2110046-Passport-G5-FoundationMax-Social-FY

Class 5 SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOK Name : __________________________ Section : __________ Roll No: _______ School : ___________________________ Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 1 21/01/2017 6:40:04 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. Having applied the concepts learnt, we We begin relating what we learn to The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, real life situations around us, thereby extend the field of application to more involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt. advanced and challenging scenarios. recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth. such as meanings and concepts. Oral discussion questions to Train My Brain check for learning and to gauge the understanding 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? level of the child, testing both skill and knowledge. Lesson I Apply Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. real-life situations by giving along with learning an opportunity to apply objectives. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) . what the child has learnt. I Will Learn 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . 1.1 What is History? Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on manner as to arouse curiosity Fascinating facts and trivia among the students. for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept. English Fun Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note – contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept. story of the past. A Note to Parent Inside the Lab - A I Understand Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. of their child and conduct that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. activities given in the concept and includes section to reinforce the elements to ensure that learnt concepts. students are engaged throughout. Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 2 21/01/2017 6:40:05 PM

How do we hone crucial learning? R REMEMBERING U UNDERSTANDING A APPLICATION H H.O.T.S. Having applied the concepts learnt, we We begin relating what we learn to The first step of the learning process As we progress with recollecting information, real life situations around us, thereby extend the field of application to more involves remembering new things and we parallelly start understanding it by breaking applying what we have learnt. advanced and challenging scenarios. recollecting all crucial information it down and exploring its length and breadth. such as meanings and concepts. Oral discussion questions to Train My Brain check for learning and to gauge the understanding 1) What is the meaning of ‘event’? level of the child, testing both skill and knowledge. Lesson I Apply Contains the list of concepts 1 What is History? ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS Connects the concept to to be covered in the lesson Archaeologists and historians work together to learn about the past. real-life situations by giving along with learning an opportunity to apply objectives. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) . what the child has learnt. I Will Learn 1) Make a timeline of your life. You can use the following information . 1.1 What is History? Encourages the child to What do ‘past’, ‘history’, ‘timeline’ and ‘sources of history’ mean? Be Amazed extend the concept learnt Why is history important? What can we learn from sources of history? to advanced application Introduces the Who study history and how do they use sources to history? Human beings used to live in caves. A cave is a scenarios. large hole-like space that is formed in the side of a concept/subtopic in such a Make a timeline of events. mountain or hill. Human beings painted pictures on manner as to arouse curiosity Fascinating facts and trivia among the students. for students to establish a Connect the Dots better real-life connect with I Think the concept. English Fun Introduces all new concepts Mrs. Irani is wearing a sari and proudly showing it to Meher and Rashi. to build upon the prerequisite Many writers use sources of history to imagine stories knowledge/skills required to of the past. Anu Kumar wrote A Chola Adventure in Multidisciplinary section understand and apply the I Remember 2013. She used different sources of history to imagine connects all other subjects objective of the topic. how the people lived more than 2,000 years ago. to a particular topic to Pin-Up Note – contains key The word past is used for all the time that has gone by. It is the enable a student to relate retention points from the time before ‘now’. The word ‘history’ comes from the French History is the better to it. word for ‘story’. concept. story of the past. A Note to Parent Inside the Lab - A I Understand Help your child build a story of your family’s past. They can interview different family THE NEED TO STUDY HISTORY To engage a parent in out-of-classroom learning Explains the aspects in detail Different people study history for different reasons. A doctor studies history to out all the different sides of a story. of their child and conduct that forms the basis of the understand the different diseases and treatments in the past. activities given in the concept and includes section to reinforce the elements to ensure that learnt concepts. students are engaged throughout. Social_TB_Nameslip_Book Explainer.indd 3 21/01/2017 6:40:06 PM

Contents 1 Representing the Earth ���������������������������1 1�1 Maps and Globes 2 1�2 Latitudes and Longitudes 8 2 All Kinds of Regions Make up the World ����������������������������������������������15 2�1 The Climatic Zones of the Earth 16 2�2 Life in the Different Climatic Zones 22 3 When the Europeans Came to India �������������������������������������������� 30 3�1 European Expeditions 31 4 The Revolt of 1857 ������������������������ 38 4�1 The First War of Independence 39 5 The Freedom Struggle ������������������������� 47 5�1 The Indian National Congress and the Freedom Movement 48 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 1 14-02-2017 12:20:12

6 Winning Freedom ������������������������ 55 6�1 Revolutionary Efforts Towards Indian Freedom 56 7 The Partition of India �������������������� 66 7�1 The Partitions of 1905 and 1947 67 8 Your Right, My Right: Human Rights ����������������������������������������� 75 8�1 Human Rights and Human Rights Organisations 76 8�2 The Rights of Children 81 9 Our Government ����������������������� 87 9�1 India’s Democratic Government 88 10 Industries of India ���������������������� 95 10.1 Need and Classification of Industries 96 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 2 14-02-2017 12:20:13

Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 3 14-02-2017 12:20:20

R Representing the Earthepresenting the Earth I Will Learn 1.1 Maps and Globes Ⅴ Maps and globes and their features f Differences between maps and globes Ⅶ Using a map to make a globe H Getting familiar with globes 1.2 Latitudes and Longitudes Ⅴ Recap latitudes and longitudes f Differences between latitudes and longitudes Ⅶ Using longitudes to calculate time H Calculate time using latitudes and longitudes Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 1 14-02-2017 12:20:21

Concept 1.1: Maps and Globes I Think Rashi and her friends are planning a holiday. They are looking at travel magazines, when Rashi's father walks into the room. Mr. Jain: Hi Rashi! What are you looking for? Rashi: Hi Papa! We are trying to decide where we should go on our next holiday. We are looking through travel magazines. Mr. Jain: That’s great. But I don’t see any maps or a globe in front of you. Rashi: Maps? Why maps? Mr. Jain: Well, maps are a great way to know about a place. They help you answer questions like, ‘How far away is it?’ or ‘Where do I go from here?’ They even help you find things like railway stations, hotels and other landmarks. And a globe will really help you imagine where your holiday spot is on the Earth. Rashi: Oh! You are right! I’ll get the globe from the hall right away! Q. What does Rashi’s father want her to look at to plan her holiday? (A) the internet and newspapers (B) maps and a globe (C) maps and her school textbooks (D) a globe and a magazine 2 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 2 14-02-2017 12:20:29

I Remember The huge size of the Earth Axis makes it difficult for us to study it as a whole. To make this easy, we represent the A globe is a small model Earth in different ways. Two of the Earth. of the most important tools The imaginary line on for doing this are maps and which a globe rotates globes. is called its axis. It lies at Axis the centre of the globe. MAPS A map is usually a two-dimensional view of a place. There are different kinds of maps. Some important types of maps and what they show: Maps Political Physical Thematic - boundaries of countries, - landforms and water - information related to a states, cities bodies particular theme - capitals and other cities - the heights of different - Example: major crops, places rainfall in different - natural regions parts of the country and so on Representing the Earth 3 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 3 14-02-2017 12:21:21

Features of maps Title Key Scale Direction Grid Direction Scale Key Title Grid to explain to explain to show how to show lines that to explain to explain to show lines that to show how what the the symbols much area north, south, divide the divide the what the much area is the symbols north, map is map is and colours is covered south, east map into covered by and colours map into east and equal parts about the map used about used by the map and west equal parts west GLOBES The word ‘globe’ comes from the Latin word ‘globus.’ It means ‘something that is round’ or a ‘sphere’. A globe is a three-dimensional object. It is shaped like the Earth. It shows correct areas and distances. Why can a globe be called 'a little Earth'? • Since it has the same shape as the Earth, the positions of the continents shown are mostly accurate. • Since it is made to scale, the distances between places are also mostly accurate. Features of globes 1) We can turn the globe on its axis to see any part of the Earth we want. 2) The axis of a globe is not straight. It is tilted at an angle of 23.5° to the north. This shows the 23.5° N tilt of the Earth in relation to the Sun. 3) The globe shows some important points and lines. The shape of a globe is similar to that of the Earth. We can therefore understand the Axis positions of these lines and points much better on a globe than on a map. 4 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 4 14-02-2017 12:21:28

I Understand THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MAPS AND GLOBES Map Globe • we can see the entire Earth at a time • we can only see one part of the Earth, at a time • flat or two-dimensional • spherical or three-dimensional • can provide detailed information • shows the whole Earth, and so, cannot be too detailed • cannot be used to study the rotation • can rotate on an axis, and so, can and revolution of the Earth be used to study the rotation and revolution of the Earth • easy to carry • difficult to carry IMPORTANT POINTS AND LINES ON A GLOBE Look at the picture of the globe. Some important points and lines are marked on it. Axis North Pole Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn North South Pole West East Axis South Representing the Earth 5 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 5 14-02-2017 12:21:29

1) The North and South Poles: They are two ends of the Earth’s axis. They are found at the top and bottom of a globe. 2) The Equator: It is an imaginary line drawn around the middle of a globe to divide it into two equal parts or hemispheres. Above the Equator, that is, to its north, is the northern hemisphere. Below the Equator, that is, to its south, is the southern hemisphere. 3) The Prime Meridian: It is an imaginary line that divides a globe into the eastern and western hemispheres. The Equator dividing The Prime Meridian dividing the Earth into the northern and the Earth into the eastern and southern hemispheres western hemispheres Train My Brain 1) What does ‘scale’ mean? 2) What is the meaning of 'three-dimensional'? 6 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 6 14-02-2017 12:21:35

I Apply MAKING A GLOBE A globe can be made from a specially made map like this one. A map like this can be pasted onto a sphere. A globe can only be made to show the entire Earth. We cannot use a map of a country, city or neighbourhood to make a globe. Representing the Earth 7 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 7 14-02-2017 12:21:48

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Look at a globe and point out the following: • the Equator • a continent in the southern hemisphere • a continent which is in all four hemispheres • the continent of which India is a part Be Amazed The German geographer, Martin Behaim, made a globe more than 500 years ago which still exists. He was able to create this after travelling around the world. Concept 1.2: Latitudes and Longitudes I Think Rashi: I have decided I want to visit Australia. Mr. Jain: That’s interesting. Can you show me where it is on this globe? Rashi: I can’t see it. Mr. Jain: Use the latitudes and longitudes on the globe to find places. Where is Australia? Rashi: It’s in the southern hemisphere. And it’s to the east of the Prime Meridian. Q. What does Rashi's father ask her to use to find the location of a place on the globe? (A) latitudes (B) latitudes and longitudes (C) longitudes (D) the internet 8 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 8 14-02-2017 12:21:51

I Remember The North Pole and the South Pole marked on the globe show the northernmost and southernmost points of the Earth. A globe is divided into small sections. These sections Horizontal lines drawn make it easy to find places parallel to the equator on the Earth. The lines are latitudes. Vertical which make these sections lines that join the North are called latitudes and and South Poles are longitudes. Latitudes and called longitudes. longitudes are measured using degrees and the direction in which they fall. Example, 20 N is read as ‘20 degrees, north’. ° LATITUDES They are also known as parallels. This is because these lines do not meet each other at any point. The Equator is an important latitude. The Equator: It is the longest latitude. It marks 0 on the ° globe. It divides the Earth into the northern and southern hemispheres. Latitudes Representing the Earth 9 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 9 14-02-2017 12:22:02

Other than the Equator, there are four other important latitudes: 1) Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N): It is also called the Northern Tropic. ° 2) Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S): It is also called the Southern Tropic. ° 3) Arctic Circle (66.5 N): This is the latitude that circles the North Pole. ° 4) Antarctic Circle (66.5 S): This is the latitude that circles the South Pole. ° LONGITUDES We have read that the Equator is the longest latitude. Do you know that the Equator is a circle? This equatorial circle can be divided into 360 . These divisions of the ° equatorial circle are used for marking meridians. These meridians are called longitudes. Longitudes range from 0 to 180 east and 0 to 180 west. ° ° ° ° The Equator is an important latitude. 0 meridian: It is also called the Greenwich Meridian as Longitudes ° it passes through a place called Greenwich in the United Kingdom. It is also called the Prime Meridian. 180 meridian: This line lies on the opposite side of the globe to the 0 meridian. It ° ° is also called the International Date Line. Unlike the 0 meridian, it does not pass ° through any country. The 0 and 180 longitudes divide the Earth into the eastern and western hemispheres. ° ° 0° meridian 180° meridian 10 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 10 14-02-2017 12:22:03

I Understand FEATURES OF LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES Latitudes: • run from east to west. • form complete circles, except at the two poles, which are points. Latitudes • are parallel lines. The distance between them always remains equal. • decrease in length from the Equator towards the poles. Longitudes: • run from the north to the south. • meet at the poles. The distance between longitudes is the least at the poles. This distance is the widest at the Equator. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LATITUDES AND SUNLIGHT Longitudes The tilt of the Earth along with its revolution has various interesting effects. The most important is that all the latitudes do not get the same amount of sunlight. The Polar Circles: receive very little sunlight. The Tropics: receive more sunlight than the Polar Circles. The Equator: receives the most sunlight. The latitudes between which the Sun appears directly overhead are the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 N) in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S) in the south. ° ° Representing the Earth 11 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 11 14-02-2017 12:22:06

Train My Brain 1) Name three important latitudes. 2) Which latitudes get the most sunlight? I Apply Mr. Jain lives in Pune. He wants to call his cousin who lives in the United Kingdom. Before he calls, he checks his watch to calculate what time it is in London. He does not do this before calling his sister in Jaipur. Why does he need to do this? Time difference: Every place in the world has a specific longitude. We use longitudes to calculate the time for different places. Standard time: The time is different for each place on a different meridian. A country like India has many meridians. So, places on different meridians would be at different times. To avoid any confusion, we have a standard time. A standard time is decided on the basis of a centrally located meridian of a region. Standard times around the world 12 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 12 14-02-2017 12:22:09

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) To calculate time using meridians, we need to count 4 minutes for each meridian. So if it is 12 noon at 0 , ° • it will be 12:04 p.m. at 1 E. Add minutes to the time for meridians to the east of 0 . ° ° • it will be 11:56 at 1 W. Subtract minutes to the time for meridians to the west of 0 . ° ° Using a time zone map, fill in the table given below. The time at: Greenwich Time (0°) The time at: 2 W is 11:52 p.m. 2 E is 12:08 p.m. ° ° [2 × 4 = 8. So 12 - 8 minutes 12 noon [2 × 4 = 8. = 11:52 p.m.] So 12 + 8 minutes = 12:08 p.m.] 5 W is _________________ 1 p.m. 5 E is ____________________ ° ° 80 W is ________________ 12 midnight 80 E is ___________________ ° ° 100 W is _______________ 3 a.m. 100 E is __________________ ° ° Be Amazed Africa is the only continent to be on both sides of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. It is the only continent in the world which is in all four hemispheres. North West East South Representing the Earth 13 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 13 14-02-2017 12:22:11

Connect the Dots Maths Fun Allahabad is located near the 82 E meridian. New Delhi is located ° near the 77 E meridian. How many degrees are between them? ° Which is closer to the Prime Meridian? English Fun Do you know what the tropics are named after? The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn are named after the astrological signs of Cancer and Capricorn. Astrological signs are also called sun signs or zodiac signs. Do you know yours? A Note to Parent You can help your child to learn using the GPS-based maps available on smartphones. These maps use the latitudes and longitudes of places. You can ask your child to record the coordinates of the places you go to using these smartphone applications. New words 1) represent – show 2) two-dimensional – flat 3) three-dimensional – an object that has length, breadth and depth 4) geographer – someone who is an expert at, and continues to study geography 14 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 14 14-02-2017 12:22:14

All Kinds of Regions All Kinds of Regions Make up the World Make up the World I Will Learn 2.1 The Climatic Zones of the Earth Ⅴ Weather, seasons and climate f Factors that affect the climate; climatic zones Ⅶ Climate of India H Climatic zones and countries 2.2 Life in the Different Climatic Zones Ⅴ Vegetation and wildlife found in different zones f Features of vegetation and wildlife found in different zones Ⅶ Effects of climatic zones on people H Climatic zones and the states of India Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 15 14-02-2017 12:22:18

Concept 2.1: The Climatic Zones of the Earth I Think Meher: Bhai, what are you doing with all these maps and magazines? Morad: I am making a list of all the amazing places I want to see. Meher: Which places do you want to see, Bhai? Morad: I want to travel to Greenland, the Democratic Republic of Congo and… ummm... Athens! But right now, I want to go to New Zealand. Meher: New Zealand will be much colder than Pune, right? After all, it is December. Q. Do you think it will be cold in New Zealand during December? (A) yes (B) no I Remember Between December and February, we feel very cold. However, we might be very cold on one day and a little less cold on another day. Similarly, it might be less windy one day and very windy the next day. This change in the day-to-day conditions of temperature, humidity and wind at a place is called weather. SEASONS The weather is cold between December and February. However, between March to May, the temperature starts increasing and we feel hotter. 16 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 16 14-02-2017 12:22:26

These cyclical changes in the weather, over a period of a year, are called seasons. In India, there are three main seasons – summer, monsoon and winter. What causes seasons? You have learnt that there are two movements of the Earth – rotation and revolution. The revolution of the Earth around the Sun causes seasons. The Earth is tilted on its axis. So, while revolving around the Sun, one part of the Earth is tilted towards the Sun and receives more hours of sunlight. This part experiences summer. However, the other part is tilted away from the Sun and receives fewer hours of sunlight. This part experiences winter. Sometimes, while revolving, no part is tilted towards the Sun. This is the time when we experience either spring or autumn. CLIMATE We know that the Earth's revolution leads to seasons. However, even during a particular season, the climate does not remain the same everywhere. The climate is the weather For example, during the winter season, it is very of a location recorded cold in the Northern Mountains, but it is pleasant over a long period of time. in the coastal plains. This is because many factors affect the climate of a place. I Understand FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE OF A PLACE There are five factors that affect the climate of a place. They are: All Kinds of Regions 17 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 17 14-02-2017 12:22:28

How distance from the Equator affects climate • Distance from the Equator: If a place is closer to the Equator, the sunrays fall directly over it and spread over a smaller area. However, if a place is away from the Equator, the sunrays are slanting and spread over a larger area. Therefore, places closer to the Equator are hotter than the places away from the Equator. • Height above sea level: The higher one goes, the cooler it gets. So, places located above sea level are much cooler than places located at sea level. Example: Shimla is cooler than Mumbai. • Distance from the sea: Places closer to the sea are cooler than those away from the sea as they experience sea breeze. • Wind and humidity: Wind and humidity also influence the climate of a place. For example, hot winds blowing from the Thar Desert make the climate of Delhi hot during the summer. Similarly, coastal regions are more humid because of the evaporation of water from the seas and oceans. CLIMATIC ZONES OF THE EARTH North Frigid Zone You have read that depending on their closeness to the Equator, different regions North Temperate Zone receive different amounts of heat from the Sun. Depending on the amount of heat Torrid Zone received, the Earth has been divided into three climatic zones: South Temperate Zone South Frigid Zone 18 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 18 14-02-2017 12:22:31

• the Torrid Zone • the Temperate Zone • the Frigid Zone The Torrid Zone The Temperate Zone All Kinds of Regions 19 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 19 14-02-2017 12:22:39

The Frigid Zone Train My Brain 1) Name the three seasons of India. 2) What is sea breeze? I Apply CLIMATE OF INDIA A large part of India lies in the Torrid Zone, while some part of it lies in the Temperate Zone. India, hence, experiences different types of climatic conditions. The presence of a variety of landforms such as mountains, plains and coasts, also affects India's climate and gives it variety. 20 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 20 14-02-2017 12:22:41

The Thar Desert Himalayan ranges in has a dry and the country are always hot climate. This covered with snow as is because the they are extremely high region has very above the sea level. few water bodies and receives scanty rainfall. Mumbai is closer to the equator than New Delhi. Yet, it is cooler than New Delhi because it receives sea breeze. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Look at the climatic zone map given in this lesson. Using an atlas, find out the zones in which the following countries are located. • Germany • Saudi Arabia • Singapore • Nigeria • France • Norway Be Amazed The Poles experience six months of sunlight and six months of darkness. Due to the angle of the Earth, each Pole spends six months tilted towards the Sun. So, for six months, there is continuous daylight at one Pole. However, the other Pole remains in the dark for those six months. All Kinds of Regions 21 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 21 14-02-2017 12:22:46

Concept 2.2: Life in the Different Climatic Zones I Think Meher: Bhai, that means you want to go to all these different countries just to experience the different climates? Morad: Haha. No! I also want to see what grows in each of these places. Meher: Why not just go to a zoo? Morad: Well, in a zoo, we find only animals. What about the plants? Meher: Are they different in different places? Morad: Yes! Meher: I want to go to places where it snows. I would love to play in snow. Q. Why does Morad want to visit different places? (A) to experience different climates (B) to find the plants and animals found in different climatic zones (C) to click photographs of different animals (D) to play in snow I Remember The difference in the rainfall and temperature in the climatic zones means that there are different plants and animals in each zone. LIFE IN THE TORRID ZONE The higher the rainfall Since there is plenty of rain and sunshine, the Torrid received by a region, Zone is home to many plants and animals. In fact, the denser is the forest. more than half of the world’s animals are found in The denser the forest, this zone. the greater is the wildlife found in the region. 22 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 22 14-02-2017 12:22:48

Vegetation Many dense forests grow in the Torrid Zones. These forests are home to a variety of trees such as rubber, bamboo, mahogany and sal. Rubber trees Mahogany tree The trees growing in these forests: • are tall • have broad leaves • do not completely shed their leaves at any time during the year Wildlife Numerous animals are found in the Torrid Zone. The birds found in this zone are very colourful. Some of them are toucans and macaws. Animals such as elephants, sloths and poison arrow frogs, are also found here. Toucan Poison arrow frog LIFE IN THE TEMPERATE ZONE The milder climate of the Temperate Zone means the animals and plants found in this zone are different from the ones found in the Torrid Zone Vegetation There are two types of vegetation seen in the Temperate Zone – grasslands and forests. All Kinds of Regions 23 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 23 14-02-2017 12:22:52

Grasslands: In the Northern and Southern Temperate Zones, there are large areas that are covered by grass. These areas are called grasslands. Forests: Apart from grasslands, forests are also found in the Temperate Zone. These forests are of two kinds: deciduous and coniferous. Grassland As you have read in class 4, deciduous forests have trees that shed their leaves in the winter season. Some examples are maple, walnut, and oak. On the other hand, coniferous forests have cone-shaped trees which grow to a uniform height and close to each other. Some examples of coniferous trees are fir, pine and cedar. Maple Oak Fir Wildlife: Many animals are found in this zone. Examples: bobcat, black bear. Bobcat LIFE IN THE FRIGID ZONE Due to the extreme cold, only a few plant and animal species inhabit the Frigid Zone. Vegetation Since this zone is extremely cold, rarely any plants grow in this region. During the summers, mosses, lichens and some stunted plants grow here. Lichen 24 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 24 14-02-2017 12:23:02

Wildlife Polar bear, Arctic fox, seals and reindeer are some of the animals found in this zone. Birds such as Arctic tern and the snowy owl are also found here. No reptiles are found in this zone. Animals in the Southern Frigid Zone have to go to the sea for food. These include whales, penguins and seals. A seal A polar bear I Understand The plants and animals found in the three different climatic zones have unique features. Let us learn more about them. THE TORRID ZONE: FOREST LAYERS The Torrid Zone receives plenty of sun and rain. So, the forests in this zone are completely filled with trees. These trees vary in height. So, we get to see layers in the forests. All Kinds of Regions 25 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 25 14-02-2017 12:23:03

It is the topmost layer of the forest. The trees in this layer are very tall. So, they receive a lot of sunlight. It is the second layer. It consists mostly of tree tops and branches that form a roof. This layer consists of small trees, shrubs  and creepers.  The layer consists of roots and fallen leaves. It is very darkover here as  very little sunlight reaches this    layer. Layers of a forest THE TEMPERATE ZONE: MORE GRASS, FEWER TREES Not many trees are found in grasslands. The climate of the grasslands is dry. So, when winds blow, the dry grass rub against each and catch fire. The fire destroys trees. But grass has special roots that do not get destroyed by fire. This allows grass to grow back. THE FRIGID ZONE: STAYING ALIVE DURING THE EXTREMELY COLD WINTERS During the winters, it gets extremely cold in the Frigid Zone. Also, no plants grow during this season. So, the animals living in the Frigid Zone have two ways to stay alive – migration and hibernation. Migration: Many birds living in the Frigid Zone migrate – that is, they move to warmer places to get away from the cold winter. By doing so, the birds ensure that they get food to eat and also remain warm. Example: Arctic tern An Arctic tern 26 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 26 14-02-2017 12:23:05

Hibernation: During winters, it is not easy to find food. Hence, animals go into a deep sleep-like state. This is called hibernation. By hibernating, animals ensure that energy from food is used only for activities such as breathing. Example: Polar bear Train My Brain 1) Name one tree found in the Torrid Zone. 2) Name an animal found in the Temperate Zone. I Apply EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATIC ZONES ON HUMAN LIFE The differences in the climatic zones affect people and their lifestyle. Let us read how. Clothes People living in different zones wear different types of clothes. For example, people living in the Torrid Zone wear more of cotton clothes as the climate is hot and humid. Cotton allows the heat to escape easily. People living in the Temperate Zone wear light clothes during summer and woollen clothes during winter. Shelter The climatic zones also affect the kind of shelter people build to live in. For example, people living in the Frigid Zone live in special houses called igloos. Although, they are built using snow, they are very warm inside! People living in the Torrid Zone ensure that their Stilted houses houses have slanted roofs. Such roofs allow the water to run off easily. Many people who live in evergreen forests live in stilted houses, as this region receives heavy rainfall. All Kinds of Regions 27 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 27 14-02-2017 12:23:07

I Explore (H.O.T.S.) 1) Since India lies in both the Torrid and the Temperate Zone, we get to see a variety of plants and animals. Example: Evergreen forests are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, while coniferous trees such as pine and deodar are seen in the Himalayan region. Similarly, while camels are found only in the dry region of Thar, we see animals such as the snow leopards and yaks in the Himalayas. 2) Using an atlas, find the Indian states that fall in the Temperate Zone and the states that fall in the Torrid Zone. Be Amazed Migrating birds use the Sun and stars for navigation. They also travel a long distance. Examples: Greater flamingos, blue throats Connect the Dots English Fun What are the adjectives you can use to describe the climate of the Torrid Zone and the Frigid Zone? Think beyond the usual adjectives – hot, wet, humid, cold and frozen. (You are allowed to use a combination of two words.) Science Fun The Emperor Penguin, found in the Frigid Zone, is a unique bird. After laying an egg, the female goes into the sea to hunt for food. It is the male who takes care of the egg until a baby penguin hatches from it. 28 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 28 14-02-2017 12:23:09

A Note to Parent It will be a good learning for your child if he or she gets to known about the effects of global warming. You can read articles and watch videos together. You can get started here: goo.gl/DNiXvN New words 1) humidity – water present in air 2) cyclical – occurring in a repeated manner 3) monsoon – a season when India receives a lot of rain 4) autumn – a season when leaves of trees begin to fall 5) sea level – the point where the sea meets the land 6) sea breeze – slight wind that blows from sea towards land 7) evaporation – the process which water turns into vapour 8) scanty – very little 8) vegetation – plants found in a particular region 9) inhabit – live 10) stunted – not growing or developing properly 11) layers – A thing or a material that lies over or covers another thing or material 12) stilted house – a house built on stilt. Stilts are wooden or steel bars that support a structure 13) navigation – finding a way for reaching from one place to another All Kinds of Regions 29 Make up the World Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 29 14-02-2017 12:23:10

When the Europeans When the Europeans Came to India Came to India I Will Learn 3.1 European Expeditions Ⅴ Europeans who came to India f Rise of the British in India Ⅶ Exchange of cultures H Other parts of the world that the British ruled Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 30 14-02-2017 12:23:11

Concept 3.1: European Expeditions I Think Rashi and Meher are at Priya Bua’s place. She is Rashi’s bua (aunt) who is a professor of history in Mumbai. Rashi and Meher are amazed at the number of history books in her house. Meher: Aunty, why do you have so many books on history? Do you like history? Priya Bua: Oh yes, I love history for many reasons. One of them is that it is connected to our present. I will tell you a little story to explain. Rashi loves to read English books. But, did you know that in the 15 and 16 century, hardly th th anybody knew even one word of English in India! Rashi: Wow! Then how do we know English now? Priya Bua: Today, newspapers tell us that the heads of European companies visit India to talk to our leaders. They want to sell their products here. Similarly, in those days too, European companies wanted to sell their products here. In exchange, they wanted to take useful items back. In the end, Europeans even ruled India. Q. Why did the Europeans come to India? (A) to read newspapers and history books (B) to meet Indian leaders (C) to sell their products and take useful items back (D) to rule India When the Europeans 31 Came to India Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 31 14-02-2017 12:23:14

I Remember At the start of the 15 century, explorers from European th countries such as Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands, began expeditions. They wanted to An expedition is a journey explore more of the world. They also wanted to find by a group of people with new sea routes to reach different countries in Asia, a particular purpose, such including India. as exploration. WHY DID THE EUROPEANS WANT TO FIND NEW ROUTES TO REACH ASIA? Asia was well-known for materials and things that were not easily available in other parts of the world. The Europeans got the following new things from India and other Asian countries such as China: Spices Metals Cloth • pepper • copper • silk • nutmeg • silver • cotton • cloves However, it would take a long time to reach Asia by land. At times, the rulers of some places would not allow Europeans to travel through their kingdoms to reach another place. The Europeans felt that if they could find sea routes, they would be able to reach Asian countries without much difficulty. They could then trade with these countries easily. 32 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 32 14-02-2017 12:23:34

EUROPEANS AND INDIA Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, was the first to discover a sea route to India from Europe. He reached Kozhikode (Calicut), Kerala in 1498. After his visit, Portuguese traders formed a group and got permission from their ruler to exchange materials and objects with the people of India. These groups of traders were called trading companies. Soon, traders from other European countries also formed trading companies and started coming to India. These included the Dutch, followed by the French and the British. Apart from trading with India, trading companies also started setting up factories and trading posts all over India. Look at the timeline to know about the trading posts and factories set up by the Europeans in India. Establishment of European trading posts and factories in india 1502 ― Portuguese factories were established in Kozhikode (Calicut), Kannur (Cannanore) and Kochi (Cochin). 1605 ― Members of the Dutch East India Company came to India. 1615 ― The British East India Company set up trading stations in India. 1668 ― The first French factory was set up in Surat. I Understand By 17 century, the Portuguese as well as the British, the Dutch and the French had th established trading stations all over India. However, they also fought with each other. When the Europeans 33 Came to India Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 33 14-02-2017 12:23:34

Why did the Europeans fight with each other? All the companies were making money by buying Indian goods for cheap and selling them abroad at high prices. Every company wanted to become wealthier and more powerful. This led them to fight with each other. For example, the British and the French fought the first Carnatic War in 1746. Ultimately, the British defeated all other European trading companies and were left with the maximum number of trading stations in India. THE RISE OF THE BRITISH IN INDIA After defeating other European countries, the British East India Company decided to make India their colony. In other words, they decided to control and rule India. They thought that by ruling India they could: • take raw materials from India and give it to factories in Britain • sell the goods made in British factories in India, and earn even more money How did the British establish their rule in India? During the time of the British, many small kingdoms ruled different parts of India. The rulers of these kingdoms often fought with each other. The British took advantage of this fighting. They would give gifts and money to one Indian ruler and promise to protect his or her kingdom from other rulers. In return, the ruler would look after the British army. The British would then fight the other kings. The British had modern weapons. So, they would defeat the Indian kings easily. The British would also fight Indian rulers who refused to look after the British army or refused to follow the rules made by them. 34 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 34 14-02-2017 12:23:36

Below are some important battles fought and won by the British East India Company: Name of the battle Name of the Indian rulers Mir Qasim, the Mughal Emperor Shah Battle of Buxar Alam-II and Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab (1764) of Awadh (part of present-day Uttar Pradesh) Anglo-Mysore Wars Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan of (four wars till 1799) Mysore Anglo-Maratha Wars Maratha rulers from present-day (three wars till 1818) Maharashtra Through all these activities, by the start of the 18 century, the British East India th Company had become very powerful. Train My Brain 1) Name the first person to discover a sea-route from Europe to India. 2) Who fought the Anglo-Maratha wars? When the Europeans 35 Came to India Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 35 14-02-2017 12:23:37

I Apply ExCHANgE OF CULTURES People from different cultures, speaking different languages, interacted with one another during colonisation. People from India came in contact with European people and their culture, while the Europeans saw the different lifestyles of Indians in the different parts of India. Even today, we can still see the influences of the A building built with Dutch, French, Portuguese and British rules on Indian foreign influence life. The popularity of the English language is one of the effects of the British rule. In places like Goa and Puducherry, one sees buildings that are made in Portuguese or French style and so on. These influences also changed some old India practices. For example, sea voyage was considered unlucky for Hindus. So, many Hindus did not want to travel. However, this is no longer believed. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Apart from India, the British ruled several other countries as well. The names of a few countries are given below. Use an atlas to locate these countries on a world map. Continent Country Asia - Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka Africa - Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Mauritius Europe - Cyprus, Malta Be Amazed The Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus, set out to discover India in 1492. Instead, he reached Bahamas, a country located near North America. However, Columbus thought that he had reached India. Hence, he called the people living on these islands ‘Indians’. 36 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 36 14-02-2017 12:23:39

Connect the Dots English Fun Just like the British culture influenced India, Indian languages had an influence on English. Did you know many English words are actually from Indian languages? They have even been included in English dictionaries. Here are some of them: bungalow, chutney, cot, guru, pyjamas, bamboo, loot Science Fun Nowadays, we use Google maps to find directions. These maps even tell us the route, step-by-step! But when explorers were travelling to new places, magnetic compasses were used. Here is an image of a magnetic compass. A Note to Parent Point out to your child the streets, buildings and areas in your city that still have European or British names. Also show them buildings that were built during the British era. Doing so will allow your child to notice the European influence in present-day India. New words 1) route – a way or path taken to reach a place or thing 2) Dutch – people from the Netherlands 3) Anglo – British 4) colonisation – the process of making a place one's colony When the Europeans 37 Came to India Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 37 14-02-2017 12:23:40

The Revolt The Revolt of 1857 of 1857 I Will Learn 4.1 The First War of Independence Ⅴ Attitude of the British towards Indians f Main events of the Revolt of 1857; cause the of failure of the revolt Ⅶ Consequences of the revolt H Important leaders of the 1857 revolt Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 38 14-02-2017 12:23:43

Concept 4.1: The First War of Independence I Think Morad, Meher and Rashi are going to watch a movie. Rashi: What is this movie about? Morad: It is about Mangal Pandey. He was a soldier who participated in a revolt against the British. Meher: I think it will be a very interesting movie. Morad: Yes! You will get to learn about an important person in India’s fight for freedom. Q. Did the British revolt against the Indians? (A) yes (B) no I Remember At the start of the 15 century, many foreign traders started visiting India. These th included the Dutch, the Portuguese, the French and the British. Among all these traders, the British became the most powerful traders. THE ATTITUDE OF THE BRITISH The British East India Company (BEIC) knew that ruling India was beneficial for them financially. This is because they got money by collecting taxes and selling goods in India. However, the Indian kings and queens did not want the Company to rule India. This led to many battles between it and the Indian rulers. The Company had a powerful army and defeated many Indian rulers. The Revolt of 1857 39 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 39 14-02-2017 12:23:52

The Company, thus, began ruling large parts of India. They made new laws and imposed fines on people who broke these laws. People were very unhappy with the British rule. WHY WERE INDIANS UNHAPPY WITH THE BRITISH? The laws that the British made were harsh and unfair to Indians. These laws also interfered with the way Indians led their lives. Actions of Effects on the Company Indians imposed high taxes on farmers farmers became poorer; they also had to pay taxes even if the crops failed which angered the farmers sent raw materials from India to The British factory-made goods were factories located in England; brought cheaper than Indian goods. So, Indian goods made by these factories to craftsmen went out of business because India and sold them at higher prices not many people bought from them. made a law that allowed them to many Indian rulers lost their kingdoms; take over kingdoms where the king these included the rulers of Jhansi and has died leaving no male heir Satara As time passed, the anger of the Indians increased. Finally, the Indians decided to rise against the unjust British. They revolted. This revolt, which took place in 1857, was the first time Indians demanded freedom from the British. Hence, it When people fight is also called the ‘first war of independence’. against their rulers, it is called a revolt. I Understand The event that started the revolt of 1857 was the mutiny of the sepoys (sipahis) in British India against the rule of the British. 40 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 40 14-02-2017 12:23:53

WHAT CAUSED THE REVOLT? The British army had introduced a new rifle. The bullets to be used in the rifle were coated with grease made of cow and pig fat. Now, before using the bullets, the soldiers had to bite off this greasy coating. The Indian soldiers could not do this as the cow was holy to the Hindu soldiers. Similarly, The pig is considered unholy and unfit to eat by Muslims. The British officers did not care about the feelings of the Hindus and the Muslims. This angered the soldiers. In March 1857, a soldier named Mangal Pandey refused to use the bullets and attacked his British officers. In April 1857, the British executed Mangal Pandey. This execution angered other soldiers and they mutinied against Mangal Pandey the British. The mutineers were soon joined by kings and queens. The mutiny now acquired the shape of a revolt. It soon spread to Meerut, Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Awadh, Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow and Indore. However, the British army crushed the revolt and in June 1858 the revolt ended. The revolt failed. CAUSES OF FAILURE The British fighting the Indians Lack of leadership The revolt lacked any central leadership. The leaders of the revolt fought only for their own territories. There were no national leaders who could give it a larger purpose. It hence became easy for the Company to defeat the different groups fighting. The Revolt of 1857 41 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 41 14-02-2017 12:23:57

Not organised The different groups fought their small fights against local British authorities. Their efforts were not organised. The British, on the other hand, were organised. Therefore, they could defeat the rebels. Outdated weapons The Indian people used very old weapons. They also did not have enough weapons. The British used modern weapons and also had a lot of money to buy ammunition. No support from other parts The revolt did not spread to all parts of the country. For example, no revolt occurred in a large part of south and west India. This enabled the British to crush the revolt easily. Train My Brain 1) In which year did the revolt take place? 2) Name one city where the revolt took place. I Apply CONSEQUENCES OF THE REVOLT The 1857 revolt affected both the British and the Indians. Effects on the British The Revolt of 1857 shocked the British. They felt that they might lose their control over India. To ensure their control over India, the British made several changes. • New ruler: Instead of the British East India Company, the Queen of England and the British government became the new rulers of India. 42 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 42 14-02-2017 12:23:58

• New Laws: When the Queen began to rule, new laws were introduced to keep the British in power. For example, the number of British soldiers in the army was increased. • More taxes: The British increased the taxes on goods and land. They did this to ensure that Indians remained poor and powerless. Effects on the Indians • Rise of patriotism: Indians were inspired by looking at the bravery of rulers such as Rani Laxmibai and Veer Kunwar Singh. They become more patriotic. • Importance of unity: Indians realised the injustice of the British. They realised that if they were united together they could defeat the British. I Explore (H.O.T.S.) Many leaders participated in the revolt of 1857. Let us learn more about some of them and the role they played. Name of the leader Role he or she played in the revolt He was an officer in the British East India company's army. During the 1857 revolt, he led the Indian soldiers and fought against the British. He was killed during the revolt. Bakht Khan The Revolt of 1857 43 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 43 14-02-2017 12:24:00

She was the queen of Jhansi. She joined the revolt because the British had forcibly taken away her kingdom. The British killed her during a battle. Rani Laxmibai He was the ruler of Jagdishpur, Bihar. He joined the revolt to protect his kingdom. Although, Veer Kunwar Singh defeated the British, he died because of his wounds. Veer Kunwar Singh He led the army of Nana Sahib, the ruler of Gwalior. He fought against the British even after the revolt ended. Finally, the British caught and killed him. Tatya Tope Be Amazed Many historians believe that the revolt of 1857 was the biggest revolt against colonialism, anywhere in the world in the nineteenth century. 44 Social_Studies_Grade_5_TB.indb 44 14-02-2017 12:24:03