, the action will start in future (tomorrow) and action is thought to be continued till sometime in future. To express an action which will be going on at a specific time in the future. • He will be travelling in the train in the afternoon. 3. Future Perfect To say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. • The students will have finished their work by Saturday. 4. Future Perfect Continuous To emphasize the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. • I will have been completing six months on this project by this weekend. 138

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 Assertive Subject + shall/will + v1 + Object. I shall dance. Simple Future Negative She will dance. Interrogative Subject + shall/will + not + v1 + Object. Negative I shall not dance. Interrogative She will not dance. Assertive Shall/Will + Subject +v1 + Object? Shall I dance? Negative Will she dance? Future Continuous Shall/Will + Subject +not + v1 + Object? Shall I not dance? Interrogative Will she not dance? Subject + shall/will + be+ v1+ ing + Object. Negative I shall be dancing. Interrogative She will be dancing. Subject + shall/will + not + be+ v1+ ing + Object. FUTURE Assertive I shall not be dancing. She will not be dancing. Future Perfect Negative Shall/Will + Subject + be + v1+ ing + Object? Interrogative Shall I be dancing? Negative Will she be dancing? Interrogative Shall/Will + Subject + be + + not+ v1+ ing Was/ were + Subject + not + ing+ Object? Assertive Shall I not be dancing? Will she not be dancing? Future Perfect Negative Subject + Shall/Will + have + v3 + object. Continuous I shall have danced. Interrogative She will have danced. Negative Subject + Shall/Will + not + have + v3 + object. Interrogative I shall have not danced. She will have not danced. Shall/Will + Subject + have + v3 + object? Shall I have danced? Will she have danced? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + v3 + object? Shall I have not danced? Will she have not danced? Subject + Shall/Will + have + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have been dancing. She will have been dancing. Subject + Shall/Will + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object. I shall have not been dancing. She will have not been dancing. Shall/Will + Subject + have + been + v1 + ing + object? Will she have been dancing? Shall/Will + Subject + have + not + been + v1 + ing + object? Will she have not been dancing? 139

12. Tenses Month: October Total Periods: 06 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEETS Starter Activity and Key Tenses and forms Points 5 PS-1 1 PS-2 Self Evaluation PS-3 Self Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 140

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following sentences and correct • was being chased the error in each of them. Look at the given • has been chased example. 2. I’m sorry the car is not available any longer The boys watched television every night unless for sale. It ______ to a local guy. they have homework. • is sold Ans: The boys watch television every night unless • was being sold they have homework. • has been sold • will be sold 1. I am living in Chennai since last September. 3. Geeta ______ to the new branch a year back. 2. I have been to my native place a month back. • is transferred 3. The phone rung while I was watching TV. • was transferred 4. She has received the courier last week. • has been transferred 5. If Mohan had participated, he will win the • should be transferred 4. Passengers ______ to eat or drink in the prize. metro. 6. They have now reduce the number of • are not allowed • was not allowed highway projects. • had not allowed 7. She saw a dark shadow and gives a loud • will not allow 5. The newsperson reported that the fire scream. ______ under control after forty minutes. 8. We ate pizza and also drunk a lemonade. • is brought 9. After this incident occurs, we dared not go • was brought • can be brought there again. • has been brought 10. Has anyone ever tell you to close the door 6. The people shopping in the mall ______ to leave the building immediately. before you go outside? • ordered • will order Ans: • have ordered • have been ordered 1. I have been living in Chennai since last 7. This school __________ many famous singers September. to perform in their functions. • are invited 2. I had been to my native place a month back. • were invited 3. The phone rang while I was watching TV. • has invited 4. She received the courier last week. • will be invited 5. If Mohan had participated, he would have 8. The roof may have been leaking for the past few weeks but you do not have to worry won the prize. about it any longer. It ______ now. 6. They have now reduced the number of high- • Has not been leaking • Has not leaking way projects. • Is not being leaked 7. She saw a dark shadow and gave a loud • Was not leaking 9. The price of petrol ______ last year, but I scream. doubt whether it will remain so. 8. We ate pizza and also drank a lemonade. • went down 9. After this incident has occurred, we dared not • will go down • has gone down go there again. • was going down 10. Has anyone ever told you to close the door 141 before you go outside? II. Choose the correct option given below. Look at the given example. When I went back to my village three years ago, I found no changes ______. • are taken place • were taken place • have taken place • had taken place Ans: had taken place 1. Look! A thief ______ by policemen. • is chased • is being chased

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 10. Geeta ______ watching horror films although she gets scared easily. • like • likes • liked • will like Ans: 1. is being chased 2. has been sold 3. was transferred 4. are not allowed 5. was brought 6. have been ordered 7. has invited 8. Has not been leaking 9. went down 10. likes 142

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following passage. There is an error in II. Change the tense form in the following each line. Write the correct answer along with sentences as per given in the brackets. Look the incorrect word as shown in the example. at the given example. Make other necessary changes as shown in the example. Incorrect correct The pilgrims arrived at Varanasi last night. Anxiety runs high in London’s (a) runs (Simple future) ran Ans: The pilgrims will arrive at Varanasi tomor- Dulwich Hospital as row. doctors await the recovery (b) 1. Every year my father drives to his office. of a patient. The surgical (Simple past) procedure has been a (c) 2. My brother is not studying medicine at the success but the patient university. (Present perfect continuous) later develop an infection. (d) 3. I heard you the first time you called me. Antibiotics had little effect (Simple future) and the situation seems (e) 4. Nowadays coaching centers play an hopeless. Fortunately, a important role in education. (Present perfect young doctor recall (f) continuous) a traditional 5. I worry when I see my father cough so badly. remedy use by native doctors (g) (Simple past) in South Africa. With nothing 6. All my friends admire my good looking left to lose, he applies strips (h) brother. (Past perfect) of papaya fruit across the 7. My aunt is kind towards the poor and needy. wound. Miraculously, it heal. (i) (Past perfect) This unorthodox success 8. This rule applies only to foreign workers in is ridiculed at by the medical (j) India. (Simple past) profession in the West. This 9. The emergency meeting ended a while ago. incident taken place in 1977 (k) (Simple future) but the doctors’ 10. The child unintentionally broke the window reactions are evidently an (l) pane. (Present perfect) omen of things to come. In the past, folk healing Ans: is covered (m) 1. Every year my father drove to his office. in superstition and mysticism. 2. My brother has not been studying medicine Ans: at the university. 3. I will hear you the first time you call me. Incorrect correct 4. Nowadays coaching centers have been play- (b) await awaited ing an important role in education. 5. I worried when I saw my father cough so bad- (c) has had ly. (d) develop developed 6. All my friends had admired my good looking (e) seems seemed brother. 7. My aunt had been kind towards the poor and (f) recall recalled needy. (g) use used 8. This rule applied only to foreign workers in (h) applies applied India. 9. The emergency meeting will end in a while (i) heal healed now. ( j) is was 10. The child has unintentionally broken the (k) taken took window pane. (l) are were (m) is was 143

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 5. (Go) you for the concert tomorrow? 6. We (go) to visit our uncle in Mysore next I. Change the tense form in the following sentences according to the one in the brackets. week. Look at the given example. Make other 7. What you (do) here? I (fix) the tap. necessary changes as shown in the example. 8. Some thieves once (enter) the museum to I visited an arts exhibition last week. (Simple future) steal an old artefact. Ans: I shall visit an arts exhibition next week. 9. When the owner (ask) the children what they 1. The injury was deep and healed slowly. (Simple present) (do) in his garden, they (run) away. 2. How often do you hear from her? (Simple 10. This house (need) repairs as it (begin) to fall past) 3. I have got a new car. (Future perfect) to pieces. 4. When I arrived, the meeting had finished. Ans: (Future perfect) 1. I am glad you are using a new pen today. Yes- 5. He had driven through a red light. (Past perfect continuous) terday your writing was very untidy. 6. They wondered about the whole incident. 2. What were you doing when the thief broke (Future perfect continuous) 7. He went from door to door selling cookies. into your house? (Simple present) 3. Whenever mom sees the lady living next 8. This is a needless trouble. (Simple future) 9. She returned to ask the teacher something. door, she walks away quickly. (Past perfect) 4. I shall wear a new suit for tomorrow’s confer- 10. When she had cried, she began to feel better. (Simple present) ence. 5. Are you going for the concert tomorrow? Ans: 6. We shall go to visit our uncle in Mysore next 1. The injury is deep and heals slowly. 2. How often did you hear from her? week. 3. I shall have got a new car. 7. What are you doing here? I am fixing the tap. 4. When I arrive, the meeting will have finished. 8. Some thieves entered the museum to steal 5. He had been driving through a red light. 6. They will have been wondering about the an old artefact. 9. When the owner asked the children what whole incident. 7. He goes from door to door selling cookies. they were doing in his garden, they ran away. 8. This will be a needless trouble. 10. This house needs repairs as it has begun to 9. She had returned to ask the teacher some- fall to pieces. thing. 10. When she cries, she begins to feel better. 144 II. Supply the appropriate tenses. Re-write the sentences if necessary. Look at the given example. It is not good to go out while it (rain). Ans: It is not good to go out while it rains. 1. I am glad you (use) a new pen today. Yesterday your writing (be) very untidy. 2. What you (do) when the thief (break) into your house? 3. Whenever mom (see) the lady living next door, she (walk) away quickly. 4. I (wear) a new suit for tomorrow’s conference.

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Select the correct option in the brackets. Look II. Read the following passage carefully. Fill in at the given example.  (10 marks) each blank with the correct form of the verb in the bracket. (10 Marks) I don’t have much time these days. I (learn / am learning) French. a) Tea is a beverage ___1___ (consume) by many past generations of people. What most people Ans: I don’t have much time these days. I am do not realize is that tea is ___2___ (make) from learning French. leaves ___3___ (pick) from shrubs. Tea shrubs ___4___ (grow) in plantations. These shrubs will 1. When we entered the bank, we sensed begin to ___5___ (bear) crops when they are that something unusual (happened / had about four years old. Workers on tea plantations happened). have to pick the leaves by hand. After the leaves ___6___ (gather), they are ___7___ (roast) at 2. If we had a little more money it (will / would) high temperatures. This process ___8___ (give) be much easier to invest in a new business. them their fragrance. The best tea is made from freshly ___9___ (grinding) leaves. There are 3. He (is holding / holds) the post of principal in many different ways of ___10___ (prepare) tea. the new school. Tea can be served either with or without milk. 4. It was such a friendly dog. It (will / would) b) In this modern age man _____1_____ (grow) often jump on to other people in excitement. to be heavily dependent on computers to carry out all kinds of jobs. In banking, for example, 5. I (think / am thinking) I am too old to wear computers _____2_____ (allow) for millions clothes like this. of transactions to be carried out _____3_____ (involve) large sums of money which would 6. If you do a little extra hard work you (will / otherwise _____4_____ (require) thousands would) clear the exam. of bank tellers. Computers _____5_____ (do) the job in a much shorter time and practically 7. Don’t disturb your dad. He (works/ is free of any errors. Computers _____6_____ (be) working) on a serious project. responsible for air traffic control and the running of trains to ensure that travel is made as smooth 8. I think he (is having / has) the flu. He is as possible. In factories, nowadays, computers shivering a lot. _____7_____ (operate) mechanical devices that _____8_____ (produce) goods we require for 9. He (is deserving / deserves) to win this everyday living in such quantities that would debate. He is by far the best orator. be otherwise impossible to achieve if these factories _____9_____ (were run) by humans 10. I (ate / have eaten) two big meals already this alone. Perhaps the greatest advancements morning. _____10_____ (has) made in the field of communications. Ans: 1. When we entered the bank, we sensed that Ans: something unusual had happened. a) Tea is a beverage consumed by many past 2. If we had a little more money it would be generations of people. What most people do not much easier to invest in a new business. realize is that tea is made from leaves picked from shrubs. Tea shrubs grow in plantations. 3. He holds the post of principal in the new These shrubs will begin to bear crops when they school. are about four years old. Workers on tea planta- tions have to pick the leaves by hand. After the 4. It was such a friendly dog. It would often leaves are gathered, they are  roasted at high jump on to other people in excitement. temperatures. This process gives them their fragrance. The best tea is made from freshly 5. I think I am too old to wear clothes like this. ground leaves. There are many different ways of 6. If you do a little extra hard work, you will preparing tea. Tea can be served either with or without milk. clear the exam. 7. Don’t disturb your dad. He is working on a se- rious project. 8. I think he has the flu. He is shivering a lot. 9. He deserves to win this debate. He is by far the best orator. 10. I have eaten two big meals already this morning. 145

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins b) In this modern age man has grown to be heavi- ly dependent on computers to carry out all kinds of jobs. In banking, for example, computers allow for millions of transactions to be carried out involving large sums of money which would otherwise require thousands of bank tellers. Computers do the job in a much shorter time and practically free of any errors. Computers are responsible for air traffic control and the running of trains to ensure that travel is made as smooth as possible. In factories, nowadays, comput- ers operate mechanical devices that produce goods we require for everyday living in such quantities that would be otherwise impossible to achieve if these factories were run by humans alone. Perhaps the greatest advancements have been made in the field of communications. 146

13. Prepositions Month: November Total Periods: 04 Objectives WHICH DIRECTION? • To the At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • From the • Recall the definition of a preposition. • Into the • Understand and identify kinds of prepositions • Through the • Understand prepositional phrases. • Towards the • Write correct sentences using appropriate • Across the • To prepositions and prepositional phrases. • From the • Up the Starter Activity WHEN? • In that direction • By the kitchen • In the red dress PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES • Before break • With black tires WHERE? • During the match • With blonde hair • Near the door • After dinner • With mint chips • Down the aisle • In the morning • With the polka dots • Under the table • In the evening • In a new top • On the window sill • At night • In high heels • In the oven • On Friday • In stripy trousers • Against the wall • Until bed time • With confidence • Above the clouds • On schedule • Outside the house • Below the plane • Underneath a box • Beneath the surface Notice the three columns. They contain the which show where, when or how the action took prepositional phrases. place in a sentence. They also indicate relationships DEFINITION: A prepositional phrase is a group of between different words in a sentence. So as a part words that lacks either a verb or a subject, consists of speech, they are used to show position, location, of a preposition and a noun or a preposition and a direction, and time. pronoun. When they saw the principal, the students ran into Key Points the classroom. Let’s take an elevator to go down. Today our lesson is about Prepositions and They must have taken a short cut across the field. Prepositional Phrases. I am going to the dentist for a check-up. RECAPITULATION Definition: Prepositions are short words (at, in, on) 147

13. Prepositions Month: November Total Periods: 04 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME, PLACE AND REASON PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE SHOWING TIME At exact times at 3 pm meal times at dinner parts of the day at sunrise age at age 21 By a limit in time by sunset in the sense of at the latest by the due date In seasons In the summer months in November years in1992 durations in the same year after a certain period of time in an hour On days of the week on Wednesday parts of the day on Friday night where the day is named dates on December 4th Ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago After a point in time that follows another after the game; point in time after the surgery Before a point in time that precedes before leaving; another point in time before breakfast; before2004 During something that happened/will during the night; happen in a specific period of time during war For over a certain period in the past For 2 years Past telling the time ten past six (6:10) Since from a certain period of time since1980; since the accident Throughout something that happened/will throughout the year; throughout happen continuously in a specific the ordeal period of time To telling time from an earlier time to ten to six (5:50) 1 pm to 3 pm a later time Until up to a certain point in time how until the end; long something is going to last until sunrise Up (to) from an earlier point to a later up (to) now point SHOWING PLACE At an object’s settled position or at the airport; position after it has moved at the ceremony meeting place or location point of at home; at the desk direction turning at the intersection a target throwing the ball at Rahul By close to by the school alongside of by the window In in an enclosed space in the garage; in an envelope in a geographic location in New Delhi in a print medium in a book; in a magazine 148

13. Prepositions Month: November Total Periods: 04 PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE On for a certain side on the left for a river/lake London lies on the Thames About for a floor in a house on the floor for public transport on a bus Above for television, radio on the air; on TV around or outside of about town After at but not exactly on about five feet tall related to about my father’s business Against suspended higher than something above the door Along else above me in rank Among superior to pursuit chasing after the robbers Around a point further from an earlier the corner after the big house Before point Behind leaning on against the door Below opposite to or facing against the wall From tracing the length of, without along the hallway; Into emphasis on the ends along the river Onto in the company of (three or more) among friends Over in a crowd among the masses the end of a long list among other things Through location of something explaining a drive around the block Towards period of time around 3 o’clock SHOWING REASON in the front in terms of space before the emperor; before God As on the back side of a point in space behind the car; behind her smile Because of something lower than or below the stairs; below Due to underneath something else expectations For in the sense of where from a flower from the garden enter a room/building go into the kitchen/house movement to the top of something jump onto the table covered by something else “more put a jacket over your shirt than” over 16 years of age “getting to the other side” walk over the bridge overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel bottom and the sides movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house something (but not directly to it) refer to the role or purpose of a As a waiter person or thing somebody/something is the reason Because of us for something somebody/something is the reason Due to bad weather for something Reason/purpose For money 149

13. Prepositions Month: November Total Periods: 04 PREPOSITION HOW IT’S USED EXAMPLE In order to Reason/purpose In order to gain money In the hope that Expected result in the hope that prices will rise. Since Cause of something Since his departure With that in mind Purpose With that in mind, the college plans OTHER IMPORTANT PREPOSITIONS for topics meaning what about we were talking about you About For age she learned Russian at 45 At who made it a book by Mark Twain By rise or fall of something travelling prices have risen by 10 percent for (other than walking or horse- car, by bus From riding) In who gave it a present from Jane Of entering a car/taxi get in the car who/what did it belong to what a page of the book Off does it show the picture of a place On leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train walking or riding on horseback on foot, on horseback Out of entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus leaving a car/taxi get out of the taxi COMMONLY CONFUSED PAIRS OF PREPOSITIONS SINCE: Refers to a point after a specific time or event About & On: Mean regarding in the past. In sentences with since, we usually use They had discussion about money. (General/ordinary perfect tenses (Present perfect & past perfect) topics) • It has been raining since the morning. We attended a lecture on banking system in India. • Rahul has been working since 10 a.m. (Serious or academic topics) • They have been travelling since 2012. Above & Over: Mean ‘higher than’. FOR: Refers to an amount/duration/period of time There is no wealth above the wealth of health. (When or space. The amount of time could be seconds, one thing is not directly over another.) minutes, hours, days, months or even years. We can Our plane is flying above the clouds. use any tense. Let us cross over the river. (When one thing covers or • Last year, he travelled for 3 months. touches another.) • I will be travelling for 3 months now. He put on a sweater over his shirt. (NOT He put on a • I have been travelling for 3 months. sweater above his shirt.) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES The temperature rises above 30 degrees (In Definition: A prepositional phrase is a group of measurements of temperature and height) words that lacks a verb or a subject, consists of You have to be over 18 to cast your vote. (In a preposition and a noun or a preposition and measurements of ages and speeds) a pronoun. Across & Through • on the counter Air can circulate freely through the tunnels. • in our house (Movement in a three dimensional space) They can act as adverbs or adjectives. Sailing across the Atlantic on a raft was an adventure. (Movement on a surface) 150 USE OF SINCE AND FOR