202110735-PERFORM-TEACHER-TEACHER_COMPANION_BOOK-ENGLISH-G07-FY

1. Parts of Speech Month: June Total Periods: 02 Learning Objectives • Use these different parts of speech correctly in sentences. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Name and explain eight parts of speech. • Identify different parts of speech along with its associated components. Concept Map Place Time Manner Degree Proper Common Collective Material Abstract ADVERB Definite Personal Time Possessive NOUN Indefinite Place Reflexive ARTICLE Relative Emphatic PRONOUN Direction Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Distributive PARTS PREPOSITION Agent Main OF CONJUNCTION Instrument Coordinating SPEECH Auxiliary VERB INTERJECTION Subordinating Transitive Intransitive ADJECTIVE Surprise Descriptive Joy Interrogative Greeting Possessive Numeral Demonstrative 51

1. Parts of Speech Month: June Total Periods: 02 Key Points • EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH There are eight parts of speech in the English language. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection Noun Pronouns Name of a person, place, animal, thing or idea Words used in place of noun to avoid repetition. Examples: Rahul, India, dog, table, hope Examples: I, we, you, they, him, her, its etc. • Ritu uses a blue pen for her notes. • I want her to dance with me. Adjectives Verb Describes, modifies or give more information about Shows an action or state of being a noun or pronoun Examples: go, speak, eat, is, has, look etc. Examples: cold, two, first, my, happy etc. • I listen to her and repeat it. • The pretty girl has a pink hat. Adverb Preposition Modifies a verb or another adverb Shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to Examples: slowly, very, always, well etc. another word. Examples: at, on, in, from, with, about • Yesterday, I finished my work fast. • I left my book in the cupboard for you. Conjunction Interjection Join two words, ideas, phrases together and shows A word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion. It how they are connected starts with a small exclamation. Examples: and, but, because, therefore, yet etc. Examples: Ouch! Hey! Oh! Alas! • I was tired and sleepy yet I finished my • Wow! We won the match. homework. 52

1. Parts of Speech Month: June Total Periods: 02 Work Plan CONTENT NO. OF PERIODS PRACTICE SHEET 1 Recapitulation of the eight parts of speech 1 PS-1 2 Self- test 1 PS-2 PS-3 Self-evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 53

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Read the following statements and say whether II. Underline the nouns in the following sentences. true or false. 1. I took out my new computer out of the box. i. Proper nouns begin with capital letters. 2. Our team played a great game yesterday. ii. Nouns name persons, places, animals, things 3. Her mom and dad sat and watched the film. and ideas. 4. The newspaper asked people to vote for their iii. Pronouns substitute for nouns. favourite TV programme. iv. Verb shows the relationship of noun or 5. Each of us has agreed that we all love the pronoun to another word new house. v. Adverb modifies or describes a noun or Ans: pronoun. 1. I took out my new computer out of the box. vi. Noun modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb 2. Our team played a great game yesterday. vii. Interjections help in expressing emotions. 3. Her mom and dad sat and watched the film. viii. Mount Everest is a common noun. 4. The newspaper asked people to vote for their ix. Adjective stands for name of a person, place, favourite TV programme. thing, or idea. 5. Each of us has agreed that we all love the x. In the sentence ‘She is the winner’, ‘winner’ is new house. the pronoun. xi. Preposition is a word used in place of a noun xii. In the sentence ‘Ram talked quickly’, the adverb is ‘quickly’. xiii. Conjunctions join words together. xiv. Pronoun expresses action or being. Ans: i. Proper nouns begin with capital letters. – True ii. Nouns name persons, places, animals, things and ideas. – True iii. Pronouns substitute for nouns. – True iv. Verb shows the relationship of noun or pro- noun to another word. – False v. Adverb modifies or describes a noun or pro- noun. – False vi. Noun modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. – False vii. Interjections help in expressing emotions. – True viii. Mount Everest is a common noun. – False ix. Adjective stands for name of a person, place, thing, or idea. False x. In the sentence ‘She is the winner’, ‘winner’ is the pronoun. – False xi. Preposition is a word used in place of a noun. – False xii. In the sentence ‘Ram talked quickly’, the ad- verb is ‘quickly’. – True xiii.Conjunctions join words together. – True xiv. Pronoun expresses action or being. – False 54

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans: 1. ________________ bear- Small bear I. Write a proper noun next to each common noun 2. Soft teddy below. 3. Dark wood 1. Country ___________________ 4. Small stones 2. Month ____________________ 5. Big logs 3. River     ____________________ 6. Wet puddles 4. Day      ____________________ 7. Huge bushes 5. City      ____________________ 8. Tiny twigs 6. Teacher’s name _____________________ 9. Tall trees 7. Pet’s name ______________________ 10. Dirty teddy Ans: (ANSWERS VARY) 11. Huge smile 1. India 2. December 3. Yamuna 4. Monday 5. Bangalore 6. Madhu Ma’am 7. Turbo II. Read the following short story and answer the questions that follow. One day a small bear was walking slowly through the woods. He was sad because he had lost his soft teddy. He lost it yesterday when he was running quickly through the dark wood. He had been jump- ing over small stones, big logs and wet puddles. He was now looking for his teddy. He looked under huge bushes, tiny twigs and behind tall trees. He lift- ed up heavy stones and moved tiny pebbles, but still no teddy. After lots of looking, he saw a very wet and dirty ted- dy sat in a big puddle. The small bear was very hap- py and skipped home with a huge smile on his face. 1. In each blank, add an adjective or the noun from the passage. The first one is done for you as an example. 1. ________________ bear- Small bear 2. Soft ________________ 3. ________________ wood 4. ________________ stones 5. Big ________________ 6. ________________ puddles 7. Huge ________________ 8. Tiny ________________ 9. Tall ________________ 10. Dirty ________________ 11. ________________ smile 55

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Read the following sentences and underline the III. List whether the word in bold is a preposition, verbs. conjunction, or interjection. An example is 1. He tried to repair the car, but failed. provided. 2. The singers laughed as they forgot some of Wow! I never thought your team would win! - the words. Interjection 3. The car went fast and the tires screeched. 1. I play the piano and she loves to sing along. 4. The cook forgot to add salt in the curry. 2. He likes oatmeal for breakfast, but I prefer 5. Students brought their lunches to the bread and egg. playground. 3. He walked towards the sound of the voice. Ans: 4. She exclaimed, “Oh! I forgot you were there.” 1. He tried to repair the car, but failed. 5. Our cat loves to sleep under the bed. 2. The singers laughed as they forgot some of 6. He hardly studied at all, yet he managed to pass the words. the test. 3. The car went fast and the tires screeched. 7. She stood out among all the classmates. 4. The cook forgot to add salt in the curry. 8. I like reading books and taking the dog for a 5. Students brought their lunches to the play- walk. ground. Ans: 1. I play the piano and she loves to sing along. II. Circle each pronoun, and underline the noun it Conjunction refers to. 2. He likes oatmeal for breakfast, but I prefer 1. Rimu found her missing bicycle and rode it bread and egg. Conjunction all the way home. 3. He walked toward the sound of the voice. 2. The teacher brought the video to school, and Preposition played it for the students. 4. She exclaimed, “Oh! I forgot you were there.” 3. Kunal says that he likes to wash his car on Interjection weekends. 5. Our cat loves to sleep under the bed. Preposi- 4. The computer is mine, but the whole family tion uses it. 6. He hardly studied at all, yet he managed to 5. The divers found pieces of gold and brought pass the test. Conjunction them back to the boat. 7. She stood out among all the classmates. Ans: Preposition 1 Rimu found her missing bicycle and rode it all 8. I like reading books and taking the dog for a the way home. walk. Conjunction Pronoun – it noun – bicycle 2. The teacher brought the video to school, and played it for the students. Pronoun – it noun – video 3. Kunal says that he likes to wash his car on weekends. Pronoun – he noun – Kunal 4. The computer is mine, but the whole family uses it. Pronoun – it noun – computer 5. The divers found pieces of gold and brought them back to the boat. Pronoun – them noun – pieces of gold 56

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct answers to the following ______________________ questions. (10 Marks) 5. She will be here tomorrow. 1. Which of the following words is an example ______________________ of a PREPOSITION? 6. I remain awake till late and finish the book. (a) Into  (b) If  (c) Many  (d) You ______________________ 2. Which of the following words is an example 7. I’ll see you in three hours. of an INTERJECTION? (a) Soon  (b) When  (c) Ouch ______________________ (d) Within 8. He is the fastest runner in the school. 3. Which of the following words is an example ______________________ of a CONJUNCTION? 9. Everybody was surprised at his wisdom. (a) And  (b) Run  (c) Below  (d) Her ______________________ 4. Which of the following words is an example 10. He went to see the doctor because he wasn’t of a VERB? (a) Tastes  (b) Late  (c) Not  (d) Slowly feeling well. _____________________ Ans: 1-noun, 2-pronoun 3-Preposition 4-noun 5. Which of the following words is an example 5-verb 6-conjunction 7-adjective 8-noun 9-noun of an ADJECTIVE? 10-conjunction (a) Geeta  (b) Below  (c) Fifteen (d) Wait 6. The attendant CLOSED the door. Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb  (d) Adverb 7. Farmers had VERY poor crops this year. (a) Adjective  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb (d) Adverb 8. EVERYONE met at the field house. (a) Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Adjective (d) Adverb 9. Have you heard the GOOD news? (a) Noun  (b) Adjective  (c) Verb (d) Adverb 10. The cat knocked a vase OFF the shelf. (a) Noun  (b) Pronoun  (c) Verb (d) Preposition Ans: 1. (a) Into 2. (c) Ouch 3. (a) And 4. (a) Tastes 5. (c) Fifteen 6. (c) Verb 7. (d) Adverb 8. (b) Pronoun 9. (b) Adjective 10. (d) Preposition II. Identify the part of speech for the highlighted words and write in the blank given. (10 Marks) 1. We went to the mall last night. ______________________ 2. He asked me to go to the party with him. ______________________ 3. The school will be closed on Monday. ______________________ 4. My brothers will be here next week. 57

2. Types of Phrases Month: June Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives • Define a clause. • Differentiate between a phrase and a clause. At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Use phrases and clauses more effectively in their be able to: • Define a phrase. writing. • Differentiate between types of phrases. Starter Activity READ THE FOLLOWING EXCAHANGE OF DIALOGUES BETWEEN TWO PEOPLE: Ram: In the evening. Mohan: what do you mean? Meena: because I was ill Ritu: oh! That’s why you didn’t come to school yesterday. Let us examine the above activity. A noun phrase acts as a noun (a word that names a • The group of words ‘in the evening’ does not make person, place, thing, or idea) in a sentence. Examples: any sense. It does not have any subject as well as a • The confused tourist was lost. verb. It’s a phrase. • The lost puppy was a wet and stinky dog. Recapitulation: • The government hospital has recently seen many In your previous class, you have already learnt about PHRASE. cases of chickenpox. Definition: A group of related words which do not • Working hard is the key to success. have a subject or a verb. So they cannot be used • It suddenly became a cool, wet afternoon. alone, but you can use them as part of a clause/ In the above examples, the highlighted group of sentence, where they are used as parts of speech. words are noun clauses. Noun clauses generally Phrases are units of meaning that can be put answer the question ‘what’. together to make up sentences. A noun phrase can be a single word-just the noun-or • The other statement ‘because I was ill’ is a clause more than a word. It can function in several different because it makes sense, though not complete ways in a sentence. sense. Besides it has a subject (I) and a verb (was). • The yellow house  is for sale. (The yellow house- Recapitulation: In your previous class, you have learnt about CLAUSE. Subject, is – verb) Definition: A clause is a group of words that has • The white snow covered the field. (The white snow- subject, a verb and a predicate. Please note: Every sentence has a subject, a verb. Subject, covered – verb) So every sentence is a clause. But every clause is • I want  a pink frock. (a pink frock- Object, want not a sentence because every clause may not make complete sense. -verb) Today our lesson is about • Should we buy  the red car? (the red car- Object, 1. Different kinds of phrases. 2. Difference between a phrase and a clause want -buy) • She lives in the yellow villa. (the yellow villa –Object Key Points to the preposition ‘in’, verb-lives) Three kinds of phrases: • There are biscuits on the table. (the table –Object 1. Noun phrase to the preposition ‘on’, verb-are) How to identify a noun phrase: A noun phrase includes a noun and may include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives. Noun: dog Articles: a dog, the dog Possessive nouns: Reena’s dog, the neighbour’s dog, 58

2. Types of Phrases Month: June Total Periods: 04 the police officer’s dog So we can use an adverb phrase instead of a single Possessive pronouns: our dog, her dog, their dog adverb. Adjectives: that dog, the big dog, the spotted dog Adverb Phrases describing How 2. Adjective phrase • He did his work surprisingly well. An adjective phrase acts as an adjective (describes a • They prayed in total silence. noun or a pronoun) in a sentence. Adverb Phrases describing Where Examples: • He parked his car near the edge. • The toy is made of plastic. (describes the noun-toy) • She danced across the floor. • He is a man of courage. (describes the pronoun-he) Adverb Phrases describing Why • The movie was not too interesting. (describes the • I studied further to understand better. • He fought to end discrimination. noun-movie) Adverb Phrases describing When • Eating out is usually not very healthy should be • Finish your work as quickly as possible. • An accident happened yesterday afternoon. avoided. (describes the noun-eating out) • Beaming with joy, she hummed a song. (describes 59 the pronoun-she) How to identify an adjective phrase: If the phrase describes the noun or subject of a sentence, then it is an adjective phrase. • Seema is a sweet girl. In the above sentence, the adjective ‘sweet’ describes the noun ‘Seema’. Seema is a sweet, intelligent, beautiful girl. Now it is an adjective phrase. 3. The Adverb Phrase An adverb phrase acts as an adverb (a word which modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb) in a sentence. Examples: • My mother speaks in a polite way. (in a polite way- adverb phrase, speaks - verb) • She drives withgreat care. (with great care-adverb phrase, drives – verb) • Please go into the store. (into the store-adverb phrase, go – verb) • The plane flew over the field. (over the field-adverb phrase, flew – verb) • At every turn, problems blocked his path. (at every turn-adverb phrase, blocked – verb) How to identify an adverb phrase: Adverb phrases typically answer the questions how, where, why or when something was done. Read the following sentences: I parked the car. (No adverb or adverb phrase) I parked the car here. (Adverb-here) I parked the car right here. (Adverb phrase - right here) I parked the car right here under the bridge. (Adverb phrase - right here under the bridge)

2. Types of Phrases Month: June Total Periods: 04 4.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PHRASE AND A CLAUSE: Study this table to understand the difference between a phrase, a clause and a sentence. Phrase Clause A phrase is group of words. A clause is a group of words. It does not make a complete sense by itself.. It may or may not be dependent on something else for complete meaning. It has no subject or verb. It has a subject and a verb. Example. On a wooden chair. Example. That chair is made of wood. Study the following sentences and look at the highlighted parts.   1. Although I was invited to the party, I didn’t want to go. Although I was invited to the party – Clause 1 I didn’t want to go – Clause 2 To the party – phrase 2. We invited the neighbor to the party even though we don’t like him. We invited the neighbor to the party – Clause 1 We don’t like him – Clause 2 To the party- Phrase 5.  TRANSFORMATION OF A PHRASE INTO A CLAUSE We can change a phrase into a clause by adding a subject and a verb to it. Examples: He worked hard to pass the examination. (Phrase) He worked hard so that he can pass the examination. (Clause) MORE EXAMPLES: I will show you what to do next. I will show you what you should do next. Please tell me how to learn a foreign language. Please tell me how I can learn a foreign language The words like what, how as shown in the above examples are called conjunctions. Work Plan CONTENT NO. OF PRACTICE 1 Phrase and clause PERIODS SHEETS 2 Self-test 3 PS -1 1 PS -2 PS -3 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 60

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) quickly moved towards the door. 5. In the swimming pool- After a hot day, he I. Read the following statements and identify each as a clause or a phrase. Look at the dived in the swimming pool. example given for you. 61 He works hard every day. – Clause 1. After a good day 2. If I need to call you. 3. Before the next light 4. Because it’s the right thing to do. 5. As soon as possible 6. This car’s not working 7. Working for himself 8. Whenever it gets cold 9. If they want to talk to me 10. Towards the north 11. In front of the building 12. Jumping up and down on the bed 13. Until the next time 14. I don’t know the answer 15. Turn off the computer Ans: 1. Phrase 2. Clause 3. Phrase 4. Clause 5. Phrase 6. Clause 7. Phrase 8. Clause 9. Clause 10. Phrase 11. Phrase 12. Phrase 13. Phrase 14. Clause 15. Clause II. Use the following phrases in sentences of your own. Look at the example given for you. Some time ago - I listened to an interview on a radio program some time ago. 1. On the blackboard 2. Some time ago 3. For her children 4. Towards the door 5. In the swimming pool Ans: (ANSWERS VARY) 1. On the blackboard – The teacher wrote the instructions on the blackboard. 2. Some time ago - I listened to an interview on a radio program some time ago. 3. For her children – She worked day and night for her children. 4. Towards the door – As he heard the knock, he

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Read the following sentences and identify the adverb phrases. Look at the example given for you. I hope to win the first prize. Noun phrase- to win the first prize. 1. I tried to solve the puzzle 2. Did you enjoy reading this book? 3. The boy wants to go home. 4. The thief refused to answer the question. 5. The boy denied stealing the money 6. I will hate to do such a thing. 7. He wished to talk to his manager. 8. The man loves helping poor people. 9. Have you ever tried to climb a tree? 10. He refused to answer my question. 11. He promised to get me something. 12. Why do you want to meet him? Ans: 1. to solve the puzzle 2. reading this book 3. to go home 4. to answer the question 5. stealing the money 6. to do such a thing 7. to talk to his manager. 8. helping poor people. 9. to climb a tree? 10. to answer my question. 11. to get me something. 12. to meet him? 62

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Identify the adjective phrases in the following sentences and write the noun it modifies. Look at the example given for you. He is a man of honour Adjective phrase – a man of honour Noun- man 1. I saw an elephant with a long tusk. 2. He was wearing a ring made of gold. 3. I met a girl with brown hair. 4. My dad bought a car of red colour. 5. A man with a long beard came to see me. 6. We visited villages with lots of greenery. 7. It was a day full of fun. 8. My mother bought a cake made of nuts and fruits. 9. I saw a dog covered in mud. 10. She lost a necklace made of diamond. Ans: 1. Adjective phrase - with a long tusk Noun – elephant 2. Adjective phrase -made of gold Noun – ring 3. Adjective phrase -with brown hair Noun – girl 4. Adjective phrase – of red colour Noun – car 5. Adjective phrase -with a long beard  Noun – man 6. Adjective phrase - with lots of greenery Noun – villages 7. Adjective phrase – full of fun Noun – day 8. Adjective phrase - made of nuts and fruits Noun – cake 9. Adjective phrase – covered in mud Noun – dog 10. Adjective phrase – made of diamond Noun – necklace II. Rewrite each sentence, changing the adjective into a phrase describing the nouns. Look at the example given for you. The King wore a golden crown. - The King wore a crown made of gold. 1. He lived in a stone house. 2. She wore a diamond necklace. 3. That was a brave act. 4. He is a courageous man. 5. My dad is an honourable man. Ans: 1. He lived in a house built of stone. 2. She wore a necklace made of diamond. 3. That was an act of bravery. 4. He is a man of courage. 5. My dad is a man of honour. 63

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins Ans: I. Identify whether the group of words is a phrase 1. Clause or a clause. Look at the example given for you. 2. Clause  (10 Marks) 3. Clause Where the water is warm. 4. Phrase Ans: Clause 5. Clause 6. Phrase 1. Into the icy water. 7. Phrase 2. Of great heroism. 8. Phrase 3. To the store, the park, and the library. 9. Clause 4. The sounds carried down the hallway of the 10. Clause empty building. 5. Before we can go to the school. 6. Soon breaking apart. 7. Otherwise, a ship would have arrived earlier. 8. Sinking in less than three hours. 9. When the flag was unfurled. 10. Many lifeboats were not filled. Ans: 1. Phrase 2. Phrase 3. Phrase 4. Clause 5. Clause 6. Phrase 7. Clause. 8. Phrase 9. Clause 10. Clause II. Identify whether the highlighted group of words is a phrase or a clause. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) Opening the gate, Ram let the dog into the yard. Phrase 1. It is too bad that Ms. Geetha will not be teach- ing next year. 2. The player who hits the goal will be the Man of the match. 3. The lady whose purse was stolen reported to the police. 4. After listening to the students, I changed my mind about the test. 5. After the game, we went out for ice cream. 6. Ram’s cat went missing on the last stormy night. 7. They all started walking toward the building. 8. Ritu was waiting in front of the movie theater. 9. Whenever I don’t have any homework, I like to read a book. 10. When you open the cupboard, you will see many books of your interest. 64

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 Learning Objectives • Make singular nouns plural by various ways. • Identify and understand abstract nouns. At the completion of this topic, the students will be • Use different aspects of nouns in their writing able to: • Define the term ‘Noun’. correctly. • Identify the opposite gender of given nouns. • Match male names to the corresponding female names. • Explain the difference between singular and plural nouns. Concept Map Countable Uncountable nouns nouns NOUNS TYPES OF NOUNS Names of people, places, 1. Proper and common animals, things and ideas 2. Singular-plural nouns 3. Collective 4. Personal-possessive 5. Gender Nouns Key Points 4. Material noun: Names of materials or substances which different things are made of. I. In the above concept map, we will find many Examples: flour, cement, iron, steel, wood etc. aspects associated with NOUNS. 5. Abstract Noun: Names of ideas, feelings, Recapitulation: in your previous class, you have qualities, actions or states which can neither be already learnt the following. seen nor touched. Examples: love, happiness, honesty, livelihood etc. NOUN is a naming word. It is a part of speech which names people, places, animals, things and Today our lesson is about the following aspects of ideas-----qualities. Examples: John, Singh, Ameri- NOUNS ca, china, elephant, chicken, fear, strength etc. 1. Gender 2. Number You have also learnt about the following kinds of 3. Abstract Nouns nouns: 4. Countable & Uncountable Nouns 1. Proper noun: Names of particular people or places and things. Examples: Mohan, Geeta, II. GENDER: America, India, Bruno, Taj Mahal etc. There are FOUR GENDERS. 2. Common noun: Naming words that are 1. Masculine Gender: common to people, places, things and animals A noun is said to be in the Masculine gender if it refers of the same kind. Examples: boy, girl, doctor, to a male person or animal. For example: Man, lion, town, city, dog, car and so on. hero, boy, king, horse and actor etc. 3. Collective Noun: Name of a group of persons, places, animals or things. Examples: a library of books, a team of players and a family of four. 65

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 Examples: 3. Objects noted for their beauty, gentleness and • A boy is playing in the play-ground. grace are used as feminine-gender nouns. • My uncle is still a bachelor. The moon, the earth, spring, charity etc. are feminine- 2. Feminine Gender: gender nouns. A noun is said to be in the feminine gender if it refers to Examples: a female member of a species. For example: Woman, The moon is looking so beautiful tonight. lioness, heroine, girl, mare and niece etc. The earth is becoming a patient as her health is being Examples: spoilt by us. Examples of Masculine and Feminine Nouns: • A girl is playing in the play-ground. MASCULINE GENDERS-----FEMININE GENDERS • The heroine of this movie is not from India. 3. Common Gender: 1. Bachelor----- Spinster A noun is said to be in common gender if it refers 2. Dog----- Bitch to either to a male or a female. For example: Child, 3. Drone------ Bee student, friend, candidate, servant etc. 4. Horse----- Mare Examples: 5. Nephew----- Niece • A child is playing in the play-ground. 6. Wizard----- Witch • A friend in need is friend indeed. 7. Heir----- Heiress 4. Neuter Gender: 8. Poet----- Poetess A noun is said to be in the neuter gender if it refers to a 9. Shepherd----- Shepherdess lifeless object. Plants, insects and many other animals 10. Emperor----- Empress are counted as nouns of neuter gender, though they 11. Prince----- Princess are not lifeless. For example: Chair, table, tree, star, 12. Lion----- Lioness cockroach, ant etc. 13. Bull----- Cow Examples: 14. Tiger----- Tigress • Computers have changed our lives completely. 15. Actor----- Actress • Trees help in cleansing the air. 16. Uncle----- Aunt III. Points to Note: 17. Monk----- Nun 1. Collective nouns, even if they refer to living-beings, 18. Gentleman----- Lady are used as neuter-nouns. 19. Duck----- Drake Examples: 20. Peacock ----- Peahen • The army is doing a wonderful task. • The police was called at the accident place. IV. WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE GENDER: In these sentences the nouns (army and police) refer By using an entirely different word. to only living-beings. But they are used only as neuter- Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders nouns. 2. Objects noted for their power, strength, and 1. Boy ----- girl violence are used as Masculine gender nouns. 2. Man ----- woman The sun, summer, time, death etc. are masculine- 3. Husband ----- wife gender nouns. 4. Father ----- mother Examples: 5. Brother ----- sister • The sun is so scorching now that we cannot go 6. Son ----- daughter 7. Horse ----- mare out. 8. Monk ----- nun • The death is cruel. He is as certain as tomorrow. 9. Buck ----- doe In these sentences the words “sun” and “death” have 10. King ----- queen been used as masculine-gender nouns. 11. Cock ----- hen 12. Dog ----- bitch 13. Drake ----- duck 14. Earl ----- countess 15. Gander ----- geese 16. Gentleman ----- lady 17. Nephew ----- niece 18. Uncle ----- aunt 66

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 By adding a syllable ‘-ess’ to the masculine gender • We will need five bags of cement. • There is a litre of milk in the fridge for you. Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders • I bought you a bar of chocolate. 1. Baron ----- baroness VI. NUMBER: 2. Count ----- countess Singular Nouns: When the noun refers to one thing. 3. Giant ----- giantess Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms. 4. Heir ----- heiress Examples: 5. Host ----- hostess A flower, an egg, a city, an orange, a child 6. Lion ----- lioness Plural Nouns: When the noun refers to more than one 7. Poet ----- poetess thing. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not 8. Priest ----- priestess normally have a plural form. 9. Duke ----- duchess Examples: 10. Emperor ----- empress Flowers, eggs, cities, oranges, children 11. Prince ----- princess How to make plural nouns: 12. Tiger ----- tigress By adding ‘s’ 13. Waiter ----- waitress 1. Cat ----- cats 14. Master ----- mistress 2. dog----- dogs 3. tree ----- trees A compound noun is made up of more than one noun 4. chair -----chairs or other words. When changing the gender of such 5. balloon ----- balloons nouns, a part of the compound noun is changed, while 6. car----- cars the other part remains the same. 2. Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, take –es as suffix to form plurals. Masculine Genders-----Feminine Genders 1. bus ----- buses 1. Grandfather ----- grandmother 2. bush-----bushes 2. Manservant ----- maidservant 3. pass ----- passes 3. Landlord ----- landlady 4. bench ----- benches 4. Peacock ----- peahen 5. box ----- boxes 5. Salesman ----- saleswoman 6. church------churches 6. Washer man ----- washer woman 3. Nouns ending with a consonant followed by-o, takes –es as suffix to form plurals V. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS: 1. hero -----heroes Countable Nouns: They refer to things which can be 2. potato-----potatoes counted. We use a, an, a few, many, etc. with countable 3. mosquito-----mosquitoes nouns. 4. volcano-----volcanoes 5. tomato-----tomatoes Examples: 4. Nouns ending with o preceded by a vowel, take –s a car, three cars as suffix to form plural. my cousin, my two cousins 1. radio-----radios a book, many books 2. folio----folios a city, several big cities 3. stereo----stereos Most common nouns and collective nouns are 4. studio----studios countable. 5. ratio----ratios Uncountable Nouns: Nouns that cannot be counted. 5. Nouns ending with y, plural is formed by dropping We use some, a little, much with uncountable nouns. the y and adding ies as suffix. 1. Army----armies Examples: 2. body-----bodies Some information, a little progress, 3. lady-----ladies Some water, much salt in curry 4. cherry-----cherries Some equipment, some luggage 5. baby-----babies When we want to refer to the quantity of an uncountable noun, expressions such as a bit of, 67 a piece of, an item of or words for containers and measures can be used. Examples: • He bought a very expensive piece of furniture. • She always has some exciting bits of news.

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 6. Nounsendingin–for-fe,pluralisformedbydropping 14. A few countable nouns are always used in the f or fe and adding suffix –ves to it. plural forms. 1. calf-----calves 2. elf----elves Examples: 3. half-----halves • Spectacles 4. leaf-----leaves • Goods 5. life-----lives • Trousers • Alms VII. EXCEPTIONS: • Socks 7. Some of the singular nouns may also form the • Binoculars • Scissors plural by simply adding –s. • tongs chief-----chiefs giraffe-----giraffes 15. Some nouns have the same form whey used as roof-----roofs singular or plural 8. Some of these nouns take both forms in the plural. hoof-----hoofs/hooves Examples: scarf-----scarf/scarves • Deer 9. Some nouns are made plural by changing vowels. • Sheep 1. man-----men • Fish 2. foot-----feet • Agenda 3. tooth-----teeth • Hair 10. Plurals of numerals and abbreviations are formed • Moose by adding –s as suffix The 1980s were the golden period of the Indian 16. Some nouns appear singular (i.e. without an –s cinema. ending) but they are plural CDs and DVDs are storage devices. 11. Plurals of compound nouns with prepositions are Examples: formed by adding –s as suffix or by changing the • Cattle head word of the compound noun. • Police 1. Father-in-law-----fathers-in-law • Gentry 2. Officer-in-charge-----officers-in-charge • Clergy 3. Passer by-----passers by • People 4. Commander-in-chief----- Commanders-in-chief • Cavalry 12. Plurals of compound nouns are formed by adding –s to the last word. 17. Some nouns appear plural (i.e. with an –s ending) 1. Credit card-----credit cards but they are singular. 2. Polar bear-----polar bears 3. Post office-----post offices Examples: 4. Tea bag-----tea bags • News 13. A few nouns which might be thought as countable, • Billiards do not have a plural form. • Physics Examples: • Measles • Scales • Mathematics • Furniture • Information 18. Nouns of foreign origin • homework • Cactus----cacti • Jewellery • Bacillus----bacilli • Luggage • Focus----foci • Bread • Axis----axes • Clothing • Oasis----oases • Curriculum----curricula • Memorandum----memoranda VIII. ABSTRACT NOUNS: Nouns denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object, e.g.  truth,  danger,  happiness, education, experience, hatred, help, knowledge, life, 68

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 love, sleep, time, understanding. IX Abstract Nouns can be Formed From Adjectives: Examples: ADJECTIVE ABSTRACT NOUN 1. Truthfulness is a great virtue. 2. Honesty is the best policy. able ability 3. Childhood is the best time of life. 4. I have my own ideas and opinions. angry anger 5. He is a man of bravery. beautiful beauty brave bravery different difference Uncountable Use Countable Use difficult difficulty Good education is the She had a very expensive best investment. education at a convent envious envy (education in general) school. (the time one person great greatness Love is a great feeling. spent at school) (love in general) I have a love of poetry. happy happiness (a specific liking for They have a quiz something) hungry hunger about general The job requires a knowledge. knowledge of computers. kind kindness knowledge in general) (a specific type of long length Time passes quickly. knowledge) (time in general) We had a great time at honest honesty grandparents’ place. (a specific period of time) new newness strong strength thirsty thirst unique uniqueness weak weakness wide width wise wisdom 69

3. Nouns, Gender and Number Month: August Total Periods: 03 X. HOW TO FORM ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM ADJECTIVES: 1. Add-‘ness’ Examples: • Ready - Readiness  • Happy - Happiness  • Weak - Weakness • Sad - Sadness  • Mad – Madness 2. Add – ‘ity’  Examples: • Responsible - Responsibility • Possible - Possibility • Scarce - Scarcity  • Hilarious - Hilarity • Probable - Probability  3. Add – ‘ance’ or ‘ence’ Examples: • Independent - Independence. • Important - Importance  • Silent - Silence  Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE SHEET Nouns Nouns, gender, countable and uncountable PERIODS PS-1 nouns, number, abstract nouns and their PS-2 Self-test formation from adjectives 2 PS-3 1 Self-evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 70

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans: 1. Masculine I. Change the gender in the following sentences. 2. Common Look at the example given for you. 3. Neuter She met that girl at the club. – He met that boy at 4. Feminine the club. 5. Masculine 1. This lady is rowing a boat. 6. Feminine 2. He told his teacher the truth. 7. Common 3. The cow ate the green grass. 8. Masculine 4. A tiger is a savage animal. 9. Neuter 5. Her friend is a good actress. 10. Common 6. My aunt sent me a present. 7. The wizard transformed the little boy into a peacock. 8. My nephew is meeting his headmaster this morning. 9. The waiter served food to the groom. 10. My uncle is still a bachelor. Ans: 1. This gentleman is rowing a boat. 2. She told her teacher the truth. 3. The bull ate the green grass. 4. A tigress is a savage animal. 5. His friend is a good actor. 6. My uncle sent me a present. 7. The witch transformed the little girl into a peahen. 8. My niece is meeting her headmistress this morning. 9. The waitress served food to the bride. 10. My aunt is still a spinster. II. Identify the words if they are masculine, feminine, neuter, or common gender noun. 1. Hunter 2. Applicant 3. Computer 4. Mare 5. Police-man 6. Governess 7. Teacher 8. Son-in-law 9. Ant 10. Doctor 71

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U). Look at the example given for you. The children are playing in the garden. - U 1. I drink milk in the morning.  2. I prefer tea after getting up.  3. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.  4. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. 5. There are a lot of windows in our classroom.  6. I need some glue to fix this vase. 7. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.   8. My father drinks two glasses of water every morning.  9. The bread of that bakery is delicious. 10. Drivers should be careful on slippery roads. 11. Some policemen are controlling the traffic. 12. I bought three bottles of water for our picnic.  13. I would like some juice please! 14. Successful candidates will join the training camp.   15. I met some nice people in my apartment.   Ans: 1. I drink milk in the morning. –U 2. I prefer tea after getting up. -U 3. Scientists say that the environment is threat- ened by pollution. -C 4. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. -U 5. There are a lot of  windows  in our class- room. -C 6. I need some glue to fix this vase. -U 7. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional. -C   8. My father drinks two glasses of water every morning. -C 9. The bread of that bakery is delicious. -U 10. Drivers should be careful on slippery roads. -C 11. Some  policemen  are controlling the traf- fic. -C 12. I bought three  bottles  of water for our pic- nic. -C 13. I would like some juice please! -U 14. Successful candidates will join the training camp. -C 15. I met some nice people in my apartment. -U 72

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Point out the nouns in the following sentences 10. Rajiv Gandhi was one of the greatest prime and say whether they are common, proper, ministers of India. Prime ministers is a/an collective or abstract. ________________________ 1. Always speak the truth. Truth is a/an • Common noun _______________________ • Proper noun • Common noun • Abstract noun • Proper noun Ans: • Abstract noun 1. truth: abstract noun 2. Honesty is the best policy. Honesty is a/an 2. honesty: abstract noun ___________________________ 3. Akbar:  proper noun • Collective noun 4. committee: collective noun • Common noun 5. a fleet: collective noun • Abstract noun 6. a bunch: collective noun 3. King Akbar was famous for his wisdom. Akbar 7. Ganga: proper noun is a/an ________________________ 8. cleanliness: abstract noun • Proper noun 9. wisdom: abstract noun • Common noun 10. Prime Ministers: common noun • Abstract noun 4. A committee of five was II. Form abstract nouns from the following appointed. Committee is a/an adjectives. Look at the example given for you. ____________________________ Bitter- Bitterness • Common noun 1. Strong • Collective noun 2. Wide • Proper noun 3. Decent 5. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. Fleet is 4. Humble a/an _____________________________ 5. Long • Common noun 6. Vacant • Collective noun 7. Cruel • Proper noun 8. Young 6. He gave me a bunch of grapes. Bunch is a/an 9. Sweet _________________________________ 10. Prudent • Common noun 11. Dark • Collective noun 12. Wise • Abstract noun 13. Good 7. Varanasi is on the river Ganga. Ganga is a/an 14. Brave _____________________________ 15. Human • Proper noun 16. Ignorant • Common noun 17. Proud • Abstract noun 18. Free 8. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Cleanliness 19. Just is a/an _____________________________ 20. Poor • Common noun Ans: • Proper noun • Abstract noun 1. Strength, 2. Width, 3. Decency, 4. Humility, 9. Wisdom is better than riches. Wisdom is a/an 5. Length, 6. Vacancy, 7. Cruelty, 8. Youth, ________________________________ 9. Sweetness , 10. Prudence, 11. Darkness, • Collective noun 12. Wisdom, 13. Goodness, 14. Bravery, 15. • Common noun Humanity, 16. Ignorance 17. Pride, • Abstract noun 18. Freedom, 19. Justice, 20. Poverty 73

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Answer the following.  (10 Marks) 7. Which of these is the correct definition of an adjective? 1. A group of people, animals or things is • An adjective is a word that describes an known as a _______________. action. • An adjective is a word that is used in place 2. Which among these is incorrect? of a noun. a pack of cards, a pack of bees, a school of • An adjective is a word that describes a noun. fish, a pride of lions 3. Name the four types of genders. 8. If bachelor is masculine, feminine is 4. Which among these is odd? Why? Man, Boy, ___________. Spinster Sir, Uncle, Grandfather, Aunt 9. An eraser belongs to the common or neuter 5. Which among these is odd? Why? Woman, gender? Neuter Girl, Madam, Aunt, Grandfather 10. Say the collective forms of the nouns given 6. What is common among these? Doctor, below: Teacher, Cousin, Neighbour Sheep – a flock of sheep 7. Which of these is the correct definition of an Butterflies – a flutter of butterflies Birds – a flock of birds adjective? Children – a group of children • An adjective is a word that describes an Soldiers – an army of soldiers action. II. Write the feminine form of the following. The • An adjective is a word that is used in place first one is done for you as an example. of a noun. (10 Marks) • An adjective is a word that describes a Husband-wife 1. Gentleman _______________________ noun. 2. Shepherd _______________________ 8. If bachelor is masculine, feminine is 3. Emperor _______________________ 4. Horse _______________________ _______________. 5. Waiter _______________________ 9. An eraser belongs to the common or neuter 6. Widower _______________________ 7. Uncle _______________________ gender? 8. Nephew _______________________ 10. Say the collective forms of the nouns given 9. Boy _______________________ 10. Peacock _______________________ below: Sheep Butterflies Birds Children Soldiers Ans: Ans: 1. Gentleman-Lady 2. Shepherd-Shepherdess 1. A group of people, animals or things is known 3. Emperor-Empress as a collective noun. 4. Horse-Mare 5. Waiter-Waitress 2. Which among these is incorrect? 6. Widower-Widow a pack of cards, a pack of bees, a school of 7. Uncle-Aunt 8. Nephew-Niece fish, a pride of lions 9. Boy-Girl 3. Name the four types of genders. 10. Peacock-Peahen Masculine, feminine, common and neuter gender. 4. Which among these is odd? Why? Man, Boy, Sir, Uncle, Grandfather, Aunt Aunt-This is the only noun that belongs to the feminine gender. 5. Which among these is odd? Why? Woman, Girl, Madam, Aunt, Grandfather Grandfather –This is the only noun that be- longs to the masculine gender. 6. What is common among these? Doctor, Teacher, Cousin, Neighbour They all belong to the common gender. 74

4. Pronouns and Types Month: August Total Periods: 02 Learning Objectives DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the term Pronoun. • Differentiate between different types of pronouns and their usage. • Identify pronouns as a part of speech • How to join two sentences by using relative pronouns Concept Map INDEFINITE EMPHATIC PRONOUNS PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS PRONOUNS RELATIVE PRONOUNS Key Points object or group of things. EXAMPLES: He, I, she, you, it, they, me, him etc. I. In the above concept map, you can see various Personal pronouns stand for three persons: types of pronouns. In your previous class, you have already read about various kinds of PRO- 1. First Person (the person who speaks) – I, we, NOUNS. me, us Today we will take a quick review of pronoun and its 2. Second Person (the person who is spoken to) - types. You DEFINITION: The word which replaces a noun in a sentence is called a PRONOUN. A pronoun helps us 3. Third Person (a person or a thing which is spo- to avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and ken about) – she, he, it, they, her, him, them. speech. EXAMPLES OF PRONOUNS: I, me, mine, myself, she, EXAMPLES: her, hers, herself, we, us, ours, ourselves. 1. We will be friends forever. Let us take a quick recap of various types of 2. The inspector took him in custody. PRONOUNS. 3. What are you doing? II. TYPES OF PRONOUNS Personal pronouns for people: I, you, he, she, we, 1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS they, me, you, him, her, us, them A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or Personal pronouns for things and animals: it, they, them 75

4. Pronouns and Types Month: August Total Periods: 02 2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS EXAMPLES: what, which, who, whom, whose etc. A possessive pronoun describes a close possession/ 1. I wonder what we’re doing tomorrow. ownership or relationship to a noun. 2. Which colour do you prefer? EXAMPLES: His, yours, hers, mine, ours, theirs, mine 3. I’m wondering who will be at the party. etc. EXAMPLES: 7. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative pronouns are used to indicate nouns. 1. This project file is mine. EXAMPLES: this, that, these and those 2. I like the idea of hers very much. 3. The very first name in the merit list was yours. 1. This is my mother’s ring. 2. That looks like the car I used to drive. 3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 3. Such was her command over the English lan- A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun which refers back to the subject of a sentence or clause. guage. EXAMPLES: himself, myself, herself, yourself, ourselves etc.) 8. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Please note that a reflexive pronoun always acts as an Indefinite pronouns are used to refer to some persons OBJECT (You have already learnt about OBJECT-the or things that are not definite or specific. one who receives the action.) EXAMPLES: all, anything, something, each, every, EXAMPLES: some, any, many, one, everything everybody, etc. 1. The driver did not come so I had to drive the car 1. All are welcome to come to my birthday party to- myself. night. 2. You can win any situation if you have trust in 2. Everyone knows it is impolite to point at some- yourself. one. 3. He hurt himself with the knife while cutting the 3. Does anybody have a clue where the dog went? vegetables. 9. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS 4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS When a pronoun refers to people or things one at a A relative pronoun joins two sentences and refer back time, it is called a distributive pronoun. to a noun before it. EXAMPLES: who, whom, whose, which, that EXAMPLES: each, every, either, neither 1. Each new day is different. 1. Jaipur which is called the pink city, is the capital 2. Either girl can do that. of Rajasthan. 3. Neither answer is correct. 2. This is the boy whose work I was telling you III. COMBINING TWO SENTENCES USING A RELATIVE about. PRONOUN 3. Pay heed to what I say. EXAMPLES: 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the 5. EMPHATIC PRONOUNS teacher. An emphatic pronoun is used for highlighting, stress- The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by ing or emphasizing the noun or pronoun that comes the teacher. before it. 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My brother EXAMPLES: myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, sent it. themselves, ourselves The parcel which my brother sent reached me this morning. 1. I myself checked all the paid bills. (‘myself’ em- 3. This is the house. Jack built it. phasizes ‘I’) This is the house that Jack built. 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. 2. You yourself can write that article. (‘yourself’ Bring me the file which is on the table. emphasizes ‘you’) 5. We met a girl. The girl had lost her way. We met a girl who had lost her way. 3. He himself attended that lecture. (‘himself’ em- phasizes ‘he’) 6. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. 76

4. Pronouns and Types Month: August Total Periods: 02 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE SHEET PERIODS Pronouns Pronouns and their types PS 1 Self-test 1 PS 2 1 PS 3 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 77

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate indefinite Ans: reflexive pronoun. Look at the example given for you. empathic She wants to live ____________  by the sea. 1.  My father cooked the food empathic (Somewhere/Nowhere) himself. empathic Ans: somewhere empathic 2.  I myself served food to the reflexive 1. She put ____________in the box, all the guests. reflexive things that she had. (Nothing/Everything) empathic 3.  She praised herself for the 2. Does ____________have a phone charger? success. (nobody/anybody) 4. They dressed themselves in funny 3. We went ____________this weekend. We costumes. stayed at home. (nowhere/anywhere) 5. The bird itself built the nest in the 4. ____________lives in that house. It’s empty. mango tree. (Nobody/somebody) 6. Selfish people think only of them- 5. ____________was really friendly, all the selves. teachers as well as the students. (Everyone/ somebody) 7. You should complete your work yourself. 6. ____________going really well and so I’m really happy. (Everything/nothing) 8.  She pushed herself in the trouble. 7. She doesn’t want ____________to help her. (nobody/anybody) 8. I must have left my keys ____________!  (somewhere/nowhere) 9. Would you like to eat____________? (nothing/something) 10. ____________ unusual happened. It was a very ordinary day. (Nothing/something) Ans: 1. Everything 2. Anybody 3. Nowhere 4. Nobody 5.Everyone6.Everything7.Anybody8.Somewhere 9. Something 10. Nothing 2. Write whether the highlighted words in the following sentences are reflexive or empathic pronouns. 1. My father cooked the food himself. _______________ 2. I myself served food to the guests. _______________ 3. She praised herself for the success. _______________ 4. They dressed themselves in funny costumes. _______________ 5. The bird itself built the nest in the mango tree. _______________ 6. Selfish people think only of themselves. _______________ 7. You should complete your work yourself. _______________ 8. She pushed herself in the trouble. _______________ 78

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 1. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate personal 2. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate reflexive pronoun. Look at the example given for you. pronoun. Look at the example given for you. My name is Ritvik. __________ am an Indian. (him it My mother stitched this blue shirt she I) _______________. (Myself/ yourself/ himself/ her- Ans: My name is Ritvik. I am an Indian. self /itself/ ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves) 1. _________ need to follow me closely. (You He Ans: herself She It) 2. Rahul, Suraj and Mukesh grew tired as 1. Meera did her homework _______________. ________ had to wait for long for the bus. (Myself /yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself (Them he they it) ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves) 3. Palvinder watched the children carefully as _________ crossed the road. (them him they 2. We treated _______________ to some us) cold drink at the party. (Myself /yourself/ 4. Hold the bag please while I put the things in himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ ________. (him it she I) themselves) 5. Bhavya and I are going soon so you can come with _________ .(we them they us) 3. Rahul, did you take the photo by 6. Thank you for helping ________. (me he she _______________? (Myself /yourself/ they) himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ 7. I wonder why dad rushed off. Did you upset themselves) _______? (he him we they) 8. _______ hope those flowers are for me. (We 4. I wrote this poem _______________. (Myself Them I Him) /yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ 9. Open the door. It’s ______. (I they me she) yourselves/ themselves) 10. Govind wanted his son to follow ________. (he they I him) 5. He cut _______________ with the knife while chopping vegetables. (Myself /yourself/ Ans: himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ 1. You need to follow me closely. themselves) 2. Rahul, Suraj and Mukesh grew tired as they 6. The lion can defend _______________. had to wait for long for the bus. (Myself /yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself 3. Palvinder watched the children carefully as ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves) they crossed the road. 7. My mother often talks to _______________. 4. Hold the bag please while I put the things in (Myself /yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves) it. 5. Bhavya and I are going soon so you can come 8. Rohit and Raj, if you want more milk, help _______________. (Myself /yourself/ with us. himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ 6. Thank you for helping me. themselves) 7. I wonder why dad rushed off. Did you upset 9. My sister and her friend collected the him? stamps _______________. (Myself /yourself/ 8. I hope those flowers are for me. himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ 9. Open the door. It’s me. themselves) 10. Govind wanted his son to follow him. 10. Geeta blames _______________ for the loss. (Myself /yourself/ himself/ herself/ itself ourselves/ yourselves/ themselves) 79

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans: 1. Meera did her homework herself. 2. We treated ourselves to some cold drink at the party. 3. Rahul, did you take the photo by yourself? 4. I wrote this poem myself. 5. He cut himself with the knife while chopping vegetables. 6. The lion can defend itself. 7. My mother often talks to herself. 8. Rohit and Raj, if you want more milk, help yourselves. 9. My sister and her friend collected the stickers themselves. 10. Geeta blames herself for the loss. 3. Write the Possessive Pronouns matching the following. Look at the example given for you. I: Mine 1. We: ____________ 2. You: ____________ 3. they: ____________ 4. He: ____________ 5. She: ____________ 6. It: ____________ Ans: 1. we → ours 2. you → yours 3. they → theirs 4. he → his 5. she → hers 6. it → its 80

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 1. Use relative pronouns to fill in the blanks. Look 10. I really like the suit which you bought for the at the example given for you. wedding! The woman _________ attended the interview is waiting outside. 11. It was very sad to see the bird whose wing Ans: This was broken. 1. I am sure about the person _________ stole the book. 12. Do you like the new plants that I bought for 2. I am not very sure about the tune _________ the living room? is being played. 3. These are the cookies _________ Mary made. 13. Look at that dog who is chasing its own tail! 4. All the fruits _________ were in the bowl are 14. This is the newest phone that you can buy in rotten now. 5. She met the person _________ she wrote a the shops. letter to last month. 15. I need someone who can fix my washing ma- 6. I have a neighbour _________ dog is very dangerous. chine. 7. The man _________ came first in the 2. Combine the following sentences with the help 100-metre race broke the world record. 8. At the zoo, there is a parrot _________ can of relative pronouns. talk to the people. 1. The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by 9. Do you know the woman _________ son is a famous actor? the teacher. 10. I really like the suit _________ you bought for 2. The parcel reached me this morning. My the wedding! 11. It was very sad to see the bird _________ brother sent it. wing was broken. 3. This is the house. Ram built it. 12. Do you like the new plants _________ I 4. Bring me the file. The file is on the table. bought for the living room? 5. Once upon a time there lived a giant. The 13. Look at that dog _________ is chasing its own tail! giant was very powerful and cruel. 14. This is the newest phone _________ you can 6. The dog bit the burglar. He was trying to buy in the shops. 15. I need someone _________ can fix my break into the house. washing machine. Ans: Ans: 1. The boy who solved the puzzle was praised 1. I am sure about the person who stole the by the teacher. book. 2. The parcel which my brother sent reached me 2. I am not very sure about the tune that is be- this morning. ing played. 3. This is the house that Ram built. 3. These are the cookies that Mary made. 4. Bring me the file which is on the table. 4. All the fruits which were in the bowl are rotten 5. Once upon a time there lived a giant who was now. very powerful and cruel. 5. She met the person whom she wrote a letter 6. The dog bit the burglar  who was trying to to last month. break into the house. 6. I have a neighbour whose dog is very dan- gerous. 7. The man who came first in the 100-metre race broke the world record. 8. At the zoo, there is a parrot which can talk to the people. 9. Do you know the woman whose son is a fa- mous actor? 81

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Read the following sentences and underline the 3. Everyone must finish the breakfast. pronoun in each. (10 Marks) • Personal   • Reflexive 1. What do you want to get as gift on your • Possessive  birthday? • Distributive • Relative  2. He never hurts his good friends. • Emphatic 3. That pen is hers. • Indefinite 4. This is my sweet home. • Interrogative  5. Nobody was happy in the conference room. • Demonstrative 6. To whom you give credit for this work? 7. I may buy either of these two gifts. 4. The person who stayed with me last night 8. I myself heard his remarks. was my best friend. 9. I baked the bread myself. • Personal   10. Your doll is old but mine is new. • Reflexive • Possessive  Ans: • Distributive • Relative  1. What do you want to get as gift on your birth- • Emphatic day? • Indefinite • Interrogative  2. He never hurts his good friends. • Demonstrative 3. That pen is hers. 4. This is my sweet home. 5. Each of the students have participated in the 5. Nobody was happy in the conference room. drama act. 6. To whom you give credit for this work? • Personal   7. I may buy either of these two gifts. • Reflexive 8. I myself heard his remarks. • Possessive  9. I baked the bread myself. • Distributive 10. Your doll is old but mine is new. • Relative  II. In each of the following sentences a pronoun • Emphatic has been highlighted. What type of pronoun is • Indefinite it? (10 Marks) • Interrogative  1. They themselves went to the market and • Demonstrative bought it. • Personal   6. This is the matter that they were talking • Reflexive about. • Possessive  • Personal   • Distributive • Reflexive • Relative  • Possessive  • Emphatic • Distributive • Indefinite • Relative  • Interrogative  • Emphatic • Demonstrative • Indefinite 2. Neither of them plays well. • Interrogative  • Personal   • Demonstrative • Reflexive • Possessive  7. Who won the race yesterday? • Distributive • Personal   • Relative  • Reflexive • Emphatic • Possessive  • Indefinite • Distributive • Interrogative  • Relative  • Demonstrative • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 82

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 8. She mended the car herself. • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 9. They are playing football together. • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative 10. Which is your shirt? • Personal   • Reflexive • Possessive  • Distributive • Relative  • Emphatic • Indefinite • Interrogative  • Demonstrative Ans: 1. They themselves went to the market and bought it. Emphatic 2. Neither of them plays well. Distributive 3. Everyone must finish the breakfast. Distribu- tive 4. The person who stayed with me last night was my best friend. Relative  5. Each of the students have participated in the drama act. Distributive 6. This is the matter that they were talking about. Relative  7. Who won the race yesterday? Interrogative  8. She mended the car herself. Reflexive 9. They are playing football together. Personal   10. Which is your shirt? Interrogative  83

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison Month: August Total Periods: 02 Learning Objectives • rewrite the sentences with different degrees of comparison without changing the meaning. At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • forming adjectives from nouns, adverbs and • identify the three degrees of comparison of other adjectives. adjectives. • use adjectives in their writing in a creative way. • form and use the positive, comparative and superlative degrees of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives. Concept Map COMPARING ADJECTIVES COMPARING ADJECTIVES CAN BE FORMED IN THREE WAYS POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE FORM FORM FORM As…………as -er More -es Most In your previous class, you have already learnt that we can make comparison between nouns with the help of three forms of the adjective. (Recapitulate that adjective is a word which qualifies • Travelling by train is better than travelling by bus. a noun. It gives more information about the noun). • The pink dress is prettier than the yellow one. • This information is more reliable than the one I Key Points heard on the news channel. Today we will take a quick recap of the three degrees of comparison. 3.  The Superlative Degree  I.  THREE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES The superlative degree compares a person, thing, 1. The Positive Degree activity or quality with the group. The Superlative The positive degree of an adjective makes no Degree expresses the highest degree. comparison. • The blue whale is the biggest of all animals found • A healthy mind resides in a healthy body. • It is a ripe mango. on the earth. • My dad bought a beautiful car. • Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Himalayas. 2.  The Comparative Degree  • Diamond is the hardest of all the substances. The comparative degree compares two people, things, actives or qualities. II. SOME EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Bright brighter brightest Bold bolder boldest Clever cleverer cleverest Cold colder coldest Fast faster fastest 84

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison Month: August Total Periods: 02 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Great greater greatest ill worse worst High higher highest far farther farthest Kind kinder kindest well better best Long longer longest late later latest Small smaller smallest little less least Strong stronger strongest much more most Sweet sweeter sweetest many more most Tall taller tallest near nearer nearest Young younger youngest old older oldest Brave braver bravest old elder eldest Fine finer finest III. THE COMPARISON TAKES PLACE IN THREE TYPES Large larger largest IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS: Nice nicer nicest Simple simpler simplest 1.  By using as……as and not……than Wise wiser wisest White whiter whitest Examples: costly costlier costliest Snow is as white as milk. (Use of positive degree) dry drier driest Milk is not whiter than snow. (Use of comparative easy easier easiest degree) happy happier happiest heavy heavier heaviest 2.  By using not so …… as and ……than lazy lazier laziest wealthier wealthiest Examples: wealthy bigger biggest Meetu is not so hardworking as Neetu. (Use of big dimmer dimmest positive degree) dim fatter fattest Neetu is more hardworking than Meetu. (Use of fat hotter hottest comparative degree) hot thinner thinnest thin bigger biggest 3.  By using no other, any other, of all big dimmer dimmest dim fatter fattest Examples: fat hotter hottest No other student of the class is as hardworking as hot thinner thinnest Renu. (Use of positive degree) thin Renu is more hardworking than any other student of more active most active the class. (Use of comparative degree) active more attractive most attractive Renu is the most hardworking of all the students of attractive more beautiful most beautiful the class. (Use of superlative degree) beautiful more brilliant most brilliant brilliant 4.  By using very few, most other, one of the more careful most careful careful more most Examples: Very few historical monuments are as famous as the courageous courageous courageous Taj Mahal. (Use of positive degree) more cunning most cunning The Taj Mahal is more famous than most other cunning more difficult most difficult historical monuments. (Use of comparative degree) difficult more famous most famous The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous historical famous more faithful most faithful monuments. (Use of superlative degree) faithful more proper most proper proper more popular most popular 5. By using at least as……as, not……than some popular more splendid most splendid other, not ….. of all splendid worse worst Examples: bad worse worst Some flowers are at least as fragrant as sunflower. evil better best (Use of positive degree) good Sunflower is not more fragrant than some other flowers. (Use of comparative degree) Sunflower is not the most fragrant of all the flowers. (Use of superlative degree) 85

5. Adjective-Degrees of Comparison Month: August Total Periods: 02 IV.  FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES V.  FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM NOUNS By adding following suffixes NOUN ADJECTIVE SUFFIX EXAMPLES -able, -ible comfortable, readable, incredible, hero heroic invisible wind windy -al, -ial comical, normal, musical, industrial, child childish presidential beauty beautiful -ful beautiful, harmful, peaceful, VI.  FORMING ADJECTIVES FROM VERBS wonderful VERB ADJECTIVE -ic classic, economic, heroic, romantic read readable -ical aeronautical, alphabetical, political talk talkative -ish British, childish, Irish, foolish use useful -ive, -ative active, alternative, creative, talkative Like likeable -less endless, motionless, priceless, timeless -eous, -ious, spontaneous, hideous, ambitious, -ous anxious, dangerous, famous -y angry, busy, wealthy, windy Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE SHEET Adjectives Degrees of comparison, rewriting PERIODS Self-test sentences without changing the PS1 meaning, formation of adjectives 1 PS2 1 PS3 Self evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 86

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks by changing the words in the bracket into adjectives. Look at the example given for you. The room was painted in _____________ (difference) colours. Ans: The room was painted in different colours. 1. I made myself ______________ (comfort) on the sofa. 2. Some bells are _____________ (music) and others are not. 3. It was a _____________ (child) thing for her to do. 4. They presented the dishes in a very _____________ (creation) way. 5. These days choices are _____________ (end). 6. It isn’t as _____________ (danger) as it looks. 7. It gets cold and _____________ (wind) in winter. 8. He calls me a chatterer but he himself is very _____________ (talk). 9. After the picnic, everyone was _____________ (anxiety) to get back home. 10. His rule proved _____________ (harm) to the country. 11. It had been a _____________ (fool) thing to climb up the tree. 12. It is still a _____________ (fame) famous school. Ans: 1. I made myself comfortable on the sofa. 2. Some bells are musical and others are not. 3. It was a childish thing for her to do. 4. They presented the dishes in a very creative way. 5. These days choices are endless. 6. It isn’t as dangerous as it looks. 7. It gets cold and windy in winter. 8. He calls me a chatterer but he himself is very talkative. 9. After the picnic, everyone was anxious to get back home. 10. His rule proved harmful to the country. 11. It had been  a foolish  thing to climb up the tree. 12. It is still a famous school. 87

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the blanks with suitable adjectives by Ans: Answer Write the Answer choosing the most appropriate option from opposite. the ones given below. Write the Newer 1. There are ___________ boys in the field. comparative Longer younger Older 2. I like a ___________ pen. form: Nicer cleaner Dirtier 3. It’s a ___________ tree. new Bigger darker Brighter 4. The ship sustained ___________ damage. long more More 5. He is a man of ___________ words. nice boring interesting 6. This is a ___________ wire. big hotter Colder 7. She has ___________ hair. happier Sadder 8. I have read the ___________ books. good Better easier Harder/ fat Fatter Tougher 1. (a) such (b) several (c) none (d) every modern More smaller Bigger 2. (a) finer (b) finest (c) fine (d) most fine modern cheaper Expensive 3. (a) taller (b) smaller (c) littler (d) tall friendly Friendlier 4. (a) heavy (b) heavier (c) heaviest famous More (d) a lot of famous 5. (a) fewer (b) little (c) few (d) fewest 6. (a) active (b) live (c) wet (d) dry 7. (a) shiny (b) shinier (c) shiniest (d) more shiny 8. (a) worse (b) much (c) best (d) all Ans: 1. There are several boys in the field. 2. I like a fine pen. 3. It’s a tall tree. 4. The ship sustained a lot of damage. 5. He is a man of few words. 6. This is a live wire. 7. She has shiny hair. 8. I have read the best books. II. Fill in the following boxes. Write the Answer Write the Answer comparative opposite. form: new younger long cleaner nice darker big more boring good hotter fat happier modern easier friendly smaller famous cheaper 88

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Rewrite the sentences given below using However, it is _________ (interesting). different degrees of comparison according to 9. Antarctica is one of _______________ (cold) clues given in the bracket. Look at the example given for you. places on Earth. Shakespeare is the most famous of all writers in 10. Switzerland is one of the _______________ English. (as……as) Ans: No other writer in English is as famous as (rich) countries in the world. Shakespeare. Ans: 1. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (the 1. Cheetahs are the fastest animals we can most) 2. I earn as much money as Ram. (not……than) find. 3. China is larger than India. (as……as) 2. Eating fruits and vegetables is healthier than 4. Greenland is the largest island in the world. (than any other) eating fried snacks. 5. Air is lighter than water. (as……as) 3. I find milk better than coffee. 6. I am taller than my brother. (as……as) 4. China has more people than any other coun- 7. Shyam is the strongest boy in the class. (than any other) try in the world. 8. Gold is more precious than any other metal. 5. The blue whale is the heaviest animal in the (most) world. Ans: 6. Travelling by train is more comfortable than 1. Iron is the most useful of all metals. 2. Ram does not earn more money than I do. travelling by bus. 3. India is not as large as China. 7. The Nile is the longest river in the world. 4. Greenland is larger than any other island in 8. History is more difficult than Geography. the world. However, it is more interesting. 5. Water is not as light as air. 9. Antarctica is one of coldest places on Earth. 6. My brother is not as tall as I am. 10. Switzerland is one of richest countries in the 7. Shyam is stronger than any other boy in the world. class. 8. Gold is the most precious of all metals. 89 II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate degree of adjective. Look at the example given for you. Her dress is _______________ (pretty) than mine. Ans: Her dress is prettier than mine. 1. Cheetahs are the _______________ (fast) animals we can find. 2. Eating fruits and vegetables is _______________ (healthy) than eating fried snacks. 3. I find milk _______________ (good) than coffee. 4. China has _______________ (many) people than any other country in the world. 5. The blue whale is the _______________ (heavy) animal in the world. 6. Travelling by train is _______________ (comfortable) than travelling by bus. 7. The Nile is the _______________ (long) river in the world. 8. History is _______ (difficult) than Geography.

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Complete the following table by filling correct II. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate options. (10 Marks) degree of comparison. Look at the example given for you. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE  (10 Marks) 1 close My father is hardworking. My uncle is 2 Hotter Closest _________________ (hardworking) than him. 3 lazier Ans: more hardworking 4 5 Elder More 1. The test in Physics was easy, but the test in 6 Biology was _________________ (easy) than 7 Most it. interesting 8 Few 2. Lucy is clever girl in the class but Carol is 9 Holier _________________ (clever) of all. 10 Most 3. Kerala is sunny. Do you know any place as wonderful _________________ (sunny) as that? Ans: 4. Arun is a successful politician, but his sister is _________________ (successful) than him.   POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE 5. I live in a large family but my grandfather 1 Close Closer Closest lived in a _________________ (large) one. 2 Hot Hotter Hottest 6. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we will have even 3 Wonderful More wonderful Most _________________ (little). wonderful 7. There are many beautiful flowers in the 4 Lazy lazier Laziest garden but this flower is _____________ (beautiful) one. 5 Elder Older Oldest 8. The _________________ (pretty) woman won 6 Much More Most the beauty pageant. 7 Interesting More interesting Most 9. He has lost weight and looks interesting _________________ (thin) than before. 10. Have you visited the old fort? It is the _________________ (old) fort we visited during our holidays? 8 Few Fewer Fewest 9 Holy Holier Holiest 10 Wonderful More wonderful Most wonderful 90

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins Ans: 1. The test in Physics was easy, but the test in Biology was easier than it. 2. Lucy is clever girl in the class but Carol is clev- erest of all. 3. Kerala is sunny. Do you know any place as sunny as that? 4. Arun is a successful politician, but his sister is more successful than him. 5. I live in a large family but my grandfather lived in a larger one. 6. We have only little time for this exercise, but in the examination we will have even lesser. 7. There are many beautiful flowers in the gar- den but this flower is the most beautiful one. 8. The prettiest woman won the beauty pag- eant. 9. He has lost weight and looks thinner than be- fore. 10. Have you visited the old fort? It is the oldest fort we visited during our holidays? 91

6. Articles and Determiners Month: September Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the terms “Article” & “determiner”. • Identify determiners within sentences. • Use determiners accurately within sentences. Starter Activity ARTICLES POSSESSIVES DEMONSTRATIVES A My, Your This An His, Her That The Its, Our These Their, Whose Those NUMERALS ORDINALS QUANTIFIERS One First Many, few, some, every, much, a Two Second lot of, any, less Three four Next last Key Points II.  FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF DETERMINERS: • Articles: a, an , the RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have • Demonstratives: this, that, these, those already learnt about ‘Article’, which is one of the • Quantifiers Determiners. An article, like an adjective, modifies the • Possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose noun. It adds to the meaning of the noun. An article 1. ARTICLES is always used before a noun or an adjective that INDEFINITE ARTICLES: A AND AN modifies the noun. Today our lesson is about DETERMINERS. 1. They do not refer to particular nouns. ‘A’ is used I. DEFINITION: A determiner is a word that introduc- before nouns beginning with consonants (other than a, e, i, o, u) EXAMPLES: a stamp, a desk, a es a noun. It always comes before a noun and also TV, a cup, a book, a university (Although ‘univer- comes before any other adjectives used to describe sity’ starts with the vowel ‘u’, it is pronounced as the noun. a consonant sound, a uniform, a union • Once there was a bunny. The bunny went home. • There were many cookies in the box. I ate the 2. ‘An’ is used before singular countable nouns be- chocolate cookie. ginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel sound. • The metal cans are recyclable. EXAMPLES: an apple, an elephant, an issue, an orange, an honest man, (vowel sound) an hour, an heir 3. They can be used only with singular countable nouns that are unspecified. EXAMPLES: A chair, a boy, an elephant, an orange 4. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns. 5. We use articles for expression of quantities. EX- AMPLES: a dozen, a gallon, a couple, a lot 92

6. Articles and Determiners Month: September Total Periods: 04 6. Used for expression of numbers EXAMPLES: a 6. The name of newspapers: million, a thousand, a hundred EXAMPLES: 7. Used before a noun in exclamatory sentences • My father reads the Times of India. EXAMPLES: What a beautiful home!, What a • I sent an article to the editor of the Hindustan lovely girl! Times. EXAMPLES: 7. The names of holy books 1. My father is a professor in a university. EXAMPLES: 2. I am an Indian and I love my country. • The Ramayana is the holy book of the Hindus. 3. The man lost his legs in an accident. • I began to read the  Bible  long before I could 4. My uncle is an MLA. 5. Swati takes an egg and an apple for breakfast. understand it.  6. An honest man is loved by all. 8. Certain nouns to represent them as a class: 7. My uncle bought an ox and a buffalo from the EXAMPLES: fair. 8. A dozen of apples means twelve apples. • We should help the poor and the needy. 9. I will call you in an hour. • The rich have always lived in luxury. 10. My neighbour is an Australian. 9. Certain nouns to represent as a nation, a party or a community DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE”: EXAMPLES: 1. A singular noun which is used to represent the • The French are sophisticated. (this means we are referring to the French people) whole class. • The Sikhs are brave. EXAMPLES: 2. DEMONSTRATIVES: Demonstrative determiners are used as pointers of a particular noun in order • The dog is a faithful animal to indicate the position or location of a noun in the • The fox is a cunning animal. sentence. 1. The noun we have already spoken about. Examples: here, there, this, that, these, those, etc. EXAMPLES: 1. This – is used with singular nouns when referring to • He gave money to a little boy and the boy bought an object that is close to the speaker • This car is parked very close to my driveway. toys for himself. • Is this Reena’s dog? • We saw an old man in the park. The man was • This book is mine. 2. That – is used with singular nouns when referring looking worried. to an object or person that is far to the speaker 2. Superlatives (the highest quality or degree of an • That house across the street is really beautiful. • Is that your book on the teacher’s table? adjective-large, larger, largest) or any other adjec- • That house is not his. tive which makes the noun very particular one. 3. These - is used with plural nouns when referring to EXAMPLES: an object that is close to the speaker • Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. • These trees are looking so green. • This is the best option available with us. • Are these your dogs? 3. The names of planets, stars and satellites • These books are not mine. EXAMPLES: Those - is used with plural nouns when referring to an • The earth is round. object or person that is far to the speaker • The moon appears in the night. • I really like those mountains. 4. Ordinal numbers (first, second, fourth, tenth etc). • Are those Reena’s friends? EXAMPLES: • Those boys do not live here. • He got the first position in the class. Note: The distance of an object or person doesn’t • The second boy in the third row is my brother. have to be physical. 5. The name of rivers, seas and oceans EXAMPLES: • The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean. • The Ganges is a holy river. 93

6. Articles and Determiners Month: September Total Periods: 04 3. Quantifiers: They are used in the sentence in order • All milk was spoiled. to express the quantity such as many, few, enough, • All men need money. little, much, most, any, some, any, etc. • All cats love milk. With plural uncountable nouns- Quantifiers like little, a bit of, a lot of, a large amount • I need all of the sugar. of etc. are used to quantify uncountable nouns. • Who drank all of the juice? • You need all of you courage! • I want my coffee with a little cream on top. Use of ‘half’ as a Distributive Determiner • Add few ice cubes to your milk. • Half of his money goes to charity. • The bank received a large amount of complaints. • He ate half of the banana. Quantifiers like few, several, a large number of etc. • I gave him half of the sugar I had. are to be used with countable nouns. • Half of them were on holiday. • He gave me few advices before leaving. • They invited half of their relatives to the • He had several mangoes in his fridge. • Ronit has a large number of collectible items. wedding. Quantifiers like some, plenty, any, lots of, no etc. can For measurements ‘half’ is used prefixed with ‘a’ or be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. ‘an’. For Ex- • I don’t have any sugar with me. • I don’t have any mangoes in my fridge. • Bring half a kilo tea from the market. • Ronit has plenty of collectible items. • May I have half a cup of tea please? 4. Interrogatives: They are used to ask questions • Every day he walks for nearly half a mile. such as what, which, whose etc. and are always fol- • I eat half an apple every morning. lowed by the noun. Use of ‘both’, ‘either’ and ‘neither’ as Distributive • What time did you reach here? Determiners • Which school do you study? • Both my cars are black. • Whose shirt are you wearing? • Either of the books was worth keeping. 5. Possessives: They are different from possessive • I would love to dine at either of the hotels. pronouns (can be independent or can stand alone) • Either man was courteous. and used in the sentence to express ownership of a • Neither car is working. noun. Some of the possessive determiners are like • Neither of the dogs barked. his, her, my, mine, our, their, your, etc. • Either of men was dancing. For example: • Neither of the cows gives milk. • This is her house. • My mom is very simple and kind. 94 • I am going to receive your mother. 6. Distributive Determiners: They give information about the noun in a clause or sentence. They may refer to a group or every individual in the group. Some of the examples/words/list of distributive de- terminers are- each, every, all, either and neither, etc. ‘Each’ and ‘Every’ talk about the individual members of a group. • Each child was laughing. • Every child was laughing. • He got each man out safely. • He got every man out safely. ‘Every’ on the other hand cannot be used with plural nouns. • Every children were laughing. - Incorrect • Every men was running. - Incorrect ‘All’ collectively talks about the whole group.

6. Articles and Determiners Month: September Total Periods: 04 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS NO. OF PRACTICE SHEET Articles Articles & Determiners and their uses PERIODS Self-test PS-1 3 PS-2 1 PS-3 Self-evaluation sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or displays it using an overhead projector and asks the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 95

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blanks with suitable interrogative 8. ———————- said these words? pronouns. Look at the example given for you. a) Who 1. ———————- did you invite to deliver the b) Whom speech? c) What a) Who d) Which b) Whom Ans: Who c) What d) Whose 9. Of ——————— boy are you speaking? Ans: Whom a) Whom b) Who 2. She asked ——————- I preferred, tea or c) Which coffee? d) That a) Who Ans: Which b) That c) Which 10. ——————– do you want to see? d) Whom a) Who Ans: Which b) Whom c) Which 3. Of ———————- are you speaking? d) Whose a) Who Ans: Whom b) Whom c) Whose 11. ——————– did he come here for? d) None of these a) Why Ans: Whom b) What c) Whom 4. ——————- do you want to do? d) Who a) What Ans: What b) Which c) That II. Fill in the blanks with suitable possessive d) Whom pronouns. Look at the example given for you. Ans: What We live here. This is _______ house. Ans: We live here. This is our house. 5. ———————- shall I give this to? a) Whom 1. Hey, you! Is this _________ book? b) What 2. We study in a hostel. _________ parents live c) Whose d) Which in Mysore. Ans: Whom 3. Please give it to me. This is _________ guitar. 4. Is he younger or older? How old 6. ——————- of these books will you take? a) Which is_________ sister? b) Whom 5. You went to Jaipur last year. Where c) That d) Whose does _________ team play this year? Ans: Which 6. She is celebrating her birthday so she sent an 7. I don’t know —————— of them will actually invitation to _________best friend. get it? 7. Your school is great. Are those a) Whom b) What _________ teachers? c) Which 8. He has cut _________finger. d) Whose 9. The children finished _________game. Ans: Which 10. The hotel has _________ own swimming pool. 96

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Ans: 1. Hey, you! Is this your book? 2. We study in a hostel. Our parents live in My- sore. 3. Please give it to me. This is my guitar. 4. Is he younger or older? How old is his sister? 5. You went to Jaipur last year. Where does your team play this year? 6. She is celebrating her birthday so she sent an invitation to her best friend. 7. Your school is great. Are those your teachers? 8. He has cut his finger. 9. The children finished their game. 10. The hotel has its own swimming pool. 97

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Fill in the correct demonstrative pronoun from II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate quantifiers: the box. Look at the example given for you. little / a little / few / a few. 1. We must be quick. We have _________ time. This That These Those 2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you _________ advice. I really like ___________ restaurant. 3. Do you mind if I ask you _________ Ans: I really like this restaurant. questions? 1. I prefer ___________ books to __________ 4. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, very _________tourists come here. ones over there. 5. ‘Would you like milk in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, 2. ___________ chair is a lot more comfortable please _________.’ 6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s than ___________ one. _________ to do. 3. Would you rather have ___________ 7. ‘Do you ever go to your native place?’ ‘Yes, I go there _________times every year.’ chocolates or ___________ box of candies? Ans: 4. For the price of ___________ dress, you can 1. We must be quick. We have little time. buy __________ two other nice dresses over 2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you a little there. 5. I hope that ___________ summer will be advice. nicer than ___________ weeks of rain we had 3. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions? last year. 4. This town is not a very interesting place to vis- 6. ___________ boys over there have a football match with ___________ boys here. it, very few tourists come here. 7. I like ___________ film a lot more than 5. ‘Would you like milk in your coffee?’ ‘Yes, ___________ one they showed last week. 8. You can’t compare ___________ movies from please a little.’ the fifties and sixties to ___________ movies 6. This is a very boring place to live. There’s little of today. Ans: to do. 1. I prefer these books to those ones over there. 7. ‘Do you ever go to your native place?’ ‘Yes, I 2. This chair is a lot more comfortable than that go there a few times every year.’ one. 3. Would you rather have these chocolates or this box of candies? 4. For the price of this dress, you can buy those two other nice dresses over there. 5. I hope that this summer will be nicer than those weeks of rain we had last year. 6. Those boys over there have a football match with these boys here. 7. I like this film a lot more than that one they showed last week. 8. You can’t compare those movies from the fif- ties and sixties to these movies of today. 98

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Circle the article or articles in each sentence below. I had a good sleep. Ans: a 1. Have you considered the plan of action? 2. Did the dog disappear over-night? 3. I have an infection in my foot. 4. The man forced the crowd to leave. 5. The principal gave the speech to the students. 6. I have a beautiful garden in front of my house. 7. He has the courage to be successful. 8. What is the title of the novel? 9. I caught a fish in the lake. 10. We took a shelter at the cottage. 11. Did the medicine work properly? 12. That was a terrible mistake! Ans: 1. the 2. the 3. an 4. The 5. the 6.a 7. the 8. the 9. a 10. a 11. the 12. a II. Insert articles in the following passage wherever necessary. Put a cross where an article is not required. Right now I am looking at ______ picture of Ramya. She is not at ________ home in ______ picture. She is at ______ park. She is sitting on ______ bench. She is eating her lunch. Some boys and girls are running in ______ park. A squirrel is sitting on ______ ground in front of ________ Ramya. The squirrel is eating ______ nut. Ramya is watching ______ squirrel. She always watches _________ squirrels when she eats her lunch in ______ park. Some ducks are swimming in ______ pond in ______ picture, and some birds are flying in ______ sky. ______ policeman is riding ______ bike. Near Ramya, ______ family is having ______ picnic. They go on ______ picnic every week. Ans: Right now I am looking at a picture of Ramya. She is not at X home in the picture. She is at a park. She is sitting on a bench. She is eating her lunch. Some boys and girls are running in the park. A squirrel is sitting on the ground in front of X Ramya. The squirrel is eating a nut. Ramya is watching the squirrel. She always watches X squirrels when she eats her lunch in the park. Some ducks are swimming in a pond in the pic- ture, and some birds are flying in the sky. A po- liceman is riding a bike. Near Ramya, a family is having a picnic. They go on a picnic every week. 99

Self-Evaluation Sheet Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct form in the brackets. Look II. Choose the correct determiner. Look at the at the example given for you. (10 Marks) example given for you. (10 Marks) (Apples / The apples) are good for you. This is ____________ (the, a, an) same man I met Ans: Apples are good for you. yesterday. Ans: This is the same man I met yesterday. 1. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! They’re very large. 1. Could you bring me ____________ (this, these, that, those) books I left in the library? 2. (Women / The women) are often better teachers than (men / the men). 2. ____________ (the, a, an) sun rises from the east. 3. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. (Cheese / The cheese) was especially good. 3. The doctor advised me to eat ____________ (the, a, an) apple every morning. 4. (Life / The life) would be very difficult without (electricity / the electricity). 4. There aren’t ____________ (much, many, a lot) students in the library. 5. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favourite sport but I also like (swimming / the swimming). 5. I haven’t got ____________ (some, any, many) pictures in my bedroom. 6. (Second World War / The Second World War) ended in 1945. 6. She gave a chocolate to ____________ (any, all, each) child. 7. Do you know (people / the people) who lived next door? 7. I’ve got to finish ____________ (any, many, all) my work before I go to sleep. 8. Are you interested in (art / the art) of (architecture / the architecture)? 8. ____________ (this, these, that, those) oranges are delicious! 9. (All books / All the books) on the top shelf belong to me. 9. My mother doesn’t drink ____________ (much, many, a lot) coffee. 10. Two of the biggest problems our societies faces our society are (crime / the crime) and 10. I always keep ____________ (some, any, (unemployment / the unemployment). many) money in my purse for emergencies. Ans: Ans: 1. Look at (apples / the apples) on that tree! 1. Could you bring me those books I left in the li- They’re very large. brary? 2. (Women / The women) are often better teach- 2. The sun rises from the east. ers than (men / the men). 3. The doctor advised me to eat an apple every 3. We had a very nice meal in that restaurant. morning. (Cheese / The cheese) was especially good. 4. There aren’t many students in the library. 5. I haven’t got any pictures in my bedroom. 4. (Life / The life) would be very difficult without 6. She gave a chocolate to each child. (electricity / the electricity). 7. I’ve got to finish all my work before I go to 5. (Skiing / The skiing) is my favourite sport but I sleep. also like (swimming / the swimming). 8. These oranges are delicious! 9. My mother doesn’t drink much coffee. 6. (Second World War / The Second World War) 10. I always keep some money in my purse for ended in 1945. emergencies. 7. Do you know (people / the people) who lived next door? 8. Are you interested in (art / the art) of (archi- tecture / the architecture)? 9. (All books / All the books) on the top shelf be- long to me. 10. Two of the biggest problems our society faces are (crime / the crime) and (unemployment / the unemployment). 100