13. Prepositions Month: November Total Periods: 04 As an adjective: They modify nouns and pronouns. • The book with the blue cover is mine. (modifies the noun book) • All the passengers aboard the flight were worried. (modifies the noun passengers) • The vase inside the box is mine. (modifies the noun vase) Other examples: Regarding the new rule, within the first pages, among many, in the box, under the bed, beside the pool, outside the field, below the table, about the clever fox. As an adverb: They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. • Going towards the market, Reena realised that she has forgotten the purse at home. (modifies the verb going) • I put my phone into the purse. (modifies the verb put) • Until today, I had never known that. (modifies the verb known) Other examples: Without an umbrella, up the stairs, upon a high shelf, down the road, against all odds, over the grass, during the recess, up the hill, off the road. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE Starter activity and Key Recapitulation of prepositions, PERIODS SHEETS Points commonly confused pairs, using since and for, prepositions to talk about time, 3 PS-1 Self-test place and reason, prepositional phrases ( 1 PS-2 functioning as adjectives and adverbs) PS-3 Self- Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 151
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 7. ______ the Second World War, Japan was completely destroyed. I. Read the following sentences and underline the prepositional phrases in each one of them. Look 8. They waited for him ______ he came back at the given example. from the school. Meera’s books were in her bag. Ans: Meera’s books were in her bag. 9. You cannot go to the classroom ______ the 1. Please keep my shoes under the table. assembly. 2. They always sit in the back bench. 3. I was standing behind my father in the bank 10. On the International Yoga day, we had yoga queue. session _____ 3 hours. 4. She found the phone in the dog’s bed. Ans: 5. The boy in blue car is my classmate. 6. It rained heavily in the afternoon. 1. All parents should be seated in the auditori- 7. The girl performing on the stage is my niece. um by 5 p.m. 8. Today I will sleep on the sofa. 9. Please keep the book on my desk. 2. He has been driving for 5 hours. He must be 10. You can place it against the wall. tired. Ans: 1. Please keep my shoes under the table. 3. We have to handover the project to the teach- 2. They always sit in the back bench. er on Tuesday. 3. I was standing behind my father in the bank queue. 4. She has been waiting for his call since Mon- 4. She found the phone in the dog’s bed. day. 5. The boy in blue car is my classmate. 6. It rained heavily in the afternoon. 5. This lake had dried up in March last year. 7. The girl performing on the stage is my niece. 6. You have to wait till Monday for the results. 8. Today I will sleep on the sofa. 7. During the Second World War, Japan was 9. Please keep the book on my desk. 10. You can place it against the wall. completely destroyed. 8. They waited for him till he came back from II. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions given in the box below. Use each preposition only once. the school. Look at the given example. 9. You cannot go to the classroom before the since on by till before for assembly. at until within in during once 10. On the International Yoga day, we had yoga Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple session for 3 hours. ______ 7 a.m. Ans: Every day, my grandmother goes to the temple at 7 a.m. 1. All parents should be seated in the auditorium ______ 5 p.m. 2. He has been driving ______ 5 hours. He must be tired. 3. We have to handover the project to the teacher ______ Tuesday. 4. She has been waiting for his call ______ Monday. 5. This lake had dried up ______ March last year. 6. You have to wait ______ Monday for the results. 152
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the correct prepositions of place. Look at _______ 20 minutes. the given example. 8. _______ Christmas, people exchange gifts The boy was excited to see colourful balloons ______ the roof of his house. and flowers with each other. Ans: over 9. Many of these monuments were 1. I didn’t want to miss the conversation of both Mohit and Rahul so I sat ______ them. built _______ the Middle Ages. 2. I decided to buy the house with the white 10. He is a fast runner. He can run 100 gate ______ the end of the street. 3. There was a large crowd ______ the new meters _______11 seconds. mall. Ans: 4. There were many children ______ the beach. 5. There is a basement parking ______ the 1. Most people do not work on Sundays. ground floor. 2. The sky is clear that we could see bright stars 6. Please put your signature ______ the bottom of every page. at night. 7. There are many elephants ______ this island. 3. It was very hot during the day. 8. He was standing ______ me in the queue at 4. The first man walked on the moon on 21 July the ticket counter. 9. Please mount the new television ______ the 1969. wall. 5. In the session, all were speaking at the same 10. The post office is ______ my house. It takes only 5 minutes to reach there. time. 6. Pandit Ravi Shankar became famous in the Ans: late 1950s. 1. Between 7. He has just gone out. He will be back in about 2. At 3. In 20 minutes. 4. On 8. At Christmas, people exchange gifts and 5. Beneath 6. At flowers with each other. 7. On 9. Many of these monuments were built in the 8. Behind 9. On Middle Ages. 10. Near 10. He is a fast runner. He can run 100 meters in II. Fill in the correct prepositions of time. Look at 11 seconds. the given example. Columbus made his first voyage _____ 1492. Ans: Columbus made his first voyage in 1492. 1. Most people do not work _______ Sundays. 2. The sky is clear that we could see bright stars _______ night. 3. It was very hot _______ the day. 4. The first man walked on the moon _______ 21 July 1969. 5. In the session, all were speaking _______ the same time. 6. Pandit Ravi Shankar became famous _______ the late 1950s. 7. He has just gone out. He will be back in 153
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Identify the prepositional phrases in the Ans: following sentences and say whether it is a 1. It rained throughout the night. Prepositional prepositional phrase of adjective or adverb. Look at the given example. Phrase of Adverb 2. The house across the street is mine. Preposi- The book on the top shelf is mine. Ans: The book on the top shelf is mine. Preposi- tional Phrase of Adjective tional Phrase of Adjective 3. The movie about his life was a huge success. 1. It rained throughout the night. Prepositional Phrase of Adjective 2. The house across the street is mine. 4. We all fought against the new rule. Preposi- 3. The movie about his life was a huge success. 4. We all fought against the new rule. tional Phrase of Adverb. 5. The bulb in the drawing room has stopped 5. The bulb in the drawing room has stopped working. working. Prepositional Phrase of Adjective. 6. I checked the newspaper throughout the day. 6. I checked the newspaper throughout the 7. The boys watched TV till midnight. 8. The article by my friend is well-admired. day. Prepositional Phrase of Adverb. 9. She performed for a huge audience. 7. The boys watched TV till midnight. Preposi- 10. Our argument over that silly matter was tional Phrase of Adverb laughed upon by our friends. 8. The article by my friend is well-admired. Prepositional Phrase of Adjective. 9. She performed for a huge audience. Preposi- tional Phrase of Adverb 10. Our argument over that silly matter was laughed upon by our friends. Prepositional Phrase of Adjective 2. This is a complaint letter written by a student regarding the library services but he forgot to put the prepositions. Edit the following passage by inserting the correct prepositions as shown in the example. Before word after My recent exposure to working conditions and (a) exposure to working attitude the school library has left me (b) _______ _______ _______ disappointed so I am reporting this matter your (c) _______ _______ _______ office your kind attention and action. (d) _______ _______ _______ There is a problem discipline. Those (e) _______ _______ _______ given library duty leave home (f) _______ _______ _______ ahead time. This denies the students the (g) _______ _______ _______ use the facilities. Secondly, the silence (h) _______ _______ _______ which is required such a place in (i) _______ _______ _______ order facilitate undisturbed reading is also (j) _______ _______ _______ not there since students chat the reading (k) _______ _______ _______ area. Apart this, ringing phones and message (l) _______ _______ _______ tones are almost a permanent feature the (m) _______ _______ _______ library. Ans: Before word after 154 (b) attitude in the (c) matter to your (d) office for your (e) problem of discipline (f) leave for home (g) ahead of time (h) use of the (i) required at such (j) order to facilitate (k) chat in the (l) Apart from this (m) feature in the
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. This a list of some famous proverbs. Let us II. Fill in each of the blanks with the correct revise the following proverbs by filling in preposition. Look at the given example. with suitable prepositions. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) Which cupboard did you put your clothes Birds ______ a feather flock together. Ans: Birds of a feather flock together. ______? Ans: Which cupboard did you put your clothes 1. People who live ______ glass houses into? shouldn’t throw stones. 1. Is this the businessman you read ______ in 2. Charity begins ______ home. the magazine? 3. Don’t cry ______ spilt milk. 4. Don’t judge a book ______ its cover. 2. Where do you think the voices are coming 5. Don’t put all your eggs ______ one basket. ______? 6. A jack of all trades is a master ______ none. 7. Look ______ you leap. 3. This is the building I was speaking ______. 8. A stitch ______ time saves nine. 4. I wonder what she is getting ready ______. 9. There is no smoke ______ fire. 5. I know what he was hinting ______. 10. Time and tide wait ______ no man. 6. You are again complaining ______ her. 7. Have you found the papers you were looking Ans: 1. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t ______? 8. Why are you searching ______ my suitcase? throw stones. 9. You can boil the water ______ this kettle. 2. Charity begins at home. 10. Are you making tea ______ dad? 3. Don’t cry over spilt milk. 4. Don’t judge a book by its cover. Ans: 5. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. 1. Is this the businessman you read about in the 6. A jack of all trades is a master of none. 7. Look before you leap. magazine? 8. A stitch in time saves nine. 2. Where do you think the voices are coming 9. There is no smoke without fire. 10. Time and tide wait for no man. from? 3. This is the building I was speaking about. 4. I wonder what she is getting ready for. 5. I know what he was hinting at. 6. You are again complaining about her. 7. Have you found the papers you were looking for? 8. Why are you searching through my suitcase? 9. You can boil the water in this kettle. 10. Are you making tea for dad? 155
14. Phrases and Clauses Month: November Total Periods: 05 • Understand types of clauses Starter Activity • Use different types of clauses effectively in their At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: writing. • Define a phrase, a clause. Concept Map Dependent CLAUSE: group of related Independent clause clause words containing a subject introduced by Subordinating conjunction introduced and a verb Coordinating by Conjunction Relative TYPES pronoun Noun Adjective Adverb Clause Clause Clause Key Points on its own and deliver the complete meaning. • He went away. Today our lesson is about phrases, clause and types • The boy was weeping. of clauses. Sub-ordinate clause/dependent clause: This clause Recapitulation: also contains a subject and a predicate but it cannot 1. DEFINITION: stand on its own. It is dependent on the main clause PHRASE: A group of related words which does not to deliver the complete meaning. have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used I saw a boy who was crying. alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/ I met my friend who had helped me a lot. sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. JOINING CLAUSES: Two or more than two clauses EXAMPLES: can be joined together with the help of conjunctions. • At the onset Recapitulation: A CONJUNCTION is a word which • Into the room joins two clauses together into one sentence that • On the table makes sense. • Across the road We can join two main or independent clauses with In the above sentences, you may find nouns but the the help of Coordinating Conjunctions. nouns are not doing any action (verb). They are all Examples: FANBOYS (For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) phrases. To join a main clause and a subordinate clause, a CLAUSE: A clause is a group of words that has Subordinating Conjunction is used. subject, a verb and a predicate. It can sometimes act as a sentence and gives a complete meaning. 156 TYPES OF CLAUSES Principal clause/main clause/independent clause: It is the main clause of the whole sentence. It can stand
14. Phrases and Clauses Month: November Total Periods: 05 Examples: So much so, that, when, where , which My wallet consisting of some important documents , what, how, whom, whose, whether, if , provided, and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Phrase) Provided that, Notwithstanding, as, as if, as though, 3. ADVERB CLAUSE: It works as of an adverb to some as much as, as far as, as soon as, as long as, so long Verb, Adjective or Adverb. as, according to, after, before, because, until, unless, (a) Adverb clause of time: An adverb clause of time for, in that, than that, now that, though, so that, in order that, wherever etc“. shows when something happens. It is usually TYPES OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE introduced by time adverbs. Examples: before, 1. NOUN CLAUSE: A group of words having subject after, as, when, while, until, as soon as, since, no and a verb but it acts like a noun. It begins with words sooner than, as long as etc. such as how, that, what, whatever, when, where, • Mohan will go home when he has finished his work. whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, • Do not talk while she is delivering a lecture. whomever, and why. A noun clause can act as a • We will conclude the meeting after he comes. subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate, or • She had already left before I called up. object of a preposition. • He has not been well since he ate that food from • Whatever you say is fine with me. (As a subject) outside. • Can you tell me what the time is? (As an object) • There was silence as he took the mic in his hand. • I asked mother why Mohan has gone to the market. (b) Adverb clause of place: It points to place indicates the place about which the verb talks. It is usually (As an object of a preposition) introduced by place adverbs. Examples: where, • Joy is whatever gives us happiness. (As a predicate) wherever, whereas 2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (ALSO KNOWN AS AN • Please keep it where you can find it. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSE): It does work of an adjective • Come back wherever you are. (qualifies a noun or pronoun) in relation to some (c) Adverb clause of purpose: It points to purpose other clause. and uses adverbs like that, so that, in order These clauses begin with a relative pronoun, which that and lest. connects them to the word they describe, such as: • We eat that we may live. that, where, when, who, whom, whose, which, why • He worked hard that he may clear the exam. • The pen that you took from me belongs to Ram. • Put on your warm clothes lest you should catch a • The place where he lives is far from here. cold. • I cannot remember the time when mobile phones (d) Adverb clause of cause or reason: It points to cause or reason. It is introduced by cause/reason were introduced. adverbs. Examples: Because, since, As, For, that • People who are smart follow the rules. • I was glad that I reached on time. • The lady whom you were talking to was my aunt. • Mom must take rest because she is tired. • I know someone whose father served in the army. • As he was not there, I left a message. • The plan which you avoided is a great success now. (e) Adverb clause of condition: It shows condition • I don’t know why she doesn’t like soups. and is introduced with adverbs like If, whether, REDUCING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO PHRASES unless, provided, on condition. The books that were borrowed from the library must • If it rains, we will not go out. be returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Clause) • You won’t pass unless you work hard. The books borrowed from the library must be • We will be able to finish the work provided that no returned by 23rd March. (Adjective Phrase) other obstacle comes now. The girl who is performing on the stage is my niece. • You can use my room so long as you don’t untidy it. (Adjective Clause) The girl performing on the stage is my niece. (Adjective Phrase) My wallet which consisted of some important documents and money is lost on the way. (Adjective Clause) 157
14. Phrases and Clauses Month: November Total Periods: 05 • You can use my room as long as you don’t untidy it. • You need to take this medicine whether you like it or not. • Dad forgave me on condition that I won’t do it again. (f) Adverb clause of result: It points to what happens or what may happen as a result of the action. It begins with adverb clauses of result are: so that, in order that, so…that and such…that. • He spoke loudly so that everyone could hear him. • He spoke loudly in order that everybody would hear him. • It was so hot that we didn’t go out. • She spoke in such a low voice that nobody could hear her. (g) Adverb clause of comparison: This is of two types. 1. Adverb clauses of comparison of degree: It is introduced by words like ‘than’ or ‘as’. • Nobody loves me more than my mother does. • I work harder than my brother does. 2. Adverb clauses of comparison of manner: It is introduced by words like ‘as’. • You may do as you please. • The movie ended as the audience expected. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept map and Key points Clauses and phrases PS-1 4 PS-2 PS-3 Self-test 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 158
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following pair of sentences and use II. Rewrite the following sentences by using the coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS (For, and, subordinating conjunction given in the bracket. Nor, but, or, yet, so) to join them. Look at the Look at the given example. given example. I waited. He returned from office. (till) He is ill _________ he is cheerful. Ans: I waited till he returned from office. Ans: He is ill but he is cheerful. 1. Go to bed. Brush your teeth. (after) 1. You follow the traffic rules _________ you will 2. I have to join coaching classes. I am weak in be caught by the traffic police. Math. (because) 2. She was angry, ____________ the teacher 3. We did not go out. It was raining. (since) spoke rudely with her. 4. I woke up. I saw that my aunt had come. 3. He begged for money, ___________ he also (When) wanted some clothes. 5. You finish your food. You cannot leave the 4. I worked out everything, ___________ I could table. (Until) not get the conclusion. 6. I was reading a book. The phone rang. 5. His hair was looking untidy___________ he (While) went to the hair salon. 7. You practice. You will not learn the dance 6. I didn’t attend the meeting, __________ did steps. (Unless) Mohan attend. 8. Do not go. I return from the market. (Before) 9. You need to study hard. You can do well in 7. I wanted to buy a red dress, __________ the shop did not have any. the exams. (So That) 10. I will be upset. You don’t accept my 8. You must study, _________ your concepts are not clear. invitation. (If) Ans: 9. The sky became cloudy _________ it did not rain. 1. Go to bed after you brush your teeth. 2. I have to join coaching classes because I am 10. I don’t like basketball __________ do I like cricket. weak in Math. Ans: 3. Since it was raining, we did not go out. /We 1. Or did not go out since it was raining. 2. For 4. When I woke up, I saw that my aunt had 3. And 4. Yet come. 5. So 5. You cannot leave the table until you finish 6. Nor 7. But your food. 8. For 6. While I was reading a book, the phone rang. 9. But 7. Unless you practice, you will not learn the 10. Nor dance steps. /You will not learn the dance steps unless you practice. 8. Do not go before I return from the market. / Before I return from the market, do not go. 9. You need to study hard so that you can do well in the exams. 10. I will be upset if you don’t accept my invita- tion. /If you don’t accept my invitation, I will be upset. 159
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Change the following adjective clauses to whether the subordinate clause is an adverb adjective phrases. Look at the given example. clause, adjective clause or noun clause. Look at The article which was published in the the given example. newspaper was extraordinary. They get good result who work hard. Ans: The article published in the newspaper was Ans: Adjective clause extraordinary. 1. I wouldn’t have fought if the fault was only 1. The rules that allow public to access this on my side. place have been changed. 2. That you should behave like this surprises 2. Did you get the message which concerned me. the special meeting? 3. His statement that he found the money on 3. We have an apartment which faces a park. the road was true. 4. She lives in a house which was built by her 4. I asked the boy what his name was. grandfather. 5. He who heads an institution is always 5. The fence which surrounds our house is worried. made of wire. 6. Childhood is the time when the values are 6. The scientists who are researching the instilled by the parents. causes of this disease have found a new clue. 7. People who are honest can be trusted. 7. The children who work hard get good results. 8. He will help me because he knows my 8. The Chief Minister comes from a city which is problems well. located on the bank of Ganges. 9. The child followed the mother wherever she 9. The people who were waiting for the bus went. were affected by the rain. 10. If I find the book in the library, I will borrow 10. Do you know the girl who is coming towards it. us? Ans: Ans: 1. Adverb clause 1. The rules allowing public to access this place 2. Noun clause have been changed. 3. Noun clause 4. Noun clause 2. Did you get the message concerning the spe- 5. Adjective clause cial meeting? 6. Adverb clause 7. Adjective clause 3. We have an apartment facing a park. 8. Adverb clause 4. She lives in a house built by her grandfather. 9. Adverb clause 5. The fence surrounding our house is made of 10. Adverb clause wire. 6. The scientists researching the causes of this disease have found a new clue. 7. The children working hard get good results. 8. The Chief Minister comes from a city located on the bank of Ganges. 9. The people waiting for the bus were affected by the rain. 10. Do you know the girl coming towards us? 160
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Combine the following set of sentences into an 9. ____________ you discuss everything with adverb clause. Look at the given example. your parents, they will not be able to help I always brush my teeth ____________ I go to you. bed. • If • before • Unless • after • Whether • when Ans: before 10. Do not give up ____________ you get the desired results. 1. Please do not leave for the trip ____________ • until Meera arrives from the office. • unless • until • till • up to Ans: • unless 1. until 2. He hid the treasure ____________ nobody 2. where could find it. 3. as • there 4. As • where 5. so that • when 6. so 7. If 3. She is ____________ cunning as a fox. 8. Though • as 9. Unless • so 10. till • than II. Complete the following sentences by adding suitable noun clauses. Look at the given 4. ____________ the owner was not there, the example. postman left the letter on the doorway. I cannot understand ________________________ • As _________________________________. • So Ans: I cannot understand why she fought with • Therefore me. 5. We work hard in life ____________ we may 1. They said ______________________________ live comfortably. ______________________________. • so that • so 2. I think _________________________________ • as ___________________________. 6. Ram was ____________ sick that he could 3. He told me _____________________________ barely stand. _______________________________. • so • such 4. ______________________________________ • as ______________________ hurts me. 7. ____________ you work for such longer 5. You can eat ____________________________ hours, you may fall ill. ________________________________. • If • Whether 6. Can you guess __________________________ • Unless __________________________________? 8. ____________ he stood there for an hour, he 7. I feel certain ___________________________ could not get the ticket. _________________________________. • As • Though 8. I do not know __________________________ • So __________________________________. 9. No one knew ___________________________ _________________________________. 10. My dad was glad________________________ ____________________________________. 161
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) Ans: (answers may vary) 1. They said that they will complete the build- ing in 6 months. 2. I think that I will accept the proposal. 3. He told me that he will win the prize. 4. That my sister doesn’t trust me hurts me. 5. You can eat whatever you like in the menu. 6. Can you guess which dress I am going to buy? 7. I feel certain that she will win the contest. 8. I do not know where she keeps her keys. 9. No one knows where he was. 10. My dad was glad that I topped the competi- tion. 162
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and identify II. Identify the underlined clause as a noun clause, whether the underlined portions are phrases or adverb clause or adjective clause in each of clauses. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) the following sentences. Look at the given Guns in the hands of the policemen were enough example. (10 Marks) to disperse the crowd. Ans: Phrase Every day we throw away paper that we should be recycling. 1. Opening the gate, Rahul took his dog out for walk. Ans: Noun clause 2. I had guessed that his intention was not 1. She always enquires to know why I am late correct. from office. 3. Late for school, Rahul rushed to catch the 2. Unless you participate you cannot predict bus. about the result. 4. If you think you are capable, do not hesitate. 3. Goa is known for its beaches which are very 5. From out of nowhere, the stranger appeared beautiful. in front of Reena. 4. She took leave for a day because she was ill. 6. Many mistakes occur out of confusion. 5. If you had applied your mind, you would 7. By giving appropriate examples, we can have solved the puzzle. easily understand any topic. 6. She told me that she loved her job. 8. She told her story in order to get sympathy. 7. This is the house which belongs to my 9. They stared at each other and walked slowly. 10. Good communication is important so that grandfather. 8. Don’t go before I come. people can get your intent. 9. I wonder if he is available for the job. Ans: 10. What he did was appreciated by everyone. 1. Clause Ans: 2. Clause 3. Phrase 1. Noun clause 4. Clause 2. Adverb clause 5. Phrase 3. Adjective clause 6. Phrase 4. Adverb clause 7. Clause 5. Adverb clause 8. Phrase 6. Noun clause 9. Phrase 7. Adjective clause 10. Clause 8. Adverb clause 9. Noun clause 10. Noun clause 163
15. Speech Month: December Total Periods: 04 Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Differentiate direct speech from indirect & reported speech. • Use direct and indirect speech in writing. • Change different kinds of sentences from direct speech to indirect speech and vice versa. Starter Activity CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH (Direct Speech) (Indirect Speech) (the actual words a person says – (telling what a person said – inside quotation marks) no quotation marks) Simple Present → Simple Past Present Continuous → Past Continuous Present Perfect → Past Perfect Simple Past → Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous shall → should will → would may → might can → could must → had to Note: Would Should → These do not change Ought to in reported speech. Had better Might Used to Could OTHER CHANGES This → That These → Those Today → That day Yesterday → The day before Now → Then Tomorrow → The next day, the following day The day before yesterday → Two days before The day after tomorrow → Two days later, in two days’ time Next week → The following week Last week → The previous week In the above table, you can capture the basic changes which occur when we change from indirect speech to direct speech. 164
15. Speech Month: December Total Periods: 04 Key Points wanted to know if Reena had met her relatives. Reena agreed and promised that she would show him some There are 2 ways of reporting what is spoken by a photographs. She further asked if he was going to the person: when the exact words are given it is called school the next day. Mukesh answered in affirmation Direct Speech otherwise it is called Indirect Speech. and suggested that they must not miss the first day of EXAMPLE: She said, “I am going to the market.” the school after the holidays. Reena bade him good (Direct Speech) bye and promised to see him the next day. She said that she was going to the market. (Indirect Speech) 3. CHANGES IN PERSON: 1. First person pronouns (I, we, me, mine, us, ours) 1.RULES (DIRECT SPEECH) 1. Use of a capital letter in the beginning of the normally change to the third person (he, she, they, his, her, their, him, her, them). speaker’s statement. The teacher told me, “I want to meet your father.” 2. Words like ‘said’/ ‘told’ and verbs introducing The teacher told me that she/he wanted to meet my father. the speech can go at the beginning as well as at the end of the sentence. In both the cases, we 2. There will be no change in the pronoun when the separate the words of the speaker by using a speaker reports his own words. comma (,). 3. We use quotation marks or inverted commas I said, “I am working in a bank.” (“…”) to introduce the words of the speaker. I said that I was working in a bank. Commas, full stops, question marks and other punctuation marks always go inside the inverted 3. Second person pronouns (you, yours) change commas. according to the person of the object of the Please note: The commonest reporting verbs in both reporting verb. direct and indirect speech are: say, tell, and ask. 2.RULES (INDIRECT SPEECH) He told her, “I will buy this dress for you.” 1. All inverted commas or quotation marks are He told her that he would buy that dress for her. omitted and the sentence ends with a full stop. I told her, “You are late for the meeting.” 2. Conjunction ‘that’ is added before the indirect I told him that she was late for the meeting. statement, ‘whether’ is used in case of ‘yes-no’ questions and no conjunction is needed in case of 4. Third person pronouns do not normally change. ‘wh’ questions. She said, “I owe money to him.” Example: (DIRECT SPEECH) She said that she owed money to him. Mukesh: What are you doing here? I haven’t seen you in the holidays. 4. CHANGES IN TENSE Reena: I’ve just come back from my native place. Mukesh: Did you enjoy the visit? DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Reena: I love my village. People are still so simple and loving. PRESENT TENSE Mukesh: Did you meet your relatives? Reena: Yes. I will show you some photographs. Are PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE you going to the school tomorrow? Mukesh: Yes. We must not miss the first day of the He said, “I love my He said that he loved his school after the holidays. country.” country. Reena: Good bye! See you tomorrow. (INDIRECT SPEECH) PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST Mukesh asked Reena what was she doing there and CONTINUOUS added that he hadn’t see her in the holidays. Reena explained that she had been just back from her native He said, “I am watching He said that he was place. Mukesh wondered if she had enjoyed the visit. TV.” watching TV. Reena told him that she loved her village and that the people were still so simple and loving. Mukesh PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT She said, “My brother She said that my brother has finished his work.” had finished his work. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Mohan said, “I have been Mohan said that he had studying since morning. been studying since morning. PAST TENSE PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT 165
15. Speech Month: December Total Periods: 04 DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH Rahul: Ram came yesterday. Rahul said that had come the day before. He said to me, “I went to He told me that he had Rahul: Ram will come tomorrow. cinema last night.” gone to cinema the night Rahul said that Ram would come the next day. before. CHANGES IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCES Let’s see how we change different kinds of sentences PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT from direct to indirect speech. CONTINUOUS 1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES: AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE They said, “We were They said that they had Geeta said, I love chocolates enjoying the meal at the been enjoying the meal Geeta said that she loved chocolates. restaurant.” at the restaurant. Ram said, I have not won a prize Ram said that he had not won a prize. PAST PERFECT (No change) 2. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES ORDER: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech She said, “I had not She said that she had are replaced by the word ‘ordered’. laughed at you.” not laughed at me. The manager said to the workers, Leave the room at once. FUTURE TENSE The manager ordered the workers to leave the room at once. FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE The teacher said to the boys, Do not make a noise. (NEGATIVE SENTENCE) He said, “I will read this He said that he would The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise. book” not read that book. REQUEST: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech are changed into requested. The words ‘Please/ FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Kindly’ are removed without any word in its place. I said to him, “I will be I told him that I would be The boy said to the shopkeeper, “Please give me waiting for you.” waiting for him. some milk.” The boy requested the shopkeeper to give him some FUTURE PERFECT TENSE milk. He said, “I will have He said that he would The son said to his father,” Please do not send me to finished the work by have finished the work school.” tomorrow.” by the next day. The son requested his father not to send him to Please note: If instead of “said”, in the direct speech, school. “says” is used, the tense in the indirect speech ADVICE: The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech usually remains the same. are changed into advised. Direct speech: He says, “I visit the library every day.” The teacher said to him, “utilise your time.” Indirect speech: He says that he visits library every The teacher advised him to utilise his time. day. SUGGESTION: These sentences generally start with ‘Let us’. The words ‘said to’ in the reporting speech 5. OTHER CHANGES IN WORDS are changed into ‘proposed to’ or ‘suggested to’. She said to her daughter, “Let us go to mall.” WORDS CHANGED INTO She suggested to her daughter that they should go to This That mall. COMPULSION: These sentences generally start with These Those “do not” He said to me, “Do not make haste.” Here There He forbade me to make haste. Now Then Sir/Madam Respectfully Today That Day Yesterday The Previous Day/the day before Tomorrow Following Day or Next Day Tonight That Night Good Morning, Good Greeted Evening, Good Day 166
15. Speech Month: December Total Periods: 04 3. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Rules: Recapitulation: These kinds of sentences ask 1. Interjections (alas, aha, hurray, etc.) are used questions. (These include both Yes/No questions as well ‘Wh’ Questions.) along with sign of exclamation. “Where have you been?” he said. 2. Reporting verb, ‘said’ is always replaced He asked me where I had been. In yes/no questions, we use if or whether in the with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, indirect speech. exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or “Will you come?” she asked me. exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow. She asked me if/whether I would come. He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize” She said, “Will you attend the party?” He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize. She asked me whether I would attend the party. She said, “Alas! I failed in exam” 4. EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the Recapitulation: These sentences express our feelings exam. and emotions and we use mark of exclamation at the Ram said, “Wow! What a nice weather it is” end. Ram exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice weather. Work Plan He said, “Oh no! I broke my ankle.” He exclaimed with sorrow that he had broken his ankle. 5. OTHER KINDS OF SENTENCES (HOPE, PRAYER, WISH) D: My father said to me, “May you live long!” I: My father prayed that I might live long. D: She said, “I wish that I were rich!” I: She wished she had been rich. CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEETS Starter activity and Key Points Direct & Indirect speech 3 PS-1 Self-test 1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 167
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Complete the reported questions. Look at the II. Convert to reported speech. Look at the given given example. example. “What did you say?” - He asked me what _______ “Shut up, everybody!” said the teacher. _________________________________. Ans: The teacher ordered everybody to shut up. Ans: I had said 1. “Where are you?” - My friend asked me _____ 1. “Open the window, Ram.,” said Reena. ___________________________________. 2. “Phone your mother right now.” the warden 2. “Which one will you buy?” – Mom asked him ______________________________________ told him. 3. “Are you travelling soon?” - He wanted to 3. “Don’t be late,” she warned him. know _________________________________ 4. “Don’t talk to any stranger on the way, __. 4. “May I help you?” - The salesman asked me Meera,” said the mother. _____________________________________. 5. “Don’t listen to a word he says,” she told me. 5. “Have you set your alarm clock?” - Mom 6. Mamta said, “Shyam, help me clean up your asked him _____________________________ ___. room.” 6. “Is Delhi the capital of India?” He asked his 7. Raghu said, “Shyam, Get out of my way.” teacher _______________________________ 8. Dad said, “Boys! Stay away from the dog,” _. 9. “Bruno, don’t scratch the sofa,” said Ram. 7. “Would you cook tonight?” 10. “Look after your sister,” said his father. - Ganesh asked her mother_____________________________. Ans: 8. “How long have you been standing here?” The clerk asked the 1. Reena instructed Ram to open the window. visitor__________________. 2. The warden ordered him to phone his mother 9. “What do you do for your livelihood?” - She asked me _____________________________. right then. 10. “Would you like a cup of tea?” – Reema asked 3. She warned him not to be late. the guest __________________________. 4. The mother warned Meera not to talk to any Ans: stranger on the way. 1. Where I was 5. She asked me not to listen to a word he said. 2. Which one he would buy. 6. Mamta asked/instructed Shyam to help her 3. If I was travelling soon. 4. If he might help me. clean up his room. 5. If he had set his alarm clock. 7. Raghu warned Shyam to get out of his way. 6. If Delhi is the capital of India. 8. Dad warned the boys to stay away from the 7. If she would cook that night 8. How long he/she had been standing there. dog. 9. What I did for my livelihood. 9. Ram warned Bruno not to scratch the sofa. 10. If he would like a cup of tea. 10. His father instructed him to look after his sis- ter. 168
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Change the following conversation into who could do that. Gopal answered that both reported speech. his parents worked so there was no one. Ms. Das Ms. Das: G opal, you aren’t doing well in class, and told Gopal to take few days leave if he had family you probably won’t pass. problems. Gopal said that he might do that but Gopal: I know that, but I don’t have time to his mother wanted him to come to school every study. day. Ms. Das told Gopal to take care of his sister Ms. Das: Why don’t you have time? until she felt better. Gopal told Ms. Das that she Gopal: I have to take my sister to the hospital wasn’t sick and that she was fine. Ms. Das asked every day. In fact, I took her there last him why she had to go to the hospital every day. night. Gopal explained that she worked there and that Ms. Das: Are you the only one who can do that? she was a nurse. Gopal: Both my parents work so there is no one else. II. Change the following exclamatory sentences Ms. Das: T ake few days leave if you have family into reported speech. Look at the given problems. example. Gopal: I may do that but my mother wants me He said, “Alas, I am destroyed”. to come to school every day. Ans: He exclaimed sadly that he was destroyed. Ms. Das: Take care of your sister until she feels 1. Raj said, “How clever you are!” better. 2. The captain said, “Bravo, we have won the Gopal: She’s not sick. She is fine. game!” Ms. Das: W hy does she have to go to the hospital 3. He said, “Good-bye, my friends”. every day? 4. He said, “How sad the news is!” Gopal: She works there. She’s a nurse. 5. Rahul said, “What a nice thing it is!” Ms. Das told Gopal that _____________________ 6. My aunt said to me, “May you live long.” and that _________________________. Gopal 7. The visitor said, “Good morning. I am glad to replied that ______________________ but meet you.’ _________________________. Ms. Das asked 8. You said to me, “How clever your action him ________________________. Gopal was!” answered that ______________________. He 9. He said, “Such a fool I am!” further added that ______________________. 10. He said to me, “What a nice fellow your Ms. Das asked him ______________________. brother is!” Gopal answered that _______________ Ans: _________________. Ms. Das told Gopal _______________________. Gopal said that 1. Raj exclaimed that I was very clever. _______________________. Ms. Das told Gopal 2. The captain exclaimed with joy that they had ________________________________. Gopal told Ms. Das that __________________________ won the game. and that ____________________. Ms. Das 3. He bade his friends good-bye. asked him ___________________. Gopal 4. He exclaimed with grief that the news was explained that ____________________ and that _________________________. sad. 5. Rahul exclaimed with joy that it was a very Ans: nice thing. Ms. Das told Gopal that he wasn’t doing well in 6. My aunt wished me that I might live long. class and that he probably wouldn’t pass. Gopal 7. The visitor greeted and exclaimed that he replied that he knew that but he didn’t have time to study. Ms. Das asked him why he didn’t have was glad to meet me. time. Gopal answered that he had to take his 8. You exclaimed that my action was very clev- sister to the hospital every day. He further add- ed that in fact, he had taken her there the night er. before. Ms. Das asked him if he was the only one 9. He exclaimed in grief that he was such a fool. 10. He exclaimed that my brother was a nice fel- low. 169
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the sentences from indirect to direct II. Change the reported questions and requests speech. Look at the given example. into direct speech. Look at the given example. The woman said she couldn’t speak English. The doctor asked me to open my mouth. Ans: The woman said, “I can’t speak English.” Ans: The doctor said to me, “Please open your 1. He told to me that he had never met us. mouth.” 2. They told us they would travel the following day. 1. Mom asked me if I was hungry. 3. We told them that we were walking in the 2. The teacher asked the student what he park. 4. She said that she had worked for the school wanted from him. for twenty years. 3. She requested me to help her sick child. 5. Mohan said that he had been trying to mend 4. I asked them if they were waiting for me. the wall since last Tuesday. 5. Father asked the child why he was crying. 6. He said that he had been doing nothing at 6. The manager requested Mohan to join the one o’clock. 7. The management said that the college would company the following month. be closed down by the following year. 7. Rahul asked his sister why she was 8. Mamta said she wished she could be independent. interrupting him. 9. He said that someone had been screaming in 8. He asked his mother if he should lock the the garden. 10. Meera said that she would wash her hands door. first. 9. She requested me to lend my laptop to her. 10. Reena told me not to eat so much. Ans: 1. He said to me, “I have never met you.” Ans: 2. They said to us, “We will travel tomorrow.” 3. We said to them, “We are walking in the 1. Mom said to me, “Are you hungry?” 2. The teacher said to the student, “What do park.” 4. She said, “I have worked for the school for you want for me?” 3. She said to me, “Please help my sick child.” twenty years.” 4. I said to them, “Are you waiting for me?” 5. Mohan said, “I have been trying to mend the 5. Father said to the child, “Why are you crying? 6. The manager said to Mohan, “Please join the wall since last Tuesday.” 6. He said, “I have been doing nothing at one company next month. 7. Rahul said to his sister, “Why are you inter- o’clock.” 7. The management said, “The college will be rupting me?” 8. He said to his mother, “Shall I lock the door? closed down by the next year.” 9. She said to me, “Please lend your laptop to 8. Mamta said, “I wish I could be independent.” 9. He said, “Someone has been screaming in the me.” 10. Reena said to me, “Do not eat so much.” garden.” 10. Meera said, “I will wash my hands first.” 170
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Complete the sentences in the reported speech. II. Compare the direct and indirect speech and correct Look at the given example. (10 Marks) mistakes. Look at the given example. (10 marks) “I am not going to take this anymore,” said Seema. “I admire you.” She said she ___________ me. Seema said she was not going to take this anymore. Ans: She said she admired me. Ans: Seema said she was not going to take that any- more. 1. “It is too early.” - I said it ___________ too early. 2. “I have replied to your email.” - He said that 1. “You have always been my best companion,” said Rahul. ___________ 3. “I met you yesterday.” - Shama told me she had Rahul said that I was always his best companion. 2. “We never go to town,” said Raghu. met me ___________ Raghu said that they had never gone to town. 4. “I cannot come.” - Meera said that ___________ 3. “I will talk to Ram soon,” she told me on Sunday. 5. “I could fall down.” - He exclaimed ___________ She told me on Sunday she will talk to Ram soon. 4. “You used to exercise every day,” he said. down. He said I had used to exercise every day. 6. “I will give payment tomorrow.” - He said he 5. “I wish I was twenty years younger,” said mom. Mom said she wished she have been twenty years would give payment ___________ 7. “The Himalayas are the highest.” - He said that younger. 6. “Answer the phone!” he told me. the Himalayas ___________ the highest. He told me I answered the phone. 8. “I may lend you some money.” – Raj said 7. “Where is Vivek?” she asked me. She asked me where was Vivek. ___________ some money. 8. “Don’t shout at me,” he told me. 9. “I have been reading a book.” - He replied that He told me I didn’t shout at him anymore. 9. She said, ‘Hurrah! We have won the quiz.” ___________ a book. She said that they had won the quiz. 10. “You must rest.” - The doctor suggested that 10. “I am waiting for someone,” he said. He said that he is waiting for someone. ___________. Ans: Ans: 1. was 1. Rahul said that I had always been his best com- 2. He had replied to my email. panion. 3. The day before 4. She could not come. 2. Raghu said that they never go to town. 5. that he could fall 3. She told me on Sunday she would talk to Ram 6. The next day 7. Are soon. 8. That he might lend me 4. He said that I used to exercise every day. 9. He had been reading 5. Mom said she wished she had been twenty years 10. I had to rest younger. 6. He asked me to answer the phone. 7. She asked me where Vivek was. 8. He asked me not to shout at him. 9. She exclaimed with joy that they had won the quiz. 10. He said that he was waiting for someone. 171
16. Voice Month: December Total Periods: 04 Objectives At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • How to use active and passive voice in their • Identify verbs in a variety of contexts. writing situations. • Analyse verbs to determine whether constructions • Choose verbs (active or passive) appropriate for is in active or passive voice. the audience and purpose of their writing Concept Map A ACTIVE: ACTIVE & PASSIVE: A sentence/claus SUBJECT+VERB+ PASSIVE OBJECT+VERB+ sentence/clause e in which the VOICE OBJECT SUBJECT in which we subject want to performs or causes the emphasize the action and the action object rather than the subject. The hunter killed the The lion was killed by lion. the hunter. Definition: Voice determines whether the subject accidents. performs or receives the action. 3. When the mentioning of the subject is not There are two types of voice in English grammar. 1. Active Voice: Subject performs the action. This necessary. • The burglar was arrested. voice is used in general writing. • Environment should be conserved. Structure: Subject + Verb + Object Basic rules to change the voice Meera reads a book. • Interchange the places of subject and object. 2. Passive Voice: Subject receives the action. • The subject of active sentence becomes the Structure: Object + Verb + Subject A book is read by Meera. agent. Please note: When we change the voice, the meaning • Use of third form (past participle) of the verb. of the sentence does not change. Please note: The sentences with Intransitive Verbs Uses of Passive voice cannot be changed into passive voice. 1. To highlight the person or object that receives Recapitulation: an action rather than the person or object that Transitive verbs: These kinds of verbs require objects performs the action. after them. • The highways are being repaired. The lion killed the deer. (Active) • This palace was built in 1964. The deer was killed by the lion. (Passive) 2. When we don’t know or do not want to express Intransitive Verbs: These kinds of verbs do not who performed the action. require objects after them. • The window is left open. The sun rises in the east. (Voice cannot be changed) • Thousands of people get killed in road 172
16. Voice Month: December Total Periods: 04 CHANGE OF SUBJECT Active Voice Passive Voice Active Voice Passive Voice She told me a story. A story was told by her. I Me She did not tell me a A story was not told by story. her. He Him She Her Did she tell me a story? Was a story told by her? You You Past Continuous Tense They Them was, were+being+3rd verb It It Active Voice Passive Voice We Us She was telling me a I was being told a story story. by her. Who Whom Please note: Sometimes there are two objects in She was not telling me a I was not being told a sentence. While changing the voice, we can make story. story by her. any one of the two objects, subject of the passive sentence. Was she telling me a Was I being told a story story? by her? Active: The waiter served the food to us. Past Perfect Tense Passive 1: The food was served to us by the waiter. had+been+3rd verb Passive 2: We were served food by the waiter. Active Voice Passive Voice CHANGES IN TENSES: They had raised Objections had been objections. raised by them. Simple Present Tense They had not raised Objections had not been is, am, are+3rd verb objections. raised by them. Active Voice Passive Voice Had they raised Had objections been objections? raised by them? Boys make noise. Noise is made by boys. Simple Future Tense Boys do not make noise. Noise is not made by boys. will, shall+be+3rd verb Do boys make noise? Is noise made by boys? Active Voice Passive Voice Present Continuous Tense He will give the money. Money will be given by him. is, am, are+being+3rd verb He will not give the Money will not be given Active Voice Passive Voice money. by him. Boys are making noise. Noise is being made by Will he give the money? Will the money be given boys. by him? Boys are not making Noise is not being made Future Perfect Tense noise. by boys. will, shall+ have been+3rd verb Are boys making noise? Is noise being made by boys? Active Voice Passive Voice Present Perfect Tense The company will have The quotations will have received the quotations. been received by the has, have+been+3rd verb company. Active Voice Passive Voice The company will The quotations will not not have received the have been received by She has told me a story. I have been told a story quotations. the company. by her. She has not told me a I have not been told a Will the company Will quotations have story. story by her. have received the been received by the quotations? company? Has she told me a story? Have I been told a story by her? Simple Past Tense was, were+3rd verb 173
16. Voice Month: December Total Periods: 04 Please note: The following tenses cannot be changed into passive voice. 1. Present perfect continuous tense 2. Past perfect continuous tense 3. Future continuous tense 4. Future perfect continuous tense CHANGES IN MODALS: MODALS AUXILIARY VERB ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE IN PASSIVE VOICE She can bake a delicious cake. She cannot bake a delicious cake. A delicious cake can be baked by her. Can/ Could Can/Could+ be+ A delicious cake cannot be baked by 3rd verb Can she bake a delicious cake? her. Can a delicious cake be baked by Has to/ Have Has to/ Have They have to take an action. her? to to+3rd verb You must read this book. Must Must+3rd verb I may join this job. An action has to be taken. May may+be+3rd verb Might NO CHANGE This book must be read by you. Should NO CHANGE This job may be joined by me. IMPERATIVE SENTENCES (feelings and emotions like Do not drink too much coffee. command, order, advice, and request.) You are advised not to drink too much coffee. REQUEST: In passive voice, we start sentences with COMMAND OR ORDER: In passive voice, we start ‘You are requested to’. sentences with ‘Let or ordered to’ Please close the door. (Active) Open the window. (Active) You are requested to close the door. (Passive) Let the window be opened. Please lend me this book. Call the manager. You are requested to lend this book to me. You are ordered to call the manager. ADVICE: In passive voice, we start sentences with ‘You SUGGESTION: are advised to’. Help the needy and the poor. Do your work on time. (Active) The needy and the poor should be helped. You are advised to work on time. (Passive) Wear helmet for safety. Helmet should be worn for safety. Love the kids. (Active Voice) Respect parents. (Active Voice) The kids should be loved. (Passive Voice) Parents should be respected. (Passive Voice) Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept Map and Key Points Active & passive voice, recap of rules 3 PS-1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-test 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet 174
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Change the following sentences from active to II. Change the following sentences from passive to passive voice. Look at the given example. active voice. Look at the given example. They were showing her round the house. Meera had been left behind by the friends. Ans: She was being shown round the house by Ans: The friends had left Meera behind. them. 1. This type of skin is shed by a rattle snake. 1. We ought to treat our parents with more 2. A lot of people have been benefitted by this respect. project. 2. I had left my wallet behind. 3. He will not be forgotten ever. 3. You are to take this medicine daily. 4. The new circular has been noted by all of us. 4. The villagers considered him to be a noble 5. He was regarded as a hero by the people. person. 6. The teacher had been impressed by the little 5. Rub this ointment on your arm every night. boy’s courage and determination. 6. Everyone avoids him. 7. An appointment had been made by me. 7. The director himself praised Mohan. 8. The goods have been delivered by lorry. 8. He has served the army for thirty years. 9. Calls were made by the many interested 9. The little boys were playing football in the candidates. garden. 10. The visitors are accompanied by a guide 10. You have messed up all my stuff. during the tour. Ans: Ans: 1. Our parents ought to be treated with more 1. A rattle snake sheds this type of skin. 2. This project has benefitted a lot of people. respect. 3. We will not forget him ever. 2. My wallet had been left behind. 4. All of us have noted the new circular. 3. This medicine is to be taken daily. 5. The people regarded him as a hero. 4. He was considered to be a noble person by 6. The little boy’s courage and determination the villagers. had impressed the teacher. 5. This ointment is to be rubbed on your arm 7. I had made an appointment. 8. Lorry has delivered the goods. every night. 9. Many interested candidates made calls. 6. He is avoided by everyone. 10. A guide accompanies the visitors during the 7. Mohan was praised by the director himself. 8. Army has been served for thirty years by him. tour. 9. Football was being played by the little boys in the garden. 10. All my stuff has been messed up by you. 175
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) paper. • Faintly mark the edges of the top and bottom I. Fill in the blanks with most suitable passive form. Look at the given example. of the book. There was a car behind us last night. I think we • Then add an extra ¼ inch. ______ (follow). • Take the book off the paper. Ans: were followed • Fold the paper up to the spot marked and make 1. A riddle is something that ______ (can’t solve). your folds into a crease. 2. We couldn’t watch cricket yesterday. The • Repeat the process with all the flaps. match ______ (cancel). • Wrap the paper cover around the book and 3. The problem ______ (fix). The machine is working now. tuck the top cover of the book carefully. 4. The guests ______ (hold up) by four masked • You can add a name tag to your cover. men. To find the width of the book, the book ________. 5. This monument is ______ (believe) to be over It ________ on the cover and a faint line ________ 500 years old. with a pencil on your paper. The book ________ 6. The bus fares ______ (raise) three times this so it does not move. A sharp pair of scissors year. ________ and the paper ________ to size. The 7. The papers ________ (might/throw) away by book ________ and ________at the centre of the the servants. paper. The edges of the top and bottom of the 8. I learnt to cycle when I was very young. I book ________ faintly ________. Then an extra ¼ ______ (teach) by my dad. inch ________. The book ________ the paper. The 9. After ______ (arrest), the thief was taken to paper ________ and the folds ________ a crease. the police station. The process ________with all the flaps. The 10. Quite a number of illegal buildings ______ paper cover ________ around the book and the (demolish) recently. top cover of the book ________ carefully. A name Ans: tag ________ to the cover. 1. Can’t be solved 2. Was cancelled Ans: 3. Has been fixed. To find the width of the book, the book is laid 4. Were held up open. It is put on the cover and a faint line is 5. Believed to be marked with a pencil on your paper. The book is 6. Have been raised pressed down so it does not move. A sharp pair of 7. Might have been thrown scissors is taken and the paper is cut to size. The 8. Was taught book is closed and is put at the centre of the pa- 9. Being arrested per. The edges of the top and bottom of the book 10. Have been demolished are faintly marked. Then an extra ¼ inch is add- ed. The book is taken off the paper. The paper is II. Read the following set of instructions and fill folded and the folds are made into a crease. The in the blanks in passive voice in an appropriate process is repeated with all the flaps. The paper way. cover is wrapped around the book and the top HOW TO COVER YOUR BOOK cover of the book is tucked carefully. A name tag • To find the width of the book, lay the book can be added to the cover. open. • Put it on the cover and mark a faint line with a pencil on your paper. • Press your book down so it does not move. • Take a sharp pair of scissors and cut the paper to size. • Close your book and put it the centre of the 176
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Change the following group of words into II. Identify whether the following sentences is in passive voice as per the form of the verb given active voice or passive voice. Transform from in the bracket. Look at the given example. active to passive and vice versa. Look at the English – speak – in this country. (PRESENT given example. SIMPLE) The garbage truck took away all the trash in the Ans: English is spoken in this country. morning. 1. This monument – build – in 1575 (PAST Ans: Active. All the trash is taken away by the SIMPLE) garbage truck in the morning. 2. The highway – repair – at the moment (PRESENT CONTINUOUS) 1. Mohan was driving my car. 3. The trees – cut down – last year. (PAST 2. The lights in the room were switched on by SIMPLE) 4. This room – paint – tomorrow (FUTURE Seeta. SIMPLE) 3. The novel will be finished by him next week. 5. When I came in – the fence– repair. (PAST 4. The class selected him the monitor. CONTINUOUS) 5. Many people begin new projects in January. 6. This watch – repair – recently (PRESENT 6. Ms. Das is teaching the students algebra. PERFECT SIMPLE) 7. She bought ice-cream for the party. 7. The car – drown – in the lake. (PAST SIMPLE) 8. All of the old magazines had been thrown 8. The meeting – hold – in the main office. (PAST CONTINUOUS) out. 9. The curfew – enforce – because of tension 9. The door was broken down by the police. (PRESENT PERFECT) 10. Renu does all the work. 10. The banks – close – because of national holidays (FUTURE – SIMPLE) Ans: Ans: 1. Active. My car was being driven by Mohan. 1. The oldest monument was built in 1575. 2. Passive. Seeta switched on the lights in the 2. The highway is being repaired at the mo- room. ment. 3. Passive. He will finish the novel next week. 3. The trees were cut down last year. 4. Active. He was selected as the monitor by the 4. The room will be painted tomorrow. 5. When I came in, the fence was being re- class. 5. Active. New projects are begun by many peo- paired. 6. This watch has been repaired recently. ple in January. 7. The car was drowned in the lake. 6. Active. The students are being taught Alge- 8. The meeting was being held in the main of- bra by Ms. Das. fice. 7. Active. Ice-cream was bought by her for the 9. The curfew has been enforced because of party. tension. 8. Passive. We had thrown out all the old maga- 10. The banks will be closed because of national zines. holidays. 9. Passive. The police broke down the door. 10. Active. All the work is done by Renu. 177
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and decide 3. After the first round, the applicants ______ to whether it is in active voice or passive voice. the main office. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) • have taken • will take Ram was eating an apple. • will be taking Ans: active • will be taken 1. This landscape was painted by my 4. I _____ a free pass for a music concert. grandfather. • Has given • have been given 2. She opened the gift excitedly. • have given 3. The packet was thrown away. • will give 4. They opened the door with a master key. 5. The man could not be seen anywhere 5. _____ the house _____ yet ? 6. Gyan was watching the birds. • Is ... vacating 7. Reena found the car keys. • Has ... vacated 8. The pen had been lost by Mohan. • Has ... been vacated 9. The child was given a warning earlier too. • Was ... vacate 10. He is using my phone. 6. These flowers ______ by my sister last year. Ans: • have embroidered • is embroidered 1. Passive • had been embroidered 2. Active • can embroider 3. Passive 4. Active 7. All the final estimates ______ thoroughly. 5. Passive • should calculate 6. Active • should be calculating 7. Active • should have calculated 8. Passive • should be calculated 9. Passive 10. Active 8. It was a light remark. It ______ seriously. • is not taken II. Fill in the blanks with the correct option give. • is not to take Look at the given example. (10 Marks) • is not to be taken • is not taking A function was held to celebrate the wedding anniversary. 9. This reference book ______ by the librarian himself. • Had held • recommended • Holds • were recommended • Was held • have recommended • Was to hold • was being recommended Ans: Was held 10. Every new application ______ carefully by 1. What questions _____ you _____ in the the committee. exam? • is examined • were ... attempting • was examine • were ... attempted • were examined • are ... being attempted • has been examine • have ... attempted 2. Gandhi’s biography _____ by a famous professor. • wrote • has written • was written • writes 178
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins Ans: 1. were attempted 2. was written 3. will be taken 4. have been given 5. Has ... been vacated 6. had been embroidered 7. should be calculated 8. is not to be taken 9. was being recommended 10. is examined 179
17. Connectors and Conjunctions Month: January Total Periods: 03 • Identify different types of conjunctions and list Objectives them in different category. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: • Use them effectively in their writing. • Define the term ‘conjunction’ Concept Map 180
17. Connectors and Conjunctions Month: January Total Periods: 03 Definition: The conjunction is that part of speech CONJUNCTION EXAMPLE which helps us to join or connect two or more however We spent so much time on the than two words, phrases, or clauses in a particular project, however, the judges sentence. It helps in establishing a relationship in case didn’t like it. among these different parts of the sentence. in order to Take some money in case you Today we will learn kinds of conjunctions which are so that require it. classified according to the function they perform in a unless I want to work hard in order to sentence. until/till clear the entrance exam. Connectors are also called conjunctive words. These when He is learning French so that he words link two similar elements in a sentence. whenever can work in the embassy. 1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS while She won’t call me unless I call her These conjunctions link two clauses or phrases first. of equal value or equal status. They contain I have until/till Friday to prepare conjunctions FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) for my exam. Was she there when you came • I drank some water, for I was thirsty. (Works back home? here as because) She reads books whenever she has time. • Meera took her dress and wore it. While waiting for the food, we • He refuses to eat vegetables, nor will he chatted with each other. fruits. 3. CORRELATING CONJUNCTIONS • He is thin but he is strong. Correlative conjunctions come in pairs. They help • We can go for a movie or we can stay at in correlating one sentence element to another. They include pairs such as “both/and,” “either/or,” home. “neither/nor,” “not/but” and “not only/but also.” • We all ought to grow old, yet we fear old age. • As/as – This dress is not as beautiful as the blue • It was raining so we could not go out. 2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS one. A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects • As many/as – There are as many roses as there are an independent clause to a dependent clause. Please note: When a dependent clause comes at sunflowers in the vase. the beginning of a sentence before the independent • Either/or – I want either the red dress or the blue clause, there is a comma between the two. However, when the independent clause comes first, there is no one. need to put a comma. • Both/and – I will buy both the dress and the CONJUNCTION EXAMPLE matching shoes. after I will leave after you come from • Whether/or – I couldn’t decide whether to buy the office. Although/ Although he failed last time, he blue dress or the red one. Though did not give up. • Neither/nor – I want neither the red dress nor the as As I was walking on the road, I saw him. blue one. as far as I trust him as far as he is • No sooner/than – No sooner than had I stepped concerned. as long as I will help you as long as you work out, it started raining. hard. • Not only/but also – I will not only buy the red as soon as Call me as soon as possible. because She told me her story because dress but also the matching shoes. she wanted my help. • Not/but – I will not buy the red dress but shoes before Please check your pockets before you go inside the hall. this time. even if Even if the sky falls down, I will go • Rather/than – He rather than preferred to stay at today. home go with them. • Such/that – Such was their friendship that no one could ever break it. • Scarcely/when – I had scarcely walked in when I heard my mother shouting. 181
17. Connectors and Conjunctions Month: January Total Periods: 03 4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB accordingly additionally also anyway besides certainly comparatively consequently conversely elsewhere equally finally further furthermore hence henceforth however in addition in comparison in contrast incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next nonetheless now otherwise rather similarly still subsequently then thereafter therefore thus undoubtedly yet • You must work hard; otherwise, your result will be affected. • Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable. • No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources. • Mother went shopping; meanwhile, I cleaned the house. Please note: Use a semicolon at the end of the first independent clause, followed by the conjunctive adverb, followed by a comma before writing the second independent clause. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEETS Concept Map and Key Points Types of conjunctions PS-1 2 PS-2 PS-3 Self Evaluation 1 Self Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 182
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) • because 8. Don’t call _______it’s something important. I. Choose the correct alternative while filling in the blanks. Look at the given example. • Because My dad is boarding a flight ______ the rest of us • Yet will go by train. • Since • and • Unless • as 9. Everyone was enjoying the fun _______ • even though somebody got hurt. • but • Until Ans: But • Since 1. Our team will win the match _______ the • Because weather remains stable like this. • So • If 10. I left the school _______I was 17. • But • Since • Although • Because • In order to • So 2. _______ you are new here, spend some time • When to go around. Ans: • since • until 1. Our team will win the match if the weather • because remains stable like this. • despite 3. Keep quiet _______ go out. 2. Since you are new here, spend some time to • Because go around. • since • until 3. Keep quiet or go out. • or 4. Though he was very ill, he didn’t take any 4. _______ he was very ill, he didn’t take any medicine. medicine. • since 5. The reviews about the movie were great so I • until • though watched it. • because 6. The cat caught a mouse and killed it. 5. The reviews about the movie were great 7. The rain was falling yet I did not give up my _______ I watched it. • since walk. • so 8. Don’t call unless it’s something important. • though 9. Everyone was enjoying the fun until some- • because 6. The cat caught a mouse _______ killed body got hurt. it. 10. I left the school when I was 17. • And • so • since • because 7. The rain was falling ______ I did not give up my walk. • And • Yet • since 183
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Match the following sentences in the columns to make meaningful sentences. Look at the given example. 1 We wanted to see the movie A they found that it had been robbed. 1- H 2 People often eat junk food B or stay at home? 3 Shall we go for the football match C but it was too heavy. 1- H 4 We went to the seaside D though I like it very much. 2- E 5 I read through the book E because it is spicy and flavoured. 3-B 6 I cannot afford to buy this watch F And enjoyed ourselves very much. 4-F 7 Pick me up early, please G So that I could get some information. 5-G 8 I can show you the pictures H but there were no tickets available. 6-D 9 I tried to lift the table I If you would like to see them. 7-J 10 As they entered the house, J so we don’t get late for the party. 8-I 9-C Ans: they found that it had been robbed. 10-A or stay at home? 1 We wanted to see the movie A but it was too heavy. 2 People often eat junk food B though I like it very much. 3 Shall we go for the football match C because it is spicy and flavoured. 4 We went to the seaside D And enjoyed ourselves very much. 5 I read through the book E So that I could get some information. 6 I cannot afford to buy this watch F but there were no tickets available. 7 Pick me up early, please G If you would like to see them. 8 I can show you the pictures H so we don’t get late for the party. 9 I tried to lift the table I 10 As they entered the house, J 184
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) ered with many sharp thorns. Inside, howev- er, the yellow flesh is soft and sweet. Its smell 1. Read the following passages and fill in the is very strong. The locals love the durian, but appropriate conjunctions as shown in the foreigners find the smell hard to bear. We are example below: lucky to have such a huge variety of fruits. 1. Malaysia lies in the tropics ______ is blessed In addition to fruits like the papaya, pineap- with plenty of rain and sunshine. Many types ple, banana and star fruit, they get imported of trees _____ plants grow here. ______ these fruits like apples and grapes, but they are trees, there are some which bear delicious usually more expensive. So we spend our fruits. The durian is the “King of Fruits” money mainly on local fruits. which is an oval-shaped fruit about the size 2. Today’s youth has more freedom to find and of a rugby ball. Its skin is green ______ yellow exchange information. This is possible be- ______ covered with many sharp thorns. cause of the invention of the Internet and oth- Inside, ______, the yellow flesh is soft and er forms of information technology. People sweet. Its smell is very strong. The locals are free to obtain information from different love the durian, ______foreigners find the websites. While the previous generation did smell hard to bear. We are lucky to have have access to telephones, today’s youths such a huge variety of fruits. ______fruits often own mobile phones, which gives them like the papaya, pineapple, banana and star not only the ability to speak with friends, but fruit, they get imported fruits like apples also share pictures, music and videos with and grapes, ______they are usually more them easily. In the olden days, children had expensive. ______we spend our money to ask their parents for money whenever they mainly on local fruits. needed to buy something. Modern parents 2. Today’s youth has more freedom to find give their children a lump sum monthly for ______ exchange information. This is their pocket money. Parents today are more possible ______ the invention of the educated and believe in teaching their chil- Internet ______other forms of information dren how to manage money from a young technology. People are free to obtain age. Once they have decided on a reason- information from different websites. ______ able amount of allowance for their child, the previous generation did have access they leave it to their child to decide on how to to telephones, today’s youths often own spend that money. Hence, modern parenting mobile phones, which gives them ______ the allows youths more say in managing their ability to speak with friends, ______ share money. pictures, music and videos with them easily. In the olden days, children had to ask their 185 parents for money______ they needed to buy something. Modern parents give their children a lump sum monthly for their pocket money. Parents today are more educated ______believe in teaching their children how to manage money from a young age. ______ they have decided on a reasonable amount of allowance for their child, they leave it to their child to decide on how to spend that money. ______, modern parenting allows youths more say in managing their money. Ans: 1. Malaysia lies in the tropics and is blessed with plenty of rain and sunshine. Many types of trees and plants grow here. Among these trees, there are some which bear delicious fruits. The durian is the “King of Fruits” which is an oval-shaped fruit about the size of a rugby ball. Its skin is green or yellow and cov-
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 3. The following passage has not been edited. A conjunction has been omitted in each line. Write the omitted word along with the word which comes before and after it as shown in the example. Before word after Our journey uphill was a long twisting (a) long and twisting one. We cycled till the top the view (b) from there was spectacular remarkable. (c) I challenged my friend to race riding (d) down he protested. He warned me to slow (e) down. I turned a deaf ear I was filled with (f) excitement. I zoomed down. Trees bushes whisked (g) past me. I would certainly hurt myself I (h) slow down. I applied the brakes they did not (i) respond. No sooner I came to a steep slope I ( j) found myself spinning on on down. I turned sharply (k) to avoid hitting a tree landed headlong into the (l) bushes. Luckily I didn’t injure myself it might not be (m) a soft landing it was surely a safer one! (n) Ans: Before word after (a) long and twisting (b) top because the (c) spectacular and remarkable (d) race while riding (e) down but he (f) ear since I (g) Trees and bushes (h) myself unless I (i) brakes but they ( j) slope than I (k) on and on (l) tree and landed (m) myself so it (n) landing but it 186
PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Join each of the following pairs of simple 6. They had to stop the game _________it sentences with, but, or & and. Look at the given started raining heavily. example. The cat caught a mouse. The cat killed it. 7. I have not taken your purse, _________have I Ans: The cat caught a mouse and killed it. seen it anywhere. 1. This car is beautiful. This car is expensive. 8. I went through the whole website _________ 2. The doctor tried his best. The patient died. could not get the information I wanted. 3. You must finish your work. You will not go to 9. I called my brother, but he was not in; play. _________ I left him a message. 4. She looked out. She saw Ram walking down 10. The guests arrived _________she was the street. preparing dinner. 5. I looked into the room. It was too dark to see Ans: anything. 1. Shut all the windows so that the rain will not 6. Shall I keep it on the table? Shall I keep it on come in. the bed? 2. I returned his scooter to him and came back 7. I gave him the letter. I told him to post it. at once. 8. He is very wealthy. He is not happy. 9. We were waiting for them. They didn’t turn 3. The bell was not working so I decided to knock at the door. up. 10. You can have tea. You can have lemonade. 4. Though I was ready on time, I missed the bus. 5. The old man was very wealthy but he was Ans: also very miser. 1. This car is beautiful but expensive. 6. They had to stop the game since it started 2. The doctor tried his best but the patient died. 3. You must finish your wok or you will not go to raining heavily. 7. I have not taken your purse, nor have I seen it play. 4. She looked out and saw Ram walking down anywhere. 8. I went through the whole website but could the street. 5. I looked into the room but it was too dark to not get the information I wanted. 9. I called my brother, but he was not in; so I left see anything. 6. Shall I keep it on the table or on the bed? him a message. 7. I gave him the letter and told him to post it. 10. The guests arrived while she was preparing 8. He is very healthy but not happy. 9. We were waiting for them but they didn’t turn dinner. up. 10. You can have tea or lemonade. II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. Look at the given example. The dog slept at our porch because it was raining heavily. Ans: because 1. Shut all the windows _________ the rain will not come in. 2. I returned his scooter to him _________came back at once. 3. The bell was not working _________ I decided to knock at the door. 4. _________ I was ready on time, I missed the bus. 5. The old man was very wealthy _________he was also very miser. 187
Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and point out the II. Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. conjunctions in the following sentences. State Look at the given example. (10 Marks) whether they are coordinating or subordinating or correlative conjunctions. Look at the given She saw the bench was wet ______ she sat on it. example. (10 Marks) Ans: Yet You will succeed if you work harder. 1. The weather was cold and wet, ______, we Ans: If – subordinating conjunction had a great time. 1. My relatives arrived after I left for school. 2. The road is steep ________ narrow. 2. I waited on the table till everyone finished 3. We know not what good ________ we have the meal. lost it is. 3. I can’t lend you that book, for it is not 4. She is gentle ________ kind to everyone. 5. ________ my grandmother is old, she is available at the moment. 4. No sooner had I reached the school, than the energetic. 6. Ram was a strong athlete; ______ he failed to assembly started. 5. Give the child something to eat, else he will win the race. 7. The dress was not suitable for the occasion, fall sick. 6. I will eat both vegetables and the fruits. ________ she bought it. 7. You can travel by train or you can board a 8. The weather was not very pleasant ________ flight. we stayed at home. 8. Since the boy admitted his mistake, no 9. ________ you are back from your tour, we action was taken against him. need to discuss the problem. 9. My grandfather had shifted with us when I 10. I don’t know ________I can spend that much was a child. money on a dress. 10. I would rather remain hungry than eating Ans: junk food. 1. The weather was cold and wet, yet we had a Ans: great time. 1. After- subordinating conjunction 2. The road is steep and narrow. 2. Till - subordinating conjunction 3. We know not what is good until we have lost 3. For - coordinating conjunction 4. No sooner…than - correlative conjunction it. 5. Else - coordinating conjunction 4. She is gentle and kind to everyone. 6. Both …and correlative - conjunction 5. Though my grandmother is old, she is ener- 7. Or - coordinating conjunction 8. Since - subordinating conjunction getic. 9. When - subordinating conjunction 6. Ram was a strong athlete; yet he failed to 10. Rather…than - correlative conjunction win the race. 7. The dress was not suitable for the occasion, still/yet she bought it. 8. The weather was not very pleasant so we stayed at home. 9. Once you are back from your tour, we need to discuss the problem. 10. I don’t know if I can spend that much money on a dress. 188
18. Figures of Speech Month: January Total Periods: 01 Objectives SET 2 The clock struck midnight and the sky was as black At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: as ink. • To identify simile, metaphor, and alliteration in The new couch was as big as a bus and could hardly fit inside any room. poetry and prose She forgot her glasses and felt as blind as a bat • To critically appreciate a piece of poetry and The exam was a long never ending marathon. prose She works at a snail’s pace. • Use these devices effectively in their own compositions Starter Activity SET 1 The clock struck midnight and the sky was extremely dark. The new couch was massive and could hardly fit inside any room. She forgot her glasses and was not able to see anything clearly. The exam was very lengthy. She works very slowly. Read the above sets of sentences and compare them. • She is as pretty as a picture. (very attractive or You will find not much difference in the meaning but pleasant to look at) impact is certainly much more when we read the 2nd set of sentences. • Today clouds look like fluffy balls of cotton. The 1st set of sentences have been written in literal (clouds like balls of cotton) language. In the 2nd set of sentences, we find more colour and emphasis and they evoke more interest • Snowflakes like soft white feathers. (snow in us. When we use such colourful language which falling very softly) awakens our imagination, it is called figurative language. • a lawn like a green carpet (fine and lush green We use different figures of speech in “figurative grass) language” to achieve the desirable impact in the readers. • thin as a bookmark (extremely thin) Today our lesson is about some basic FIGURES OF 2. METAPHOR: A Metaphor is like a simile. Two SPEECH 1. Simile objects are compared, without the words ‘as or 2. Metaphor like’. It is an indirect comparison. 3. Personification • He was a lion in the battlefield. (brave like a 4. Alliteration lion) PURPOSE OF USING FIGURES OF SPEECH • Variety is the spice of life. (New and exciting 1. For adding beauty and variety-by using figurative experiences make life more interesting.) language. • She was a tower of strength in their trouble. 2. Clarity- a complex subject can be expressed (Great deal of support and comfort to others.) imaginatively and attractively. • He listened with a stone face. (A face which 1. SIMILE: A Simile shows a likeness or a direct shows no emotions.) comparison between two objects or events. A Please note: Both similes and metaphors link one simile is usually introduced with the words- like, thing to another. A simile usually uses “as” or “like” as, as……..so. whereas a metaphor doesn’t. It creates a relationship directly and leaves more to the imagination. Simile: You are like sunshine of my life. Metaphor: You are my sunshine. 3. PERSONIFICATION: In Personification, non-living objects, abstract ideas or qualities are spoken of as persons or human-beings. So in other words, we assign human qualities to a non-human 189
18. Figures of Speech Month: January Total Periods: 01 object, animal, or an idea. • The tree leaves danced in the wind. (the branches were moving as if they were dancing) • The chair stood up straight and tall. (tall and upright looking chair) • The old and tattered house looked depressed. (old dilapidated house) • The wind howled during the rainstorm. (loud sound made by the wind) • Time flies when you are having a great time. (time passes quickly) 4. ALLITERATION: Repeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words. It is meant to be more than a tongue twister. It is used to emphasize something important that a writer or speaker would like to express. • The bouncing ball went high into the sky. (The “B” sound is repeated back to back) • Finally friends find Friday fun. ((The “F” sound is repeated back to back) • The quick cat climbed carefully. (The “K” sound is repeated back to back) • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. (The “P” sound is repeated back to back) • She sells sea-shells down by the sea-shore. (The “SH” sound is repeated back to back) Please note: Alliteration is the repetition of sounds, not letters. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE PERIODS SHEETS Starter Activity and Key Points Figures of Speech: Introduction 1 PS-1 of Simile, metaphor, alliteration & PS-2 personification *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 190
PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) II. Identify and explain the meaning of the personification in the sentences below. I. Write a noun for each adjective below that The feathers danced in the wind. creates an alliteration. Look at the given Ans: Human quality of dance given to feathers. example. Red ______ 1. The fire ran wild and spread really quickly. Ans: Red rose 2. The year raced by and before I knew, I was 1. brilliant __________________ 2. beautiful ____________________ old. 3. happy __________________ 3. The wind growled in the night. 4. gentle __________________ 4. My heart skipped a beat. 5. cheap ___________________ 5. The yellow shirt yelled my name in the 6. cooked _______________ 7. delicious ______________ showroom. 8. financial _________________ 6. The cookies screamed from the oven. 9. flip _________________ 7. The lanes whispered quietly during the night. 10. green __________________ 8. The good news travelled fast through the Ans: (answers will vary) 1. brilliant brain school. 2. beautiful bouquet 9. The opportunity knocked at his door. 3. happy hare 10. The night was hostile and angry. 4. gentle giant 5. cheap chair Ans: 6. cooked cupcakes 7. delicious doughnut 1. Human quality ran given to fire. 8. financial future 2. Human quality raced given to year. 9. flip phone 3. Human quality growled given to wind. 10. green grass 4. Human quality skipped given to heart. 5. Human quality yelled given to yellow shirt. 6. Human quality screamed given to the cook- ies. 7. Human quality whispered given to the lane. 8. Human quality travelled given to good news. 9. Human quality knocked given to opportuni- ty. 10. Human quality hostile and angry given to night. 191
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) d) alliteration 9. Time flew faster than I expected. I. Circle the correct answer for each question below. The following expressions are example a) metaphor of what? Look at the given example. b) simile “As straight as an arrow” c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 10. The dark, cold and silent room. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile Ans: simile c) personification 1. Love is blind. d) alliteration a) metaphor 11. The child’s tears were like raindrops. b) simile a) metaphor c) personification b) simile d) alliteration c) personification 2. “Lucky lady” d) alliteration a) metaphor 12. The sun is playing hide and seek with the b) simile clouds today c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 3. Your plants are begging for water. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 13. The tornado consumed everything that stood c) personification in its way. d) alliteration a) metaphor 4. Her memory is cloudy since she cannot b) simile remember anything. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 14. She was a kite, floating in her imagination. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 5. “The city was a jungle.” c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 15. Our teacher is an encyclopedia of c) personification information. d) alliteration a) metaphor 6. Like a silent thief, the dog crept into the b) simile kitchen. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 16. The wildfire ran far and wide across. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile 7. The lion licked his lips. c) personification a) metaphor d) alliteration b) simile c) personification 192 d) alliteration 8. Her birthday was a storm of happiness. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification
PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 17. She looks so good in these pictures, the camera just loves her. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 18. Her life was a rainbow of experiences. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 19. My thoughts fluttered from subject to subject like a butterfly. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration 20. My noisy sister was like a buzzing fly. a) metaphor b) simile c) personification d) alliteration Ans: 1. personification 2. alliteration 3. personification 4. metaphor 5. metaphor 6. personification 7. alliteration 8. metaphor 9. personification 10. personification 11. simile 12. personification 13. personification 14. metaphor 15. metaphor 16. personification 17. personification 18. metaphor 19. personification 20. simile 193
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