202110734-PERFORM-TEACHER-TEACHER_COMPANION_BOOK-ENGLISH-G06-FY

8. Adjectives Month: October Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will • Create or select vivid adjectives to enhance their be able to: writing as they write and revise. • Identify adjectives. • Use adjectives in their writing. • Explain the purpose and types of adjectives • Use suitable adjectives creatively in their writing. Starter Activity Ask students to give you three words they love (whole class). Write the words on the board. They may come up with sentences like- 1. My mother is tall, pretty and a great cook. 2. My father is honest, handsome, hardworking person. 3. My dog is cute, furry, and cuddly. 4. My grandmother is old, loving and affectionate lady. These sentences can be used to elicit the definition of “adjective words”: the teacher can describe one of the students e.g. “Rahul is tall, shy and sincere or describe the “chair, board, school” to elicit that these words help to describe things, persons or places as well. So from the above activity, it is clear that there are an animal, or a place. They are used to provide some words which describe the NOUNS. more information to a noun by describing or modifying it. The words like long, brown, slen- Key Points der, thin, green, leafy etc. belong to this category. 1. Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or Examples: states of being of nouns: enormous, silly, yellow, • The new boy gave an excellent speech in the fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of class. nouns: many, few, millions, eleven. • The spider has hairy legs. ii. Q uantitative adjectives: They tell us the quantity Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other or degree of a noun. The words like any, much, adjectives. little, none, some, enough, all etc. belong to this category. My sister wore a beautiful dress for the party. Examples: My cake should have nine candles. • There isn’t any water in the bucket. Driving is faster than walking. • I have some money in my purse. Most adjectives can be used in two positions. When iii. N umeral adjectives: Numeral adjectives are those adjectives which are used to denote the they are used before the noun they describe, they number of nouns or the order in which they are called ATTRIBUTIVE: stand. The words like one, two, five, ten, first, • a black cat second, third, tenth, twelfth etc. belong to this • a gloomy day category. • a slow journey Examples: • a large suitcase • Each mango was priced fifty rupees. When they are used after a verb, they are called • I stood second in my class. PREDICATIVE: Please note: The same word can be used as a quan- • The cat is black. titative adjective or a numeral adjective based on • The day is gloomy. whether the noun it is describing is countable or not. • The journey seemed slow. • The suitcase is large. 2. Kinds of adjectives i. Descriptive adjectives: They are used to express the size, colour, or shape of a person, a thing, 101

8. Adjectives Month: October Total Periods: 04 QUANTITATIVE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE Little/A little/The little ADJECTIVE Little means not much. A little means some but not enough. He did not drink He did not eat The little means not much but all there is. any milk. any chocolates. I drank some milk. Some students in Examples: this class are very • I had little money in my pocket. I could not buy hardworking. anything. iv. D emonstrative adjectives: They point out • I was very thirsty. But there was a little water in nouns. The words like this, these, those, that, such belong to this category. the jug. • The little water in the jug was not enough for me. Examples: • These apples are delicious. Few/A few/The few • I am not interested in such activities. • Few means hardly any. v. P ossessive adjectives: These adjectives talk • A few means some. • The few means not many but all there are. about possession or ownership. The words like Examples my, our, your, his, her, their etc. belong to this • It was so hot that only few could be seen on the category. Examples: road. • This is my bicycle. • A large crowd was expected but only a few came • Our school is nearby. vi. I nterrogative adjectives: These adjectives are to attend the speech. used with nouns to ask questions. The words • The few who broke the traffic signal were fined like which, what, etc. belong to this category. Examples: by the traffic police. • What topic are you discussing? 4. Order of adjectives • Whose shoes are those? Sometimes more than one adjective qualify a noun vii. D istributive adjectives: Distributive adjectives are normally used with singular nouns. They in a sentence. In such a case, it is important to fol- include “each”, “every”, “either”, and “neither” low a certain order to write adjectives in the sen- and are used to refer to members of a group as tence. However, there are two things to remember. individuals. First, it’s very rare to use more than three adjec- Examples: tives before a noun. Second, sometimes the order • Either of these movies would be interesting can be changed, usually to emphasise something. to me. The order of the adjectives should be as follows: • Neither pen will do, as I need to sign in pencil. 3. Confusing adjectives OPINION SIZE AGE SHAPE Some/Any Costly Big Ancient Square ‘some’ is used in affirmative sentences and ‘any’ is Small Young Round used in negative or interrogative sentences. Beautiful Examples: • I have some money. COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL • I do not have any money. Blue Indian Gold Each/Every Yellow American ‘each’ refers to two or more things. Each pays more Wooden attention to the individuals in a group. ‘Every’ re- fers to more than two things. ‘every’ stresses on the Examples: group. • I carried a very small black suitcase. Examples: • They have some old French paintings. • Each boy was given a pencil and an eraser. • She was wearing a new red silk dress. • Every boy has to draw a picture. • That is a really ugly wooden chair. • We bought a new round kitchen table. • There are some new Chinese students in the class. • I have bought a beautiful big Japanese car. • She was wearing a costly big Swiss watch. 102

8. Adjectives Month: October Total Periods: 04 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Adjectives Kinds of Adjectives and Order of PS-1 Adjectives 3 PS-2 1 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 103

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Write suitable adjectives for the following nouns. 1. Elephant 2. Fox 3. Soldier 4. Ice 5. Rose 6. Snake 7. Princess 8. Fort Ans: (Answers can vary) 1. Big  2. Clever  3. Brave  4. Cold  8. Huge 5. Red  6. Long  7. Beautiful  II. Underline the adjectives and write their kinds. 1. The teacher praised the honest student. 2. I ate some rice for lunch. 3. The thieves broke into the old house. 4. She managed to enter the crowded bus. 5. A dozen mangoes were eaten by me. 6. Those children have been selected for the match. 7. What product did you buy from there? 8. This is my house. 9. The chair in my room is of brown color. 10. Which house are you planning to buy? 11. Is this your book? 12. He is a strong man. Ans: 1. Honest- Descriptive Adjective 2. Some – Quantitative Adjective 3. old - Descriptive Adjective 4. crowded - Descriptive Adjective 5. dozen – Numeral Adjective 6. Those – Demonstrative Adjective 7. What – Interrogative Adjective 8. my - Possessive Adjective 9. brown - Descriptive Adjective 10. Which - Interrogative Adjective 11. your – Possessive Adjective 12. strong - Descriptive Adjective 104

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Write a suitable noun for each adjective given below. 1. Famous 2. Quiet 3. Dark 4. Fast 5. Poor 6. Stubborn 7. Busy 8. Healthy 9. Kind 10. Cruel Ans: (Answers Can Vary) 1. Actor  2. Place  3. Room  4. Car  5. Man  6. Boy 7. Market  8. Girl  9. King  10. Man II. Fill in the blanks with adjectives as indicated in the brackets. 1. Suddenly, a ___________ man came out of a bush. (Descriptive Adjective) 2. He is a person with ___________ qualities. (Numeral Adjective) 3. ___________ ice-cream flavour you like the most? (Interrogative Adjective) 4. The ___________ prize went to Sarika. (Numeral Adjective) 5. ___________ animals are giraffes. (Demonstrative Adjective) 6. You should revise the ___________ lesson (Numeral Adjective) 7. ___________ clothes are neat and tidy. (Possessive Adjective) 8. Do you have ___________ money? (Quantitative Adjective) 9. Can you give me ___________ food? (Quantitative Adjective) 10. ___________ house is nearby. (Possessive Adjective) Ans: (answers can vary in some sentences) 1. Strange  2. Many  3. Which  4. First  5. Those  6. Third  7. Your  8. Any  9. Some  10. My 105

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 8. It is raining, ___________ will go to school today. (a few/the few) I. Rearrange the following words correctly. 1. six round small plastic bottles 9. There were ___________ apples in the fridge. 2. young naughty small a boy They are not enough for us. (few/the few) 3. a small young dog black 4. boy a tall friendly young 10. She spent ___________ money she had. (a 5. tall intelligent doctor Indian little/the little) 6. cotton sky blue saree 7. a red Japanese beautiful doll Ans: (answers can vary in some sentences) 8. cheese a tasty German burger Ans: 1. Some  2. Any  3. Few  1. six small round plastic bottles 2. a naughty small young boy 4. A little  5. Each  6. Each  3. a small young black dog 4. a friendly tall young boy 7. The few  8. A few  9. Few  5. intelligent tall Indian doctor 6. sky blue cotton saree 10. The little 7. a beautiful red Japanese doll 8. a tasty German cheese burger II. Correct the following sentences. 1. Who are you talking about? 2. She doesn’t want to eat nothing now. 3. I want to meet yours father. 4. What book is interesting? 5. A few sleep will refresh me. 6. How many money do you have? 7. That children are intelligent. 8. We saw much animals in the zoo. Ans: 1. Who-whom  2. Nothing-anything  3. Yours-your 4. What-which  5. Few-little  6. Many-much  7. That-those  8. Much-many III. Fill in the blanks with correct adjectives. 1. She could eat ___________ food, though she was full. (any/some) 2. Do you have ___________ problem? (some/ any) 3. ___________ men gossip more than women. (the few/few) 4. She needs ___________ help to the do the work. (a little/the little) 5. ___________ chair was occupied. (every/ each) 6. ___________ of the girls wants an ice-cream. (each/every) 7. ___________ clothes he has are all torn. (a few/the few) 106

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Underline the adjective in each sentence. II. Underline adjectives in the following Underline the noun it tells about. Look at the sentences. Look at the example given for you. example given for you. (10 Marks) (10 Marks) 1. The boat is sailing on a blue sea.  Ans: The boat is sailing on a blue sea. There are three gifts lying on the table. 2. A little girl stands on the deck. Ans: There are three gifts lying on the table. 3. The cool wind blows her hair. 1. A tiny mouse ran over the sleeping lion. 4. The tall sails flap in the wind. 2. The strong man defeated the weak man. 5. People wave from a sandy beach. 3. It took me several days to reach Kolkata. 6. You are a good painter. 4. Much work needs to be done in this area. 7. Those are cute pigs. 5. Tons of wheat was washed away in the rain. 8. I used pink clay to shape them. 6. Ten lakhs make a million. 9. What funny tails those pigs have! 7. Which frock did she finally choose? 10. Who made the two ducks? 8. Every child should get free education. 11. This hen has some chicks. 9. The foolish crow dropped the piece of bread Ans: from its beak. 2. A little girl stands on the deck. 10. He suggested an outing just when the same 3. The cool wind blows her hair. 4. The tall sails flap in the wind. idea stuck my mind. 5. People wave from a sandy beach. Ans: 6. You are a good painter. 1. tiny, sleeping 7. Those are cute pigs. 2. strong, weak 8. I used pink clay to shape them. 3. several 9. What funny tails those pigs have! 4. Much 10. Who made the two ducks? 5. Tons 11. This hen has some chicks. 6. Ten 7. Which 8. Every, free 9. foolish 10. same 107

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison Month: November Total Periods: 03 Learning Objectives At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Identify the three degrees of comparison of adjectives. • Form and use the positive, comparative and su- perlative degrees of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives. Starter Activity 1. The teacher shows different size of pencils and write these sentences on the board. • The first pencil is small. • The second pencil is smaller than the first one.  • The third pencil is the smallest among the three.  2. Ask three students of different heights to come forward and stand height –wise. Tell them that student 1 (Name) is tall, student 2 (Name) is the taller and student 3 (Name) is the tallest. So from the above activity, we can see that we are POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE making a comparison between three objects and Cold colder coldest three person. We can make this comparison with the Fast faster fastest help of three forms of the adjective. Great greater greatest (Recapitulate that adjective is a word which qualifies a High higher highest noun. It gives more information about the noun). Kind kinder kindest Long longer longest Key Points Small smaller smallest Strong stronger strongest THREE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES Sweet sweeter sweetest 1. The positive degree of an adjective makes no com- Tall taller tallest young younger youngest parison. brave braver bravest • A tall building. fine finer finest • She runs fast. large larger largest • This is a beautiful car. nice nicer nicest 2. The comparative degree compares two people, simple simpler simplest wise wiser wisest things, actives or qualities. white whiter whitest • A taller building than this one. costly costlier costliest • She runs faster than I do. dry drier driest • This car is more beautiful than yours. easy easier easiest 3. The superlative degree compares a person, thing, happy happier happiest heavy heavier heaviest activity or quality with the group. lazy lazier laziest • The tallest building in the town. wealthy wealthier wealthiest • She is the fastest runner among the students. big bigger biggest • This is the most beautiful car I have ever seen. Here are some examples of positive, comparative and superlative adjectives. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Bright brighter brightest Bold bolder boldest Clever cleverer cleverest 108

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison Month: November Total Periods: 03 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE • Your grade is worse than mine. dim dimmer dimmest • The Pacific Ocean is deeper than the Arctic fat fatter fattest hot hotter hottest Ocean. thin thinner thinnest • You are more polite than Joey. big bigger biggest • My brother is taller than me, but he is younger, dim dimmer dimmest fat fatter fattest too. hot hotter hottest 6. Sentences with superlative adjectives thin thinner thinnest • I can’t find my most comfortable jeans. active more active most active • Jupiter is the biggest planet in our Solar System. attractive more attractive most attractive • She is the smartest girl in our class. beautiful more beautiful most beautiful • This is the most interesting book I have ever brilliant more brilliant most brilliant careful more careful most careful read. more most • I am the shortest person in my family. courageous courageous courageous 7. Formation of comparative and superlative degree more cunning most cunning cunning more difficult most difficult of comparisons: difficult more famous most famous The posi­tive degree can be changed to compara- famous more faithful most faithful faithful more proper most proper tive and superlative degree in the following ways: proper more popular most popular i. By adding ‘er’ for comparative and ‘est’ for superla- popular more splendid most splendid splendid worse worst tive bad worse worst evil better best POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE good worse worst Long Longer Longest ill farther farthest Sweet Sweeter Sweetest far better best Tall Taller Tallest well later latest Kind Kinder Kindest late less least Young Younger Youngest little more most much more most ii. When positive degree ends in ‘e’ it is changed by many nearer nearest adding ‘r’ and ‘st’ near older oldest old elder eldest POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE old Brave Braver Bravest Fine Finer Finest White Whiter Whitest Large Larger Largest Noble Nobler Noblest iii. When positive ends in ‘y’ preceded by an conso- nant then ‘y’ is changed by adding ‘er’ and ‘est’. 4. Sentences with positive adjectives POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE • They live in a beautiful house. Happy Happier Happiest • He writes meaningless letters. Easy Easier Easiest • This shop is big. Heavy Heavier Heaviest • She wore a black dress. Merry Merrier Merriest • Ben is an adorable baby. Wealthy Wealthier Wealthiest 5. Sentences with comparative adjectives • My house is bigger than yours. iv. When the positive ends in a single consonant, pre- ceded by a vowel, the comparative and superlative are formed by doubling the consonant before add- ing ‘er’ and ‘est’. 109

9. Adjectives: Degrees of Comparison Month: November Total Periods: 03 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Examples: Big Bigger Biggest • I will meet you later. Hot Hotter Hottest • I don’t know the latest news. Red Redder Reddest • The latter part of the movie was boring. Thin Thinner Thinnest • He came last in the race. Sad Sadder Saddest ii. Elder and eldest is used only for persons not an- v. When positive is of more than two syllables then imals or thing, and are mostly used for the mem- comparative and superlative are formed by adding bers of the same family whereas older and old- more and most to the positive. est are used for both persons and things. Older is followed by than POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE Examples: Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful • Ram is my elder brother. Difficult More difficult Most difficult • Hari is my eldest son. Courageous More Most • He is older than I am. courageous courageous • This is the oldest tree in our village. Famous More famous Most famous iii. F arther and further: – Farther means more dis- Useful More useful Most useful tance while further means addit­ ional Examples: vi. There are still other adjectives that change form by • His house is at the farther end of the street. irregular comparisons like • She received no further reply iv. N earest and Next -Nearest denotes nearness in POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE distance, while next denotes order or position. Good Better Best Examples: Bad Worse Worst • Where is the nearest bank? Much/Many More Most • My friend lives in the next house. Little Less/lesser Least Up Upper Upper most 8. Correct Use of Adjectives: i. Later or latest refer to time while latter and last refer to position. Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Adjectives Degrees of comparison, formation of 2 PS-1 degrees and use of correct adjectives PS-2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 110

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Fill in the blank boxes with correct answers. Positive Comparitive Superlative 1 Beautiful Most beautiful 2 brave brighter Bravest 3 cleverer brightest 4 clever 5 cold faster coldest 6 Difficult Most difficult 7 fast higher 8 Fat Fattest 9 Lazier highest 10 kind Less kindest 11 lazy longer 12 Little Simpler Simplest 13 Long smaller smallest 14 strongest 15 sweeter 16 strong tallest 17 sweet Thinner 18 tall Wealthier 19 Thin 20 wealthy Ans: 1. more beautiful  2. Braver  3. Bright  4. Cleverest 5. Colder  6. More difficult  7. Fastest  8. Fatter  9. High  10. Kinder  11. Laziest  12. Laziest  13. Longest  14. Simple  15. Small  16. Stronger  17. Sweetest  18. Taller  111

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) 19. Thinnest  20. Wealthiest 8. Mount Everest is (high) than Godwin Austen. ______________________________________ I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate answer. 1. Geeta is six years old. Her brother is nine, so _____________________________ he is ____________. Ans: 2. This is a difficult exercise. But the second 1. Which is the most interesting book you have exercise is the _____________ exercise in the worksheet. ever read? 3. He has an interesting book, but my sister‘s 2. Who is the best among all the students of book is ____________than his. 4. Skateboarding is a dangerous hobby. Bungee your class? jumping is __________ than skateboarding. 3. A horse is shorter than a giraffe. 5. This magazine is cheap, but that one 4. He is the youngest of all the children. is ___________. 5. Rita is smarter than her elder sister. 6. My father is an honest businessman. Ans: 7. The Taj Mahal is the most beautiful monu- 1. older  2. most difficult  3. More interesting  4. more dangerous  5. cheaper II. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of adjectives given in the bracket. 1. Which is the (interesting) book you have ever read? ______________________________________ ______________________________ 2. Who is the (good) among all the students of your class? ______________________________________ ______________________________ 3. A horse is (short) than a giraffe. ______________________________________ ______________________________ 4. He is the (young) of all the children. ______________________________________ ______________________________ 5. Rita is (smart) than her elder sister. ______________________________________ ______________________________ 6. My father is an (honest) businessman. ______________________________________ ______________________________ 7. The Taj Mahal is the (beautiful) monument in India. ______________________________________ ______________________________ 112

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) ment in India. 8. She is the most intelligent girl in her family. 8. Mount Everest is higher than Godwin Austen. I. Rewrite the following sentences correctly. II. Complete the sentences, using the positive, 1. Cinderella was beautiful than her step comparative and superlative of the adjectives sisters. in brackets. ______________________________________ 1. Dad’s car is much _____________than mine. ___________________________ (fast) 2. Is she the older of the two girls? 2. I think scuba diving is _____________than ______________________________________ climbing. (fascinating)  ___________________________ 3. He thinks this test was _____________ than 3. The room is cleaner. the last one. (difficult) ______________________________________ 4. They live in a really _____________ house. ___________________________ (beautiful) 4. The tortoise is one of the slower creatures in 5. She is the _____________ tennis player of the the world. world. (good) ______________________________________ 6. This suitcase is _____________ than the ___________________________ others. (heavy) 5. She is brave than me. 7. France is as _____________ as Spain. ______________________________________ (beautiful) ___________________________ 8. My sister is three years _____________ than 6. Satya is the more intelligent in his class. me. (young) ______________________________________ 9. This was the _____________ film I have ever ___________________________ seen. (bad) 7. No other mountain is as highest as Mount 10. I think tennis is _____________ than cycling. Everest. (interesting) ______________________________________ 11. His company earned _____________ money ___________________________ than the years before. (little) 8. She is the more intelligent girl in her family. 12. She was the _____________ girl at college. ______________________________________ (popular) ___________________________ 13. They didn’t stay out as _____________ as last Saturday. (late) Ans: 14. I have a _____________ (large) dog. 1. Cinderella was more beautiful than her step sis- 15. I spoke to her and I think she is very _____________ (smart). ters. 2. Is she the oldest of the two girls? Ans: 3. The room is clean. 1. Faster  2. More fascinating  3. More difficult  4. The tortoise is one of the slowest creatures in 4. Beaut­ iful  5. Best  6. Heavier  7. Beautiful  8. Younger  9. Worst  10. More interesting  the world. 11. Lesser  12. Most popular  13. Late  14. Large 5. She is braver than me. 6. Satya is the most intelligent in his class. 7. No other mountain is as high as Mount Ever- est. 113

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins 15. Smart 10 Handsome More Most handsome handsome I. Fill in the empty boxes with the correct answers.  (10 Marks) II. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets Positive Comparative Superlative (comparative or superlative). (10 Marks) 1 deeper Deepest 1. My house is _____________ (big) than yours. 2. This flower is _____________ (beautiful) than 2 Humble Humblest that one. 3 Tasty Tastier 3. This is the_____________ (interesting) book I 4 Old Oldest have ever read. 4. Non-smokers usually live _____________ 5 Happy Happier (long) than smokers. 6 Fat Fattest 5. Which is the _____________ 7 Important More (dangerous) animal in the world? important 6. A holiday by the sea is _____________ (good) 8 Worse Worst than a holiday in the mountains. 7. A coke is _____________ (expensive) than a 9 Little Less bottle of water. 10 Handsome Most 8. Who is the _____________ (rich) woman on handsome earth? Ans: 9. The weather this summer is Positive Comparative Superlative even _____________ (bad) than last summer. 10. He was the _____________ (clever) thief of 1 Deep deeper Deepest all. 2 Humble Humbler Humblest Ans: 3 Tasty Tastier Tastiest 1. Bigger 2. More beautiful 4 Old Older Oldest 3. Most interesting 4. Longer 5 Happy Happier Happiest 5. Most dangerous 6. Better 6 Fat Fatter Fattest 7. More expensive 8. Richest 7 Important More Most 9. worser important important 10. cleverest 8 Bad Worse Worst 9 Little Less Least 114

10. Articles Month: September Total Periods: 04 Learning Objectives • Identify a definite and indefinite article • Choose the proper type of article for a given noun At the completion of this chapter, the students will be able to: • Define the term “Article”. Concept Map ARTICLES INDEFINITE DEFINITE (A, AN) (THE) Key Points I drank a cup of tea (correct) A water (incorrect) 1. An article, like an adjective, modifies the noun. It A glass of water (correct) adds to the meaning of the noun. An article is al- I’d like a cake. (Incorrect) ways used before a noun or an adjective that mod- I’d like a piece of cake. (correct) ifies the noun. USE OF ‘A’ AND ‘AN’ EXAMPLES Read the following dialogue: USE OF ‘A’ a stamp, a desk, a TV, a Geeta: Mom, can you give me an apple and a man- cup, a book ‘a’ is used before Exception: go? nouns beginning with a university: Although Mom: Sure consonants (other than ‘university’ starts with Geeta: The apple Mom gave me is sweet but this is a, e, i, o, u) the vowel ‘u’, it is not pronounced as such. a sour mango. Used before singular It is pronounced as a Did you notice the use of a, an and the? In the above nouns that are consonant sound. unspecified Other examples: a sentences, articles are used before NOUNS (apple, Used for expression of uniform, a union mango) and also before the ADJECTIVE (sour-mod- quantities a pencil, an orange ifies the noun ‘mango’) Used for expression of 2. Two types of articles: indefinite articles (A, An) and numbers a dozen, a gallon, a definite articles (The) Before a noun in couple, a lot Indefinite articles: a and an -They do not refer to exclamatory sentences a million, a thousand, a particular nouns. hundred Examples: A book, a chair, a pen, an egg, an air- What a beautiful home! plane, an orange What a lovely girl! 1. They can be used only with singular countable nouns (which can be counted). Examples: A chair, a boy, an elephant, an orange 2. We don’t use articles before uncountable nouns (which cannot be counted) Examples: I drank a tea (incorrect) 115

10. Articles Month: September Total Periods: 04 USE OF ‘AN’ EXAMPLES USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES Used before singular an apple, an elephant, Ordinal numbers (first, He got the first position countable nouns an issue, an orange second, fourth, tenth in the class. beginning with a vowel an honest man, an hour, etc). (a, e, i, o, u) or vowel an heir (vowel sound) The name of rivers, seas The second boy in the sound and oceans third row is my brother. an abbreviation if its an MLA, an MP, an FIR, The Pacific ocean is the first letter begins with a an LCD largest ocean. vowel sound The Ganges is a holy Let us see some sentences with A and AN. river. 1. My father is a professor in a university. The name of newspapers: My father reads the 2. I am an Indian and I love my country. Times of India. 3. The man lost his legs in an accident. 4. My uncle is an MLA. I sent an article to the 5. Swati takes an egg and an apple for breakfast. editor of the Hindustan 6. An honest man is loved by all. Times. 7. My uncle bought an ox and a buffalo from the fair. The names of holy books The Ramayana is the 8. A dozen of apples means twelve apples. holy book of the Hindus. 9. I will call you in an hour. 10. My neighbour is an Australian. Certain nouns to I began to read the Bible DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’: represent them as a long before I could The definite article is used to refer to a particular class: understand it.  member of a group or class. It may be something that Certain nouns to We should help the poor the speaker has already mentioned or it may be some- represent as a nation, a and the needy. thing uniquely specified. There is one definite article party or a community in English, for both singular and plural nouns: ‘the’ The rich have always lived in luxury. USE OF ‘THE’ EXAMPLES The French are A singular noun which The dog is a faithful sophisticated. (this is used to represent the animal means we are referring to whole class. the French people) The noun we have The fox is a cunning already spoken about. animal. The Sikhs are brave. He gave money to a little boy and the boy bought NO ARTICLES: With the following expressions, we toys for himself. don’t make use of any articles. NO ARTICLE IS USED EXAMPLES With names of Germany is an important countries (if singular) economic power. We saw an old man in He’s just returned the park. The man was from Zimbabwe. looking worried. Names of languages I am learning French these days. Superlatives (the highest Mt. Everest is the highest quality or degree of an peak in the world. English is an international adjective-large, larger, language. largest) or any other I am the first one to Plural countable Apples are grown in adjective which makes arrive. nouns used in a Himachal Pradesh. the noun very particular This is the only way to general way one. solve this. Names of sports Tigers are poached for This is the best option medicinal purposes. available with us. Hockey is our national game. The names of planets, The earth is round. With uncountable Football is loved by all. stars and satellites nouns Rice is the main food in Asia. The moon appears in the night. Milk is often added to tea in India. 116

10. Articles Month: September Total Periods: 04 Abstract nouns used Honesty is the best policy. 4. Place names in a general ways Articles are used with the names of: Names of academic Anger is the enemy of non- • Seas (the Pacific, the Atlantic) subject violence • Mountains (the Alps, the Himalayas) Names of meals Aditi is good at Mathematics. • Island groups (the West Indies) • Rivers (the Nile, the Amazon, the Thames) Expressions such as I got full marks in English. • Deserts (the Sahara, the Atacama) all day, all night, by I take breakfast at 8 am. 5. W e usually use no article with the names of air, by sea In some phrases Lunch is the most important continents, countries, states, departments Days, months and meal. etc. Examples are: Asia, India, France, Texas, years I am travelling by air. Beijing etc. professions Exceptions She works all night. • We say: the People’s Republic of China, the Unit- After the possessive ed Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands. case: In bed, at sunset, in heaven, The teacher can, at the end, give following at school, at rest examples to further clarify: 1948 was a wonderful year. • I do not want a gun in my house (any gun). • The gun is in his closet (implies there is a specific Winter starts in September. gun). • I am afraid of guns (all guns in general). I have an off on Saturday. • She sent me a postcard from Italy (an unspecific Engineering is a useful postcard - not a letter, not an e-mail). career. • It’s the postcard that I have in my office (one spe- cific postcard). He’ll probably go • Getting postcards makes me want to travel (any into medicine. postcard in general). His brother’s car.  • I have a dog (one dog). • The dog is very friendly (the dog that I have al- Peter’s house. ready mentioned). • Dogs make great pets (dogs in general). SPECIAL RULES: • Geeta needs furniture in her apartment  (furni- 1. A rticles are often dropped in double expres- ture is a uncountable noun). • She is going to select  the  furniture that she sions, particularly with prepositions. needs (the specific furniture that she needs). EXAMPLES: • She hopes to find  some  furniture this week- • With knife and fork (NOT With a knife and a fork) end  (an unspecified, limited amount of furni- • Husband and wife (NOT a husband and a wife) ture). • From top to bottom (NOT From the top to the bottom) 2. The article a/an is usually dropped after ‘kind of’, ‘sort of’, ‘type of’ and similar expressions. EXAMPLES: • What kind of person is she? (NOT What kind of a person is she?) • What sort of bird is that? 3. Exclamations We use a/an with singular countable nouns in ex- clamations after what. EXAMPLES: What a sweet song! Exception: What nonsense! (NOT What a nonsense!) Nonsense is uncountable noun and a/an cannot be used with uncountable nouns. 117

10. Articles Month: September Total Periods: 04 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Articles Definite and Indefinite articles and PS-1 their uses 3 PS-2 1 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 118

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Decide which article A or AN can be put before the following words or phrases? 1. ___________  daughter 2. ___________  actress 3. ___________  thousand times 4. ___________  old comic 5. ___________  cat 6. ___________  answer 7. ___________  idea 8. ___________  book 9. ___________  honorable profession 10. ___________  action Ans: 1. a  2. An  3. A  4. An  5. A  6. An  7. An  8. A 9. An  10. An II. Decide whether to use the definite article THE or not. 1. My grandmother likes (flowers, the flowers) very much. 2. I love (flowers, the flowers) in your garden. 3. See you on (the Wednesday, Wednesday). 4. I always listen to (music, the music) in the morning. 5. Alex goes to work by (the bus, bus). 6. Don’t be late for (school, the school) 7. We often meet our cousins over (the weekend, weekend). 8. She has never been to (Jaipur, the Jaipur) before. 9. (Taj Mahal, The Taj Mahal) is one of India’s most popular attractions. 10. Winter is (coldest, the coldest) season of the year. Ans: 2. The flowers  1. flowers  3. Wednesday  4. Music  5. Bus 6. school  7. The weekend  8. Jaipur  9. The Taj Mahal 10. The coldest 119

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) I. Choose the correct definite or indefinite article II. An article has been omitted in each of the lines “the”, “a”, “an” or “x”. (zero article) of the following passage. Write the answer 1. I bought ______________ pair of shoes. with the word which comes before and after 2. I saw ______________ movie last night. it. Do not forget to underline the answer. The 3. They are staying at ______________ hotel. first is done for you as an example. 4. Look at ______________ woman over there! She is a famous actress. One summer day, in BEFORE WORD AFTER 5. I do not like ______________ basketball. field, in a field 6. That is ______________ girl I told you about. 7. ______________ night is quiet. Let’s take a there was Grasshopper (a) _____ ______ ______ walk! who was hopping about, ______ 8. ______________ price of gas keeps rising. 9. Mohan travelled to ______________ Japan. chirping and singing (b) _____ ______ ______ 10. Ramesh is ______________ Bengali. when ant passed by, ______ 11. I read ______________ amazing story taking ______ yesterday. ______ 12. My brother doesn’t eat along with great effort (c) _____ ______ ______ ______________ chicken. ear of corn. ______ 13. Love is such ______________ beautiful thing. ______ 14. I live in ______________ apartment. “Come and chat with (d) _____ ______ ______ ______________ apartment is new. me,” asked Grasshopper. 15. I would like ______________ piece of cake. “I am helping to store up (e) _____ ______ Ans: food for winter,” 1. a  2. a  3. a  4. the  5. X  6. the  7. The  8. The  9. X  10. a  11. an  12. X  13. a  14. An, the  15. a said ant and went (f) _____ ______ its way. When winter came, (g) _____ ______ Grasshopper found itself dying of hunger, while it (h) _____ ______ saw ants distributing, every day, corn and (i) _____ ______ grain from stores they had collected. Then (j) _____ ______ Grasshopper knew. Ans: (a) was a grasshopper (b) when an ant (c) effort an ear (d) asked the grasshopper (e) for the winter (f) said the ant (g) came the grasshopper (h) saw the ants (i) from the stores (j) then the grasshopper 120

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the II. Rewrite the statements after inserting articles, options given in the bracket. where necessary, in your notebook. 1. _________________ is the capital of India. Example: (New Delhi, The New Delhi) There is green English book on desk. 2. He has failed in _________________ (Physics, There is a green English book on the desk the Physics) 1. She’s reading old comic. 3. She died of _________________. (Malaria, the 2. They’ve got idea. Malaria) 3. He is drinking cup of coffee. 4. She is _________________ singer I have 4. The girl is pilot. heard. (best, the best) 5. This is expensive bike. 5. The rose is _________________ of all flowers. 6. Look! There’s bird flying. (sweetest, the sweetest) 7. My father is honest person. 6. _________________ is mortal. (The man, 8. My friend likes to be astronaut. Man, A man) 9. Lucy has dog. 7. You are in _________________. (a trouble, 10. Let’s sing song. the trouble, trouble) 11. I need blue pen. 8. You are making _________________ progress. 12. Ben has old bike. (a fast, fast) 13. She has exercise book in her school bag. 9. There is _________________ scope for 14. The speed of this car was 160 miles hour. improvement. (a vast, vast, the vast) 10. Don’t make _________________. (noise, a Ans: noise) 1. She’s reading an old comic. 2. They’ve got an idea. Ans: 2. Physics  3. Malaria  3. He is drinking a cup of coffee. 1. New Delhi  5. the sweetest  6. Man  4. The girl is a pilot. 4. the best  8. Fast  9. a vast  5. This is an expensive bike. 7. Trouble  6. Look! There’s a bird flying. 10. noise. 7. My father is an honest person. 8. My friend likes to be an astronaut. 9. Lucy has a dog. 10. Let’s sing a song. 11. I need a blue pen. 12. Ben has an old bike. 13. She has an exercise book in her school bag. 14. The speed of this car was 160 miles an hour. 121

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Choose the correct article in each sentence. II. Rewrite the statements after inserting articles. Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) Look at the example given for you. (10 Marks) _______________ blind should not be Half theatre was empty. considered weak. Half the theatre was empty. Ans: The blind should not be considered weak. 1. My dad bought new car. 1. Did you bring ____________ (a, an, the) ______________________________________ umbrella? 2. Are you looking for ____________ (a, an, the) ___________________________________ shampoo? 2. What adorable person she is! 3. I checked ____________ (a, an, the) mailbox ______________________________________ again.  4. Can I have ____________ (a, an, the) spoon ___________________________________ please?  3. Interesting novel was read by me. 5. I was born into ____________ (a, an, the) ______________________________________ poor family.  6. She will come back in ____________ (a, an, ___________________________________ the) hour. 4. Dog is faithful animal. 7. Have you been to____________ (a, an, the) ______________________________________ Red Fort in New Delhi? 8. I would love to talk to one ___________________________________ of ____________ (a, an, the) managers.  5. All children are playing in garden. 9. What ____________ (a, an, the) amazing ______________________________________ view!  10. The helicopter landed on ____________ (a, ___________________________________ an, the) roof of a building. 6. This is same man I met yesterday. ______________________________________ Ans: 1. An  2. The  3. The  4. A  5. A  6. An  7. The  8. The  ___________________________________ 9. An  10. The 7. One should always help weak. ______________________________________ ___________________________________ 8. What beautiful house! ______________________________________ ___________________________________ 9. Half of theatre was empty. ______________________________________ ___________________________________ 10. The boy played with ball. ______________________________________ ___________________________________ Ans: 1. My dad bought a new car. 2. What an adorable person she is! 3. An interesting novel was read by me. 4. A dog is a faithful animal. 5. All the children are playing in the garden. 6. This is the same man I met yesterday. 7. One should always help the weak. 8. What a beautiful house! 9. Half of the theatre was empty. 10. The boy played with a ball. 122

11. Verbs and Types Month: December Total Periods: 03 Learning Objectives • Main verbs are the words that, with or without the help of auxiliaries, express some action, possession, At the end of this chapter, the students will be quality, position or profession. able to: • Recognise different types of verbs. Examples: • Identify verbs in various sentences. 1. Mark eats his dinner quickly. • Be able to use verbs correctly in their writing. 2. We went to the market. 3. You write neatly in your notebook. Starter Activity 4. They thought about all the prizes in the compe- Observe the following sentences: tition. 1. We eat to live. 2. They are presenting a group dance. • Main verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. 3. The goat bleats loudly. 4. I have finished doing my work. SET 1 SET 2 5. The blind man was helped by the girl. 6. I have two best friends. 1. I love mangoes. 1. He goes. 7. My brother looks happy. 2. The lion killed the 2. Ram is playing. 8. Your answers were incorrect. deer. 3. The sun rises in the 9. He is a boy of fourteen. 3. The thieves broke the east. 10. His father is a renowned doctor. 4. The water boils. You can see that in sentences 1-5, the words in bold window pane. 5. My father left for the show some action done by the subject. In sentence 6, 4. The teacher praised it shows some possession of the subject. In sentences office. 7-10, the words looks, were, and is show some state of Ram. being of the subject. These words are VERBS. 5. He returned my book. Recapitulate that VERBS are the words that show the action or state of being of the subject. • Transitive verb: In the first set of sentences, the VERBS (love, killed, broke, praised and returned) Key Points require OBJECTS (mangoes, the deer, the window pane, Ram, and my book) after them to make • Verb is the word that shows the action, possession complete sense. These kinds of verbs are called or state of the being of the subject of the sentence. transitive verbs. Please recapitulate that OBJECT is a noun or a pronoun which is acted upon. • The verb is the most important and essential part of a sentence. • Intransitive verb: In the second set of sentences, the verbs (goes, is playing, rises, boils and left) • It forms the only essential part of the predicate of make good sense and do not require objects after a sentence. them to make complete sense. These kind of verbs are called intransitive verbs. VERBS • An intransitive verb may be followed by adjectives, MAIN VERBS AUXILIARIES adverbs, and/or prepositional phrases. As (HELPING VERBS) long as the verb is not followed by a noun or Words showing action, pronoun functioning as the direct object, the verb being and possession Words helping in is intransitive. completion of meaning Examples: of Main Verbs 1. The girl sings beautifully. (sings-intransitive verb, beautifully-adverb) 2. The sun rises in the east. (rises-intransitive verb, in the east-prepositional phrase) • There are many intransitive verbs which need the help of other words to complete their sense. Examples: 1. I feel safe. (Here ‘safe ‘is telling how I (subject) feels) 2. They look confident. (Here ‘confident’ is telling how They (Subject) look) Transitive Intransitive Primary Modal 123

11. Verbs and Types Month: December Total Periods: 03 3. My father calls me a genius. (Here ‘My father 4. I may go for a movie next week. (Probability) calls me’ does not make sense without the word 5. Do ask your question now. (Imperative mood) genius.) From the above sentences, we can see that the highlighted words (will, had, has, may, do) do not Such words which help the intransitive verbs to have any meaning of their own. They are helping complete their sense are called Complements. their corresponding verbs (go, cleaned, eaten, go and More examples: ask) to complete their meanings. All these words are 1. You are looking confused. Auxiliary or helping verbs. 2. My sister has become an actor. • Auxiliary verbs are of two types: 3. She felt tiredness. 1. Primary auxiliaries (different forms of verbs do, be, 4. He looks energetic. • Some verbs may be used as both transitive as well have) Examples: as intransitive. i. Do they meet you often? Examples: ii. She does not know my name. 1. He feels a pain in his knee these days. In this sen- iii. She did not eat her food iv. He is practising for the match. tence, feels is transitive. v. Are you coming with me? 2. He feels sick.  Feel  is intransitive; it isn’t being vi. The dogs were barking at night. vii. He has finished his work. done to anything but, rather, it is a state of be- viii. Have you completed your assignment? ing. ix. The teacher had left the class when I reached. 3. She grew tired.  Grew  is intransitive; it is her 2. Modal auxiliaries: They help the main verb in ex- state of being. 4. She grew three rose plants last summer. Grew is pressing modes such as ability, capacity, possi- transitive; it is being done to the rose plants. bility etc. Examples: AUXILIARY VERBS: i. I can type fast. (ability) DEFINITION: The words which help the main verbs to ii. India may win the match. (probability) complete their meanings are called the auxiliaries or iii. I will finish my work by tomorrow. (promise/ the Helping Verbs. 1. I will go to school tomorrow. (Future tense) determination) 2. Jim had cleaned before Karen came home. (Past perfect tense) 3. Uma has eaten most of her lunch. (Present per- fect tense) 124

11. Verbs and Types Month: December Total Periods: 03 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED PS - 1 Starter activity and Key Verbs, transitive and intransitive verbs, PS - 2 Points main and auxiliary verbs 2 PS - 3 1 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 125

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) I. Select the appropriate choice to fill in the blanks. The first one is done as an example. 1. The eagle flew high in the sky (a) Dived  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) jumped 2. He _____________ over the fence. (a) Ran  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) jumped 3. Be careful, you will _____________ the vase. (a) Break  (b) fall  (c) save  (d) slip 4. She _____________ at the joke. (a) slipped  (b) danced  (c) sang  (d) laughed 5. The girl _____________ the ball. (a) stitched  (b) kicked  (c) broke  (d) jumped 6. We _____________ the birthday party. (a) saw   (b) went  (c) enjoyed  (d) looked 7. I _____________ to work every day. (a) Fly  (b) walk  (c) dance  (d) slip 8. We _____________ on the bench. (a) Dived  (b) sang  (c) flew  (d) sat 9. The joke was not funny and nobody_____________ . (a) Cried  (b) sang  (c) laughed  (d) jumped 10. The apple _____________ from the tree. (a) Fell  (b) flew  (c) jumped  (d) dived Ans: 2. (d) jumped  3. (a) Break  4. (d) laughed 5. (b) kicked  6. (c) enjoyed  7.(b) walk  8. (d) sat 9. (c) laughed  10. (a) Fell II. Say whether the verbs are transitive (T) or intransitive (IN). 1. He gave me a present. 2. Birds fly. 3. The horse is running. 4. The dogs bark at the night. 5. I am feeling unwell. 6. They travelled to Europe last year. 7. Shahjahan made the Taj Mahal. 8. I am having lunch. 9. Are you coming tomorrow? 10. She runs a boutique. Ans: 1. T  2. IN  3. IN  4. IN  5. IN  6. IN  7. T  8. T  9. IN  10. T 126

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) II. Read the following sentences and pick out verb and complement in each. Look at the example I. Identify the underlined verb as Main or given for you. Auxiliary. The soup tastes strange. 1. The teacher has given me good marks. Verb: tastes Complement: strange 2. The thieves broke into the old house. 1. My mother looks worried. 3. I am going to receive him. Verb: ________________________ 4. They are flying kites. Complement: ________________________ 5. My mother cooks great food. 2. The music sounds great. 6. My father will return tomorrow Verb: ________________________ 7. She teaches us English. Complement: ________________________ 8. We remember the old days. 3. The room appeared untidy. 9. The mouse stole food. Verb: ________________________ 10. Those children have been selected for the Complement: ________________________ match. 4. I found the book interesting. 11. This is my house. Verb: ________________________ 12. She went to the market. Complement: ________________________ 13. I am planning to buy this house. 5. They called him stupid. 14. Is this your book? Verb: ________________________ 15. He is a strong man. Complement: ________________________ Ans: 6. The lemon tastes sour. 1. Auxiliary Verb: ________________________ 2. Main Complement: ________________________ 3. Main 7. The principal gave him a prize. 4. Auxiliary Verb: ________________________ 5. Main Complement: ________________________ 6. Main 8. The doctor found her unfit. 7. Main Verb: ________________________ 8. Main Complement: ________________________ 9. Main 10. Auxiliary Ans: 11. Auxiliary 1. Verb: looks  Complement: worried 12. Main 2. Verb: sounds  Complement: great 13. Main 3. Verb: appeared  Complement: untidy 14. Auxiliary 4. Verb: found  Complement: interesting 15. Auxiliary 5. Verb: called  Complement: stupid 6. Verb: tastes  Complement: sour 7. Verb: gave  Complement: a prize 8. Verb: found  Complement: unfit 127

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) 6. Our neighbours need a new front door. Subject: ______________ I. Underline the verbs and decide whether the Verb: ________________ verbs are transitive or intransitive. Object: ________________ 1. She advised me to consult a doctor. 7. Walking improves our blood circulation. 2. Let’s invite your cousins as well. Subject: ______________ 3. I waited for an hour. Verb: ________________ 4. I received your letter in the morning. Object: ________________ 5. I am going to send her some flowers. 8. My dad cleaned his car before going to the 6. He has changed a lot. 7. The child woke up. office. 8. The alarm woke me. Subject: ______________ 9. Let’s discuss your plans. Verb: ________________ 10. I heard a lovely song. Object: ________________ 11. Can you lend me some money? 12. The rain fell. Ans: 1. Subject: He  Verb: visits  Object: his par- Ans: 1. Transitive  2. Transitive  3. Intransitive ents 4. Transitive  5. Transitive  6. Intransitive 2. Subject: This old mattress  Verb: is hurting 7. Intransitive  8. Transitive  9. Transitive 10. Transitive  11. Transitive  12. Intransitive Object: my back 3. Subject: A young boy  Verb: played  II. Identify the subject, the verb, and the object for each sentence. Object: several songs Example: A dog guards the house. 4. Subject: She  Verb: didn’t finish  Subject: _____dog____________ verb: ___ guards_______ object: ______house__ Object: her dinner 5. Subject: My best friend  Verb: is playing 1. He visits his parents every week. Subject: ______________ Object: guitar Verb: ________________ 6. Subject: Our neighbours  Verb: need Object: ________________ 2. This old mattress is hurting my back. Object: a new front door. Subject: ______________ 7. Subject: Walking  Verb: improves  Verb: ___________ Object: ______________ Object: our blood circulation 3. A young boy played several songs on the 8. Subject: My dad  Verb: cleaned  Object: piano. his car. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 4. She didn’t finish her dinner. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 5. My best friend is playing guitar in the school band. Subject: ______________ Verb: ________________ Object: _______________ 128

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Underline the verb in each sentence. Look at II. Read the following sentences and decide the example given for you.  (10 Marks) whether the highlighted verbs are Transitive or Intransitive. The first one is done as an example We went to Rana’s place. for you. Ans: We went to Rana’s place.  (10 Marks) 1. She was crying all day long. Intransitive 1. My friend Rahul fed my cat. 2. We showed her the photo 2. He walked my dog, too. album. ______________ 3. We came back on the plane. 3. The doctor advised me to exercise 4. The plane landed at 6 P.M. regularly. ____________________ 5. I thanked Rahul. 4. It was raining at that 6. The little boy trips on the rug. time. __________________ 7. He dropped his box. 5. She laughed at the 8. The things fell down. joke. ____________________ 9. His mom rushed over. 6. She gave a cookie to the 10. She puts them back in the box. child. ________________ 7. They slept in the Ans: street. ____________________ 1. My friend Rahul fed my cat. 8. I ate the cherries. ____________________ 2. He walked my dog, too. 9. My father doesn’t 3. We came back on the plane. drink coffee. ________________ 4. The plane landed at 6 P.M. 10. He always keeps his money in a 5. I thanked Rahul. wallet. ______________ 6. The little boy trips on the rug. 7. He dropped his box. Ans: 8. The things fell down. 2. Transitive  3. Transitive  4. Intransitive  9. His mom rushed over. 5. Intransitive  6. Transitive  7. Intransitive 10. She puts them back in the box. 8. Transitive  9. Transitive  10. Transitive 129

12. Subject Verb Agreement Month: January Total Periods: 04 Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Recall the definition of a subject and a verb. • Recall the rules of agreement between a subject and a verb. • Write correct sentences according to the rules. Starter Activity Read the following passage: India has a good infrastructure in several industries like chemical, power, nuclear energy, food etc. A number of industrial effluents and emissions are discharged into the air daily. A rapid increase in atomic and nuclear energy has added a huge amount of radioactive substances in the atmosphere. Thus, the environment is spoilt to a great extent. It has crossed the critical limit and has become deadly to all organisms, including men. The craze of progress in different fields is taken as the general standard of development of any nation. Such activities have created adverse effects on all living organisms. Notice the SUBJECTS are in bold and VERBS are underlined in the above sentences. You can clearly see how verbs, according to the subjects, take a different form. Today our lesson is about Rules of Subject Verb Agreement. Key Points I person I am fine. We are fine. I have many toys. We have many toys. In your previous class, you have already learnt about I sing very well. We draw very well. subject verb agreement. Today we will take a quick review of the rules again. II person You are brilliant. You are brilliant. You have a good You have a good Every sentence consists of two parts: a subject and voice. voice. a predicate. The subject includes the noun that is You drive very fast. You perform well. performing the action described in the predicate. They are III comfortable now. My father washed the car. person He is better today. They have their My father = subject books ready. Washed = action performed She has a new pet. They fly in a group. She worked from sunrise to sunset. It barks fiercely. She = subject Worked = action performed. 1. When the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or pronouns joined with the A subject must agree with the verb in person and conjunction ‘and’, it takes a plural verb. number. • Ms. Mehta and Mr. Kumar have received Verb Singular Plural promotions. (is/are) The child is The children • Both the collection and the delivery of the cheerful. are cheerful courier were done on the same day. (has/have) The boy has a The boys have 2. But if two nouns joined by and refer to the same ball. a ball. person or a thing or suggest one idea, the verb must be singular. (action verb) The baby smiles The babies happily. smile happily. • Our secretary and accountant is Ms. Geeta. (One person.) Pronouns agree with the verb in person and number. Person Singular Plural 130

12. Subject Verb Agreement Month: January Total Periods: 04 • Potato and cauliflower was his favourite dish. a singular verb. (One dish.) • ‘Gulliver’s travels’ is a widely read book. • Twenty kilometres in Delhi is a decent distance 3. When two nouns or pronouns joined by ‘with’, ‘as well as’, ‘besides’, ‘and not’, ‘together with’, to cover. ‘no less than’ and other similar expressions, the 10. Some nouns which are singular in form, but verb is singular. plural in meaning, take a plural verb. • Fruits as well as shade is given to us by trees. • Some folks are afraid of police. • No less than 35 per cent of the country is • The audience are requested to be in their seats. 11. ‘Means’ and ‘pains’ can take either the singular protected in the form of parks and nature sanctuaries. or the plural verb, depending on the usage. 4. Two or more nouns or pronouns connected by • Another means of media is Facebook. ‘or’ or ‘nor’ take a singular verb. • All possible means were employed to save his • Wealth or fame doesn’t last forever. • A new friend nor an old enemy is to be trusted. life. Please note: 12. ‘None’ can be used as singular as well as plural. 5. When one of the subjects connected by ‘or’ or • None of his books are selling in the market. ‘nor’ is plural, the verb must be plural, and the • None of it is clear to me. plural subject should be placed nearest to the 13. When ‘either of’, ‘neither of’, ‘each of’, ‘one of’, verb. • The farmer or his sons plough the fields. ‘everyone’, it indicates one person or thing out of • The driver nor the passengers were hurt. two or more. The verb must be singular. When the subjects connected by ‘or’ or ‘nor’ are of • Either of the light bulbs is to be changed. different persons, the verb agrees with the nearer. • Each of the girls is given a gift. • Either you or he is to blame. 14. When the conjunctions ‘either----or’, ‘neither ----- • Neither he nor they are mistaken. nor’, are used, the verb is singular. Two or more nouns or pronouns connected by • Either Rama or Rohit is fine for the role. ‘many a’, ‘each’, ‘every’, ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, • Neither Italy nor France is participating in the ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘no one’, ‘nobody’ will take a singular verb. tournament. • Many a man has tried but few men have 15. All these words ‘many of’, ‘a few of’, ‘several of’, succeeded. • Does anybody other than yourself know this? ‘both of’, it indicates plural number, so the verb 6. When two nouns are qualified by ‘each’ or must be plural. ‘every’, connected by ‘and’, require a singular • Many of the buildings were damaged in the verb. • Every boy and each girl was given a silver earthquake. medal. • Several of the visitors were driven away. 7. Some nouns which are plural in form, but 16. ‘Much’ and ‘little’ indicate uncountable nouns. singular in meaning, take a singular verb. • He was shocked by the news told to him. Hence, the singular verb agrees with them. • Mathematics is an interesting subject. • How much is it, Dad? 8. A collective noun generally takes a singular • So much depends on it. verb when the subject stands as a collection 17. When a sentence begins with ‘there’, the subject as a whole, and a plural verb when the subject stands for the individuals of which it is of the sentence appears after the verb and it will composed. agree with the subject. • The entire class is absent. • There is a crack in the vase. • The children of the class are absent. • There were three heaps of clothes in the room. • The mob has gathered quickly. 18. Nouns such as goods, shoes, trousers, scissors, • The mob were scattered in all directions. pliers, people, glasses etc. are plural and take 9. When the plural noun is a proper name for some the plural verb. single object or some collective unit, it requires • His trousers were black with mud and oil. • My glasses are broken as I sat on them. In case these nouns are used with ‘a pair of’, they are singular and take singular nouns. • There was a pair of trousers in his travel bag. • A new pair of glasses was bought by me yesterday. 131

12. Subject Verb Agreement Month: January Total Periods: 04 Workplan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Starter activity and Key Rules of subject verb agreement 3 PS-1 Points PS-2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self -Evaluation Sheet I. Read each sentence and decide whether it is correct or not. Rewrite after correcting the sentence. *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 132

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) Look at the given example. office today. No one in the game were hurt. 5. There ______________ (is-are) a lion, an Ans: Incorrect. No one in the game was hurt. elephant, and a giraffe in the zoo. 6. Neither Mohan nor his parents 1. Neither of the motors are running. 2. None of the news is good. ______________ (was-were) at the function. 3. Most of the roses was yellow. 7. Here into the main ring ______________ 4. All of the fruits were rotten. 5. All of the children was tired. (come-comes) the best wrestler. 6. Each of the students look good in uniform. 8. The government ______________ (work- 7. Everybody were asked to remain silent. 8. Neither of the players is here yet. works) hard for better public dispensaries. 9. Are each of the boys ready to leave? 9. There ______________ (is-are) many things 10. Several of the children is sick. 11. Some members of the jury are present. to do during the vacation. 12. Nobody in the class have the answer. 10. Here ______________ (is-are) the box you 13. Each of the hostel mates observes all the need for the science model. regulations. 11. Either Ram or Shyam ______________ (was- 14. The whole have turned sour. 15. Most of the chairs was occupied. were) here. 12. The United States ______________ (is-are) a Ans: country of science and technology. 1. Incorrect. Neither of the motors is running. 13. A magazine and a newspaper 2. None of the news is good. 3. Incorrect. Most of the roses were yellow. ______________ (was-were) lying on the 4. All of the fruits were rotten. table. 5. Incorrect. All of the children were tired. 14. The family members ______________ (is-are) 6. Incorrect. Each of the students looks good in uni- occupied with different tasks. 15. Some of our luggage ______________ (was/ form. were) lost. 7. Incorrect. Everybody was asked to remain si- Ans: 1. The band is playing a hit song. lent. 2. Leela’s grandparents visit her often. 8. Neither of the players is here yet. 3. Either the plate or the bowl is in the sink. 9. Incorrect. Is each of the boys ready to leave? 4. I need a ride to office today. 10. Incorrect. Several of the children are sick. 5. There is a lion, an elephant, and a giraffe in 11. Some members of the jury are present. 12. Incorrect. Nobody in the class has the an- the zoo. 6. Neither Mohan nor his parents were at the swer. 13. Each of the hostel mates observes all the regula- function. 7. Here into the main ring comes the best wres- tions. 14. Incorrect. The whole has turned sour. tler. 15. Incorrect. Most of the chairs were occupied. 8. The government works hard for better public II. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verb dispensaries. given in the bracket. Look at the given example. 9. There are many things to do during the vaca- Neither Geeta nor her friends ______________ (is leaving/are leaving). tion. Ans: Neither Geeta nor her friends are leaving. 10. Here is the box you need for the science mod- 1. The band ______________ (is playing/are el. playing) a hit song. 11. Either Ram or Shyam was here. 12. The United States is a country of science and 2. Leela’s grandparents ______________ (visit- visits) her often. technology. 13. A magazine and a newspaper were lying on 3. Either the plate or the bowl ______________ (are-is) in the sink. the table. 14. The family members are occupied with 4. I ______________ (need-needs) a ride to different tasks. 15. Some of our luggage was lost. 133

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) Ans: 1. Finish I. Write the correct verb in the blank to the left of 2. Are each sentence. Look at the given example. 3. Are ___________ Everyone (was-were) asked to 4. Doesn’t remain silent. 5. Has Ans: was 6. Are 1. In the marathon, few of the people 7. Believes ___________ (finishes-finish) the race. 8. Is 2. All of the employees ___________ (is-are) 9. Were receiving an increment. 10. Don’t 3. In our street there ___________ (is-are) many 11. Were electric poles. 12. Is 4. This ___________ (don’t-doesn’t) make any 13. Are difference. 14. Comes 5. ___________ The cost of cars and 15. Is motorcycles ___________ (has-have) 16. Don’t increased. 17. Is 6. The Chief Minister and the deputy chairman 18. Is ___________ (is-are) honoured guests. 19. Is 7. ___________ One of my friends ___________ 20. Is (believe-believes) in ghosts. 8. There is a saying, “No news ___________ (is- are) good news?” 9. There ___________ (was-were) several scratches on the car. 10. I ___________ (doesn’t-don’t) want to drive that long a distance. 11. A man and a woman ___________ (were-was) here to see you. 12. The box of apples ___________ (is-are) on the kitchen shelf. 13. ___________ Some of the students (is- are) expected to participate in the group discussion. 14. Here ___________ (come-comes) the couple now. 15. Neither of them ___________ (is-are) going to work. 16. ___________ (Doesn’t-Don’t) they know when to vacate the room? 17. Forty five minutes ___________ (is-are) the time limit for the exam. 18. Diabetes ___________ (is-are) a disease most adults suffer from. 19. The class ___________ (is-are) submitting their projects today. 20. Beyond the hills ___________ (is-are) a beautiful valley. 134

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verb II. Read each sentence and decide whether it is given in the bracket. Look at the given example. correct or not. Rewrite after correcting the Five rupees __________ (be) not too much to ask. sentence. Look at the given example. Everyone have done his or her work. Ans: Five rupees is not too much to ask. Ans: incorrect. Everyone has done his or her 1. Twelve days __________ (be) not enough work. time for this assignment. 2. There __________ (be) thirty days to 1. Each of them is responsible for this loss. countdown. 2. Either my dad or my brothers is going to pick 3. Mathematics __________ (be) not an easy me up from school. subject for some students. 3. Neither my sisters nor my mother are going 4. Physics __________ (be) taught by Mrs. Das for the party. in our school. 4. The sample need further testing. 5. (Do) __________ he not know how to dance? 5. Ram and Mohit usually plays together. 6. He __________ (do) not write books 6. Both of the dogs have collars. anymore. 7. Neither the boys nor the girl is very hungry. 7. Mumps __________ (be) one of the most 8. At the end of the show come the main actor. painful illnesses. 9. The slaughter of animals for their fur are 8. One thousand rupees __________ (be) not a illegal. lot of money to some people. 10. The students as well as the teacher were 9. My dog __________ (do) not look very well going for the school picnic. today. 10. Twenty minutes __________ (be) the amount Ans: 1. Correct. Each of them is responsible for this of time it takes me to reach the school. 11. It __________ (do) feel cold today. loss. 12. Gymnastics __________ (be) easy for Korean 2. Incorrect. Either my dad or my brothers are people. going to pick me up from school. 13. Interesting news __________ (be) what sells 3. Incorrect. Neither my sisters nor my mother a paper. is going for the party. 14. They__________ (do) not think they’ll win 4. Incorrect. The sample needs further testing. 5. Incorrect. Ram and Mohit usually play to- the contest today. 15. He __________ (do) sing very well. gether. 6. Correct. Both of the dogs have collars. Ans: 7. Correct. Neither the boys nor the girl is very 1. Twelve days is not enough time for this as- hungry. 8. Incorrect. At the end of the show comes the signment. main actor. 2. There are thirty days to countdown. 3. Mathematics is not an easy subject for some 9. Incorrect. The slaughter of animals for their fur is illegal. students. 10. Correct. The students as well as the teacher 4. Physics is taught by Mrs. Das in our school. 5. Does he not know how to dance? were going for the school picnic. 6. He does not write books anymore. 7. Mumps is one of the most painful illnesses. 8. One thousand rupees is not a lot of money to some people. 9. My dog does not look very well today. 10. Twenty minutes is the amount of time it takes me to reach the school. 11. It does feel cold today. 12. Gymnastics is easy for Korean people. 13. Interesting news is what sells a paper. 14. They do not think they’ll win the contest to- day. 15. He does sing very well. 135

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Identify the subject and the verb that agrees 10. Subject- The magician Verb- was with it. Look at the given example. (10 Marks) II. Circle the correct verb in each of the sentences Everyone in the discussion group (has/have) below. Look at the given example. experienced challenge with the topics.  (10 Marks) Ans: Subject- Everyone in the discussion group My parents (go/goes) to see my grandparents as verb – has much as possible. 1. His friendship and support (has/have) meant Ans: My parents go to see my grandparents as a great deal to me. much as possible. 2. The hospital near my house (offers/offer) a 1. Your brother (talk-talks) too much. wide variety of services. 2. The girl in the blue dress (look-looks) like 3. The main source of income for India (is/are) your cousin. agriculture and exports. 3. The girl on stage (debate-debates) well. 4. My uncle (drive-drives) a taxi. 4. The chances of my being promoted (is/are) 5. The athletes (run-runs) five kilometres every rare. day. 5. There (was/were) a Mickey Mouse sticker on 6. That old lady (live-lives) across the street. the refrigerator door. 7. My sister (cook-cooks) dinner for the family. 8. The boys (walk-walks) to school every day. 6. Neither the teacher nor his students (was/ 9. The weather (appear-appears) to be better were) able to solve the difficult numerical problem. today. 10. That player (bounce-bounces) the ball too 7. Many hours on the playground (has/have) left me completely drained and tired. high. 8. Discovered in the soil of my garden (was/ Ans: were) shredded skin of a snake. 1. Your brother talks too much. 9. Every year, after the harvest, the smoke of 2. The girl in the blue dress looks like your cous- the crop waste (fills/fill) the sky. in. 10. The magician (was/were) surrounded by 3. The girl on stage debates well. children eager to see the performance. 4. My uncle drives a taxi. 5. The athletes run five kilometres every day. Ans: 6. That old lady lives across the street. 7. My sister cooks dinner for the family. 1. Subject- His friendship and support Verb- has 8. The boys walk to school every day. 2. Subject- The hospital near my house Verb- 9. The weather appears to be better today. 10. That player bounces the ball too high. offers 3. Subject- The main source of income for India Verb- is 4. Subject- The chances of my being promoted Verb- is 5. Subject- a Mickey Mouse sticker Verb- was 6. Subject- Neither the teacher nor his students Verb- was 7. Subject- Many hours on the playground Verb- has 8. Subject- shredded skin of a snake. Verb- (was/were) 9. Subject- Every year, after the harvest, the smoke of the crop waste Verb- fills 136

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Identify the verb and tense in a sentence. • Write a sentence using the past, present, or future tense. Concept Map VERB TENSE TELLS US WHEN AN ACTION IS HAPPENING PRESENT PAST FUTURE I EAT I ATE I SHALL EAT Key Points 4. For instructions or directions • Add little oil in the pan and let it heat for a RECAPITULATION: In your previous class you have already learnt about “Verbs’. VERBS are the action while. words that describe what the subject is doing. Along • Take bus no. 347 for Vivek Nagar. with nouns, verbs are the main part of a sentence or 5. For fixed arrangements phrase, informing us about what is taking place. • My uncle arrives tomorrow. TENSE: The form of an action with respective time is • Our holiday starts on 13th of April. called TENSE. 6. To express future action There are three major tenses in English. These • I will meet her before I leave. include past, present, and future. Each of these • She will pay the amount when the courier tenses can explain an event that occurred in the past, an event that occurs in the present, or an event that arrives. will occur in the future. FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO PLAY 1. PRESENT TENSE: This form of tense is used for an action which occurs in the present. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE It is divided further into four kinds. I play. Do I play? I do not play. 1. Simple Present Tense: 1. For habitual actions You play. Do you play? You do not play. • I drink tea at breakfast. • She only eats vegetables. He plays. Does he play? He does not 2. For repeated actions or events play. • My children go to school every day. • Sun rises early during the summers. She plays. Does she play? She does not 3. For general truths play. • Water boils at hundred degrees. • The Earth revolves around the Sun. It plays. Does it play? It does not play. We play. Do we play? We do not play. They play. Do they play? They do not play. 2. Present Continuous: 1. T o express an action which is in progress at the time of speaking. 137

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 • She is working on a biography these days. have occurred in the past at different times. • My father is repairing his car. • I have seen this movie several times. 2. T o denote an action that is going to take place • My mother has already seen many specialists in the near future. regarding her problem but there is no help. • I am visiting my grandparents tomorrow. • We are not working next week. FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: TO VISIT 3. Tendencies and Trends • Social networking is becoming popular among AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE young people. I have visited Have I visited the I have not visited • Our country is becoming economically better. the town. town? the town. 4. T o talk about actions that are repeatedly done You have visited Have you visited You have not and usually denotes a continuous action. the town. the town? visited the town. Generally expressions like always or forever are used. He has visited Has he visited the He has not visited • My brother is always complaining about food in the town. town? the town. his hostel. • She is always criticising me. She has visited Has she visited She has not the town. the town? visited the town. It has visited the Has it visited the It has not visited town. town? the town. FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO We have visited Have we visited We have not PLAY the town. the town? visited the town. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE They have Have they visited They have not visited the the town? visited the town. I am playing. Am I playing? I am not playing. town. 4. Present Perfect Continuous: You are playing. Are you playing? You are not 1. A ctions started in the past and continue in the playing. present. He is playing. Is he playing? He is not playing. • I have been waiting for the dentist for over an She is playing. Is she playing? She is not hour now. playing. • My parents have been travelling since last It is playing. Is it playing? It is not playing. October. We are playing. Are we playing? We are not 2. W hen we use the present perfect continuous playing. WITHOUT a duration such as “for two weeks.” Without the duration, the tense has a more They are Are they They are not general meaning of “lately.” We often use the playing. playing? playing. words “lately” or “recently” to emphasize this meaning. 3. Present Perfect: 1. A ctions started in the past and are still • Recently, I have been feeling really tired. • Have you been exercising lately? continuing in the present. • She has been feeling a little depressed. • I have lived in Bangalore for years now. • My mother has worked in this school for ten FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO SWIM years. 2. W hen the time period referred to is still AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE continuing. I have been Have I been I have not been • He has worked hard on this project. swimming. swimming? swimming. • I haven’t seen my grandparents this year. 3. A ctions completed in the recent past (In such You have been Have you been You have not swimming. swimming? been swimming. cases, we add ‘just’ in a sentence) • The teacher has just left the classroom. He has been Has he been He has not been • The rain has just begun. Let’s wait for some swimming. swimming? swimming. time. She has been Has she been She has not 4. T o talk about several different actions which swimming. swimming? been swimming. 138

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 It has been Has it been It has not been swimming. swimming? swimming. We have been Have we been We have not swimming. swimming? They have been Have they been been swimming. swimming. swimming? They have not been swimming. PAST TENSE: This form of tense is used for an action which occurred in the past. It is divided further into four kinds. 1. Simple Past 1. Completed action in the past • I went to the school library yesterday. • They didn’t finish their work. 2. A series of completed actions • He came, he saw and he conquered. • I took a flight, reached the hotel and checked into the room. 3. Actions which started and stopped in the past. • I lived in Delhi in 1990. • They talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 4. Habits in the past • My father swam well during his college. • Did you learn your mother tongue when you were small? 5. Past facts • He didn’t like potatoes before. • Did you live in Chennai when you were a kid? 139

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 FORMING THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: TO VISIT always complaining. FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO WORK AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I visited the Did I visit the I did not visit the I was working Was I working I was not town. town? town. last evening. last evening? working last You visited the Did you visit the You did not visit evening. town. town? the town. You were Were you You were not He visited the Did he visit the He did not visit working last working last working last town. town? the town. evening. evening? evening. She visited the Did she visit the She did not visit town. town? the town. He was working Was he working He was not last evening. last evening? working last It has visited the Did it visit the It did not visit town. town? the town. evening. We visited the Did we visit the We did not visit She was working Was she working She was not last evening. last evening? working last town. town? the town. evening. They visited the Did they visit They did not It was working Was it was It was not last evening. working last working last town. the town? visit the town. evening? evening. Past Continuous Tense We were working Were we working We were not 1. Interrupted action in the past last evening. last evening? working last • I was reading a book when my mother called evening. me for dinner. They were Were they They were not • While he was writing an important mail, the working last working last working last evening. evening? evening. laptop suddenly went off. 2. T o describe an unfinished action that was Past Perfect tense 1. T his tense indicates that an action was interrupted by another event or action. • I was enjoying a sound sleep when the alarm completed (finished) at some point in the past before something else happened. clock rang. • He had never seen a beach before he went to • Rahul was watching a horor movie when the Goa. • Rahul knew all the places in Delhi since he had phone rang suddenly. lived there for many years. 3. Two actions happening at the same time 2. T o show that something started in the past and • I was reading while my brother was watching a continued up until another action in the past. • My father had had that scooter for ten years movie. before he decided to sell it. • What were you doing while you were waiting? • Rahul felt sad about leaving the town since they 4. T o express a change of thought that happened had lived there for almost ten years. 3. T o express an action that was completed before in the past. a given point of time. • He was going to the library but decided to go to • I had finished my work before 5 p.m. • He had left before the sunset. the class first. • I was going to accept the job offer but changed FORMING THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: TO WRITE my mind later. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 5. To describe the general atmosphere of a place I had written a Had I written a I had not written • When I walked into the restaurant, they letter. letter? a letter. were still cleaning the tables, the cooks were You had written Had you written You had not chopping the vegetables and the owner was a letter. a letter? written a letter. yelling at the waiters. 6. T o express an idea that something annoying or shocking often happened in the past. In such cases, we use words like ‘always’ or ‘constantly’ etc. • Everyone was annoyed since he was constantly talking during the show. • The boss was angry since the workers were 140

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 He had written a Had he written a He had not 3. FUTURE TENSE: The future tense expresses a letter. letter? written a letter. future event or a future state of being. She had written Had she written She had not It is divided further into four kinds. a letter. a letter? written a letter. Simple Future 1. E xpress a voluntary action: In such cases, we We had written a Had we written a We had not letter. letter? written a letter. use ‘will’ to show the willingness towards an action. They had written Had they written They had not • I will do this assignment. a letter. a letter? written a letter. • Rahul will interpret the speaker so that Past Perfect Continuous Tense everyone can understand the speech. 1. T o denote an action that began before a certain 2. T o express a promise: In this case too, we use point in the past and continued up to sometime ‘will’ to give a promise. in past. The second action or event may be • I will finish this work by tomorrow. started or implied. • I promise I will not tell anyone about your • The hotel had been doing a great business secret. before the owner decided to close it. 3. Express a Plan: In such a case we use ‘going to’. • I wanted to sit down desperately because I had • I am going to visit my grandparents in the been standing for almost the whole day. vacation. • He is going to shift to Delhi next year. 2. B efore another action in the past to 4. To express a prediction demonstrate cause and effect. • It will rain today. • Year 2020 is going to be an interesting year for • I gained weight since I had been overeating for us. the past few months. • Meera cleared the exam with flying colours since she had been studying very hard from the beginning. FORMING THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE: FORMING THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TO WORK TO STAND AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will work Shall/will I work I shall/will not I had been Had I been I had not been standing for the standing for the standing for the tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. whole day. whole day? whole day. You will work Will you work You will not tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. You had been Had you been You had not standing for the standing for the been standing He will work Will he work He will not work for the whole tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. whole day. whole day? day. She will work Will she work She will not tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. He had been Had he been He had not been standing for the standing for the standing for the It will work Will it work It will not work whole day. whole day? whole day. tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. She had been Had she been She had not We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall not standing for the standing for the been standing work tomorrow. work tomorrow? work tomorrow. whole day. whole day? for the whole They will work Will they work They will not tomorrow. tomorrow? work tomorrow. day. It had been Had it been It had not been Future Continuous standing for the standing for the standing for the 1. T his refers to an unfinished action or event whole day. whole day? whole day. that will be in progress at a time later than We had been Had we been We had not been now. standing for the standing for the standing for the • I will be waiting at the airport when you whole day. whole day? whole day. arrive. • He will be studying tonight, so he will not They had been Had they been They had not attend the party. standing for the standing for the been standing 2. T o talk about something that will be in whole day. whole day? for the whole progress at or around a time in the future. day. 141

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 • By this time tomorrow, I shall be travelling to Chennai. • Tonight at 6 PM, he will be attending the meeting. FORMING THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: TO WORK AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will Shall/will I I shall/will not be working be working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. You will be Will you be You will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow? He will be Will he be He will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. She will be Will she be She will not working working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. It will be working Will it be It will not tomorrow. working be working tomorrow? tomorrow. We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall be working be working not be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. They will Will they They will not be working be working be working tomorrow. tomorrow? tomorrow. Future Perfect 1. C ompleted action before something happens in the future. • They will have shifted the house before the owner comes. • By the time I finish this job, I will have worked for ten hours. 2. T o show that something will continue until another action in the future. • I will have been in this school for six years by the time I complete my studies. • By Monday, Ritu will have borrowed my book for a week now. FORMING THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: TO LEARN AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will Shall/will I I shall/will have have learnt the have learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. You will have Will you have You will have learnt the learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. He will have Will he have He will have learnt the learnt the not learnt the language. language? language. She will have Will she have She will not learnt the learnt the have learnt the language. language? language. It will have Will it have It will not have learnt the learnt the learnt the language. language? language. 142

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall not have learnt the have learnt the have learnt the language? language. language. They will have Will they have They will not learnt the have learnt the learnt the language? language. language. Future Perfect Continuous 1. T o emphasise the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. • She will have been completing four years in this school by the end of this month. • The students will have already been discussing the topic for 15 minutes when the other lot joins in. 2. Cause of something in the future • He will be tired when he gets home because he will have been working for ten hours continuously. • Meera will be soon promoted since she will have been working for ten years for the company by June. FORMING THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: TO WRITE AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I shall/will have Shall/will I have I shall/will have been writing a been writing a not been writing book. book? a book. You will have Will you have You will have not been writing a been writing a been writing a book? book. book. He will have Will he have He will have not been writing a been writing a been writing a book? book. book. She will have Will she have She will not been writing a been writing a been writing a book. book? book. We will/shall Will/shall we We will/shall have been have been not have been writing a book. writing a book? writing a book. They will have Will they have They will not been writing a been writing a have been book. book? writing a book. 143

13. Tenses Month : February Total Periods: 09 Work Plan CONTENT COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED Starter Activity and Key Tenses and forms 8 PS-1 Points PS-2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self - Assessment Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 144

PRACTICE SHEET - 1 (PS-1) 1. was going 2. am not feeling I. Complete the sentences with the suitable form 3. did you have of the verbs in brackets. Look at the given 4. shall help example. 5. are you watching If I __________ (find) a good house, I’ll move to 6. Have you finished Shyam Nagar next month. 7. has gone Ans: find 8. did you do 1. He met his father when he __________ (go) 9. was raining, left home in the afternoon. 10. listen 2. Please turn off the fan. I ____________ (not 11. won feel) well. 12. were not listening 3. When _________ (you / have) your meeting 13. shall get yesterday? 14. does not 4. This is a difficult sum. I __________ (help) 15. has spoken you to do it. 16. will given 5. What ____________ (you / watch) on the TV 17. have already had tonight? 18. will lose 6. ____________ (you / finish) your assignment 19. will not appear yet? 20. have not seen 7. My brother ___________ (go) to play cricket. He’ll be back after an hour. 8. What __________ (you / do) during your birthday last year? 9. It __________ (rain) when they _________ (leave) the home. 10. I usually __________ (listen) to FM in the car. 11. My cousin is a professional boxer. He has __________ (win) three championships. 12. The students _____________ (not listen) when the guest speaker delivered the lecture. 13. Father is thirsty! I ___________ (get) him a glass of water! 14. If it ___________ (not rain) they will go for the movie. 15. The French teacher _________ (speak) to the headmistress a minute ago. 16. If you ask mother nicely, she _________ (give) you the money. 17. Please don’t serve me any tea. I ________ (already / have) four cups in the office today. 18. I’m sure England __________ (lose) this match. 19. I have broken my arm. I _________ (not appear) for the exam this term. 20. I __________ (not see) my cousins since many years. Ans: 145

PRACTICE SHEET - 2 (PS-2) than I had before. At the moment, I _________ (revise) grammar. I _________ (begin) to read the I. Correct the mistake in the sentence. Look at texts in my French books. I think I will finish one the given example. unit every week. So that I can prepare well for Have Mohan bought a car? my exams. As you can see, I _________ (become) Ans: Has Mohan bought a car? a fan of the French language already. 1. She didn’t saw the principal when she was shouting in the class. Ans: 2. The police catched the thief while he was During my last summer vacations, my par- trying to break the lock. ents  sent me for learning French. It was great 3. Many people dead in the floods last year. and I think I learned a lot. But I did not work hard 4. Did she walked alone from the college? enough for it, that’s why my marks were not re- 5. Anita and I was best friends in school. ally good then. Now, I have been learning French 6. He losted his wallet in the train. for three years. As I  want to pass my language 7. Do you go to the school yesterday? exam successfully next year, I  shall/will study 8. My father tryed to repair his bike in the harder this term. afternoon. Earlier I did not enjoy learning French, but while 9. Sarita weren’t happy in her last job. I was doing the course, I met lots of young peo- 10. My grandfather didn’t sold his house. ple from all over the world. There, I noticed how Ans: important it is to speak foreign languages now- 1. She didn’t see the principal when she was adays. Now, I  have much more fun learning shouting in the class. French than I  had before. At the moment, I  am 2. The police caught the thief while he was try- revising grammar. I have already begun to read ing to break the lock. the texts in my French books. I think I will finish 3. Many people died in the floods last year. one unit every week. So that I can prepare well 4. Did she walk alone from the college? for my exams. As you can see, I have become a 5. Anita and I were best friends in school. fan of the French language already. 6. He lost his wallet in the train. 7. Did you go to the school yesterday? 8. My father tried to repair his bike in the after- noon. 9. Sarita wasn’t happy in her last job. 10. My grandfather didn’t sell his house. II. Complete the following passage by filling in appropriate form of the verb. During my last summer vacations, my parents _________ (send) me for learning French. It _________ (be) great and I think I _________ (learn) a lot. But I did not work hard enough for it, that’s why my marks were not really good then. Now I _________ (learn) French for three years now. As I want to pass my language exam successfully next year, I _________ (study) harder this term. Earlier though I did not enjoy learning French, but while doing the course, I _________ (meet) lots of young people from all over the world. There I _________ (notice) how important it is to speak foreign languages nowadays. Now I _________ (has) much more fun learning French 146

PRACTICE SHEET - 3 (PS-3) I. Fill in the blanks with the correct option to Ans: complete the following sentences in present 1. are going simple and present continuous. Look at the 2. go given example. 3. learns Rahul ______ and taking an exam. 4. is writing (a) sits 5. am writing (b) is sitting 6. are learning Ans: is sitting 7. is standing 8. goes 1. We ______ to a national park for a school trip 9. are going this year. 10. is delivering (a) go (b) are going II. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in the brackets. The first one is 2. They sometimes _____ horse-riding. done as an example. (a) go Please hurry up! The principal ________ for you (b) are going in his office. (wait) Ans: has been waiting 3. Meera ______ music every day. 1. Thank you for coming. We ________ you (a) Learns know the result soon. (let) (b) is learning 2. By next March I ________ in this school for five years. (work) 4. His exams are near so he ______ many 3. She ________ dance for three years when she assignments every day. started learning music too. (learn) (a) is writing 4. The train _______ the station a couple of (b) writes minutes ago. (leave) 5. If somebody rings up, tell them I _________ 5. I ______ a travel book these days. my breakfast. (have) (a) write 6. By Thursday, she ________ in this school for (b) am writing three months. (study) 7. After he had got off the plane, he _______ a 6. The students ______ French this year. taxi. (board) (a) learn 8. He is a daily wager. He _______ 200 rupees a (b) are learning day.(earn) 9. I know him very well. We ________ best 7. My brother ______ for election. friends since 1998. (be) (a) stands 10. Our company _______ these machines since (b) is standing 1978. (produce) Ans: 8. Ganesh often ______ to the library. 1. shall let (a) is going 2. will have been working (b) goes 3. had learnt 4. has left 9. We ______ for an educational tour every year. 5. am having (a) are going 6. will have been studying (b) go 7. boarded 8. earns 10. The chairman ______ a speech tomorrow 9. have been morning. 10. has been producing (a) delivers (b) is delivering 147

SELF-EVALUATION SHEET Marks: 20 Time: 30 Mins I. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate option II. Read the following sentences and change the from the bracket. Look at the given example. tenses as per the given directions. Look at the  (10 Marks) given example. (10 Marks) What ____________ when she came in? (you do, were you doing, have you done) Someone is listening to our conversation. Ans: were you doing (simple past) 1. Last night I ____________ a strange dream. Ans: Someone listened to our conversation. (saw, was seeing, have seen) 1. I will write my exam this time tomorrow. 2. My sister ____________ up early every (Past continuous tense) morning and goes for jog. (is waking, wakes, has woken) 2. He waved at us. (Present continuous tense) 3. I don’t know him. (Simple past) 3. I ____________ from my aunt in US for a long 4. He felt neglected in the group. (Present time. (didn’t hear, haven’t heard, am not hearing. perfect tense) 5. Rama wanted to know more about her role. 4. The principal has called you in his office. He ____________ to talk to you. (want, wants, is (Simple present) wanting) 6. I am leaving for my native place tomorrow. 5. Ram has shifted to hostel. Earlier he (Future continuous tense) ____________ with his parents. (is living, was 7. She hadn’t experienced that. (Simple past) living, has lived) 8. He will not agree to these conditions. (Simple 6. We ____________ Mumbai during the past) vacation. (visit, would visit, are visiting) 9. I did not pass the test. (Future tense) 10. Meera always wanted to become a pilot. 7. The moon ____________ around the earth. (is revolving, has revolved, revolves) (Present perfect tense) 8. She ____________ a novel these days. (read, Ans: has read, is reading) 1. I was writing my exam this time yesterday. 2. He is waving at us. 9. I ____________ in this school for twelve years 3. I didn’t know him. now. (am teaching, have been teaching, will 4. He has felt neglected in the group. be teaching) 5. Rama wants to know more about her role. 6. I will be leaving for my native place tomor- 10. He ____________ a wonderful speech during yesterday’s function. (is delivering, row. delivered, was delivering) 7. She didn’t experience that. Ans: 8. He did not agree to these conditions. 9. I will not pass the test. 1. saw 10. Meera has always wanted to become a pilot. 2. wakes 3. haven’t heard 4. Wants 5. was living 6. are visiting 7. Revolves 8. is reading 9. have been teaching 10. delivered 148

14. Adverbs Month : October Total Periods: 02 Learning objectives At the completion of this topic, the students will be able to: • Recall the definition of adverb. • Understand and identify types of adverbs. • Make use of different kinds of adverbs effectively in their writing. Concept Map Can be a word HOW? Can be a phrase HOW MANNER OFTEN? Can be a clause or FORMS TYPES FREQUENCY WHERE? a sentence PLACE ADVERBS TIME WHEN? VERBS POSITION DEGREE TO WHAT ADJECTIVES MODIFY/DESCRIBE PURPOSE EXTENT? ADVERBS WHY? At the end At the beginning In the middle After the helping Before the verb From the above concept map, we can read some of KINDS OF ADVERBS: the important aspects of adverb. ADVERBS OF TIME: An adverb of time tells us when an action is done or something occurs. We usually Key Points use adverbs of time at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Examples: Afterwards, already, always, Recapitulation: In your previous lesson “Parts of immediately, last month, now, soon, then, Speech” you have already learnt about adverb as a and yesterday. part of speech. • The principal delivered a speech yesterday. Definition: An adverb is a word/a set of words which • The fire burned down the forest a few months modifies verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. It tells when, where, and how an action is performed or ago. indicates the quality or degree of the action. • Last week, we went for a movie. • Ritu loves her mother very much. Please note: • He runs fast. Some adverbs of time like still, yet, already are added • I will be back soon. for special emphasis. • I am still waiting for my result. In the above sentences, the bold words are the verbs • Is your mother still in hospital? and the words underlined describe or modify these • He still hasn’t responded to my mail. verbs, so these are some examples of the adverbs. • Hasn’t your letter arrived yet? No, not yet. • The train is already late. 149

14. Adverbs Month : October Total Periods: 02 ADVERBS OF PLACE: An adverb of place tells us ADVERBS OF DEGREE/EXTENT: An adverb of degree where something is done or happens. We use it after tells us the level or extent that something is done the verb, direct object or at the end of a sentence. or happens. Examples: almost, much, nearly, quite, Examples: above, below, here, outside, over really, so, too, very etc. there, there, under, and upstairs.  • He hardly studies so he may not clear the • We stopped there for lunch but there was a exams. huge crowd. • It was too dark in the room. (modifies the • I went inside the library. • Let’s go out. adjective “dark” here) ADVERBS OF MANNER: An adverb of manner • My brother is so excited about his new job. tells us how something is done or happens. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: An adverb of Most adverbs of manner end in –ly. Examples: frequency tells us how often something is done or badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, happens. Examples: again, almost, always, ever, well, hard and fast. frequently, generally, hardly ever, nearly, nearly • He was badly injured in the accident. always, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, • Meera sings very well. sometimes, twice, usually and weekly. • They distributed the sweets equally. • I practice Badminton regularly. Please note: • My grandfather goes to the park often. 1. Adds to the meaning of a verb. It tells us how • Before this trip, he had never seen the beach. ADVERBS OF REASON: An adverb of reason answers something happens. For example: how did Rahul the question of ‘why’ an action takes place. speak? Rahul spoke politely. Examples: therefore, hence, because, so etc. 2. We form adverbs of manner by adding –ly to verb • We couldn’t go for picnic because it was raining. like slow-slowly. After a consonant after –y, -y • My friend did not study, thus he failed. changes to i: heavy-heavily • The teacher is not well, hence she will not come 3. Some words can be used as both adverbs and adjectives without adding –ly or –ily. Example- it today. was a fast train (fast as an adjective). The boy runs fast. (fast as an adverb). Other examples: better, best, early, high, last etc. Work Plan COVERAGE DETAILS PERIODS RESOURCES ALLOTTED CONTENT Concept map and Key Points Adverb-definition & adverbs of PS-1 place, time, frequency 1 PS-2 PS-3 Evaluation with self- check or Peer check* 1 Self-Evaluation Sheet *Administering self-evaluation at the end of a chapter is a good practice • Teacher discusses the correct answer or display it using an overhead projector and ask the students to exchange their sheets or books to check and correct each other’s work. • The teacher may only need to do a sample check of students’ work. • Typically takes 10 – 15 mins. 150